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Bennett (name)
Bennett ( name ) - wikipedia Bennett ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surname and given name Bennett . For other uses , see Bennett . Bennett Family name Pronunciation / ˈbɛnɪt / Meaning `` blessed '' Region of origin England Language ( s ) of origin Anglo - Norman , Old French Related names Benedict , Benoît , Bénet Bennett ( also spelled ' Bennet ' ) is an English and Irish language surname ( and , less commonly , given name ) ; related to the medieval name Benedict , both ultimately from Latin Benedictus `` blessed '' . Bennett is the English spelling of the Anglo - Norman name Ben ( n ) et ( Modern French first name Benoît , surname Bénet ) . The oldest public record of the surname is dated 1208 in County Durham . § Contents ( hide ) 1 People 1.1 Given name 1.2 Surname 2 Fictional characters 3 References People ( edit ) Given name ( edit ) People with the given name include : Bennett Carter ( Benny Carter ) , Jazz Saxophonist , Arranger and Composer Bennett Cerf , publisher Bennett Jackson , American football player Bennett Miller , American film director Bennet Omalu ( born 1968 ) , Nigeria - born American pathologist Bennett ( Ben ) Savage ( Ben Savage ) , American television actor Surname ( edit ) People with the surname include : Bennett ( London cricketer ) ( `` Little Bennett '' and `` Tall Bennett '' ) , two London Club cricketers in the 1740s and 1750s Abram Bennett ( 1898 -- 1985 ) , American psychiatrist A.L. Bennett ( 1924 -- 2008 ) , American basketball player Alan Bennett ( disambiguation ) Alfred Bennett ( disambiguation ) Arnold Bennett , English novelist Anthony Bennett ( disambiguation ) ( also Tony Bennett ) Ben Bennett ( singer ) , Australian singer Bert Bennett , English footballer Beverly Lynn Bennett , American chef Bob Bennett ( baseball ) , American college baseball coach Bob Bennett ( politician ) , former United States Senator from Utah Bobby Bennett ( disambiguation ) Brea Bennett ( born 1987 ) , American pornographic actress Brian Bennett ( musician ) , English musician Brooke Bennett , American swimmer Bruce Bennett ( Arkansas politician ) , Arkansas politician Carl Bennett ( 1915 -- 2013 ) , American basketball general manager and coach Charles Bennett ( disambiguation ) Clay Bennett ( businessman ) ( born 1959 ) , American businessman Clay Bennett ( cartoonist ) ( born 1958 ) , American editorial cartoonist Colin Bennett ( disambiguation ) Constance Bennett , American actress Cornelius Bennett , former American football player D.M. Bennett ( DeRobigne Mortimer Bennett , 1818 -- 1882 ) , former Shaker and freethinker Darren Bennett ( footballer ) ( born 1965 ) , Australian player of multiple football codes David Bennett ( American football ) , American football coach DeAnna Bennett , American mixed martial artist Dick Bennett ( born 1943 ) , American basketball coach Don Bennett , leader of the Pathfinder force , RAF , World War II Drew Bennett , NFL wide receiver Dwight Henry Bennett ( 1917 -- 2002 ) Edwin Keppel Bennett , English academic Edward Turner Bennett ( Francis Bennett ) , zoologist Emerson Bennett , American author Eric Bennett , rugby league footballer Estelle Bennett , American singer Fleur Bennett , English television actress Frank Bennett ( disambiguation ) Fred Bennett ( footballer ) , English footballer Gabriel Bennett ( 1817 -- 1895 ) , Australian auctioneer , founder of the stock and station agents Bennett & Fisher Gareth Bennett , Anglican clergyman and academic Gary Bennett ( disambiguation ) George Bennett ( disambiguation ) Gordon Bennett ( disambiguation ) Granville G. Bennett , American lawyer and politician Haley Bennett an American singer and actress Harry Bennett , Ford Motor Company executive Harry Bennett , ( 1895 -- 1990 ) Author / editor of `` The Chemical Formulary '' Lt. Henry Boswell Bennett of the 45th Regiment of Foot , the first officer to die in the service of Queen Victoria ( May 31 , 1838 ) H.H. Bennett ( Henry Hamilton Bennett , 1843 -- 1908 ) , photographer of the Wisconsin Dells Henry Stanley Bennett ( 1889 -- 1972 ) , English literary historian Holly Bennett , author of the Bonemender series Hugh Hammond Bennett , founder of the Soil Conservation Service Hywel Bennett , Welsh actor J.A.W. Bennett ( Jack Arthur Walter Bennett , 1911 -- 1981 ) , scholar of Middle English literature James Bennett ( disambiguation ) , also Jim Bennett Jeff Bennett ( voice actor ) , American voice actor Jill Bennett ( British actress ) Jill Bennett ( American actress ) Joan Bennett , American actress John Bennett ( disambiguation ) Jonathan Bennett ( disambiguation ) Joseph Bennett ( disambiguation ) Ken Bennett , American politician Kirt Bennett ( 1967 -- 2010 ) , Louisiana businessman , educator , and politician Lawrence E. Bennett ( 1923 - 2016 ) , American politician Linda L.M. Bennett , administrator and political scientist at the University of Southern Indiana Lorna Bennett ( born 1977 ) , Actor Louis Bennett ( disambiguation ) Manu Bennett , Australian actor Mark Bennett ( disambiguation ) Matt Bennett ( born 1991 ) , American actor Matthew Bennett ( disambiguation ) Meg Bennett , American TV writer Michèle Bennett ( born 1950 ) , former wife of former Haitian president Jean - Claude Duvalier Naftali Bennett ( born 1972 ) , Israeli politician and entrepreneur Natalie Bennett ( born 1966 , Sydney ) Politician Leader of the Greens Party England and Wales Nathan Bennett , Australian Rugby League Player Nicholas Bennett ( born 1949 ) , British politician Nicholas Bennett ( historian ) ( 1823 - 1899 ) , Welsh historian Nigel Bennett , English actor Nigel Harvie Bennett ( born 1912 ) , English cricketer , captained Surrey Paul Bennett ( disambiguation ) Paris Bennett , American singer Percy Bennett , Wales international rugby union player Pete Bennett , winner of series 7 of Big Brother UK Phillip R. Bennett , former CEO of Refco R.B. Bennett ( Richard Bedford Bennett , 1st Viscount Bennett , 1870 -- 1947 ) , Prime Minister of Canada Richard Bennett ( Governor ) , Colonial Governor of Virginia Richard Rodney Bennett , ( 1936 - 2012 ) English composer Robert Russell Bennett , ( 1894 -- 1981 ) American composer Roger Bennett ( disambiguation ) Roy Bennett ( disambiguation ) Samm Bennett , American musician Sacha Bennett , English film director , writer , producer Stu Bennett ( born 1980 ) , English professional wrestler better known as Wade Barrett Taco Bennett , member of alternative hip hop collective Odd Future Ted Bennett ( born 1940 ) , American politician Thomas Bennett , Jr. , Governor of South Carolina 1820 - 1822 . Born SC ( August 14 , 1781 -- January 30 , 1865 ) Todd Bennett ( 1962 -- 2013 ) , English sprinter Tony Bennett ( born 1926 ) , American singer Tony Bennett ( basketball ) ( born 1969 ) , American basketball player and coach W.A.C. Bennett ( William Andrew Cecil Bennett , 1900 -- 1979 ) , Premier of British Columbia , Canada Wayne Bennett ( disambiguation ) William Bennett ( disambiguation ) Fictional characters ( edit ) Bonnie Sheila Bennett ( of the family line of Bennett witches ) , a character in The Vampire Diaries Capt . Bennett , a character portrayed by Vernon Wells in the Arnold Schwarzenegger movie Commando ( 1985 ) Cybil Bennett , a character in the Silent Hill series Emily Bennett , a character in The Vampire Diaries John Bennett , a character in Orange Is the New Black Sheila Bennett , a character in The Vampire Diaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albert Dauzat , Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France , Librairie Larousse 1980 , édition revue et augmentée par Marie - Thérèse Morlet , p. 36b . Jump up ^ `` Surname : Bennett '' . surnamedb.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bennett_(name)&oldid=808313347 '' Categories : Given names Surnames English - language surnames Surnames of Norman origin Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español עברית Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 03 : 15 . About Wikipedia
where did the last name bennett come from
[ "Bennett (also spelled 'Bennet') is an English and Irish language surname (and, less commonly, given name); related to the medieval name Benedict, both ultimately from Latin Benedictus \"blessed\". Bennett is the English spelling of the Anglo-Norman name Ben[n]et (Modern French first name Benoît, surname Bénet[1]). The oldest public record of the surname is dated 1208 in County Durham.[2] §" ]
[ "the medieval name Benedict, both ultimately from Latin Benedictus \"blessed\"" ]
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It Don't Come Easy
It Do n't Come Easy - wikipedia It Do n't Come Easy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Do n't Come Easy . `` It Do n't Come Easy '' UK picture sleeve Single by Ringo Starr B - side `` Early 1970 '' Released 9 April 1971 ( UK ) 16 April 1971 ( US ) Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 8 and 11 March , October 1970 , Trident Studios , London Genre Rock Length 3 : 00 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Richard Starkey Producer ( s ) George Harrison Ringo Starr singles chronology `` Beaucoups of Blues '' ( 1970 ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' ( 1971 ) `` Back Off Boogaloo '' ( 1972 ) `` Beaucoups of Blues '' ( 1970 ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' ( 1971 ) `` Back Off Boogaloo '' ( 1972 ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' is a song by English musician Ringo Starr that was released as a non-album single in April 1971 . Apart from in North America , where `` Beaucoups of Blues '' had been a single in October 1970 , it was Starr 's first single release since the break - up of the Beatles . The song was a commercial success , peaking at number 1 in Canada and number 4 in both the US and UK singles charts . The recording was produced by Starr 's former bandmate George Harrison , who also made an uncredited contribution as a composer . Starr performed the song with Harrison at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 and it has remained one of his most popular hits as a solo artist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording history 2.1 Early takes 2.2 Official version 3 Release and reception 4 Covers and appearances 5 Personnel 6 Chart performance 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Although Ringo Starr received sole writing credit for `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , author Bruce Spizer writes that he had `` substantial , but uncredited , assistance from Harrison '' . Starr subsequently acknowledged that Harrison had helped write it . In an episode of VH1 Storytellers ( Season 3 , Episode 4 ) in 1998 , right before performing the song , Starr said : `` I wrote this song with the one and only George Harrison . '' He went on to say that Harrison suggested the last verse be about God . When Starr protested , Harrison suggested Hare Krishna . Starr protested again , and Harrison suggested `` peace '' as a topic , and they settled on that . Recording History ( edit ) Early takes ( edit ) Recording of the new composition was begun at a late - night session on 18 February 1970 at Abbey Road 's Studio 2 , during the Sentimental Journey album sessions . At this stage , the song was known as `` You Gotta Pay Your Dues '' . On this first session , George Martin was producing , with Harrison playing acoustic guitar and directing the other musicians -- namely , Starr ( on drums ) , Klaus Voormann ( bass ) and Stephen Stills ( piano ) . Twenty basic track takes were made , with take 20 being labelled `` best '' . Starr then added a lead vocal and Harrison added two electric guitar parts , finishing at 4 am , with the song being mixed into stereo . On 19 February , after overdubs onto `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' , recording resumed on `` You Gotta Pay Your Dues '' , with Starr overdubbing another lead vocal . Harrison was not present at the session that evening , although Eric Clapton may have been involved . During the session , Starr decided to remake the song ; a new basic track was then taped between 7 and 11 pm . Take 30 was labelled `` best '' and onto this take , two bass parts were added . This version was also discarded , however , since Starr again decided to remake the song . Official version ( edit ) Recording for the third version of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' began at Trident Studios on 8 March 1970 . Harrison produced the sessions and played guitar . Voormann and Stills contributed as before , while the other participants included Mal Evans ( on tambourine ) and Ron Cattermole ( saxophone , trumpet ) . Overdubs were added to the new basic track on 11 March , again at Trident . The song was then left until October 1970 , at which point further overdubs were made , including a new piano part , performed by Gary Wright . According to his recollection in a 2002 interview , Jim Keltner added maracas to the finished recording , at Trident , having arrived in London in February 1971 to escape the Los Angeles earthquake . When news of the sessions reached the press in March 1970 , Apple had told the music press there were `` absolutely no plans for the record to be released as a single at the present time '' , and the song remained unissued until early 1971 . An early mix from the sessions has appeared on bootlegs , featuring Harrison on lead vocal . While the instrumentation is almost identical to the released version ( the horns had not been added yet ) , during the guitar break , the backing vocalists , Pete Ham and Tom Evans from Badfinger , add the line `` Hare Krishna . '' This can be heard on the final Starr release , although buried in the mix . Following the guitar solo , rather than there being another verse , there is a repeat of the song 's opening guitar phrase from Harrison , again with the backing vocalists singing ' it do n't come , oh no , you know it do n't come easy '' twice , with Harrison adding a few shouted lines behind them before returning to the verse . Subsequently , there are some additional backing vocal lines . Release and reception ( edit ) `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , backed with `` Early 1970 '' , was released on 9 April 1971 in the UK , and a week later , on 16 April in the US . In a contemporary review , in the NME , Alan Smith described the song as `` undoubtedly one of the best , thumpin'est things the Starr man has ever done '' and added : `` That 's a very strong hook he 's got there , and George Harrison has given the record a fat , pumping backing full of guts and stuff . '' Smith criticised Starr 's vocal on the track , however , before concluding : `` But on the credit side we have an inventive mind and a dry wit coming more and more into play with better songs . One day he may even write a masterpiece . '' Billboard 's reviewer admired the single as Starr 's `` most commercial solo effort '' yet and predicted : `` Potent Top 40 rock material and vocal workout has it to take him all the way . '' The single peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also reached the fourth spot on the UK singles chart . The single beat the sales of Starr 's fellow former - Beatles ' singles at the time : John Lennon 's `` Power to the People '' , Paul McCartney 's `` Another Day '' and Harrison 's `` Bangla Desh '' . The 22 April 1971 edition of the BBC TV show Top of the Pops showed the promotional video for the song . On 27 April , Starr was in Norway to shoot another music video for `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , that was broadcast on another edition of Top of the Pops , on 29 April . Starr was filmed performing the song live at Scandinavia , on 24 June 1971 , backed by an orchestra , for the BBC TV show Cilla , which aired on 27 November 1971 . Backed by Harrison , Voormann and Keltner , among others , Starr performed `` It Do n't Come Easy '' at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 , forgetting some of the words . While this live recording was included on the Concert for Bangladesh triple album , the studio version remained unavailable on an LP until the release of Starr 's 1975 Apple greatest hits compilation , Blast from Your Past . The song was also heard in the 1978 NBC - TV special Ringo . Although Starr recorded new versions of several songs for the special , the released recording of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' was used . Starr 's re-recording of his 1972 hit `` Back Off Boogaloo '' for the Stop and Smell the Roses 1981 album alludes to several Beatles songs , among them `` It Do n't Come Easy '' . On 12 March 1984 , EMI released a single of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Back Off Boogaloo '' in the UK as part of their Golden 45s series . Starr has frequently performed `` It Do n't Come Easy '' in concert with his All - Starr Band . Starr included the song on the set list for his July -- September 1989 American tour , and a performance of this song opened the 1990 album Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band . It was also included on a bonus 5 '' CD single released with the US limited edition deluxe CD version of Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band . In 1991 , `` It Do n't Come Easy '' was added as a bonus track to the CD version of Ringo , along with `` Down and Out '' and `` Early 1970 '' . Starr 's song `` Do n't Go Where the Road Do n't Go '' from his 1992 album Time Takes Time features a homage to the song during the bridge with the line `` Well I said it do n't come easy , well I sure know how it feels '' . Starr 's song `` Eye to Eye '' from his 2003 album Ringo Rama starts with the lines `` Remember when I said it do n't come easy , that seems so long ago '' . Covers and appearances ( edit ) In 1987 , a cover version of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' was used in a commercial for 7 - Eleven using the slogan `` Where the good things come easy '' . Along with a guest appearance by Starr , the song was featured in The Simpsons episode `` Brush with Greatness '' . The song is used as inspirational background music for a montage of Marge Simpson painting a portrait of Mr. Burns . The song was covered by the American band the Smithereens on their album of rarities , Attack of the Smithereens . A cover is featured in the 2014 movie The Identical . The song was the opening theme of the 1973 - 1975 ABC late night talk show Good Night , America hosted by Geraldo Rivera . Personnel ( edit ) The following musicians played on the released version of `` It Do n't Come Easy '' : Ringo Starr -- vocals , drums George Harrison -- guitars Gary Wright -- piano Klaus Voormann -- bass Uncredited musicians -- horns Unknown -- organ , tambourine Pete Ham , Tom Evans -- backing vocals Ken Scott -- recording engineer Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australian Go - Set National Top 60 Australian Kent Music Report Austria Belgian Ultratop Singles 9 Canadian RPM 100 Dutch MegaChart Singles 7 Irish Singles Chart Japanese Oricon Singles 30 New Zealand NZ Listener Chart 7 Norwegian VG - lista Singles 5 Swedish Kvällstoppen Chart 14 Swiss Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening 24 US Cash Box Top 100 Singles US Record World Singles Chart West German Media Control Singles 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 35 Canadian RPM Singles 9 UK 42 US Billboard 43 US Cash Box 25 References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ UK Apple R5898 Jump up ^ US Apple 1831 Jump up ^ This version would later be repeated on 2 August 1993 , as part of Top of the Pops re-showings . Citations Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Beatles Solo on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . p. 293 . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Barry ( 1998 ) . The Beatles a Diary : An Intimate Day by Day History . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 6315 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stannard , Neville . Working Class Heroes . p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . p. 498 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kubernik , Harvey ( July 2011 ) . `` With a Little Help from His Friends : George Harrison and the Concert for Bangla Desh '' . Rock 's Backpages . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Barry ; Badman , Keith , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary After the Break - Up : 1970 -- 2001 ( reprint ed . ) . London : Music Sales Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . pp. 182 , 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 24 April 1971 ) . `` Singles Reviews '' . NME . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Chris ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . NME Originals : Beatles -- The Solo Years 1970 -- 1980 . London : IPC Ignite ! . p. 33 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Billboard Review Panel ( 17 April 1971 ) . `` Spotlight Singles '' . Billboard . p. 54 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1977 ) . The Beatles Forever . Cameron House . p. 149 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 ( illustrated ed . ) . New York : Backbeat Books . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 968 - 8 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia . London : Virgin Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0843 - 5 . Jump up ^ Calkin , Graham . `` Ringo Starr - It Do n't Come Easy '' . Jpgr.co.uk . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingham , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Good Night America . IMDB . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce ( 2005 ) . The Beatles Solo on Apple Records . New Orleans , LA : 498 Productions . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 10 July 1971 '' . poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles , July 4 , 1971 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Search by Artist > Ringo Starr '' Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , irishcharts.ie ( retrieved 23 March 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr Chart Trajectories on the Oricon Singles ( 1968 -- 2005 ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Listener chart statistics for Ringo Starr ( search by artist ) '' . Flavour of New Zealand . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Charts 1969 -- 1972 / Kvällstoppen -- Listresultaten vecka för vecka '' > `` Oktober 1971 ( in Swedish ) '' ( PDF ) . hitsallertijden.nl . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr -- It Do n't Come Easy '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . The Comparison Book . Menonomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Easy Listening '' . Billboard. 19 June 1971 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop 100 Singles '' Billboard December 25 , 1971 : TA - 36 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Ingham , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 2nd edn ) . London : Rough Guides / Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 525 - 4 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . Complete Beatles Chronicle . Harmony . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 58100 - 1 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 7th Rev ed . ) . Watson - Guptill Publications . p. 598 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7690 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Ringo Starr Studio albums Sentimental Journey Beaucoups of Blues Ringo Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Ringo the 4th Bad Boy Stop and Smell the Roses Old Wave Time Takes Time Vertical Man I Wanna Be Santa Claus Ringo Rama Choose Love Liverpool 8 Y Not Ringo 2012 Postcards from Paradise Give More Love Live albums Ringo Starr and His All - Starr Band Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2 : Live from Montreux 4 - Starr Collection Ringo Starr and His Third All - Starr Band - Volume 1 VH1 Storytellers King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Extended Versions Tour 2003 Ringo Starr and Friends Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006 Live at the Greek Theatre 2008 Compilations Blast from Your Past Starr Struck : Best of Ringo Starr , Vol. 2 The Anthology ... So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Singles `` Beaucoups of Blues '' `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' `` Back Off Boogaloo '' `` Photograph '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Wings '' `` Lipstick Traces ( On a Cigarette ) '' `` In My Car '' `` I Keep Forgettin ' '' `` Act Naturally '' `` Weight of the World '' `` Never Without You '' `` Liverpool 8 '' `` Walk with You '' Books Postcards From the Boys Octopus 's Garden Photograph Related Articles Discography Song list Filmography The Concert for Bangladesh Ring O ' Records Scouse the Mouse Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Ringo ( 1978 film ) The Hollywood Vampires Bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Beatles Ringo Starr & His All - Starr Band People / Artists Maureen Starkey ( first wife ) Zak Starkey ( son ) Barbara Bach ( second wife ) Francesca Gregorini ( stepdaughter ) George Harrison Mark Hudson Harry Nilsson Vini Poncia Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Don%27t_Come_Easy&oldid=822865816 '' Categories : Ringo Starr songs 1971 singles Apple Records singles Songs written by Ringo Starr Songs written by George Harrison Song recordings produced by George Harrison Music published by Startling Music Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played guitar on it don't come easy
[ "George Harrison – guitars" ]
[ "George Harrison" ]
6036695732129595419
Meet Me in St. Louis
Meet Me in St. Louis - wikipedia Meet Me in St. Louis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1944 film . For other uses , see Meet Me in St. Louis ( disambiguation ) . Meet Me in St. Louis Theatrical poster Directed by Vincente Minnelli Produced by Arthur Freed Screenplay by Irving Brecher Fred F. Finklehoffe Based on Meet Me in St. Louis by Sally Benson Starring Judy Garland Margaret O'Brien Mary Astor Lucille Bremer Tom Drake Marjorie Main Cinematography George J. Folsey Edited by Albert Akst Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's , Inc . Release date November 22 , 1944 ( 1944 - 11 - 22 ) ( St. Louis ) November 28 , 1944 ( 1944 - 11 - 28 ) ( New York ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1,885,000 Box office $6,566,000 ( original release ) $12,800,000 Meet Me in St. Louis is a musical film made by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and released in 1944 . Divided into a series of seasonal vignettes , starting with Summer 1903 , it relates the story of a year in the life of the Smith family in St. Louis , leading up to the opening of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( more commonly referred to as the World 's Fair ) in the spring of 1904 . The picture stars Judy Garland , Margaret O'Brien , Mary Astor , Lucille Bremer , Tom Drake , Leon Ames , Marjorie Main , June Lockhart , and Joan Carroll . The film was adapted by Irving Brecher and Fred F. Finklehoffe from a series of short stories by Sally Benson , originally published in The New Yorker magazine under the title `` 5135 Kensington '' , and later in novel form as Meet Me in St. Louis . The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli , who met Garland on the set and later married her . It was the second - highest grossing picture of the year , only behind Going My Way.In 1994 , the film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Garland debuted the standards `` The Trolley Song '' , `` The Boy Next Door '' , and `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , all of which became hits after the film was released . Arthur Freed , the producer of the film , also wrote and performed one of the songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 3.1 Deleted song 4 Reception 5 Accolades 6 Adaptations 7 Movie references 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland perform the song `` Under the Bamboo Tree '' in Meet Me in St. Louis Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis The backdrop for Meet Me in St. Louis is St. Louis , Missouri in the year leading up to the 1904 World 's Fair . It is summer 1903 . The Smith family leads a comfortable upper - middle class life . Alonzo Smith ( Leon Ames ) and his wife Anna ( Mary Astor ) have four daughters : Rose ( Lucille Bremer ) , Esther ( Judy Garland ) , Agnes ( Joan Carroll ) , and Tootie ( Margaret O'Brien ) ; and a son , Lon Jr . ( Henry H. Daniels , Jr . ) . Esther , the second eldest daughter , is in love with the boy next door , John Truett ( Tom Drake ) , although he does not notice her at first . Rose is expecting a phone call in which she hopes to be proposed to by Warren Sheffield ( Robert Sully ) . Esther finally gets to meet John properly when he is a guest at the Smiths ' house party , although her chances of romancing him do n't go to plan when , after all the guests are gone and he is helping her turn off the gas lamps throughout the house , he tells her she uses the same perfume as his grandmother and that she has `` a mighty strong grip for a girl '' . Esther hopes to meet John again the following Friday on a trolley ride from the city to the construction site of the World Fair . Esther is sad when the trolley sets off without any sign of him , but cheers up when she sees him running to catch the trolley mid journey . On Halloween , Tootie returns home injured , claiming that John Truett attacked her . Without bothering to investigate , Esther confronts John , physically attacking him and scolding him for being a `` bully '' . When Esther returns home , Tootie confesses that what really happened was that John was trying to protect Tootie and Agnes from the police after a dangerous prank they pulled went wrong . Upon learning the truth , Esther immediately dashes to John 's house next door to apologize , and they share their first kiss . Mr. Smith announces to the family that he is to be sent to New York City on business and eventually they will all move . The family is devastated and upset at the news of the move , especially Rose and Esther whose romances , friendships , and educational plans are threatened . Esther is also aghast because they will miss the World 's Fair . An elegant ball takes place on Christmas Eve . Esther is devastated when John can not take her as his date , due to his leaving his tuxedo at the tailor 's and being unable to get it back . But she is relieved when her grandfather ( Harry Davenport ) offers to take her instead . At the ball , Esther fills up a visiting girl 's ( Lucille Ballard , played by June Lockhart ) dance card with losers because she thinks Lucille is a rival of Rose 's . But when Lucille turns out to be interested in Lon , Esther switches her dance card with Lucille 's and instead dances herself with the clumsy and awkward partners . After being rescued by Grandpa , she is overwhelmed when John unexpectedly turns up after somehow managing to obtain a tuxedo , and the pair dance together for the rest of the evening . Later on , John proposes to Esther and she accepts . Esther returns home to an upset Tootie . She is soothed by the poignant `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' . Tootie , however , becomes more upset at the prospect of the family 's move and runs downstairs , out into the cold to destroy the snowmen they have made . Mr. Smith sees his daughter 's upsetting outburst from an upstairs window . Mr. Smith later announces that the family will not leave St. Louis after all when he realizes how much the move will affect his family . Warren boldly declares his love for Rose , stating that they will marry at the first possible opportunity . On or after April 30 , 1904 , the family take two horse drawn buggies to the World 's Fair . The film ends that night with the entire family ( including boyfriends - to - turn - into - presumed - husbands and Lon 's new love interest ) overlooking the Grand Lagoon at the center of the World 's Fair just as thousands of lights illuminate the grand pavilions . Cast ( edit ) Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland Judy Garland as Esther Smith Margaret O'Brien as `` Tootie '' Smith Mary Astor as Mrs. Anna Smith Leon Ames as Mr. Alonzo Smith Lucille Bremer as Rose Smith Tom Drake as John Truett Marjorie Main as Katie the maid Harry Davenport as Grandpa Henry H. Daniels Jr. as Alonzo `` Lon '' Smith Jr . Joan Carroll as Agnes Smith June Lockhart as Lucille Ballard Robert Sully as Warren Sheffield Hugh Marlowe as Colonel Darly Chill Wills as Mr. Neely the iceman Music ( edit ) The musical score for the film was adapted by Roger Edens , who also served as an uncredited associate producer . Georgie Stoll conducted the orchestrations of Conrad Salinger . Some of the songs in the film are from around the time of the St Louis Exposition . Others were written for the movie . `` Meet Me in St. Louis , Louis '' Kerry Mills and Andrew B. Sterling , 1904 `` The Boy Next Door '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Judy Garland . `` Skip to My Lou '' , Traditional , with section sung to the tunes of `` Kingdom Coming '' and `` Yankee Doodle '' arranged by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 `` I Was Drunk Last Night , '' performed by Margaret O'Brien . `` Under the Bamboo Tree , '' Words and music by Robert Cole and The Johnson Bros. , 1902 , performed by Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien . `` Over the Banister , '' 19th - century melody adapted by Conrad Salinger , lyrics from the 1888 poem `` Over the Banisters '' by Ella Wheeler Wilcox , adapted by Roger Edens ( 1944 ) , performed by Judy Garland . `` The Trolley Song '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Chorus and Judy Garland . `` You and I , '' Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed , sung by Arthur Freed and D. Markas , dubbing for Leon Ames and Mary Astor . `` Goodbye , My Lady Love '' , ( Instrumental ) , Joseph E. Howard , 1904 . `` Little Brown Jug '' , ( Instrumental ) , Joseph Winner , 1869 . `` Down at the Old Bull and Bush , '' ( Instrumental ) , Harry von Tilzer , 1903 . `` Home ! Sweet Home ! '' , ( Instrumental ) , Henry Bishop , 1823 / 1852 . `` Auld Lang Syne '' , ( Instrumental ) `` The First Noel '' , ( Instrumental ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Judy Garland . The lyrics for `` Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' were originally different . The lyricist , Hugh Martin , wrote opening lyrics which were deemed too depressing by Judy Garland , Tom Drake , and Vincente Minnelli ( They were : `` Have yourself a merry little Christmas / It may be your last / Next year we may all be living in the past '' ) , so Martin changed the lyrics . ( Years after the movie 's release , additional lyric changes were made for Frank Sinatra , who objected to the song 's generally downbeat tone . The most notable changes included `` Next year '' becoming `` From now on '' , `` Once again , as in olden days / Happy golden days of yore / Faithful friends that were dear to us / Will be near to us once more '' becoming `` Here we are , as in olden days / Happy golden days of yore / Faithful friends that are dear to us / Gather near to us once more '' , and `` Someday soon we all will be together / If the fates allow / Until then we 'll just have to muddle through somehow '' becoming `` Through the years we all will be together / If the fates allow / Hang a shining star upon the highest bough '' . This revised version is the one now most commonly performed . ) Deleted Song ( edit ) Judy Garland pre-recording of `` Boys and Girls Like You and Me '' for this film survives today , but the film footage has been lost . Reception ( edit ) Play media Film trailer Upon its 1944 release , Meet Me in St. Louis was a massive critical and commercial success . During its initial theatrical release , it earned a then - massive $5,016,000 in the US and Canada and $1,550,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $2,359,000 . Time called it `` one of the year 's prettiest pictures '' ; `` Technicolor has seldom been more affectionately used than in its registrations of the sober mahoganies and tender muslins and benign gaslights of the period . Now & then , too , the film gets well beyond the charm of mere tableau for short flights in the empyrean of genuine domestic poetry . These triumphs are creditable mainly to the intensity and grace of Margaret O'Brien and to the ability of director Minnelli & Co. to get the best out of her . '' O'Brien drew further praise from Time ; `` ( her ) song and her cakewalk done in a nightgown at a grown - up party , are entrancing acts . Her self - terrified Halloween adventures richly set against firelight , dark streets , and the rusty confabulations of fallen leaves , bring this section of the film very near the first - rate . '' The film is a New York Times Critics ' Pick : after seeing it at the Astor Theatre , Bosley Crowther called it `` a warm and beguiling picturization based on Sally Benson 's memoirs of her folks . '' Crowther concludes : `` As a comparable screen companion to Life With Father , we would confidently predict that Meet Me in St. Louis has a future that is equally bright . In the words of one of the gentlemen , it is a ginger - peachy show . '' Writing in The New Yorker , Wolcott Gibbs praised the film as `` extremely attractive '' and called the dialogue `` funny in a sense rather rare in the movies , '' although he thought it was too long . In 2005 , Richard Schickel included the film on Time. com 's ALL - TIME 100 best films , saying `` It had wonderful songs ( and ) a sweetly unneurotic performance by Judy Garland ... Despite its nostalgic charm , Minnelli infused the piece with a dreamy , occasionally surreal , darkness and it remains , for some of us , the greatest of American movie musicals . '' Arthur Freed : `` Meet Me in St. Louis is my personal favourite . I got along wonderfully with Judy , but the only time we were ever on the outs was when we did this film . She did n't want to do the picture . Even her mother came to me about it . We bumped into some trouble with some opinions -- Eddie Mannix , the studio manager , thought the Halloween sequence was wrong , but it was left in . There was a song that Rodgers and Hammerstein had written , called Boys and Girls Like You and Me , that Judy did wonderfully , but it slowed up the picture and it was cut out . After the preview of the completed film , Judy came over to me and said , `` Arthur remind me not to tell you what kind of pictures to make . '' ( It ) was the biggest grosser Metro had up to that time , except for Gone With the Wind . '' The film currently holds a 100 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 30 critical reviews with an average score of 8.7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) The Trolley Song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song . Margaret O'Brien won an Academy Juvenile Award for her screen work in 1944 . The film was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Color , Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture , and Best Music , Song ( Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin for `` The Trolley Song '' ) . Margaret O'Brien received an Academy Juvenile Award for her work that year , in which she appeared in several movies along with Meet Me in St. Louis . In 1994 , the film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . The American Film Institute ranked the film 10th on AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals ; two songs from the film made AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs ( `` The Trolley Song '' at # 26 and `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' at # 76 ) . Gerald Kaufman wrote a study of the film , with the same title , which was published by the British Film Institute in 1994 . Adaptations ( edit ) Meet Me in St. Louis was remade in 1959 for television , starring Jane Powell , Jeanne Crain , Patty Duke , Walter Pidgeon , Ed Wynn , Tab Hunter and Myrna Loy . It was directed by George Schaefer from the original Brecher and Finklehoffe screenplay . Meet Me in St. Louis was remade again for television in 1966 . This was a non-musical version starring Shelley Fabares , Celeste Holm , Larry Merrill , Judy Land , Reta Shaw , Tammy Locke and Morgan Brittany . It was directed by Alan D. Courtney from a script written by Sally Benson herself . This was to be a pilot for a TV series , but no network picked it up . It was later included as a special feature on the 2 disc DVD set released in 2004 . A Broadway musical based on the film was produced in 1989 , with additional songs . The late - 19th century vintage carousel in this movie could be found at Bob - Lo Amusement Park in Amherstburg , Ontario until the park closed in September 1993 . It was dismantled and sold to private collectors . Movie references ( edit ) The Family Stone ( 2005 ) shows two partial scenes from the movie ; one where Esther and John dance , and another where Esther sings `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' to Tootie . Deck the Halls ( 2006 ) shows Steve ( Matthew Broderick ) watching the scene where Esther sings `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' to Tootie and she bashes the snowmen . Steve is depressed that his family left him and watching this scene in the film makes him only more upset . Sex and the City ( 2008 ) shows Carrie 's ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) assistant , Louise from St. Louis , give her a DVD of the film as a Christmas gift , and later shows Carrie watching a bit of `` The Trolley Song '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet Me in St. Louis '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Meet Me in St. Louis . The Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Variety film review ; November 1 , 1944 , page 10 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; November 4 , 1944 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Movies : Top 5 Box Office Hits , 1939 to 1988 '' . Ldsfilm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Judy Garland 's pre-recording of `` Boys and Girls Like You and Me '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The New Pictures '' . TIME . November 27 , 1944 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( November 29 , 1944 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis , a Period Film That Has Charm , With Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien , Opens at the Astor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Wolcott ( December 9 , 1944 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : p. 50 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( February 12 , 2005 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) '' . TIME . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Films of Judy Garland , Joe Morella & Edward Epstein Cadillac Publishing , 1969 Jump up ^ Movie Reviews for Meet Me in St. Louis . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMeet Me in St. Louisat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Meet Me in St. Louis on IMDb Meet Me in St. Louis at the TCM Movie Database Meet Me in St. Louis at AllMovie Meet Me in St. Louis at Rotten Tomatoes Meet Me in St. Louis from TheJudyRoom.com Meet Me in St. Louis at Filmsite.org . Meet Me in St. Louis at the Museum of Modern Art . Meet Me in St. Louis on Lux Radio Theater : December 2 , 1946 Films directed by Vincente Minnelli Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) I Dood It ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) The Clock ( 1945 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1945 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) Undercurrent ( 1946 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Madame Bovary ( 1949 ) Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) The Story of Three Loves ( 1953 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) The Long , Long Trailer ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) The Cobweb ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) Tea and Sympathy ( 1956 ) Designing Woman ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) The Reluctant Debutante ( 1958 ) Some Came Running ( 1958 ) Home from the Hill ( 1960 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ( 1962 ) Two Weeks in Another Town ( 1962 ) The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ( 1963 ) Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever ( 1970 ) A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) VIAF : 184098918 GND : 4562209 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meet_Me_in_St._Louis&oldid=826508640 '' Categories : 1944 films English - language films 1940s musical films American films American Christmas films American musical films Films adapted into plays Films based on short fiction Films directed by Vincente Minnelli Films produced by Arthur Freed Films set in 1903 Films set in 1904 Films set in St. Louis Films shot in Los Angeles Jukebox musical films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Screenplays by Irving Brecher St. Louis World 's Fair United States National Film Registry films World 's fairs in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Use mdy dates from December 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 00 . 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who starred in meet me in st. louis
[ "Meet Me in St. Louis is a musical film made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and released in 1944. Divided into a series of seasonal vignettes, starting with Summer 1903, it relates the story of a year in the life of the Smith family in St. Louis, leading up to the opening of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (more commonly referred to as the World's Fair) in the spring of 1904.[4][5] The picture stars Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer, Tom Drake, Leon Ames, Marjorie Main, June Lockhart, and Joan Carroll." ]
[ "Judy Garland, Margaret O'Brien, Mary Astor, Lucille Bremer, Tom Drake, Leon Ames, Marjorie Main, June Lockhart, and Joan Carroll" ]
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Hemolysis
Hemolysis - wikipedia Hemolysis This article is about medical aspects of hemolysis . For hemolysis in the culture of microorganisms , see Hemolysis ( microbiology ) . `` Laking '' redirects here . For other uses , see Laking ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hemolysis Classification and external resources Specialty Pathology ( edit on Wikidata ) Hemolysis or haemolysis ( / hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs / ) , also known by several other names , is the rupturing ( lysis ) of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) and the release of their contents ( cytoplasm ) into surrounding fluid ( e.g. blood plasma ) . Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro ( inside or outside the body ) . Hemolysins damage the host cytoplasmic membrane , causing cell lysis and death . The activity of these toxins is most easily observed with assays involving the lysis of red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) . Some hemolysins attack the phospholipid of the host cytoplasmic membrane . Because the phospholipid lecithin ( phosphatidylcholine ) is often used as a substrate , these enzymes are called lecithinases or phospholipases . Some hemolysins affects the sterols of the host cytoplasmic membrane . Contents 1 Inside the body 1.1 Streptococcus 1.2 Enterococcus 1.3 Staphylococcus 1.4 Parasitic hemolysis 1.5 HELLP , pre-eclampsia , or eclampsia 1.6 Hemolytic disease of the newborn 1.7 Hemolytic anemia 1.8 Hemolytic crisis 1.9 Toxic agent ingestion or poisoning 2 Outside the body 2.1 From specimen collection 2.2 From mechanical blood processing during surgery 2.3 From bacteria culture 3 Nomenclature 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Inside the body ( edit ) Hemolysis inside the body can be caused by a large number of medical conditions , including many Gram - positive bacteria ( e.g. , Streptococcus , Enterococcus , and Staphylococcus ) , some parasites ( e.g. , Plasmodium ) , some autoimmune disorders ( e.g. , drug - induced hemolytic anemia ) , some genetic disorders ( e.g. , Sickle - cell disease or G6PD deficiency ) , or blood with too low a solute concentration ( hypotonic to cells ) . Hemolysis can lead to hemoglobinemia due to hemoglobin released into the blood plasma . Streptococcus ( edit ) Main article : Streptococcus Many species of the genus Streptococcus cause hemolysis . Streptococcal bacteria species are classified according to their hemolytic properties . Note that these hemolytic properties are not necessarily present in vivo . Alpha - hemolytic species , including S. pneumoniae , Streptococcus mitis , S. mutans , and S. salivarius , oxidize the iron in the hemoglobin ( turning it dark green in culture ) . Beta - hemolytic species , including S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae , completely rupture the red blood cells ( visible as a halo in culture ) . Gamma - hemolytic , or non-hemolytic , species do not cause hemolysis and rarely cause illness . Enterococcus ( edit ) Main article : Enterococcus The genus Enterococcus includes lactic acid bacteria formerly classified as gamma - hemolytic Group D in the genus streptococcus ( see above ) , including E. faecilis ( S. faecalis ) , E. faecium ( S. faecium ) , E. durans ( S. durans ) , and E. avium ( S. avium ) . Staphylococcus ( edit ) Main article : Staphylococcus Staphylococcus is another Gram - positive cocci . S. aureus , the most common cause of `` staph '' infections , is frequently hemolytic on blood agar . Parasitic hemolysis ( edit ) Because the feeding process of the Plasmodium parasites damages red blood cells , malaria is sometimes called `` parasitic hemolysis '' in medical literature . HELLP , pre-eclampsia , or eclampsia ( edit ) See HELLP syndrome , Pre-eclampsia , and Eclampsia Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an autoimmune disease resulting from the mother 's antibodies crossing the placenta to the fetus . Hemolytic anemia ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic anemia Because in vivo hemolysis destroys the red blood cells , in uncontrolled chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia . Hemolytic crisis ( edit ) A hemolytic crisis , or hyperhemolytic crisis , is characterized by an accelerated rate of red blood cell destruction leading to anemia , jaundice , and reticulocytosis . Hemolytic crises are a major concern with sickle - cell disease and G6PD deficiency . Toxic agent ingestion or poisoning ( edit ) Paxillus Involutus ingestion can cause Hemolysis . Outside the body ( edit ) Hemolysis of blood samples . Red blood cells without ( left and middle ) and with ( right ) hemolysis . If as little as 0.5 % of the red blood cells are hemolyzed , the released hemoglobin will cause the serum or plasma to appear pale red or cherry red in color . Note that the hemolyzed sample appears clearer , because there are significantly fewer cells to scatter light . In vitro hemolysis can be caused by improper technique during collection of blood specimens , by the effects of mechanical processing of blood , or by bacterial action in cultured blood specimens . From specimen collection ( edit ) Most causes of in vitro hemolysis are related to specimen collection . Difficult collections , unsecure line connections , contamination , and incorrect needle size , as well as improper tube mixing and incorrectly filled tubes are all frequent causes of hemolysis . Excessive suction can cause the red blood cells to be smashed on their way through the hypodermic needle owing to turbulence and physical forces . Such hemolysis is more likely to occur when a patient 's veins are difficult to find or when they collapse when blood is removed by a syringe or a modern vacuum tube . Experience and proper technique are key for any phlebotomist or nurse to prevent hemolysis . In vitro hemolysis during specimen collection can cause inaccurate laboratory test results by contaminating the surrounding plasma with the contents of hemolyzed red blood cells . For example , the concentration of potassium inside red blood cells is much higher than in the plasma and so an elevated potassium level is usually found in biochemistry tests of hemolyzed blood . After the blood collection process , in vitro hemolysis can still occur in a sample due to external factors , such as prolonged storage , incorrect storage conditions and excessive physical forces by dropping or vigorously mixing the tube . From mechanical blood processing during surgery ( edit ) In some surgical procedures ( especially some heart operations ) where substantial blood loss is expected , machinery is used for intraoperative blood salvage . A centrifuge process takes blood from the patient , washes the red blood cells with normal saline , and returns them to the patient 's blood circulation . Hemolysis may occur if the centrifuge rotates too quickly ( generally greater than 500 rpm ) -- essentially this is hemolysis occurring outside of the body . Unfortunately , increased hemolysis occurs with massive amounts of sudden blood loss , because the process of returning a patient 's cells must be done at a correspondingly higher speed to prevent hypotension , pH imbalance , and a number of other hemodynamic and blood level factors . From bacteria culture ( edit ) Main article : Hemolysis ( microbiology ) Hemolysis from streptococcus . Examples of the blood culture patterns created by ( from left ) alpha - , beta - and gamma - hemolytic streptococci . Visualizing the physical appearance of hemolysis in cultured blood samples may be used as a tool to determine the species of various Gram - positive bacteria infections ( e.g. , Streptococcus ) . Nomenclature ( edit ) Hemolysis is sometimes called hematolysis , erythrolysis , or erythrocytolysis . The words hemolysis ( / hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs / ) and hematolysis ( / ˌhiːməˈtɒlɪsɪs / ) both use combining forms conveying the idea of `` lysis of blood '' ( hemo - or hemato - + - lysis ) . The words erythrolysis ( / ˌɛrəˈθrɒlɪsɪs / ) and erythrocytolysis ( / əˌrɪθroʊsaɪˈtɒlɪsɪs / ) both use combining forms conveying the idea of `` lysis of erythrocytes '' ( erythro - ± cyto - + - lysis ) . Erythrocytes have a short lifespan ( weeks or months ) , and the body is always reclaiming the ones that are getting older ( that is , the senescent ones ) and replacing them with new ones via erythropoiesis . The breakdown and replacement together ( and the rate of change ) are called erythrocyte turnover . Given that the lysis of erythrocytes is therefore a normal and ongoing physiologic process , one might be prompted to say that erythrolysis or hemolysis is a normal process that happens continually in everyone . However , when these words are used , they usually mean the pathologic type of RBC lysis ; that is , mentions of hemolysis without further specification indicate pathologic hemolysis . See also ( edit ) Hemolysin Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) . Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 8118 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brock Biology of Microorganisms 13th Edition . 2010 . p. 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 64963 - 8 . Jump up ^ MicrobeLibrary.org , American Society for Microbiology Archived December 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Innvista Jump up ^ Capital Health Jump up ^ `` Hematolysis '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` erythrolysis '' . American Heritage Stedman 's Medical Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` erythrocytolysis '' . American Heritage Stedman 's Medical Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Effects of Hemolysis on Clinical Specimens Hemolysis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemolysis&oldid=849346157 '' Categories : Hematology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 10 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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substance that causes destruction of red blood cells
[ "Hemolysins damage the host cytoplasmic membrane, causing cell lysis and death. The activity of these toxins is most easily observed with assays involving the lysis of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Some hemolysins attack the phospholipid of the host cytoplasmic membrane. Because the phospholipid lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) is often used as a substrate, these enzymes are called lecithinases or phospholipases. Some hemolysins affects the sterols of the host cytoplasmic membrane.[2]\n" ]
[ "Hemolysins" ]
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There's Something About Mary
There 's Something About Mary - wikipedia There 's Something About Mary Jump to : navigation , search There 's Something About Mary Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Produced by Michael Steinberg Bradley Thomas Charles B. Wessler Frank Beddor Screenplay by Ed Decter John J. Strauss Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Story by Ed Decter John J. Strauss Starring Cameron Diaz Matt Dillon Ben Stiller Lee Evans Chris Elliott Narrated by Jonathan Richman Music by Jonathan Richman Cinematography Mark Irwin Edited by Christopher Greenbury Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 15 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $369.9 million There 's Something About Mary is a 1998 American romantic comedy film directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly . It stars Cameron Diaz as the title character with Ben Stiller , Lee Evans , Chris Elliott , and Matt Dillon all playing men who are in love with Mary and vying for her affections . The film was placed 27th in the American Film Institute 's 100 Years , 100 Laughs : America 's Funniest Movies , a list of the 100 funniest movies of the 20th century . In 2000 , readers of Total Film magazine voted it the fourth - greatest comedy film of all time . Diaz won a New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress , an MTV Movie Award for Best Performance , an American Comedy Award for Best Actress , a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Actress . She also received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance . It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy . It won 4 out of 8 MTV Movie Awards , including Best Movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1985 , 16 - year - old high school student Ted Stroehmann ( Ben Stiller ) is about to go on a prom date with his dream girl Mary Jensen ( Cameron Diaz ) when he gets his penis stuck in a zipper . He is hospitalized when it bleeds after being unzipped , which cancels their date . Ted subsequently loses contact with Mary . Thirteen years later , in 1998 , 29 - year - old Ted is still in love with Mary . On the advice of his best friend Dom Woganowski ( Chris Elliott ) , he hires a private detective named Pat Healy ( Matt Dillon ) to track her down . Pat discovers that she is an orthopedic surgeon living in Miami with her friend , Magda , and instantly falls in love with Mary as well . He lies to Ted about her , saying she is overweight with four children and confined to a wheelchair , to discourage him from having any contact with her . Pat resorts to lying , cheating , stalking , and drugging Magda 's dog to win Mary over , but is exposed by Mary 's architect friend , Tucker ( Lee Evans ) , who is heavily reliant on crutches and speaks with an English accent . Pat later feels guilty about lying to Mary and reveals his true self to her . Enraged after overhearing Tucker subsequently slander him as a murderer , Pat tails Tucker and discovers him to be a fraud himself : he is an able - bodied , entirely American pizza delivery boy named Norm Phipps who is also in love with Mary . For years , Norm has been driving away potential rivals through slander , including one oft - mentioned suitor referred to only as `` Brett . '' Meanwhile , Ted decides he still wants to reconnect with Mary and , assisted by Dom , drives down to Florida and discovers the truth about her . Ted seems to have won Mary 's love , until an anonymous letter exposes his connection with Pat , and she breaks contact with him . Ted confronts Pat and Norm , and Mary is accosted by Dom , who is revealed to be her ex-boyfriend `` Woogie '' that she has a restraining order against . When Mary is finally together with all of her deceitful suitors , Ted realizes that the only one who did not resort to lying and manipulation to win Mary was Brett , who he learns is NFL quarterback Brett Favre . After reuniting Brett and Mary , Ted leaves tearfully until Mary catches up to Ted , saying that `` I 'd be happiest with you '' . The film concludes with the two engaging in a kiss while a guitarist ( Jonathan Richman ) , who has periodically narrated the story in song throughout the film , is accidentally shot by Magda 's boyfriend , who was trying to shoot Ted so he could win over Mary . Cast ( edit ) Cameron Diaz as Mary Jensen / Matthews Ben Stiller as Ted Stroehmann Matt Dillon as Patrick `` Pat '' Healy Chris Elliott as Dom `` Woogie '' Woganowski Lee Evans as Tucker / Norm Phipps Lin Shaye as Magda Jeffrey Tambor as Sully Markie Post as Sheila Jensen , Mary 's mother Keith David as Charlie , Mary 's stepfather W. Earl Brown as Warren Jensen , Mary 's mentally disabled brother Sarah Silverman as Brenda , Mary 's sarcastic and obnoxious best friend Khandi Alexander as Joanie Willie Garson as Dr. Zit Face / high school pal Bob Richard Tyson as Detective Krevoy Rob Moran as Detective Stabler Jonathan Richman as the singing narrator Steve Sweeney as Policeman Lenny Clarke as Fireman Harland Williams ( uncredited ) as Hitchhiker Richard Jenkins ( uncredited ) as Psychiatrist Brett Favre plays himself in a cameo that was originally written - for and offered to NFL quarterback Steve Young , but he turned the role down due to the film 's coarse nature and was replaced with Favre . Bill Murray was considered for the role of Pat Healy , but the Farrelly brothers thought he was too old for the part . Production ( edit ) The movie was filmed in Miami , Florida . The makeup effects and animatronic animal effects were the handiwork of Makeup Effects Designer Tony Gardner and Alterian , Inc . Reception ( edit ) This sleeper hit was the highest - grossing comedy of 1998 in North America as well as the fourth - highest - grossing film of the year . It also catapulted Diaz and Stiller into the limelight . The film made $369 million worldwide , including $176 million in the U.S. alone . The film received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 83 % based on 83 reviews , and an average rating of 7 / 10 , with the consensus : `` There 's Something About Mary proves that unrelentingly , unabashedly puerile humor does n't necessarily come at the expense of a film 's heart . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 69 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics . Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars , stating `` What a blessed relief is laughter . It flies in the face of manners , values , political correctness and decorum . It exposes us for what we are , the only animal with a sense of humor . '' Gene Siskel ranked the film No. 9 on his 10 Best films of 1998 ( the final `` best of '' list he did before passing away ) . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 27 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Romantic Comedy Film Soundtrack ( edit ) `` There 's Something About Mary '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 1 : 47 `` How to Survive a Broken Heart '' ( Ben Lee ) -- 2 : 47 `` Every Day Should Be a Holiday '' ( The Dandy Warhols ) -- 4 : 02 `` Everything Shines '' ( The Push Stars ) -- 2 : 27 `` This Is the Day '' ( Ivy ) -- 3 : 33 `` Is She Really Going Out with Him ? '' ( Joe Jackson ) -- 3 : 36 `` True Love Is Not Nice '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 2 : 13 `` History Repeating '' ( The Propellerheads feat . Shirley Bassey ) -- 4 : 04 `` If I Could Talk I 'd Tell You '' ( The Lemonheads ) -- 2 : 51 `` Mary 's Prayer '' ( Danny Wilson ) -- 3 : 54 `` Margo 's Waltz '' ( Lloyd Cole ) -- 4 : 01 `` Speed Queen '' ( Zuba ) -- 3 : 44 `` Let Her Go Into the Darkness '' ( Jonathan Richman ) -- 1 : 19 `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' ( The Foundations ) -- 2 : 59 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THERE 'S SOMETHING ABOUT MARY ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1998 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : There 's Something About Mary at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Do n't Forget : ' There 's Something About Mary ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Locke , Greg W. ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` The Top 25 Roles Bill Murray Did n't Take '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Bill Murray '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Metacritic . CBS . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` There 's Something About Mary '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Something about Mary Soundtrack '' . Soundtrackinfo.com. 1998 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Miami portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : There 's Something About Mary There 's Something About Mary on IMDb There 's Something About Mary at the TCM Movie Database There 's Something About Mary at AllMovie There 's Something About Mary at Box Office Mojo There 's Something About Mary at Rotten Tomatoes There 's Something About Mary at Metacritic Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Peter Farrelly Bobby Farrelly Dumb and Dumber ( 1994 ) Kingpin ( 1996 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1998 ) Me , Myself & Irene ( 2000 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) Stuck on You ( 2003 ) Fever Pitch ( 2005 ) The Heartbreak Kid ( 2007 ) Hall Pass ( 2011 ) The Three Stooges ( 2012 ) Dumb and Dumber To ( 2014 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Something_About_Mary&oldid=802086706 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s sex comedy films American films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films American slapstick comedy films Films directed by the Farrelly brothers Films set in 1985 Films set in 1998 Films set in Florida Films set in Miami Films set in Rhode Island Films shot in Miami Films shot in Rhode Island 20th Century Fox films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 22 : 33 . 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who sings in there's something about mary
[ "Jonathan Richman as the singing narrator" ]
[ "Jonathan Richman" ]
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Lightning
Lightning - wikipedia Lightning Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lightning ( disambiguation ) . `` Return stroke '' redirects here . For other uses , see Return stroke ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Lighting . Lightning flashes during a thunderstorm . Play media High - speed , slow - motion lightning video captured at 6,200 frames per second . Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge that occurs typically during a thunderstorm . This discharge occurs between electrically charged regions of a cloud ( called intra-cloud lightning or IC ) , between two clouds ( CC lightning ) , or between a cloud and the ground ( CG lightning ) . The charged regions in the atmosphere temporarily equalize themselves through this discharge referred to as a flash . A lightning flash can also be a strike if it involves an object on the ground . Lightning creates light in the form of black body radiation from the very hot plasma created by the electron flow , and sound in the form of thunder . Lightning may be seen and not heard when it occurs at a distance too great for the sound to carry as far as the light from the strike or flash . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lightning electrification 2 General considerations 3 Frequency 4 Necessary conditions 4.1 Electrical field generation 5 Flashes and strikes 5.1 Lightning leaders 5.2 Upward streamers 5.3 Attachment 5.4 Discharge 5.4. 1 Return stroke 5.4. 2 Re-strike 5.4. 3 Transient currents during flash 6 Types 6.1 Cloud to ground ( CG ) 6.1. 1 Positive and negative lightning 6.2 Cloud to cloud ( CC ) and intra-cloud ( IC ) 6.3 Observational variations 7 Effects 7.1 Lightning strike 7.2 Thunder 7.3 High - energy radiation 8 Volcanic 9 Extraterrestrial 10 Human - related phenomena 11 Scientific study 11.1 Properties 11.2 Detection and monitoring 11.3 Artificially triggered 11.4 Physical manifestations 11.4. 1 Magnetism 11.5 Solar wind and cosmic rays 12 In culture and religion 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Lightning Electrification ( edit ) The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where air is moving upward rapidly ( updraft ) and temperatures range from − 15 to − 25 Celsius The details of the charging process are still being studied by scientists , but there is general agreement on some of the basic concepts of thunderstorm electrification . The main charging area in a thunderstorm occurs in the central part of the storm where air is moving upward rapidly ( updraft ) and temperatures range from − 15 to − 25 Celsius , see figure to the right . At that place , the combination of temperature and rapid upward air movement produces a mixture of super-cooled cloud droplets ( small water droplets below freezing ) , small ice crystals , and graupel ( soft hail ) . The updraft carries the super-cooled cloud droplets and very small ice crystals upward . At the same time , the graupel , which is considerably larger and denser , tends to fall or be suspended in the rising air . When the rising ice crystals collide with graupel , the ice crystals become positively charged and the graupel becomes negatively charged . The differences in the movement of the precipitation cause collisions to occur . When the rising ice crystals collide with graupel , the ice crystals become positively charged and the graupel becomes negatively charged . See figure to the left . The updraft carries the positively charged ice crystals upward toward the top of the storm cloud . The larger and denser graupel is either suspended in the middle of the thunderstorm cloud or falls toward the lower part of the storm . The upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged . The result is that the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged . The upward motions within the storm and winds at higher levels in the atmosphere tend to cause the small ice crystals ( and positive charge ) in the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud to spread out horizontally some distance from thunderstorm cloud base . This part of the thunderstorm cloud is called the anvil . While this is the main charging process for the thunderstorm cloud , some of these charges can be redistributed by air movements within the storm ( updrafts and downdrafts ) . In addition , there is a small but important positive charge buildup near the bottom of the thunderstorm cloud due to the precipitation and warmer temperatures . General considerations ( edit ) Play media Four - second video of a lightning strike , Island in the Sky , Canyonlands National Park , Utah , United States . On Earth , the lightning frequency is approximately 40 -- 50 times a second or nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year and the average duration is 0.2 seconds made up from a number of much shorter flashes ( strokes ) of around 30 microseconds . Many factors affect the frequency , distribution , strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world . These factors include ground elevation , latitude , prevailing wind currents , relative humidity , proximity to warm and cold bodies of water , etc . To a certain degree , the ratio between IC ( in - cloud or intracloud ) , CC ( cloud - to - cloud ) and CG ( cloud - to - ground ) lightning may also vary by season in middle latitudes . Because human beings are terrestrial and most of their possessions are on the Earth where lightning can damage or destroy them , CG lightning is the most studied and best understood of the three types , even though IC and CC are more common types of lightning . Lightning 's relative unpredictability limits a complete explanation of how or why it occurs , even after hundreds of years of scientific investigation . A typical cloud - to - ground lightning flash culminates in the formation of an electrically conducting plasma channel through the air in excess of 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) tall , from within the cloud to the ground 's surface . The actual discharge is the final stage of a very complex process . At its peak , a typical thunderstorm produces three or more strikes to the Earth per minute . Lightning primarily occurs when warm air is mixed with colder air masses , resulting in atmospheric disturbances necessary for polarizing the atmosphere . However , it can also occur during dust storms , forest fires , tornadoes , volcanic eruptions , and even in the cold of winter , where the lightning is known as thundersnow . Hurricanes typically generate some lightning , mainly in the rainbands as much as 160 km ( 99 mi ) from the center . The science of lightning is called fulminology , and the fear of lightning is called astraphobia . Frequency ( edit ) Main article : Distribution of lightning World map showing frequency of lightning strikes , in flashes per km2 per year ( equal - area projection ) , from combined 1995 -- 2003 data from the Optical Transient Detector and 1998 -- 2003 data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor . Lightning is not distributed evenly around the planet , as shown in the map . About 70 % of lightning occurs over land in the tropics where atmospheric convection is the greatest . This occurs from both the mixture of warmer and colder air masses , as well as differences in moisture concentrations , and it generally happens at the boundaries between them . The flow of warm ocean currents past drier land masses , such as the Gulf Stream , partially explains the elevated frequency of lightning in the Southeast United States . Because the influence of small or absent land masses in the vast stretches of the world 's oceans limits the differences between these variants in the atmosphere , lightning is notably less frequent there than over larger landforms . The North and South Poles are limited in their coverage of thunderstorms and therefore result in areas with the least amount of lightning . In general , cloud - to - ground ( CG ) lightning flashes account for only 25 % of all total lightning flashes worldwide . Since the base of a thunderstorm is usually negatively charged , this is where most CG lightning originates . This region is typically at the elevation where freezing occurs within the cloud . Freezing , combined with collisions between ice and water , appears to be a critical part of the initial charge development and separation process . During wind - driven collisions , ice crystals tend to develop a positive charge , while a heavier , slushy mixture of ice and water ( called graupel ) develops a negative charge . Updrafts within a storm cloud separate the lighter ice crystals from the heavier graupel , causing the top region of the cloud to accumulate a positive space charge while the lower level accumulates a negative space charge . Lightning in Belfort , France Because the concentrated charge within the cloud must exceed the insulating properties of air , and this increases proportionally to the distance between the cloud and the ground , the proportion of CG strikes ( versus cloud - to - cloud ( CC ) or in - cloud ( IC ) discharges ) becomes greater when the cloud is closer to the ground . In the tropics , where the freezing level is generally higher in the atmosphere , only 10 % of lightning flashes are CG . At the latitude of Norway ( around 60 ° North latitude ) , where the freezing elevation is lower , 50 % of lightning is CG . Lightning is usually produced by cumulonimbus clouds , which have bases that are typically 1 -- 2 km ( 0.6 -- 1.25 miles ) above the ground and tops up to 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) in height . Lightning hotspots : The place on Earth where lightning occurs most often is near the small village of Kifuka in the mountains of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo , where the elevation is around 975 m ( 3,200 ft ) . On average , this region receives 158 lightning strikes per 1 square kilometer ( 0.39 sq mi ) per year . Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela averages 297 days per year with lightning activity . Other lightning hotspots include Catatumbo in Venezuela , Singapore , and Lightning Alley in Central Florida . Necessary conditions ( edit ) Main article : Thunderstorm Sound of a thunderstorm In order for an electrostatic discharge to occur , two preconditions are necessary : firstly , a sufficiently high electric potential between two regions of space must exist , and secondly , a high - resistance medium must obstruct the free , unimpeded equalization of the opposite charges . It is well understood that during a thunderstorm there is charge separation and aggregation in certain regions of the cloud ; however the exact processes by which this occurs are not fully understood . The atmosphere provides the electrical insulation , or barrier , that prevents free equalization between charged regions of opposite polarity . This is overcome by `` lightning '' , a complex process referred to as the lightning `` flash '' . Electrical field generation ( edit ) View of lightning from an airplane flying above a system . As a thundercloud moves over the surface of the Earth , an equal electric charge , but of opposite polarity , is induced on the Earth 's surface underneath the cloud . The induced positive surface charge , when measured against a fixed point , will be small as the thundercloud approaches , increasing as the center of the storm arrives and dropping as the thundercloud passes . The referential value of the induced surface charge could be roughly represented as a bell curve . The oppositely charged regions create an electric field within the air between them . This electric field varies in relation to the strength of the surface charge on the base of the thundercloud -- the greater the accumulated charge , the higher the electrical field . Flashes and strikes ( edit ) The best studied and understood form of lightning is cloud to ground ( CG ) . Although more common , intracloud ( IC ) and cloud to cloud ( CC ) flashes are very difficult to study given there are no `` physical '' points to monitor inside the clouds . Also , given the very low probability lightning will strike the same point repeatedly and consistently , scientific inquiry is difficult at best even in the areas of high CG frequency . As such , knowing flash propagation is similar amongst all forms of lightning , the best means to describe the process is through an examination of the most studied form , cloud to ground . A lightning strike from cloud to ground in the California , Mojave Desert An intracloud flash . A lightning flash within the cloud , illuminates the entire blanket . Lightning leaders ( edit ) A downward leader travels towards earth , branching as it goes . Lightning strike caused by the connection of two leaders , positive shown in blue and negative in red In a process not well understood , a bidirectional channel of ionized air , called a `` leader '' , is initiated between oppositely - charged regions in a thundercloud . Leaders are electrically conductive channels of ionized gas that propagate through , or are otherwise attracted to , regions with a charge opposite of that of the leader tip . The negative end of the bidirectional leader fills a positive charge region , also called a well , inside the cloud while the positive end fills a negative charge well . Leaders often split , forming branches in a tree - like pattern . In addition , negative and some positive leaders travel in a discontinuous fashion , in a process called `` stepping '' . The resulting jerky movement of the leaders can be readily observed in slow - motion videos of lightning flashes . It is possible for one end of the leader to fill the oppositely - charged well entirely while the other end is still active . When this happens , the leader end which filled the well may propagate outside of the thundercloud and result in either a cloud - to - air flash or a cloud - to - ground flash . In a typical cloud - to - ground flash , a bidirectional leader initiates between the main negative and lower positive charge regions in a thundercloud . The weaker positive charge region is filled quickly by the negative leader which then propagates toward the inductively - charged ground . The positively and negatively charged leaders proceed in opposite directions , positive upwards within the cloud and negative towards the earth . Both ionic channels proceed , in their respective directions , in a number of successive spurts . Each leader `` pools '' ions at the leading tips , shooting out one or more new leaders , momentarily pooling again to concentrate charged ions , then shooting out another leader . The negative leader continues to propagate and split as it heads downward , often speeding up as it get closer to the Earth 's surface . About 90 % of ionic channel lengths between `` pools '' are approximately 45 m ( 148 ft ) in length . The establishment of the ionic channel takes a comparatively long amount of time ( hundreds of milliseconds ) in comparison to the resulting discharge , which occurs within a few microseconds . The electric current needed to establish the channel , measured in the tens or hundreds of amperes , is dwarfed by subsequent currents during the actual discharge . Initiation of the lightning leaders is not well understood . The electric field strength within the thundercloud is not typically large enough to initiate this process by itself . Many hypotheses have been proposed . One theory postulates that showers of relativistic electrons are created by cosmic rays and are then accelerated to higher velocities via a process called runaway breakdown . As these relativistic electrons collide and ionize neutral air molecules , they initiate leader formation . Another theory invokes locally enhanced electric fields being formed near elongated water droplets or ice crystals . Percolation theory , especially for the case of biased percolation , describes random connectivity phenomena , which produce an evolution of connected structures similar to that of lightning strikes . Upward streamers ( edit ) When a stepped leader approaches the ground , the presence of opposite charges on the ground enhances the strength of the electric field . The electric field is strongest on grounded objects whose tops are closest to the base of the thundercloud , such as trees and tall buildings . If the electric field is strong enough , a positively charged ionic channel , called a positive or upward streamer , can develop from these points . This was first theorized by Heinz Kasemir . As negatively charged leaders approach , increasing the localized electric field strength , grounded objects already experiencing corona discharge exceed a threshold and form upward streamers . Attachment ( edit ) Once a downward leader connects to an available upward leader , a process referred to as attachment , a low - resistance path is formed and discharge may occur . Photographs have been taken in which unattached streamers are clearly visible . The unattached downward leaders are also visible in branched lightning , none of which are connected to the earth , although it may appear they are . Discharge ( edit ) Return stroke ( edit ) High - speed photography showing different parts of a lightning flash during the discharge process as seen in Toulouse , France . Once a conductive channel bridges the air gap between the negative charge excess in the cloud and the positive surface charge excess below , there is a large drop in resistance across the lightning channel . Electrons accelerate rapidly as a result in a zone beginning at the point of attachment , which expands across the entire leader network at a fraction of the speed of light . This is the ' return stroke ' and it is the most luminous and noticeable part of the lightning discharge . A large electric current flows along the plasma channel from the cloud to the ground , neutralising the positive ground charge as electrons flow away from the strike point to the surrounding area . This huge surge of current creates large radial voltage differences along the surface of the ground . Called step potentials , they are responsible for more injuries and deaths than the strike itself . Electricity takes every path available to it . A portion of the return stroke current will often preferentially flow through one leg and out another , electrocuting an unlucky human or animal standing near the point where the lightning strikes . The electric current of the return stroke averages 30 kiloamperes for a typical negative CG flash , often referred to as `` negative CG '' lightning . In some cases , a ground to cloud ( GC ) lightning flash may originate from a positively charged region on the ground below a storm . These discharges normally originate from the tops of very tall structures , such as communications antennas . The rate at which the return stroke current travels has been found to be around 1 × 10 m / s . The massive flow of electric current occurring during the return stroke combined with the rate at which it occurs ( measured in microseconds ) rapidly superheats the completed leader channel , forming a highly electrically conductive plasma channel . The core temperature of the plasma during the return stroke may exceed 50,000 K , causing it to brilliantly radiate with a blue - white color . Once the electric current stops flowing , the channel cools and dissipates over tens or hundreds of milliseconds , often disappearing as fragmented patches of glowing gas . The nearly instantaneous heating during the return stroke causes the air to expand explosively , producing a powerful shock wave which is heard as thunder . Re-strike ( edit ) High - speed videos ( examined frame - by - frame ) show that most negative CG lightning flashes are made up of 3 or 4 individual strokes , though there may be as many as 30 . Each re-strike is separated by a relatively large amount of time , typically 40 to 50 milliseconds , as other charged regions in the cloud are discharged in subsequent strokes . Re-strikes often cause a noticeable `` strobe light '' effect . To understand why multiple return strokes utilize the same lightning channel , one needs to understand the behavior of positive leaders , which a typical ground flash effectively becomes following the negative leader 's connection with the ground . Positive leaders decay more rapidly than negative leaders do . For reasons not well understood , bidirectional leaders tend to initiate on the tips of the decayed positive leaders in which the negative end attempts to re-ionize the leader network . These leaders , also called recoil leaders , usually decay shortly after their formation . When they do manage to make contact with a conductive portion of the main leader network , a return stroke - like process occurs and a dart leader travels across all , or a portion of the length of the original leader . The dart leaders making connections with the ground is what causes a majority of subsequent return strokes . Each successive stroke is preceded by intermediate dart leader strokes that have a faster rise time but lower amplitude than the initial return stroke . Each subsequent stroke usually re-uses the discharge channel taken by the previous one , but the channel may be offset from its previous position as wind displaces the hot channel . Since recoil and dart leader processes do not occur on negative leaders , subsequent return strokes very seldom utilize the same channel on positive ground flashes which are explained later in the article . Transient currents during flash ( edit ) The electric current within a typical negative CG lightning discharge rises very quickly to its peak value in 1 -- 10 microseconds , then decays more slowly over 50 -- 200 microseconds . The transient nature of the current within a lightning flash results in several phenomena that need to be addressed in the effective protection of ground - based structures . Rapidly changing currents tend to travel on the surface of a conductor , in what is called the skin effect , unlike direct currents , which `` flow through '' the entire conductor like water through a hose . Hence , conductors used in the protection of facilities tend to be multi-stranded , with small wires woven together . This increases the total bundle surface area in inverse proportion to the individual strand radius , for a fixed total cross-sectional area . The rapidly changing currents also create electromagnetic pulses ( EMPs ) that radiate outward from the ionic channel . This is a characteristic of all electrical discharges . The radiated pulses rapidly weaken as their distance from the origin increases . However , if they pass over conductive elements such as power lines , communication lines , or metallic pipes , they may induce a current which travels outward to its termination . This is the `` surge '' that , more often than not , results in the destruction of delicate electronics , electrical appliances , or electric motors . Devices known as surge protectors ( SPD ) or transient voltage surge suppressors ( TVSS ) attached in parallel with these lines can detect the lightning flash 's transient irregular current , and , through an alteration of its physical properties , route the spike to an attached earthing ground , thereby protecting the equipment from damage . Types ( edit ) There are three primary types of lightning , defined by what is at the `` ends '' of a flash channel . Intracloud ( IC ) , which occurs within a single thundercloud unit Cloud to cloud ( CC ) or intercloud , which starts and ends between two different `` functional '' thundercloud units Cloud to ground ( CG ) , that primarily originates in the thundercloud and terminates on an Earth surface , but may also occur in the reverse direction , that is ground to cloud There are variations of each type , such as `` positive '' versus `` negative '' CG flashes , that have different physical characteristics common to each which can be measured . Different common names used to describe a particular lightning event may be attributed to the same or different events . Cloud to ground ( CG ) ( edit ) Cloud to ground lightning Cloud - to - ground ( CG ) lightning is a lightning discharge between a thundercloud and the ground . It is initiated by a stepped leader moving down from the cloud , which is met by a streamer moving up from the ground . CG is the least common , but best understood of all types of lightning . It is easier to study scientifically , because it terminates on a physical object , namely the Earth , and lends itself to being measured by instruments on the ground . Of the three primary types of lightning , it poses the greatest threat to life and property since it terminates or `` strikes '' the Earth . The overall discharge , termed a flash , is composed of a number of processes such as preliminary breakdown , stepped leaders , connecting leaders , return strokes , dart leaders and subsequent return strokes . Positive and negative lightning ( edit ) Cloud - to - ground ( CG ) lightning is either positive or negative , as defined by the direction of the conventional electric current from cloud to ground . Most CG lightning is negative , meaning that a negative charge is transferred to ground and electrons travel downward along the lightning channel . The reverse happens in a positive CG flash , where electrons travel upward along the lightning channel and a positive charge is transferred to the ground . Positive lightning is less common than negative lightning , and on average makes up less than 5 % of all lightning strikes . A Bolt from the blue lightning strike which appears to initiate from the clear , but turbulent sky above the anvil cloud and drive a bolt of plasma through the cloud directly to the ground . They are commonly referred to as positive flashes despite the fact that they are usually negative in polarity . There are six different mechanisms theorized to result in the formation of downward positive lightning . Vertical wind shear displacing the upper positive charge region of a thundercloud , exposing it to the ground below . The loss of lower charge regions in the dissipating stage of a thunderstorm , leaving the primary positive charge region . A complex arrangement of charge regions in a thundercloud , effectively resulting in an inverted dipole or inverted tripole in which the main negative charge region is above the main positive charge region instead of beneath it . An unusually large lower positive charge region in the thundercloud . Cutoff of an extended negative leader from its origin which creates a new bidirectional leader in which the positive end strikes the ground , commonly seen in anvil - crawler spider flashes . The initiation of a downward positive branch from an intracloud lightning flash . Contrary to popular belief , positive lightning flashes do not necessarily originate from the anvil or the upper positive charge region and strike a rain - free area outside of the thunderstorm . This belief is based on the outdated idea that lightning leaders are unipolar in nature and originating from their respective charge region . Positive lightning strikes tend to be much more intense than their negative counterparts . An average bolt of negative lightning carries an electric current of 30,000 amperes ( 30 kA ) , and transfers 15 coulombs of electric charge and 500 megajoules of energy . Large bolts of negative lightning can carry up to 120 kA and 350 coulombs . The average positive ground flash has roughly double the peak current of a typical negative flash , and can produce peak currents up to 400,000 amperes ( 400 kA ) and charges of several hundreds coulombs . Furthermore , positive ground flashes with high peak currents are commonly followed by long continuing currents , a correlation not seen in negative ground flashes . As a result of their greater power , as well as lack of warning , positive lightning strikes are considerably more dangerous . Due to the aforementioned tendency for positive ground flashes to produce both high peak currents and long continuing current , they are capable of heating surfaces to much higher levels which increases the likelihood of a fire being ignited . Positive lightning has also been shown to trigger the occurrence of upward lightning flashes from the tops of tall structures and is largely responsible for the initiation of sprites several tens of kilometers above ground level . Positive lightning tends to occur more frequently in winter storms , as with thundersnow , during intense tornadoes and in the dissipation stage of a thunderstorm . Huge quantities of extremely low frequency ( ELF ) and very low frequency ( VLF ) radio waves are also generated . A unique form of cloud - to - ground lightning exists where lightning appears to exit from the cumulonimbus cloud and propagate a considerable distance through clear air before veering towards , and striking , the ground . For this reason , they are known as `` bolts from the blue '' . Despite the popular misconception that these are positive lightning strikes due to them seemingly originating from the positive charge region , observations have shown that these are in fact negative flashes . They begin as intracloud flashes within the cloud , the negative leader then exits the cloud from the positive charge region before propagating through clear air and striking the ground some distance away . Cloud to cloud ( CC ) and intracloud ( IC ) ( edit ) Branching of cloud to cloud lightning , New Delhi , India Multiple paths of cloud - to - cloud lightning , Swifts Creek , Australia . Cloud - to - cloud lightning , Victoria , Australia . Cloud - to - cloud lightning seen in Gresham , Oregon . Lightning discharges may occur between areas of cloud without contacting the ground . When it occurs between two separate clouds it is known as inter-cloud lightning , and when it occurs between areas of differing electric potential within a single cloud it is known as intra-cloud lightning . Intra-cloud lightning is the most frequently occurring type . Intra-cloud lightning most commonly occurs between the upper anvil portion and lower reaches of a given thunderstorm . This lightning can sometimes be observed at great distances at night as so - called `` sheet lightning '' . In such instances , the observer may see only a flash of light without hearing any thunder . Anvil Crawler over Lake Wright Patman south of Redwater , Texas on the backside of a large area of rain associated with a cold - front Another term used for cloud -- cloud or cloud -- cloud -- ground lightning is `` Anvil Crawler '' , due to the habit of charge , typically originating beneath or within the anvil and scrambling through the upper cloud layers of a thunderstorm , often generating dramatic multiple branch strokes . These are usually seen as a thunderstorm passes over the observer or begins to decay . The most vivid crawler behavior occurs in well developed thunderstorms that feature extensive rear anvil shearing . Observational variations ( edit ) Anvil crawler lightning , sometimes called Spider lightning is created when leaders propagate through horizontally - extensive charge regions in mature thunderstorms , usually the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems . These discharges usually begin as intracloud discharges originating within the convective region ; the negative leader end then propagates well into the aforementioned charge regions in the stratiform area . If the leader becomes too long , it may separate into multiple bidirectional leaders . When this happens , the positive end of the separated leader may strike the ground as a positive CG flash or crawl on the underside of the cloud , creating a spectacular display of lightning crawling across the sky . Ground flashes produced in this manner tend to transfer high amounts of charge , and this can trigger upward lightning flashes and upper - atmospheric lightning . Ball lightning may be an atmospheric electrical phenomenon , the physical nature of which is still controversial . The term refers to reports of luminous , usually spherical objects which vary from pea - sized to several meters in diameter . It is sometimes associated with thunderstorms , but unlike lightning flashes , which last only a fraction of a second , ball lightning reportedly lasts many seconds . Ball lightning has been described by eyewitnesses but rarely recorded by meteorologists . Scientific data on natural ball lightning is scarce owing to its infrequency and unpredictability . The presumption of its existence is based on reported public sightings , and has therefore produced somewhat inconsistent findings . Brett Porter , wildlife ranger , reported having taken a photo at Queensland of Australia in 1987 . Bead lightning is the decaying stage of a lightning channel in which the luminosity of the channel breaks up into segments . Nearly every lightning discharge will exhibit beading as the channel cools immediately after a return stroke , sometimes referred to as the lightning 's ' bead - out ' stage . ' Bead lightning ' is more properly a stage of a normal lightning discharge rather than a type of lightning in itself . Beading of a lightning channel is usually a small - scale feature , and therefore is often only apparent when the observer / camera is close to the lightning . Cloud - to - air lightning is a lightning flash in which one end of a bidirectional leader exits the cloud , but does not result in a ground flash . Such flashes can sometimes be thought of as failed ground flashes . Blue jets and gigantic jets are a form of cloud - to - air or cloud - to - ionosphere lightning where a leader is launched from the top of a thunderstorm . Dry lightning is used in Australia , Canada and the United States for lightning that occurs with no precipitation at the surface . This type of lightning is the most common natural cause of wildfires . Pyrocumulus clouds produce lightning for the same reason that it is produced by cumulonimbus clouds . Forked lightning is cloud - to - ground lightning that exhibits branching of its path . Heat lightning is a lightning flash that appears to produce no discernible thunder because it occurs too far away for the thunder to be heard . The sound waves dissipate before they reach the observer . Ribbon lightning occurs in thunderstorms with high cross winds and multiple return strokes . The wind will blow each successive return stroke slightly to one side of the previous return stroke , causing a ribbon effect . Rocket lightning is a form of cloud discharge , generally horizontal and at cloud base , with a luminous channel appearing to advance through the air with visually resolvable speed , often intermittently . Sheet lightning is cloud - to - cloud lightning that exhibits a diffuse brightening of the surface of a cloud , caused by the actual discharge path being hidden or too far away . The lightning itself can not be seen by the spectator , so it appears as only a flash , or a sheet of light . The lightning may be too far away to discern individual flashes . Smooth channel lightning is an informal term referring to a type of cloud - to - ground lightning strike that has no visible branching and appears like a line with smooth curves as opposed to the jagged appearance of most lightning channels . They are a form of positive lightning generally observed in or near the convective regions of severe thunderstorms in the north central United States . It is theorized that severe thunderstorms in this region obtain an `` inverted tripole '' charge structure in which the main positive charge region is located below the main negative charge region instead of above it , and as a result these thunderstorms generate predominantly positive cloud - to - ground lightning . The term `` smooth channel lightning '' is also sometimes attributed to upward ground - to - cloud lightning flashes , which are generally negative flashes initiated by upward positive leaders from tall structures . Staccato lightning is a cloud - to - ground lightning ( CG ) strike which is a short - duration stroke that ( often but not always ) appears as a single very bright flash and often has considerable branching . These are often found in the visual vault area near the mesocyclone of rotating thunderstorms and coincides with intensification of thunderstorm updrafts . A similar cloud - to - cloud strike consisting of a brief flash over a small area , appearing like a blip , also occurs in a similar area of rotating updrafts . This CG was of very short duration , exhibited highly branched channels and was very bright indicating that it was staccato lightning near New Boston , Texas . Superbolts are bolts of lightning around a hundred times brighter than normal . On Earth , one in a million lightning strikes is a superbolt . Sympathetic lightning is the tendency of lightning to be loosely coordinated across long distances . Discharges can appear in clusters when viewed from space . Upward lightning or ground - to - cloud lightning is a lightning flash which originates from the top of a grounded object and propagates upward from this point . This type of lightning can be triggered by a preceding lightning flash , or it may initiate entirely on its own . The former is generally found in regions where spider lightning occurs , and may involve multiple grounded objects simultaneously . The latter usually occurs during the cold season and may be the dominant lightning type in thundersnow events . Clear - air lightning describes lightning that occurs with no apparent cloud close enough to have produced it . In the U.S. and Canadian Rockies , a thunderstorm can be in an adjacent valley and not observable from the valley where the lightning bolt strikes , either visually or audibly . European and Asian mountainous areas experience similar events . Also in areas such as sounds , large lakes or open plains , when the storm cell is on the near horizon ( within 26 km ( 16 mi ) ) there may be some distant activity , a strike can occur and as the storm is so far away , the strike is referred to as a bolt from the blue . These flashes usually begin as normal intracloud lightning flashes before the negative leader exits the cloud and strikes the ground a considerable distance away . Positive clear - air strikes can occur in highly sheared environments where the upper positive charge region becomes horizontally displaced from the precipitation area . Effects ( edit ) Lightning strike ( edit ) Main article : Lightning strike Objects struck by lightning experience heat and magnetic forces of great magnitude . The heat created by lightning currents traveling through a tree may vaporize its sap , causing a steam explosion that bursts the trunk . As lightning travels through sandy soil , the soil surrounding the plasma channel may melt , forming tubular structures called fulgurites . Even though roughly 90 percent of people struck by lightning survive , humans or animals struck by lightning may suffer severe injury due to internal organ and nervous system damage . Buildings or tall structures hit by lightning may be damaged as the lightning seeks unintended paths to ground . By safely conducting a lightning strike to ground , a lightning protection system can greatly reduce the probability of severe property damage . Lightning also serves an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing diatomic nitrogen in the air into nitrates which are deposited by rain and can fertilize the growth of plants and other organisms . Thunder ( edit ) Main article : Thunder Because the electrostatic discharge of terrestrial lightning superheats the air to plasma temperatures along the length of the discharge channel in a short duration , kinetic theory dictates gaseous molecules undergo a rapid increase in pressure and thus expand outward from the lightning creating a shock wave audible as thunder . Since the sound waves propagate not from a single point source but along the length of the lightning 's path , the sound origin 's varying distances from the observer can generate a rolling or rumbling effect . Perception of the sonic characteristics is further complicated by factors such as the irregular and possibly branching geometry of the lightning channel , by acoustic echoing from terrain , and by the typically multiple - stroke characteristic of the lightning strike . Light travels at about 300,000,000 m / s , and sound travels through air at about 340 m / s . An observer can approximate the distance to the strike by timing the interval between the visible lightning and the audible thunder it generates . A lightning flash preceding its thunder by one second would be approximately 340 m ( 0.21 mi ) in distance ; a delay of three seconds would indicate a distance of about one kilometer ( 0.62 mi ) ( 3 × 340 m ) . A flash preceding thunder by five seconds would indicate a distance of approximately one mile ( 1.6 km ) ( 5 × 340 m ) . Consequently , a lightning strike observed at a very close distance will be accompanied by a sudden clap of thunder , with almost no perceptible time lapse , possibly accompanied by the smell of ozone ( O ) . High - energy radiation ( edit ) The production of X-rays by a bolt of lightning was theoretically predicted as early as 1925 but no evidence was found until 2001 / 2002 , when researchers at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology detected X-ray emissions from an induced lightning strike along a grounded wire trailed behind a rocket shot into a storm cloud . In the same year University of Florida and Florida Tech researchers used an array of electric field and X-ray detectors at a lightning research facility in North Florida to confirm that natural lightning makes X-rays in large quantities during the propagation of stepped leaders . The cause of the X-ray emissions is still a matter for research , as the temperature of lightning is too low to account for the X-rays observed . A number of observations by space - based telescopes have revealed even higher energy gamma ray emissions , the so - called terrestrial gamma - ray flashes ( TGFs ) . These observations pose a challenge to current theories of lightning , especially with the recent discovery of the clear signatures of antimatter produced in lightning . Recent research has shown that secondary species , produced by these TGFs , such as electrons , positrons , neutrons or protons , can gain energies of up to several tens of MeV . Volcanic ( edit ) Volcanic material thrust high into the atmosphere can trigger lightning . Volcanic activity produces lightning - friendly conditions in multiple ways . The enormous quantity of pulverized material and gases explosively ejected into the atmosphere creates a dense plume of particles . The ash density and constant motion within the volcanic plume produces charge by frictional interactions ( triboelectrification ) , resulting in very powerful and very frequent flashes as the cloud attempts to neutralize itself . Due to the extensive solid material ( ash ) content , unlike the water rich charge generating zones of a normal thundercloud , it is often called a dirty thunderstorm . Powerful and frequent flashes have been witnessed in the volcanic plume as far back as the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius by Pliny The Younger . Likewise , vapors and ash originating from vents on the volcano 's flanks may produce more localized and smaller flashes upwards of 2.9 km long . Small , short duration sparks , recently documented near newly extruded magma , attest to the material being highly charged prior to even entering the atmosphere . Extraterrestrial ( edit ) Lightning has been observed within the atmospheres of other planets , such as Jupiter and Saturn . Although in the minority on Earth , superbolts appear to be common on Jupiter . Lightning on Venus has been a controversial subject after decades of study . During the Soviet Venera and U.S. Pioneer missions of the 1970s and 1980s , signals suggesting lightning may be present in the upper atmosphere were detected . Although the Cassini -- Huygens mission fly - by of Venus in 1999 detected no signs of lightning , the observation window lasted mere hours . Radio pulses recorded by the spacecraft Venus Express ( which began orbiting Venus in April 2006 ) may originate from lightning on Venus . Human - related phenomena ( edit ) Airplane contrails have also been observed to influence lightning to a small degree . The water vapor - dense contrails of airplanes may provide a lower resistance pathway through the atmosphere having some influence upon the establishment of an ionic pathway for a lightning flash to follow . Rocket exhaust plumes provided a pathway for lightning when it was witnessed striking the Apollo 12 rocket shortly after takeoff . Thermonuclear explosions by providing extra material for electrical conduction and a very turbulent localized atmosphere , have been seen triggering lightning flashes within the mushroom cloud . In addition , intense gamma radiation from large nuclear explosions may develop intensely charged regions in the surrounding air through Compton scattering . The intensely charged space charge regions create multiple clear - air lightning discharges shortly after the device detonates . Scientific study ( edit ) Properties ( edit ) Thunder is heard as a rolling , gradually dissipating rumble because the sound from different portions of a long stroke arrives at slightly different times . When the local electric field exceeds the dielectric strength of damp air ( about 3 million volts per meter ) , electrical discharge results in a strike , often followed by commensurate discharges branching from the same path . ( See image , right . ) Mechanisms that cause the charges to build up to lightning are still a matter of scientific investigation . New study confirming dielectric breakdown is involved . Rison 2016 . Lightning may be caused by the circulation of warm moisture - filled air through electric fields . Ice or water particles then accumulate charge as in a Van de Graaff generator . Researchers at the University of Florida found that the final one - dimensional speeds of 10 flashes observed were between 1.0 × 10 and 1.4 × 10 m / s , with an average of 4.4 × 10 m / s . Detection and monitoring ( edit ) Lightning strike counter in a museum Main article : Lightning detection The earliest detector invented to warn of the approach of a thunder storm was the lightning bell . Benjamin Franklin installed one such device in his house . The detector was based on an electrostatic device called the ' electric chimes ' invented by Andrew Gordon in 1742 . Lightning discharges generate a wide range of electromagnetic radiations , including radio - frequency pulses . The times at which a pulse from a given lightning discharge arrives at several receivers can be used to locate the source of the discharge . The United States federal government has constructed a nationwide grid of such lightning detectors , allowing lightning discharges to be tracked in real time throughout the continental U.S. The Earth - ionosphere waveguide traps electromagnetic VLF - and ELF waves . Electromagnetic pulses transmitted by lightning strikes propagate within that waveguide . The waveguide is dispersive , which means that their group velocity depends on frequency . The difference of the group time delay of a lightning pulse at adjacent frequencies is proportional to the distance between transmitter and receiver . Together with direction finding methods , this allows to locate lightning strikes up to distances of 10,000 km from their origin . Moreover , the eigenfrequencies of the Earth - ionospheric waveguide , the Schumann resonances at about 7.5 Hz , are used to determine the global thunderstorm activity . In addition to ground - based lightning detection , several instruments aboard satellites have been constructed to observe lightning distribution . These include the Optical Transient Detector ( OTD ) , aboard the OrbView - 1 satellite launched on April 3 , 1995 , and the subsequent Lightning Imaging Sensor ( LIS ) aboard TRMM launched on November 28 , 1997 . Artificially triggered ( edit ) Rocket - triggered lightning can be `` triggered '' by launching specially designed rockets trailing spools of wire into thunderstorms . The wire unwinds as the rocket ascends , creating an elevated ground that can attract descending leaders . If a leader attaches , the wire provides a low - resistance pathway for a lightning flash to occur . The wire is vaporized by the return current flow , creating a straight lightning plasma channel in its place . This method allows for scientific research of lightning to occur under a more controlled and predictable manner . The International Center for Lightning Research and Testing ( ICLRT ) at Camp Blanding , Florida typically uses rocket triggered lightning in their research studies . Laser - triggered Since the 1970s , researchers have attempted to trigger lightning strikes by means of infrared or ultraviolet lasers , which create a channel of ionized gas through which the lightning would be conducted to ground . Such triggering of lightning is intended to protect rocket launching pads , electric power facilities , and other sensitive targets . In New Mexico , U.S. , scientists tested a new terawatt laser which provoked lightning . Scientists fired ultra-fast pulses from an extremely powerful laser thus sending several terawatts into the clouds to call down electrical discharges in storm clouds over the region . The laser beams sent from the laser make channels of ionized molecules known as `` filaments '' . Before the lightning strikes earth , the filaments lead electricity through the clouds , playing the role of lightning rods . Researchers generated filaments that lived a period too short to trigger a real lightning strike . Nevertheless , a boost in electrical activity within the clouds was registered . According to the French and German scientists who ran the experiment , the fast pulses sent from the laser will be able to provoke lightning strikes on demand . Statistical analysis showed that their laser pulses indeed enhanced the electrical activity in the thundercloud where it was aimed -- in effect they generated small local discharges located at the position of the plasma channels . Physical manifestations ( edit ) Lightning - induced remanent magnetization ( LIRM ) mapped during a magnetic field gradient survey of an archaeological site located in Wyoming , United States . Magnetism ( edit ) The movement of electrical charges produces a magnetic field ( see electromagnetism ) . The intense currents of a lightning discharge create a fleeting but very strong magnetic field . Where the lightning current path passes through rock , soil , or metal these materials can become permanently magnetized . This effect is known as lightning - induced remanent magnetism , or LIRM . These currents follow the least resistive path , often horizontally near the surface but sometimes vertically , where faults , ore bodies , or ground water offers a less resistive path . One theory suggests that lodestones , natural magnets encountered in ancient times , were created in this manner . Lightning - induced magnetic anomalies can be mapped in the ground , and analysis of magnetized materials can confirm lightning was the source of the magnetization and provide an estimate of the peak current of the lightning discharge . Solar wind and cosmic rays ( edit ) Some high energy cosmic rays produced by supernovas as well as solar particles from the solar wind , enter the atmosphere and electrify the air , which may create pathways for lightning bolts . In culture and religion ( edit ) Further information : Lightning in religion Lightning by Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis ( 1909 ) In many cultures , lightning has been viewed as part of a deity or a deity in and of itself . These include the Greek god Zeus , the Aztec god Tlaloc , the Mayan God K , Slavic mythology 's Perun , the Baltic Pērkons / Perkūnas , Thor in Norse mythology , Ukko in Finnish mythology , the Hindu god Indra , and the Shinto god Raijin . In the traditional religion of the African Bantu tribes , lightning is a sign of the ire of the gods . Verses in the Jewish religion and in Islam also ascribe supernatural importance to lightning . In Christianity , the Second Coming of Jesus is compared to lightning . The expression `` Lightning never strikes twice ( in the same place ) '' is similar to `` Opportunity never knocks twice '' in the vein of a `` once in a lifetime '' opportunity , i.e. , something that is generally considered improbable . Lightning occurs frequently and more so in specific areas . Since various factors alter the probability of strikes at any given location , repeat lightning strikes have a very low probability ( but are not impossible ) . Similarly , `` A bolt from the blue '' refers to something totally unexpected . Some political parties use lightning flashes as a symbol of power , such as the People 's Action Party in Singapore , the British Union of Fascists during the 1930s , and the National States ' Rights Party in the United States during the 1950s . The Schutzstaffel , the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party , used the Sig rune in their logo which symbolizes lightning . The German word Blitzkrieg , which means `` lightning war '' , was a major offensive strategy of the German army during World War II . In French and Italian , the expression for `` Love at first sight '' is coup de foudre and colpo di fulmine , respectively , which literally translated means `` lightning strike '' . Some European languages have a separate word for lightning which strikes the ground ( as opposed to lightning in general ) ; often it is a cognate of the English word `` rays '' . The name of New Zealand 's most celebrated thoroughbred horse , Phar Lap , derives from the shared Zhuang and Thai word for lightning . The bolt of lightning in heraldry is called a thunderbolt and is shown as a zigzag with non-pointed ends . This symbol usually represents power and speed . The lightning bolt is used to represent the instantaneous communication capabilities of electrically powered telegraphs and radios . It was a commonly used motif in Art Deco design , especially the zig - zag Art Deco design of the late 1920s . The lightning bolt is a common insignia for military communications units throughout the world . A lightning bolt is also the NATO symbol for a signal asset . The Unicode symbol for lightning is ☇ U + 2607 See also ( edit ) A lightning bolt at Petrified Forest National Park , USA Environment portal Atmospheric convection Dark lightning Dry thunderstorm Harvesting lightning energy Keraunomedicine -- the medical study of lightning casualties Lichtenberg figure Lightning safety Lightning - prediction system Paleolightning Radio atmospheric St. Elmo 's fire Sprites Upper - atmospheric lightning Vela satellites -- satellites which could record lightning superbolts Whistler ( radio ) Lightning strike Lightning rod References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NWS Lightning Safety : Understanding Lightning : Thunderstorm Electrification '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Oliver , John E. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World Climatology . 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Jump up ^ Scientists close in on source of X-rays in lightning Archived September 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Physorg.com , July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2008 . Jump up ^ Prostak , Sergio ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Scientists Explain Invisible ' Dark Lightning ' '' . Sci-News.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Signature Of Antimatter Detected In Lightning -- Science News Archived July 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sciencenews.org ( December 5 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Köhn , C. ; Ebert , U. ( 2015 ) . `` Calculation of beams of positrons , neutrons and protons associated with terrestrial gamma - ray flashes '' . J. Geophys . Res . Atmos. 23 ( 4 ) : 1620 -- 1635 . Bibcode : 2015JGRD ... 120.1620 K . doi : 10.1002 / 2014JD022229 . 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Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Uman ( 1986 ) Ch. 4 , pp. 26 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Colvin , J.D. ; Mitchell , C.K. ; Greig , J.R. ; Murphy , D.P. ; Pechacek , R.E. ; Raleigh , M. ( 1987 ) . `` An empirical study of the nuclear explosion - induced lightning seen on IVY - MIKE '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 92 ( D5 ) : 5696 -- 5712 . Bibcode : 1987JGR ... 92.5696 C . doi : 10.1029 / JD092iD05p05696 . Jump up ^ Uman ( 1986 ) pp. 103 -- 110 Jump up ^ Fink , Micah . `` How Lightning Forms '' . PBS.org . Public Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service ( 2007 ) . `` Lightning Safety '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Uman ( 1986 ) p. 61 . Jump up ^ Rakov and Uman , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Thomson , E.M. ; Uman , M.A. ; Beasley , W.H. ( January 1985 ) . `` Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 90 ( D5 ) : 8136 . Bibcode : 1985JGR ... 90.8136 T . doi : 10.1029 / JD090iD05p08136 . Jump up ^ The Franklin Institute . Ben Franklin 's Lightning Bells Archived December 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rimstar.org Video demonstration of how Franklin 's Bell worked Archived August 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Detection Systems '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . NOAA page on how the U.S. national lightning detection system operates Jump up ^ `` Vaisala Thunderstorm Online Application Portal '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Real - time map of lightning discharges in U.S. Jump up ^ Volland , H. ( ed ) ( 1995 ) Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics , CRC Press , Boca Raton , ISBN 0849386470 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Dataset Information '' . NASA . 2007 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NASA LIS Images '' . NASA . 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NASA OTD Images '' . NASA . 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kridler , Chris ( July 25 , 2002 ) . `` Triggered lightning video '' ( video ) . requires QuickTime . Chris Kridler 's Sky Diary . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Koopman , David W. & Wilkerson , T.D. ( 1971 ) . `` Channeling of an Ionizing Electrical Streamer by a Laser Beam '' . Journal of Applied Physics. 42 ( 5 ) : 1883 -- 1886 . Bibcode : 1971JAP ... 42.1883 K . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1660462 . 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Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab. , Wright - Patterson AFB . Bibcode : 1978affd. rept ... L . Jump up ^ Rakov and Uman , pp. 296 -- 299 . Jump up ^ `` UNM researchers use lasers to guide lightning '' . Campus News , The University of New Mexico . January 29 , 2001 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved July 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Khan , N. ; Mariun , N. ; Aris , I. ; Yeak , J. ( 2002 ) . `` Laser - triggered lightning discharge '' . New Journal of Physics. 4 : 61 . Bibcode : 2002NJPh ... 4 ... 61K . doi : 10.1088 / 1367 - 2630 / 4 / 1 / 361 . Jump up ^ Rambo , P. ; Biegert , J. ; Kubecek , V. ; Schwarz , J. ; Bernstein , A. ; Diels , J. - C. ; Bernstein , R. & Stahlkopf , K. ( 1999 ) . `` Laboratory tests of laser - induced lightning discharge '' . Journal of Optical Technology . 66 ( 3 ) : 194 -- 198 . doi : 10.1364 / JOT. 66.000194 . Jump up ^ Ackermann , R. ; Stelmaszczyk , K. ; Rohwetter , P. ; MéJean , G. ; Salmon , E. ; Yu , J. ; Kasparian , J. ; MéChain , G. ; Bergmann , V. ; Schaper , S. ; Weise , B. ; Kumm , T. ; Rethmeier , K. ; Kalkner , W. ; WöSte , L. ; Wolf , J.P. ( 2004 ) . `` Triggering and guiding of megavolt discharges by laser - induced filaments under rain conditions '' . Applied Physics Letters. 85 ( 23 ) : 5781 . Bibcode : 2004ApPhL ... 85.5781 A . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1829165 . Jump up ^ Wang , D. ; Ushio , T. ; Kawasaki , Z . - I. ; Matsuura , K. ; Shimada , Y. ; Uchida , S. ; Yamanaka , C. ; Izawa , Y. ; Sonoi , Y. ; Simokura , N. ( 1995 ) . `` A possible way to trigger lightning using a laser '' . Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 57 ( 5 ) : 459 . Bibcode : 1995JATP ... 57 ... 459W . doi : 10.1016 / 0021 - 9169 ( 94 ) 00073 - W . Jump up ^ `` Terawatt Laser Beam Shot in the Clouds Provokes Lightning Strike '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . News report based on : Kasparian , J. ; Ackermann , R. ; André , Y.B. ; Méchain , G.G. ; Méjean , G. ; Prade , B. ; Rohwetter , P. ; Salmon , E. ; Stelmaszczyk , K. ; Yu , J. ; Mysyrowicz , A. ; Sauerbrey , R. ; Woeste , L. ; Wolf , J.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Electric events synchronized with laser filaments in thunderclouds '' . Optics Express . 16 ( 8 ) : 5757 -- 63 . Bibcode : 2008OExpr ... 16.5757 K . doi : 10.1364 / OE. 16.005757 . PMID 18542684 . Jump up ^ `` Laser Triggers Electrical Activity in Thunderstorm for the First Time '' . Newswise . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . News report based on Kasparian et al. , pp. 5757 -- 5763 Jump up ^ Graham , K.W.T. ( 1961 ) . `` The Re-magnetization of a Surface Outcrop by Lightning Currents '' . Geophysical Journal International . 6 : 85 . Bibcode : 1961GeoJI ... 6 ... 85G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1961. tb02963. x . Jump up ^ Cox A. ( 1961 ) . Anomalous Remanent Magnetization of Basalt Archived May 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1038 - E , pp. 131 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Bevan B. ( 1995 ) . `` Magnetic Surveys and Lightning '' . Near Surface Views ( newsletter of the Near Surface Geophysics section of the Society of Exploration Geophysics ) . October 1995 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Wasilewski , Peter ; Günther Kletetschka ( 1999 ) . `` Lodestone : Nature 's only permanent magnet -- What it is and how it gets charged '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 26 ( 15 ) : 2275 -- 78 . Bibcode : 1999GeoRL ... 26.2275 W . doi : 10.1029 / 1999GL900496 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 3 , 2006 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sakai , H.S. ; Sunada , S. ; Sakurano , H. ( 1998 ) . `` Study of Lightning Current by Remanent Magnetization '' . Electrical Engineering in Japan . 123 ( 4 ) : 41 -- 47 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1520 - 6416 ( 199806 ) 123 : 4 < 41 : : AID - EEJ6 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - O . Jump up ^ Archaeo - Physics , LLC Lightning - induced magnetic anomalies on archaeological sites Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Archaeophysics.com . Retrieved on June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maki , David ( 2005 ) . `` Lightning strikes and prehistoric ovens : Determining the source of magnetic anomalies using techniques of environmental magnetism '' ( PDF ) . Geoarchaeology. 20 ( 5 ) : 449 -- 459 . doi : 10.1002 / gea. 20059 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , V. ; Rochette , P. ( 2002 ) . `` Estimating Peak Currents at Ground Lightning Impacts Using Remanent Magnetization '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 29 ( 18 ) : 1867 . Bibcode : 2002GeoRL ... 29r ... 14V . doi : 10.1029 / 2002GL015207 . Jump up ^ `` High - speed solar winds increase lightning strikes on Earth '' . Iop.org. 2014 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Xplore '' . ieee.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Uman ( 1986 ) Ch. 6 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus actor struck by lightning '' . BBC News . October 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Picture of John Kaspar of the National States Rights Party speaking in front of the party 's lightning bolt flag ( the flag was red , white , and blue ) Archived February 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Mauryk2.com ( November 6 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning '' . Phar Lap : Australia 's wonder horse . Museum Victoria . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Bevis ( 1968 ) . Art Deco of the 20s and 30s . Studio Vista . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rakov , Vladimir A. ; Uman , Martin A. ( 2003 ) . Lightning : Physics and effects . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521583276 . Uman , Martin A. ( 1986 ) . All About Lightning . Dover Publications , Inc . pp. 103 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 25237 - 7 . This article incorporates public domain material from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration document `` Understanding Lightning : Thunderstorm Electrification '' . Further reading ( edit ) Alex Larsen ( 1905 ) . `` Photographing Lightning With a Moving Camera '' . Annual Report Smithsonian Institution . 60 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 127 . André Anders ( 2003 ) . `` Tracking Down the Origin of Arc Plasma Science I. Early Pulsed and Oscillating Discharges '' . IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science . 31 ( 4 ) : 1052 -- 1059 . Bibcode : 2003ITPS ... 31.1052 A . doi : 10.1109 / TPS. 2003.815476 . This is also available at `` Energy Citations Database ( ECD ) '' ( PDF ) . Osti.gov . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Anna Gosline ( May 2005 ) . `` Thunderbolts from space '' . New Scientist. 186 ( 2498 ) : 30 -- 34 . Sample , in . PDF form , consisting of the book through page 20 . The Mirror of Literature , Amusement , and Instruction , Vol. 12 , Issue 323 , July 19 , 1828 The Project Gutenberg eBook ( early lightning research ) P.R. Field ; W.H. Hand ; G. Cappelluti ; et al. ( November 2010 ) . `` Hail Threat Standardisation '' ( PDF ) . European Aviation Safety Agency . RP EASA. 2008 / 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Cooray , Vernon ( 2014 ) . An Introduction to Lightning . Springer Verlag . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 8938 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 8937 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lightning Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lightning . Look up lightning in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . How Lightning Works at HowStuffWorks Thunderstorms and Lightning at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) NOAA Lightning research European Cooperation for Lightning Detection WWLLN World Wide Lightning Location Network Bibliography of Fulgurites Image of lightning within a volcanic ash cloud Meteorological data and variables General Adiabatic processes Advection Buoyancy Lapse rate Lightning Surface solar radiation Surface weather analysis Visibility Vorticity Wind Wind shear Condensation Cloud Cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN ) Fog Convective condensation level ( CCL ) Lifted condensation level ( LCL ) Precipitation Water vapor Convection Convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) Convective inhibition ( CIN ) Convective instability Convective momentum transport Convective temperature ( T ) Equilibrium level ( EL ) Free convective layer ( FCL ) Helicity K Index Level of free convection ( LFC ) Lifted index ( LI ) Maximum parcel level ( MPL ) Bulk Richardson number ( BRN ) Temperature Dew point ( T ) Dew point depression Dry - bulb temperature Equivalent temperature ( T ) Forest fire weather index Haines Index Heat index Humidex Humidity Relative humidity ( RH ) Mixing ratio Potential temperature ( θ ) Equivalent potential temperature ( θ ) Sea surface temperature ( SST ) Thermodynamic temperature Vapor pressure Virtual temperature Wet - bulb temperature Wet - bulb potential temperature Wind chill Pressure Atmospheric pressure Baroclinity Barotropicity Pressure gradient Pressure - gradient force ( PGF ) Atmospheric electricity General Geophysics Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric physics Atmospheric dynamics Atmospheric dynamo Atmospheric chemistry Earth 's magnetic field Electromagnetism ELF / VLF emissions Radio atmospherics Whistlers Chorus Hiss Optical emissions Upper - atmospheric lightning Sprites St. Elmo 's fire Ball lightning Sources Solar radiation Lightning Equatorial electrojet Applications Electrodynamic tethers Magnetotellurics People Georg Wilhelm Richmann Egon Schweidler Nikola Tesla GND : 4124914 - 8 NDL : 00564812 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lightning&oldid=821775500 '' Categories : Lightning Electric arcs Electrical phenomena Storm Atmospheric electricity Electrical breakdown Space plasmas Weather hazards Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NOAA Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 15 : 35 . 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where can lightning take place that is where can it begin and end
[ "Cloud to cloud (CC) or intercloud, which starts and ends between two different \"functional\" thundercloud units" ]
[ "Cloud to cloud (CC) or intercloud" ]
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Dairy cattle
Dairy cattle - wikipedia Dairy cattle `` Milkcow '' redirects here . For the German submarine , see German Type XIV submarine . A Holstein cow with prominent udder and less muscle than is typical of beef breeds Dairy cattle ( also called dairy cows ) are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk , from which dairy products are made . Dairy cows generally are of the species Bos taurus . Historically , there was little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle , with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production . Today , the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk . The United States dairy herd produced 84.2 billion kilograms ( 185.7 billion pounds ) of milk in 2007 , up from 52.9 billion kilograms ( 116.6 billion pounds ) in 1950 , yet there were only about 9 million cows on U.S. dairy farms -- about 13 million fewer than there were in 1950 . The top breed of dairy cow within Canada 's national herd category is Holstein , taking up 93 % of the dairy cow population , have an annual production rate of 10,257 kilograms ( 22,613 pounds ) of milk per cow that contains 3.9 % butter fat and 3.2 % protein . Contents 1 Management 2 Calf 3 Bull 4 Milk production levels 4.1 Cow comfort and its effects on milk production 5 By - products and Processing 6 Reproduction 7 Hormone use 8 Nutrition 9 Pesticide use 10 Breeds 11 Animal welfare 12 See also 13 References Management ( edit ) Cows on a dairy farm in Maryland , U.S. Dairy cows may be found either in herds or dairy farms where dairy farmers own , manage , care for , and collect milk from them , or on commercial farms . Herd sizes vary around the world depending on landholding culture and social structure . The United States has 9 million cows in 75,000 dairy herds , with an average herd size of 120 cows . The number of small herds is falling rapidly with the 3,100 herds with over 500 cows producing 51 % of U.S. milk in 2007 . The United Kingdom dairy herd overall has nearly 1.5 million cows , with about 100 head reported on an average farm . In New Zealand , the average herd has more than 375 cows , while in Australia , there are approximately 220 cows in the average herd . Dairy farming , like many other livestock raring , can be split into intensive and extensive management systems . Intensive systems focus towards maximum production per cow in the herd . This involve formulating their diet to provide ideal nutrition and housing the cows in a confinement system such as free stall or tie stall . These cows are housed indoors throughout their lactation and may be put to pasture during their 60 - day dry period before ideally calving again . Free stall style barns involve cattle loosely housed where they can have free access to feed , water , and stalls but are moved to another part of the barn to be milked multiple times a day . In a tie stall system , the milking units are brought to the cows during each milking . These cattle are tethered within their stalls with free access to water and feed are provided . In extensive systems , cattle are mainly outside on pasture for most of their lives . These cattle are generally lower in milk production and are herded multiple times daily to be milked . The systems used greatly depends on the climate and available land of the region of which the farm is situated . To maintain lactation , a dairy cow must be bred and produce calves . Depending on market conditions , the cow may be bred with a `` dairy bull '' or a `` beef bull . '' Female calves ( heifers ) with dairy breeding may be kept as replacement cows for the dairy herd . If a replacement cow turns out to be a substandard producer of milk , she then goes to market and can be slaughtered for beef . Male calves can either be used later as a breeding bull or sold and used for veal or beef . Dairy farmers usually begin breeding or artificially inseminating heifers around 13 months of age . A cow 's gestation period is approximately nine months . Newborn calves are removed from their mothers quickly , usually within three days , as the mother / calf bond intensifies over time and delayed separation can cause extreme stress on both cow and calf . Domestic cows can live to 20 years ; however , those raised for dairy rarely live that long , as the average cow is removed from the dairy herd around age four and marketed for beef . In 2014 , approximately 9.5 % of the cattle slaughtered in the U.S. were culled dairy cows : cows that can no longer be seen as an economic asset to the dairy farm . These animals may be sold due to reproductive problems or common diseases of milk cows such as mastitis and lameness . Calf ( edit ) Most heifers ( female calves ) are kept on farm to be raised as a replacement heifer , a female that will be bred and enter the production cycle . Market calves are generally sold at two weeks of age and bull calves may fetch a premium over heifers due to their size , either current or potential . Calves may be sold for veal , or for one of several types of beef production , depending on available local crops and markets . Such bull calves may be castrated if turnout onto pastures is envisaged , in order to render the animals less aggressive . Purebred bulls from elite cows may be put into progeny testing schemes to find out whether they might become superior sires for breeding . Such animals may become extremely valuable . Most dairy farms separate calves from their mothers within a day of birth to reduce transmission of disease and simplify management of milking cows . Studies have been done allowing calves to remain with their mothers for 1 , 4 , 7 or 14 days after birth . Cows whose calves were removed longer than one day after birth showed increased searching , sniffing and vocalizations . However , calves allowed to remain with their mothers for longer periods showed weight gains at three times the rate of early removals as well as more searching behavior and better social relationships with other calves . After separation , some young dairy calves subsist on commercial milk replacer , a feed based on dried milk powder . Milk replacer is an economical alternative to feeding whole milk because it is cheaper , can be bought at varying fat and protein percentages , and is typically less contaminated than whole milk when handled properly . Some farms pasteurize and feed calves milk from the cows in the herd instead of using replacer . A day - old calf consumes around 5 liters of milk per day . Cattle are social animals ; their ancestors tended to live in matriarchal groups of mothers and offspring . The formation of `` friendships '' between two cows is common and long lasting . Traditionally individual housing systems were used in calf rearing , to reduce the risk of disease spread and provide specific care . However , due to their social behaviour the grouping of offspring may be better for the calves ' overall welfare . Social interaction between the calves can have a positive effect on their growth . It has been seen that calves housed in grouped penning were found to eat more feed than those in single pens , suggesting social facilitation of feeding behaviour in the calves . Play behaviour in pre-weaned dairy calves has also been suggested to help build social skills for later in life . It has been seen that those reared in grouped housing are more likely to become the dominant cattle in a new combination of animals . These dominant animals have a priority choice of feed or lying areas and are generally stronger animals . Due to these reasons , it has become common practice to group or pair calves in their housing . It has become common within Canada to see paired or grouped housing in outdoor hutches or within an indoor pack penning . Bull ( edit ) A bull calf with high genetic potential may be reared for breeding purposes . It may be kept by a dairy farm as a herd bull , to provide natural breeding for the herd of cows . A bull may service up to 50 or 60 cows during a breeding season . Any more and the sperm count will decline , leading to cows `` returning to service '' ( to be bred again ) . A herd bull may only stay for one season , as when most bulls reach over two years old their temperament becomes too unpredictable . Bull calves intended for breeding commonly are bred on specialized dairy breeding farms , not production farms . These farms are the major source of stocks for artificial insemination . See also : Sexing Milk production levels ( edit ) Dairy cattle in Mangskog , Sweden , 1911 . Dairy Cows , Collins Center , New York , 1999 The dairy cow will produce large amounts of milk in its lifetime . Production levels peak at around 40 to 60 days after calving . Production declines steadily afterwards until milking is stopped at about 10 months . The cow is `` dried off '' for about sixty days before calving again . Within a 12 to 14 - month inter-calving cycle , the milking period is about 305 days or 10 months long . Among many variables , certain breeds produce more milk than others within a range of around 6,800 to 17,000 kg ( 15,000 to 37,500 lbs ) of milk per year . The Holstein Friesian is the main breed of dairy cattle in Australia , and said to have the `` world 's highest '' productivity , at 10000L of milk per year . The average for a single dairy cow in the US in 2007 was 9164.4 kg ( 20,204 lbs ) per year , excluding milk consumed by her calves , whereas the same average value for a single cow in Israel was reported in the Philippine press to be 12,240 kg in 2009 . High production cows are more difficult to breed at a two - year interval . Many farms take the view that 24 or even 36 month cycles are more appropriate for this type of cow . Dairy cows may continue to be economically productive for many lactation cycles . In theory a longevity of 10 lactations is possible . The chances of problems arising which may lead to a cow being culled are high , however ; the average herd life of US Holstein is today fewer than 3 lactations . This requires more herd replacements to be reared or purchased . Over 90 % of all cows are slaughtered for 4 main reasons : Infertility -- failure to conceive and reduced milk production . Cows are at their most fertile between 60 and 80 days after calving . Cows remaining `` open '' ( not with calf ) after this period become increasingly difficult to breed , which may be due to poor health . Failure to expel the afterbirth from a previous pregnancy , luteal cysts , or metritis , an infection of the uterus , are common causes of infertility . Mastitis -- a persistent and potentially fatal mammary gland infection , leading to high somatic cell counts and loss of production . Mastitis is recognized by a reddening and swelling of the infected quarter of the udder and the presence of whitish clots or pus in the milk . Treatment is possible with long - acting antibiotics but milk from such cows is not marketable until drug residues have left the cow 's system , also called withdrawal period . Lameness -- persistent foot infection or leg problems causing infertility and loss of production . High feed levels of highly digestible carbohydrate cause acidic conditions in the cow 's rumen . This leads to Laminitis and subsequent lameness , leaving the cow vulnerable to other foot infections and problems which may be exacerbated by standing in faeces or water soaked areas . Production -- some animals fail to produce economic levels of milk to justify their feed costs . Production below 12 to 15 litres of milk per day is not economically viable . Cow longevity is strongly correlated with production levels . Lower production cows live longer than high production cows , but may be less profitable . Cows no longer wanted for milk production are sent to slaughter . Their meat is of relatively low value and is generally used for processed meat . Another factor affecting milk production is the stress the cow is faced with . Psychologists at the University of Leicester , UK , analyzed the musical preference of milk cows and found out that music actually influences the dairy cow 's lactation . Calming music can improve milk yield , probably because it reduces stress and relaxes the cows in much the same way as it relaxes humans . Cow comfort and its Effects on milk production ( edit ) Certain behaviors such as eating , rumination , and lying down can be related to the health of the cow and cow comfort . These behaviors can also be related to the productivity of the cows . Likewise , stress , disease , and discomfort will have a negative effect on the productivity of the dairy cows . Therefore , it can be said that it is in the best interest of the farmer to increase eating , rumination , and lying down and decrease stress , disease , and discomfort to achieve the maximum productivity possible . Also , estrous behaviors such as mounting can be a sign of cow comfort , since if a cow is lame , nutritionally deficient , or are housed in an over crowded barn , the performance of estrous behaviors will be altered . Feeding behaviors are obviously important for the dairy cow , as feeding is how the cow will ingest dry matter , however , the cow must ruminate to fully digest the feed and utilize the nutrients in the feed . Dairy cows with good rumen health will likely be more profitable than cows with poor rumen health , as a healthy rumen will aid in the digestion of nutrients . An increase in the time a cow spends ruminating is associated with the increase in health and an increase in milk production . The productivity of dairy cattle is most efficient when the cattle have a full rumen . Also , the standing action while feeding after milking has been suggested to enhance udder health . The delivery of fresh feed while the cattle are away for milking stimulates the cattle to fed upon return , potentially reducing the prevalence of mastitis as the sphincters have time to close while standing This makes the pattern of feeding directly after being milked an ideal method of increasing the efficiency of the herd . Cows have a high motivation to lie down so farmers should be conscious of this , not only because they have a high motivation to lie down , but also because lying down can increase milk yield . When the lactating dairy cow lies down , blood flow is increased to the mammary gland which in return results in a higher milk yield . To ensure that the dairy cows lie down as much as needed , the stalls must be comfortable . Put very simply , a stall should have a rubber mat , bedding , and be large enough for the cow to lie down and get up comfortably . Signs that the stalls may not be comfortable enough for the cows are the cows are standing , either ruminating or not , instead of lying down , or perching , which is when the cow has its front end in the stall and their back end out of the stall . There are 2 types of housing systems in dairy production , free style housing and tie stall . Free style housing is where the cow is free to walk around and interact with its environment and other members of the herd . Tie stall housing is when the cow is chained to a stantion stall with the milking units and feed coming to them . By - products and processing ( edit ) Pasteurization is the process of heating milk to a high enough temperature for a short period of time to kill the microbes in the milk and increase keep time and decrease spoilage time . By killing the microbes , decrease the transmission of infection , and elimination of enzymes the quality of the milk and the shelf life increases . Pasteurization is either completed at 63 ° C for 30 minutes or a flash pasteurization is completed for 15 seconds at 72 ° C. By - products of milk include butterfat , cream , curds , and whey . Butterfat is the main lipid in milk . The cream contains 18 -- 40 % butterfat . The industry can be divided into 2 market territories ; fluid milk and industrialized milk such as yogurt , cheeses , and ice cream . Whey protein makes up about 20 % of milk 's protein composition and is separated for the casein ( 80 % of milk 's protein make up ) during the process of curdling cheese . This protein is commonly used in protein bars , beverages and concentrated powder , due to its high quality amino acid profile . It contains levels of both essential amino acids as well as branched that are above those of soy , meat , and wheat . `` Diafiltered '' milk is a process of ultrafiltration of the fluid milk to separate lactose and water from the casein and whey proteins . This process allows for more efficiency in cheese making and gives the potential to produce low - carb dairy products . Reproduction ( edit ) Since the 1950s , artificial insemination ( AI ) is used at most dairy farms ; these farms may keep no bull . Artificial insemination uses estrus synchronization to indicate when the cow is going through ovulation and is susceptible to fertilization . Advantages of using AI include its low cost and ease compared to maintaining a bull , ability to select from a large number of bulls , elimination of diseases in the dairy industry , improved genetics and improved animal welfare Rather than a large bull jumping on a smaller heifer or weaker cow , AI allows the farmer to complete the breeding procedure within 5 minutes with minimum stress placed on the individual female 's body . Dairy cattle are polyestrous , meaning they cycle continuously throughout the year . They tend to be on a 21 day estrus cycle , however for management purposes , some operations sync their cows or heifers using synthetic hormones in order to have the ideal time for breeding and later calving . These hormones are short term and are only used when necessary . For example , one common protocol for synchronization involves an injection of GnRH ( gonadotrophin releasing hormone ) . which increases the levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the body . Then , seven days later prostaglandin F2 - alpha is injected , followed by another GnRH injection 48 hours later . This protocol causes the animal to ovulate 24 hours later . Estrus is often called standing heat in cattle and refers to the time in their cycle where the female is receptive towards the male . Estrus behaviour can be detected by an experienced stockman . These behaviours can include standing to be mounted , mounting other cows , restlessness , decreased milk production , and decreased feed intake . More recently , embryo transfer has been used to enable the multiplication of progeny from elite cows . Such cows are given hormone treatments to produce multiple embryos . These are then ' flushed ' from the cow 's uterus. 7 -- 12 embryos are consequently removed from these donor cows and transferred into other cows who serve as surrogate mothers . The result will be between 3 and 6 calves instead of the normal single , or rarely , twins . Hormone use ( edit ) Hormone treatments are sometimes given to dairy cows in some countries to increase reproduction and to increase milk production . The hormones are used to produce multiple embryos have to be administered at specific times to dairy cattle to induce ovulation . Frequently , for economic considerations , these drugs are also used to synchronise a group of cows to ovulate simultaneously . The hormones prostaglandin , gonadotropin - releasing hormone , and progesterone are used for this purpose and sold under the brand names Lutalyse , Cystorelin , Estrumate , Estroplan , Factrel , Prostamate , Fertagyl , Insynch , and Ovacyst . They may be administered by injection . About 17 % of dairy cows in the United States are injected with Bovine somatotropin , also called recombinant bovine somatotropin ( rBST ) , recombinant bovine growth hormone ( rBGH ) , or artificial growth hormone . The use of this hormone increases milk production from 11 % -- 25 % . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has ruled that rBST is harmless to people . The use of rBST is banned in Canada , parts of the European Union , as well as Australia and New Zealand . In Canada , Canadian Dairy farmers have high screening procedures they have to go through every time the milk is retrieved from the farm ; if the regulations are not met the milk does not get loaded onto the truck for further processing . There is to be no medication or hormones in the milk for safety reasons Nutrition ( edit ) Dairy cattle at feeding time Nutrition plays an important role in keeping cattle healthy and strong . Implementing an adequate nutrition program can also improve milk production and reproductive performance . Nutrient requirements may not be the same depending on the animal 's age and stage of production . Forages , which refer especially to hay or straw , are the most common type of feed used . Cereal grains , as the main contributors of starch to diets , are important in meeting the energy needs of dairy cattle . Barley is one example of grain that is extensively used around the world . Barley is grown in temperate to subarctic climates , and it is transported to those areas lacking the necessary amounts of grain . Although variations may occur , in general , barley is an excellent source of balanced amounts of protein , energy , and fiber . Ensuring adequate body fat reserves is essential for cattle to produce milk and also to keep reproductive efficiency . However , if cattle get excessively fat or too thin , they run the risk of developing metabolic problems and may have problems with calving . Scientists have found that a variety of fat supplements can benefit conception rates of lactating dairy cows . Some of these different fats include oleic acids , found in canola oil , animal tallow , and yellow grease ; palmitic acid found in granular fats and dry fats ; and linolenic acids which are found in cottonseed , safflower , sunflower , and soybean . It is also important to note that proper levels of fat also improve cattle longevity . Using by - products is one way of reducing the normally high feed costs . However , lack of knowledge of their nutritional and economic value limits their use . Although the reduction of costs may be significant , they have to be used carefully because animal may have negative reactions to radical changes in feeds , ( e.g. fog fever ) . Such a change must then be made slowly and with the proper follow up . Pesticide use ( edit ) A survey of the primary dairy producing areas in the US indicated that 13 percent of lactating animals were treated with insecticides permethrin , pyrethrin , coumaphos , and dichlorvos primarily by daily or every - other - day coat sprays . Workers , particularly in stanchion barns , may be exposed to higher than recommended amounts of these pesticides . Breeds ( edit ) See also : List of dairy cattle breeds According to the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association , PDCA , there are 7 major dairy breeds in the United States . These are : Holstein , Brown Swiss , Guernsey , Ayrshire , Jersey , Red and White , and Milking Shorthorn . Holstein cows either have distinct white and black markings , or distinct red and white markings . Holstein cows are the biggest of all U.S. dairy breeds . A full mature Holstein cow usually weighs around 1,500 pounds ( 700 kg ) and is 58 inches ( 147 cm ) tall at the shoulder . They are known for their outstanding milk production among the main breeds of dairy cattle . An average Holstein cow produces around 23,000 pounds ( 10,000 kg ) of milk each lactation . Of the 9 million dairy cows in the U.S. , approximately 90 % of them are of the Holstein descent . The top breed of dairy cow within Canada 's national herd category is Holstein , taking up 93 % of the dairy cow population , have a production rate of 10,257 kilograms ( 22,613 lb ) of milk per cow that contains 3.9 % butter fat and 3.2 % protein Brown Swiss cows are widely accepted as the oldest dairy cattle breed , originally coming from a part of northeastern Switzerland . Some experts think that the modern Brown Swiss skeleton is similar to one found that looks to be from around the year 4000 B.C. Also , there is evidence that monks started breeding these cows about 1000 years ago . The Ayrshire breed first originated in the County of Ayr in Scotland . It became regarded as a well established breed in 1812 . The different breeds that were crossed to form the Ayrshire are not exactly known . However , there is evidence that several breeds were crossed with the native cattle to create the breed . Guernsey cows originated just off the coast of France on the small Isle of Guernsey . The breed was first known as a separate breed around 1700 . Guernseys are known for their ability to produce very high quality milk from grass . Also , the term `` Golden Guernsey '' is very common as Guernsey cattle produce rich , yellow milk rather than the standard white milk other cow breeds produce . The Jersey breed of dairy cow originated on a small island located off the coast of France called Jersey . Despite being one of the oldest breeds of dairy cattle they now only occupy 4 % of the Canadian National Herd . Purebred Jersey cows , according to available data , have been in the UK area since about the year 1741 . When they were first bred in this area , they were not known as Jerseys , but rather as the related Alderneys . The period between 1860 and around 1914 was a popular time for Jerseys . In this time span , many countries other than the United States started importing this breed , including Canada , South Africa , and New Zealand , among others . Among the smallest of the dairy breeds , the average Jersey cow matures at approximately 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) , with a typical weight range between 800 and 1,200 pounds ( 360 -- 540 kg ) . According to North Dakota State University , the fat content of the Jersey cow 's milk is 4.9 percent . It is also the highest in protein , at 3.8 percent . This high fat content means the milk is often used for making ice cream and cheeses . According to the American Jersey Cattle Association , Jerseys are found on 20 percent of all US dairy farms and are the primary breed in about 4 percent of dairies . Amongst the Bos indicus , the most popular dairy breed in the world is Sahiwal of the Indian subcontinent . It does not give as much milk as the Taurine breeds , but it is by far the most suitable breed for warmer climates . Australian Friesian Sahiwal and Australian Milking Zebu have been developed in Australia using Sahiwal genetics . Gir , another of the Bos Indicus breeds , has been improved in Brazil for its milk production and is widely used there for dairy . Animal welfare ( edit ) Animal welfare refers to both the physical and mental state of an animal , and how it is coping with its situation . An animal is considered in a good state of welfare if it is able to express its innate behaviour , comfortable , healthy , safe , well nourished , and is not suffering from negative states such as distress , fear and pain . Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment , appropriate shelter , management , nutrition , and humane handling . If the animal is slaughtered then it is no longer `` good animal welfare '' . It is the human responsibility of the animals ' wellbeing in all husbandry and management practices including humane euthanasia . Welfare differs greatly compared to animal rights . Welfare approves animal use by humans , wheres animal rights do not believe in the use of animals in any circumstance including companion animals . Proper animal handling , or stockmanship , is crucial to dairy animals ' welfare as well as the safety of their handlers . Improper handling techniques can stress cattle leading to impaired production and health , such as increased slipping injuries . Additionally , the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on a dairy farm are from interactions with cattle . Dairy animals are handled on a daily basis for a wide variety of purposes including health - related management practices and movement from freestalls to the milking parlor . Due to the prevalence of human - animal interactions on dairy farms , researchers , veterinarians , and farmers alike have focused on furthering our understanding of stockmanship and educating agriculture workers . Stockmanship is a complex concept that involves the timing , positioning , speed , direction of movement , and sounds and touch of the handler . A recent survey of Minnesota dairy farms revealed that 42.6 % of workers learned stockmanship techniques from a family members , and 29.9 % had participated in stockmanship training . However , as the growing U.S. dairy industry increasingly relies on an immigrant workforce , stockmanship training and education resources will become more pertinent . Clearly communicating and managing a large culturally diverse workforce brings new challenges such as language barriers and time limitations . Organizations like the Upper Midwest Agriculture Safety and Health Center ( UMASH ) offer resources such as bilingual training videos , fact sheets , and informational posters for dairy worker training . Additionally the Beef Quality Assurance Program offer seminars , live demonstrations , and online resources for stockmanship training . In order for the cows to reach high performance in milk yields and reproduction , they must be in great condition and comfortable in the system of which they are reared . Once an individual 's welfare is reduced , so does her efficiency and production . This creates more cost and time on the operation , therefore most farmers strive to create a healthy , hygienic , atmosphere for their cattle . As well as provide quality nutrition that will keep the cows yield high . The practice of dairy production in a factory farm environment has been criticized by animal rights activists . Some of the ethical reasons regarding dairy production cited include how often the dairy cattle are impregnated , the separation of calves from their mothers , and the fact that the cows are considered `` spent '' and culled at a relatively young age , as well as environmental concerns regarding dairy production . The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation , which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf . The cycle of insemination , pregnancy , parturition , and lactation is followed by a `` dry '' period of about two months before calving , which allows udder tissue to regenerate . A dry period that falls outside this time frames can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation . Dairy operations therefore include both the production of milk and the production of calves . Bull calves are either castrated and raised as steers for beef production or veal . Animal rights groups such as Mercy for Animals also raise welfare concerns by citing undercover footage showing abusive practices at factory farms . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of Dairy cattle breeds Estrous synchronization Fog fever Dairy cattle showmanship Meat industry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . 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Pike -- USDA Office of Pest Management Policy ( January 2004 ) . `` Pest Management Strategic Plan For Lactating ( Dairy ) Cattle '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Purebred Dairy Cattle Association '' . Purebred Dairy Cattle Association . Purebred Dairy Cattle Association . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about Holstein Cattle '' ( PDF ) . Holstein Association USA Inc . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Brown Swiss '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Ayrshire '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Guernsey '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds of Livestock -- Jersey Cattle -- Breeds of Livestock , Department of Animal Science '' . www.ansi.okstate.edu . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Centre , Government of Canada ; Canadian Dairy Information . `` Average Milk Production by Breed ( Milk Recording ) -- Canadian Dairy Information Centre ( CDIC ) '' . dairyinfo.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breeds -- Jersey '' . The Cattle Site . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cows With the Highest Milk Fat Content '' . Jump up ^ Moran , John ; Doyle , Rebecca ( 2015 ) . Cow Talk . CSIRO Publishing . ISBN 9781486301614 . Jump up ^ `` Welfare vs. Rights -- Animal Welfare Council '' . www.animalwelfarecouncil.org . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorge , US ; Cherry , C ; Bender JB ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Perception of the Importance of Human - Animal Interactions on Cattle Flow and Worker Safety in Minnesota Dairy Farms '' . Journal of Dairy Science . 97 ( 7 ) : 4632 -- 4638 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. 2014 - 7971 . PMID 24835968 . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Fregonesi ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Behaviour , performance and health indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard or cubicle systems '' . Livestock Science . 68 : 2 : 205 -- 216 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Invited Review : Bovine Studies on Optimal Lengths of Dry Periods . Bachman & Schairer. 2002 . j Dairy Sci. 86 : 3027 -- 3037. https://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2 Jump up ^ `` Dairy 's Dark Side : The Hidden Truth Behind Milk '' . Mercy for Animals . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . LCCN : sh85035434 NDL : 00568759 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dairy_cattle&oldid=857129324 '' Categories : Dairy farming Cows Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia བོད ་ ཡིག Čeština Dansk Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Sranantongo Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how long does a cow give milk after calving
[ "The dairy cow will produce large amounts of milk in its lifetime. Production levels peak at around 40 to 60 days after calving. Production declines steadily afterwards until milking is stopped at about 10 months. The cow is \"dried off\" for about sixty days before calving again. Within a 12 to 14-month inter-calving cycle, the milking period is about 305 days or 10 months long.[19][20][21] Among many variables, certain breeds produce more milk than others within a range of around 6,800 to 17,000 kg (15,000 to 37,500 lbs) of milk per year.[citation needed] \n" ]
[ "10 months" ]
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Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)
Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) - wikipedia Perfect ( Ed Sheeran song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Perfect '' German physical single cover Single by Ed Sheeran from the album ÷ Released 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Classical crossover ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Length 4 : 23 4 : 19 ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) 4 : 25 ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Label Asylum Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Beyoncé ( `` Perfect Duet '' ) Andrea Bocelli ( `` Perfect Symphony '' ) Producer ( s ) Ed Sheeran Will Hicks Benny Blanco Ed Sheeran singles chronology `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) Galway Girl 2017 `` Perfect '' ( 2017 ) Perfect2017 `` Boa Me '' ( 2017 ) Boa Me 2017 Beyoncé singles chronology `` Walk on Water '' ( 2017 ) Walk on Water 2017 `` Perfect Duet '' ( 2017 ) Perfect Duet2017 `` Family Feud '' ( 2018 ) String Module Error : Match not found2018 Andrea Bocelli singles chronology `` E Più Ti Penso '' ( 2015 ) E Più Ti Penso 2015 `` Perfect Symphony '' ( 2017 ) Perfect Symphony2017 Alternative cover Duet with Beyoncé Music video `` Perfect '' on YouTube `` Perfect '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album , ÷ ( 2017 ) . After the album 's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart . On 21 August 2017 , Billboard announced that `` Perfect '' would be the fourth single from the album . The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017 , as the third single from the album in the United States ( fourth overall ) . The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017 . It also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries , including Australia , Ireland and New Zealand . A version of `` Perfect '' , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' , was released on 15 December 2017 . `` Perfect '' also became the UK Christmas number - one song for 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and production 2 Commercial performance 3 Music videos 4 Remixes and duets 5 Formats and track listings 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 See also 10 References Composition and production ( edit ) `` Perfect '' was the first track Sheeran wrote for his third studio album ÷ . The song is a romantic ballad written about his girlfriend Cherry Seaborn , whom he knew from school and reconnected with when she was working in New York . Sheeran revealed that the inspiration for the lyrics came after visiting James Blunt 's house in Ibiza , where the two singers had listened to the rapper Future 's music at six in the morning . He said : `` Barefoot on the grass , dancing to our favorite song , which happened to be Future 's `` March Madness '' ... I booked the studio for the day , and I had that and I was like , right , let me just flesh that out . And the song happened and was sort of finished that day . I knew it was special . '' In an interview with Zane Lowe , Sheeran said that he needed to write the best love song of his career with `` Perfect '' . He said : `` I need to do it 100 % me , so everyone will listen to that will be like , `` Ah ! He can actually do it ! '' ... I wanted to beat `` Thinking Out Loud '' , ' cause I know that song was going to define me . '' He also produced the song himself with help from Will Hicks , and strings orchestration from his brother Matthew Sheeran . This is the first time the brothers had collaborated on a song as it was the final wish of their grandmother to see the brothers working together before she died . A fully orchestral version of the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios although only parts of it were used in the original release of the song . The full orchestral version was used in the duet with Andrea Bocelli . The song is performed in the key of A ♭ major with a tempo of 63 beats per minute in time ( if not using triplets ) or time ( if using triplets ) . `` Perfect '' moves at a chord progression of A ♭ 5 -- Fm 7 -- D ♭ sus2 -- E ♭ . The vocals span from E ♭ to A ♭ in the song . Commercial performance ( edit ) In March 2017 , Sheeran broke the record set by Frankie Laine in 1953 , occupying all of the top five positions in the United Kingdom , and placing nine songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart . Also , every single one of the sixteen tracks from his new album ÷ entered the top twenty . `` Perfect '' debuted at number four , selling 62,599 copies . After Sheeran 's performance of `` Perfect '' on The X Factor on 26 November 2017 , the song reached a new peak in the UK , advancing to number three and selling 32,507 units . The Beyoncé version , released on 1 December 2017 , drove consumption of the track to 89,359 sales ( including 45,460 from sales - equivalent streams ) as it became Sheeran 's second number - one song from ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' -- and his fourth number - one single in total . With UK sales of 1,048,313 , `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's tenth million - selling single . It was the Christmas number - one song for 2017 , and held the summit for six consecutive weeks before being displaced by Eminem 's `` River '' , which features Sheeran as a guest artist . In the United States , ten songs from ÷ debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 2017 , including `` Perfect '' at number thirty - seven . In October , the song ascended to number eighteen and became the third song from ÷ to reach the country 's top twenty . It also lifted 4 -- 3 on Digital Songs ( 50,000 downloads sold ) , 34 -- 30 on Radio Songs ( 45 million ) and 46 -- 35 on Streaming Songs ( 11.5 million ) . On 30 October 2017 , `` Perfect '' soared to the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . The ballad gained in all metrics , holding at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 53,000 , up 7 percent ) and climbing 30 - 22 on Radio Songs ( 53 million , up 16 percent ) and 35 -- 27 on Streaming Songs ( 13.1 million , up 14 percent ) . On 20 November 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new Billboard Hot 100 high ( 8 -- 7 ) and reached the Radio Songs top ten ( 17 -- 10 ; 73 million , up 16 percent ) . Sheeran scored his seventh Radio Songs top ten and the third from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . The next week , `` Perfect '' hit top five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the second - highest - charting hit from his album ÷ , following `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' became Sheeran 's third top five hit overall ; his first , `` Thinking Out Loud '' , rose to number two in 2015 . `` Perfect '' remained at number three on Digital Song Sales ( 60,000 , down 6 percent ) and powered 10 -- 6 on Radio Songs ( 80 million , up 10 percent ) and 38 -- 15 on Streaming Songs ( 18.9 million , up 61 percent ) . On 4 December 2017 , `` Perfect '' pushed to a new number three Billboard Hot 100 high , and became Sheeran 's third number one on Digital Song Sales ( 69,000 , down 1 percent ) . He previously topped the chart for a week in 2015 with `` Thinking Out Loud '' and for ten weeks earlier in 2017 with `` Shape of You '' . `` Perfect '' reached number one on Digital Song Sales , aided by the first few hours of tracking for its duet version , released before the end of the sales ( and streaming ) tracking week at 7 p.m. ET on 30 November . For the full week , the Beyoncé version accounted for 18 percent of the song 's sales . On 11 December 2017 , after a full tracking week , the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one song in the United States and Beyoncé 's sixth as a solo act . `` Perfect '' remained at number - one on the Digital Songs chart with sales of 181,000 copies ( up 202 percent ) . The duet version accounted for 63 percent of the song 's total sales for the week . `` Perfect '' also rose 11 -- 3 on the Streaming Songs chart with 34.9 million US streams , up 87 percent , while on Radio Songs , it pushed 4 -- 3 ( 102 million in audience , up 14 percent ) . The duet topped the Hot 100 for five weeks . The original version of the song would later take over at the top on the week ending January 20 , 2018 . After six total weeks at number one , the song was dethroned by `` Havana '' by Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug . `` Perfect '' was the seventh best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,340,000 copies sold that year . The original version peaked at number one in Austria , Belgium , France , Luxembourg , Malaysia , Netherlands , Philippines , Poland , Scotland , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland . After the Beyoncé duet release , `` Perfect '' also reached number one in Australia , Denmark , Germany , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Sweden , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The song is Sheeran 's fourth to reach number one in Australia , and held the country 's top spot for eight consecutive weeks before `` God 's Plan '' by Drake displaced it . It went to number one as well in Canada , becoming Sheeran 's second number one there and Beyoncé 's first . Music Videos ( edit ) The video for `` Perfect '' narrates a romantic story that happened in the Hintertux Mountains , Austria On 22 September 2017 , a lyric video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel . The music video for `` Perfect '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel on 9 November 2017 . The video stars Zoey Deutch and was directed by Jason Koenig , who also directed the video for `` Shape of You '' . The video was filmed at the Austrian ski resort of Hintertux and shows Sheeran and Deutch going on a ski trip with friends , with the two dancing in the snow and ending up in a cabin together . Ross McNeilage who writes for MTV UK called the video a `` Christmas dream '' for its wintery visual . While praising the simple story and the video 's cinematography , McNeilage noted that Zoey Deutch acts opposite to the superstar as his love interest and we watch as they `` coyly flirt until they realise their love for one another and slow dance in the snow together . '' On 15 December 2017 , a music video for `` Perfect Symphony '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) was also released . Remixes and duets ( edit ) In November 2017 , Sheeran released an acoustic version of `` Perfect '' and two remixes by Mike Perry and Robin Schulz . A version of `` Perfect '' , titled `` Perfect Duet '' , with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017 . The song is a stripped down , acoustic version of the original , with Beyoncé singing the second verse from a female perspective . Sheeran stated the song was Beyoncé 's favorite from the album , and reached out to her to re-record the song . Beyoncé agreed , and the two recorded the song in May 2017 . An operatic version of `` Perfect '' with Andrea Bocelli , titled `` Perfect Symphony '' and sung partly in Italian , was released on 15 December 2017 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 Digital download - Acoustic No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 20 Digital download - Mike Perry remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Mike Perry remix ) 3 : 41 Digital download - Robin Schulz remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' ( Robin Schulz remix ) 4 : 09 Digital download - Duet with Beyoncé No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Duet '' ( with Beyoncé ) 4 : 19 Digital download - Duet with Andrea Bocelli No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect Symphony '' ( with Andrea Bocelli ) 4 : 25 German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Perfect '' 4 : 23 2 . `` Perfect '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 20 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original version Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 5 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 53 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( Top 30 Digital Streaming ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 37 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart entries where Beyoncé duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brazil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 87 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 5 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 61 Portugal ( AFP ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 13 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 18 Chart entries where Andrea Bocelli duet is credited Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 62 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 36 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 8 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 34 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) 55 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 180,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 800,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 1,340,000 Beyoncé remix only Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States 26 September 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Atlantic 2 October 2017 Hot adult contemporary radio Worldwide 10 November 2017 Digital download Acoustic Mike Perry remix 24 November 2017 Robin Schulz remix Germany CD single Original Warner Music International Italy 1 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Duet ( with Beyoncé ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic Italy 15 December 2017 Contemporary hit radio Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) Warner Worldwide Digital download Atlantic See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2017 List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2018 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of the 2010s ( Czech Republic ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Denmark ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Malaysia ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one songs of 2018 ( Singapore ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of 2018 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2018 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2018 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect Symphony ' Featuring Andrea Bocelli : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran , Divide , album review : Singer - songwriter 's third record is impressive for ambition alone '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Divide and conquer : Ed Sheeran smashes UK chart records with new album and dominates singles rankings '' . The Telegraph . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' on Hot 100 : Second Song Ever to Lead for at Least 15 Weeks '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on 29 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Jack ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's Perfect remix features Beyonce '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Melton , Lori ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran talks collaborating with his brother on ' Perfect ' '' . AXS . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : ' I 've got a song that 's better than Thinking Out Loud ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Drewe , Ian ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran : How I Won Over My ' Wonderful ' Girlfriend '' . US Magazine . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zane Lowe ( 3 February 2017 ) . Zane Lowe and Ed Sheeran , Pt 2 . iTunes . Event occurs at 15 : 50 -- 23 : 20 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Hear the Ballad Ed Sheeran Calls ' The Best Love Song ' of His Career '' . MTV News . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Delivers ' Perfect Symphony ' Featuring Andrea Bocelli '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Sheeran , Ed . `` Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' Sheet Music in Ab Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran dominates singles chart with nine of Top 10 songs '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` OCharts Analysis : Camila Cabello makes it five weeks at the top '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Jones ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran 's Perfect result on singles chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran claims Christmas Number 1 : `` It 's an actual dream '' `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Eminem claims his ninth Number 1 with River on the Official Singles Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Stays Atop Hot 100 , Clean Bandit Bounds to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Gucci Mane , P ! nk , Ed Sheeran & Camila Cabello Hit the Top 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Post Malone & 21 Savage Lead Hot 100 , Camila Cabello & Ed Sheeran Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Rockstar ' Tops Hot 100 , Camila Cabello 's ' Havana ' Is Top Seller & Imagine Dragons ' ' Thunder ' Rules Radio '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Rockstar ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 , Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect ' Hits Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Rockstar ' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week , G - Eazy 's ' No Limit ' Lifts to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce 's ' Perfect ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With ' Havana , ' Featuring Young Thug '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's Perfect Hits # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 3 February 2018 ) . `` Australian Singles : Drake ' God 's Plan ' Is The First New No 1 of 2018 '' . Noise11.com . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Ed Sheeran 's lyric video for new single ' Perfect ' '' . NME . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Around The World With Ed Sheeran : 5 of His ' Divide ' Destination Music Videos '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Elizabeth ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Zoey Deutch Stars in Ed Sheeran 's New Music Video , `` Perfect '' `` . W Magazine . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Releases Heartbreakingly Sweet ' Perfect ' Video '' . MTV UK . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Perfect Symphony ( with Andrea Bocelli ) '' . YouTube . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( Acoustic ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( Mike Perry Remix ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( Robin Schulz Remix ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce Team for ' Perfect ' Duet '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran and Andrea Bocelli collaborate on new Perfect remix '' . music-news.com. 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Duet ( with Beyoncé ) -- Single by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes Store . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Perfect ( 2 - Track ) -- Ed Sheeran '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de. 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 27 de Noviembre al 3 de Diciembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20183 into search . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Perfect '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Song Sales : Jan 27 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Perfect Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Ed Sheeran '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 4 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Mega Top 50 -- AVROTROS -- NPO 3FM '' . Mega Top 50 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 50 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 `` '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201741 into search . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Issue date : 2017.11. 26 -- 2017.12. 02 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran with Beyoncé -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Brasil '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20182 into search . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201749 into search . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran , beyoncé : Perfect Duet ( Ed Sheeran & Beyoncé ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 49 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Mega Top 50 -- AVROTROS -- NPO 3FM '' . Mega Top 50 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 1 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ed Sheeran / Beyoncé -- Perfect '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201749 into search . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Issue date : 2017.12. 03 -- 2017.12. 09 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones lista ( Ventas en España ) -- Semana del 10.12. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ed Sheeran / Andrea Bocelli -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 ARIA Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles Annuel ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Enter Ed Sheeran in the field Interpret . Enter Perfect in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Certifications '' . IRMA. 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Perfect ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Enter Perfect in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Perfect duet ( with Beyoncé ) '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Ed Sheeran '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC > Future Releases '' . All Access . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-beyonce-perfect-duet-177124-01-12-2017-radiodate/ Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/ed-sheeran-with-andrea-bocelli-perfect-symphony-177187-15-12-2017-radiodate/ Ed Sheeran songs Discography + `` The A Team '' `` Drunk '' `` Small Bump '' `` Lego House '' `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' `` Give Me Love '' `` The Parting Glass '' x `` One '' `` I 'm a Mess '' `` Sing '' `` Do n't '' `` Photograph '' `` Bloodstream '' `` Tenerife Sea '' `` The Man '' `` Thinking Out Loud '' `` Afire Love '' ÷ `` Eraser '' `` Castle on the Hill '' `` Dive '' `` Shape of You '' `` Perfect '' `` Galway Girl '' `` Happier '' `` New Man '' `` What Do I Know ? '' `` How Would You Feel ( Paean ) '' `` Supermarket Flowers '' `` Nancy Mulligan '' Featured songs `` All About It '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Dreamers '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Hush Little Baby '' `` If I Could '' `` Lay It All on Me '' `` Old School Love '' `` Reuf '' `` Teardrop '' `` Watchtower '' `` Young Guns '' `` Boa Me '' `` End Game '' `` River '' Other songs `` All of the Stars '' `` Candle in the Wind '' `` I See Fire '' `` Make It Rain '' Category Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Category Template WikiProject Andrea Bocelli songs Il mare calmo della sera `` Il mare calmo della sera '' Bocelli `` Con te partirò '' / `` Vivere '' `` Macchine da Guerra '' `` Per amore '' `` Vivo per lei '' Romanza `` Vivo por ella '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` Ich lebe für sie '' `` Je vis pour elle '' Sogno `` The Prayer '' `` Canto della Terra '' Sacred Arias `` Ave Maria '' Cieli di Toscana `` Melodramma '' `` Mille Lune Mille Onde '' `` L'abitudine '' Andrea `` Dell'amore non si sa '' `` Un nuovo giorno '' Amore `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Because We Believe '' `` Ama Credi E Vai '' Vivere `` Dare to Live ( Vivere ) '' `` Vive Ya '' My Christmas `` White Christmas / Bianco Natale '' `` What Child Is This '' Cinema `` E Più Ti Penso '' Other singles `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Other songs `` The Power of Love '' `` Bésame Mucho '' `` Amapola '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Panis Angelicus '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Blue Christmas '' `` Perfect '' Category Media UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2010s `` When We Collide '' ( Matt Cardle , 2010 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( Military Wives with Gareth Malone , 2011 ) `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( The Justice Collective , 2012 ) `` Skyscraper '' ( Sam Bailey , 2013 ) `` Something I Need '' ( Ben Haenow , 2014 ) `` A Bridge over You '' ( NHS Choir , 2015 ) `` Rockabye '' ( Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne - Marie , 2016 ) `` Perfect '' ( Ed Sheeran , 2017 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_(Ed_Sheeran_song)&oldid=828268128 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 2010s ballads 2017 songs Ed Sheeran songs Beyoncé songs Andrea Bocelli songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Mega Top 50 number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland 2017 singles Pop ballads UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from December 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Philippines Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 15 : 31 . 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when did ed sheeran song perfect come out
[ "\"Perfect\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album, ÷ (2017).[3] After the album's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart.[4] On 21 August 2017, Billboard announced that \"Perfect\" would be the fourth single from the album.[5] The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017, as the third single from the album in the United States (fourth overall).[6] The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017. It also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries, including Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. A version of \"Perfect\", titled \"Perfect Duet\", with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017.[7] Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, titled \"Perfect Symphony\", was released on 15 December 2017.[8] \"Perfect\" also became the UK Christmas number-one song for 2017." ]
[ "26 September 2017" ]
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The Lego Ninjago Movie
The Lego Ninjago Movie - wikipedia The Lego Ninjago Movie Jump to : navigation , search The Lego Ninjago Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Charlie Bean Paul Fisher Bob Logan Produced by Dan Lin Phil Lord Christopher Miller Chris McKay Maryann Garger Roy Lee Screenplay by Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Jared Stern John Whittington Story by Hilary Winston Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Dan Hageman Kevin Hageman Based on Lego Ninjago by The Lego Group Lego Construction Toys Starring Dave Franco Justin Theroux Fred Armisen Abbi Jacobson Olivia Munn Kumail Nanjiani Michael Peña Zach Woods Jackie Chan Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Edited by David Burrows Garret Elkins Ryan Folsey Julie Rogers John Venzon Production companies Warner Animation Group RatPac - Dune Entertainment Lin Pictures Vertigo Entertainment Animal Logic Lord Miller Productions Lego System A / S Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) ( Denmark ) September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Denmark Language English Budget $70 million Box office $119.3 million The Lego Ninjago Movie is a 2017 3D computer - animated action comedy martial arts film produced by Warner Animation Group . Co-directed by Charlie Bean , Paul Fisher and Bob Logan , the film was co-written by Logan , Fisher , William Wheeler , Tom Wheeler , Jared Stern and John Whittington . The film stars the voices of Dave Franco , Justin Theroux , Fred Armisen , Abbi Jacobson , Olivia Munn , Kumail Nanjiani , Michael Peña , Zach Woods and Jackie Chan . The story within a story focuses on Lloyd Garmadon , a teenage ninja , as he attempts to accept the truth about his villainous father , while a new threat emerges to endanger his homeland . Based on the Lego Ninjago toy line , it is an international co-production of the United States and Denmark , the first theatrical film to be based on an original Lego property , and the third installment of The Lego Movie franchise . It was released in the United States on September 22 , 2017 , in 3D , 2D , Dolby Cinema and IMAX 3D by Warner Bros. Pictures . It received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $119 million worldwide , against its $70 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A young boy ventures into an old relic shop , where he meets the mysterious owner , Mr. Liu , who begins to tell the boy the legend of Ninjago . Ninjago is a city in the Lego Universe that is frequently attacked by the evil Lord Garmadon , who is the father of Lloyd Garmadon and husband of Koko . Ninjago despises Lloyd for being Lord Garmadon 's son , which puts Lloyd under emotional stress . They do not know that Lloyd is part of the secret ninja force , consisting of Nya , Zane , Jay , Cole , Kai and their master named Master Wu who always stop Garmadon from taking over the city . On Lloyd 's birthday , Garmadon attacks the city once again only to be defeated . He escapes and fires the Shark Army for failing to help him . He then begins to plan a big attack to conquer Ninjago , and decides to build a gigantic mech that is immune to weapons . Meanwhile , Lloyd and his friends see the return of Master Wu , back from his long trip . Master Wu tells them they are n't real ninjas if they use only mechs and machines . He discusses with Lloyd that his element is green , confusing Lloyd . Master Wu tells Lloyd he must not be angry at Garmadon ; he must use his mind to fight . Wu mentions an Ultimate Weapon , giving Lloyd the hope of defeating Garmadon once and for all , despite being forbidden to use the weapon . The next day Garmadon attacks the city with his giant mech and defeats Lloyd . As Garmadon declares his rule over Ninjago , Lloyd returns with the Ultimate Weapon . He fires it , revealing it to be a laser that attracts a real - life cat named Meowthra . Meowthra starts destroying the city while trying to get the laser . Garmadon points the laser to make the cat destroy the other mechs , before Lloyd breaks it . As Garmadon celebrates his victory , Lloyd reveals that he is the Green Ninja , and tells Garmadon that he wishes he was n't his father , leaving Garmadon confused . Lloyd meets up with his friends and Master Wu , who are all upset with him for using the weapon . Wu tells them they must use an Ultimate , Ultimate Weapon to stop Meowthra from destroying the city , which they would reach by crossing the Forest of Dangers , the Canyon of Death , and the Temple of Fragile Foundations . Garmadon overhears Wu talking about the weapon and follows close behind . He meets up with Wu and fights him , only to end up in a cage , defeated . However , Wu loses his balance and falls off a bridge into a river , telling Lloyd he must use inner peace before getting swept away . The ninjas decide to continue on , with Garmadon leading them much to Lloyd 's disappointment . They are caught by the Shark Army , who want revenge . The ninjas try to fight , but are easily defeated . They retreat leaving Lloyd and Garmadon behind to be caught by the Shark Army . The Shark Army begin to fire Lloyd and Garmadon into a volcano . However , the rest of the ninjas save the day using stealth fighting . They all work together with Garmadon to escape the angry Shark Army by building a makeshift helicopter , and Lloyd and Garmadon bond together in the process . They eventually crash down onto the Temple of Fragile Foundations . Garmadon reveals that it is his home , as well as Koko formerly being a ninja warrior herself . He reveals to Lloyd that he wishes he had stayed with him and his mom after deciding to conquer Ninjago , but he could n't change so he had to stay behind . The ninjas find the Ultimate Ultimate Weapon , consisting of a set of trinkets , only to have it stolen by Garmadon who still wants to take over the city . He wants Lloyd to be his general , but Lloyd rejects his offer . Out of fury , Garmadon locks all of them in the temple as it begins to collapse . Lloyd realizes that inner peace means for them to unleash their power within , and they successfully do this , escaping from the collapsing temple . As they fall of a cliff , Wu saves them with his ship , and they head towards Ninjago . Garmadon arrives and tries to control Meowthra with the weapons but Meowthra eats Garmadon instead . Lloyd and the crew arrive and begin fighting Garmadon 's army . As Lloyd approaches Meowthra , he reveals to everyone that he is the green ninja , and realizes that green means life , which brings everything together . He comforts Meowthra and tells Garmadon he forgives him and that he 's sorry . Garmadon cries tears of fire , which causes Meowthra to spit him out . After reconciling , Garmadon moves in with Lloyd and Koko , Meowthra becomes the mascot of Ninjago , and Lloyd is hailed as a hero . As the story concludes , Mr. Liu tells the boy that he will start to train him as a ninja . A mid-credits scene also shows a gag reel of a cup stunt performed by Chan as Liu at the film 's opening . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lego Movie characters Dave Franco as Lloyd Garmadon , the Green Ninja , leader of the Secret Ninja Force , Lord Garmadon and Misako 's son , and Master Wu 's nephew . Michael Peña as Kai , the hotheaded , red Ninja of Fire and Nya 's brother . Kumail Nanjiani as Jay , the quiet and cautious , blue Ninja of Lightning . Abbi Jacobson as Nya , the strong , silver Ninja of Water , Kai 's sister , and Jay 's crush . Zach Woods as Zane , the robotic , white Ninja of Ice . Fred Armisen as Cole , the laid - back , music - loving black Ninja of Earth . Jackie Chan as Master Wu , the wisecracking leader of the group , Lord Garmadon 's brother and Lloyd 's uncle . He also plays Mr. Liu , an elderly shopkeeper who appears in the live - action part of the film to explain the story of Ninjago to a young boy , played by Kaan Guldur . Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon , the Dark Ninja , an evil warlord , the father of Lloyd , the ex-husband of Misako and the brother of Master Wu . Olivia Munn as Misako `` Koko '' , Lord Garmadon 's ex-wife and Lloyd 's mother . She was formerly known as the legendary `` Lady Iron Dragon '' . Randall Park as Chen the Cheerleader Retta as Maggie the Cheerleader Constance Wu as the Mayor of Ninjago Charlyne Yi as Terri , an IT Nerd . Vanara Taing as Asimov , an IT Nerd . Chris Hardwick as Radio DJ Robin Roberts as herself , a Lego caricature of the newscaster . In the UK version , she is replaced by Kate Garraway . Michael Strahan as himself , a Lego caricature of the known media personality and former New York Giants member . In the UK version , he is replaced by Ben Shephard . David Burrows as Fuchsia Ninja Alex Kauffman as Ninja Computer Ali Wong as General Olivia , the fish - themed general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Todd Hansen as General Omar , the shark - themed general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Doug Nicholas as General Jollty , the general of Garmadon 's Shark Army . Bobby Lee as Pilates Studios Owner Laura Kightlinger as Mrs. Laudita Pearl and Ruby as Meowthra , a live - action cat that terrorizes Ninjago . Development ( edit ) On September 17 , 2013 , Warner Bros. announced that it was developing an animated Ninjago film based on the Lego toy line Lego Ninjago . The Hageman brothers , who wrote Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu show and co-wrote the story of The Lego Movie , would write the adaptation . Charlie Bean was announced as director , and The Lego Movie team of Dan Lin , Roy Lee , and Phil Lord and Chris Miller as producers . On June 27 , 2016 , the film 's voice cast was announced , including Dave Franco , Michael Peña , Kumail Nanjiani , Zach Woods , Fred Armisen , Jackie Chan , and Abbi Jacobson . Additional voice cast included Justin Theroux as Lord Garmadon and Olivia Munn as Koko . Filming ( edit ) In order to give the film a more believable father - son atmosphere , Dave Franco and Justin Theroux recorded most of their lines where their characters interact with each other together in a single recording studio . During the process , Franco openly admitted he found himself uncontrollably crying while recording some of his lines . Franco stated `` I found myself getting caught up in the moment and basically crying harder than I have in any live - action movie I 've ever been in '' . Jackie Chan choreographed all of Master Wu 's fight scenes in live action before they were recreated in animation for the film . Chan found the experience new to him as well as interesting . `` Everything the stunt team does , the ninjas do also '' . Chan commented . Soundtrack ( edit ) Mark Mothersbaugh , who composed the score for The Lego Movie , returned to score The Lego Ninjago Movie . The Lego Ninjago Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Mark Mothersbaugh , various artists Released September 15 , 2017 Recorded 2017 Trackdown Studios ( Sydney ) Genre Film soundtrack , film score Length 60 : 09 Label WaterTower Music Producer Mark Mothersbaugh , Shawn Patterson , Bartholomew Mark Mothersbaugh chronology Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status 2017 The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Thor : Ragnarok 2017 Singles from The Lego Ninjago Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Heroes '' Released : September 15 , 2017 Release ( edit ) The Lego Ninjago Movie was released by Warner Bros. Pictures on September 22 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It was originally scheduled for a September 23 , 2016 release . A short film , The Master , that promoted the feature film was shown in front of screenings of Storks , which took the original September 23 release date . On February 8 , 2017 , the first trailer was released . The trailer was shown in front of screenings of The Lego Batman Movie . On July 22 , 2017 , a second trailer for the film was shown as part of San Diego Comic - Con and released on YouTube later in the day . Both trailers feature the song `` Bad Blood '' by Taylor Swift , with the second trailer also featuring `` It Must Have Been Love '' by Roxette , `` Ai n't Gonna Die Tonight '' by Macklemore and `` I Wanna Go Out '' by American Authors . Marketing ( edit ) A video game by TT Fusion based on the film , The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game , was released on September 22 , 2017 , for Windows PC , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The game is similar to previous Lego games , with some new features such as multiplayer and new techniques . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of November 6 , 2017 , The Lego Ninjago Movie has grossed $57.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $61.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $119.3 million . In North America , the film was released alongside Kingsman : The Golden Circle and Friend Request . Various tracking services had the film projected to gross anywhere from $27 -- 44 million from 4,047 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $5.8 million on its first day , weekend projections were lowered to $21 million . It ended up debuting to $21.2 million , finishing third at the box office and ranking as the lowest opening of the Lego franchise by over 50 % . Critical response ( edit ) The Lego Ninjago Movie received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 53 % based on 112 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite ample charm and a few solid gags , The Lego Ninjago Movie suggests this franchise 's formula is n't clicking like it used to . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lego Ninjago Movie ' : Dave Franco , Justin Theroux , Jackie Chan Join Voice Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Mothersbaugh to Score ' The Lego Ninjago Movie ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Ninjago Movie cast revealed '' . Brickset . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.itv.com/goodmorningbritain/entertainment/ben-and-kate-star-in-the-lego-ninjago-movie ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Tron : Uprising ' Director to Helm ' Ninjago ' for Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1685650/dave-franco-cried-uncontrollably-filming-the-lego-ninjago-movie Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/movies/dave-franco-the-lego-ninjago-movie-is-very-emotional/news-story/f0d1799fa6453715c26957e3f74a2730 Jump up ^ http://people.com/movies/watch-jackie-chan-create-real-life-stunts-for-the-lego-ninjago-movie/ Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Batman Lego Movie , ' Lego ' Sequel Get Release Dates '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ninjago '' Coming to Theaters on September 23 , 2016 `` . Warner Bros. May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` New Lego Short ' The Master ' to Debut Before ' Storks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Comic - Con trailer for The Lego Ninjago Movie is all about family '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game Announced and Dated '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Details on The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game - IGN Video '' . IGN. 2017 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' and ' Lego Ninjago ' will battle ' It ' for box office victory '' . Los Angeles Times . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` September B.O. Booming To Near All - Time $700 M Record As ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' & ' Lego Ninjago ' Enter Fall Fray '' . Deadline.com . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Lego Ninjago Movie on IMDb The Lego Ninjago Movie on Rotten Tomatoes The Lego Movie Films Main films The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Spin - off films The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Video games The Lego Movie Videogame Lego Dimensions The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game Miscellaneous Characters `` Everything Is Awesome '' The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure The Master Unikitty ! List of Lego films and TV series Category Warner Bros. 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Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! 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Robofest In popular culture A Lego Brickumentary `` Brick Like Me '' The Brick Testament Related companies Merlin Entertainments TT Games Traveller 's Tales TT Fusion TT Games Publishing Other topics Brickfilm LDraw MLCAD Lego gun Lego House Lego tire LUGNET Minifigure Category Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lego_Ninjago_Movie&oldid=809328699 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 2010s martial arts films American action comedy films American animated films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American martial arts films American films Danish comedy films Danish films Films based on toys Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Roy Lee Films produced by Dan Lin Film spin - offs The Lego Movie Lego films Lego Ninjago Films produced by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Film scores by Mark Mothersbaugh Martial arts comedy films Ninja films Sentient toys in fiction Warner Bros. animated films Warner Bros. Animation animated films Films with live action and animation Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 13 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does the lego ninjago movie take place
[ "Ninjago is a city in the Lego Universe that is frequently attacked by the evil Lord Garmadon, who is the father of Lloyd Garmadon and husband of Koko. Ninjago despises Lloyd for being Lord Garmadon's son, which puts Lloyd under emotional stress. They do not know that Lloyd is part of the secret ninja force, consisting of Nya, Zane, Jay, Cole, Kai and their master named Master Wu who always stop Garmadon from taking over the city. On Lloyd's birthday, Garmadon attacks the city once again only to be defeated. He escapes and fires the Shark Army for failing to help him. He then begins to plan a big attack to conquer Ninjago, and decides to build a gigantic mech that is immune to weapons." ]
[ "Ninjago" ]
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The Dark Tower (series)
The Dark Tower ( series ) - wikipedia The Dark Tower ( series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Dark Tower ( disambiguation ) . The Dark Tower `` The Dark Tower '' painting by Michael Whelan The Little Sisters of Eluria ( 1998 ) The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) Author Stephen King Illustrator Michael Whelan , Phil Hale , Ned Dameron , Dave McKean , Jae Lee , Bernie Wrightson , Darrel Anderson Country United States of America Language English Genre Dark fantasy , science fiction , horror , Western The Dark Tower is a series of eight books written by American author Stephen King that incorporates themes from multiple genres , including dark fantasy , science fantasy , horror , and Western . It describes a `` gunslinger '' and his quest toward a tower , the nature of which is both physical and metaphorical . The series , and its use of the Dark Tower , expands upon Stephen King 's multiverse and in doing so , links together many of his other novels . King has described the series as his magnum opus . In addition to the eight novels of the series proper that comprise 4,250 pages , many of King 's other books relate to the story , introducing concepts and characters that come into play as the series progresses . The series was chiefly inspired by the poem `` Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came '' by Robert Browning , whose full text was included in the final volume 's appendix . In the preface to the revised 2003 edition of The Gunslinger , King also identifies The Lord of the Rings , Arthurian Legend , and The Good , the Bad and the Ugly as inspirations . He identifies Clint Eastwood 's `` Man with No Name '' character as one of the major inspirations for the protagonist , Roland Deschain . King 's style of location names in the series , such as Mid-World , and his development of a unique language abstract to our own ( High Speech ) , are also influenced by J.R.R. Tolkien 's work . A film based on The Gunslinger and also serving as a sequel to the events of The Dark Tower due to the nature of said book 's ending was released in August 2017 . Stephen King saw The Dark Tower series as a first draft , initially planning to rewrite it to eliminate continuity errors , but after revising The Gunslinger , `` he is trying to decide how much he can rewrite . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Plot summary 1.2 Characters 1.3 Language 2 Series 2.1 Continuation 2.2 Illustrations 3 Reception 4 Other media 4.1 Tie - in books 4.2 Prequel comic series 4.3 Further comic adaptations 4.4 Discordia 5 Film continuation 5.1 Potential sequel 6 Audiobooks 7 Connections to King 's other works 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Plot summary ( edit ) In the story , Roland Deschain is the last living member of a knightly order known as gunslingers and the last of the line of `` Arthur Eld '' , his world 's analogue of King Arthur . Politically organized along the lines of a feudal society , it shares technological and social characteristics with the American Old West but is also magical . Many of the magical aspects have vanished from Mid-World , but traces remain as do relics from a technologically advanced society . Roland 's quest is to find the Dark Tower , a fabled building said to be the nexus of all universes . Roland 's world is said to have `` moved on '' , and it appears to be coming apart at the seams . Mighty nations have been torn apart by war , entire cities and regions vanish without a trace and time does not flow in an orderly fashion . Sometimes , even the sun rises in the north and sets in the east . As the series opens , Roland 's motives , goals and age are unclear , though later installments shed light on these mysteries . For a detailed synopsis of the novels , see the relevant article for each book . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Dark Tower characters Along his journey to the Dark Tower , Roland meets a great number of both friends and enemies . For most of the way he is accompanied by a group of people who together with him form the Ka - tet of the Nineteen and Ninety - nine , consisting of Jake Chambers , Eddie Dean , Susannah Dean , and Oy . Among his many enemies on the way are The Man in Black , Mordred , and The Crimson King . Language ( edit ) King created a language for his characters , known as the High Speech . Examples of this language include the phrases Thankee , Sai ( `` Thank you , Sir / Ma'am . '' ) and Dan - Tete ( `` Little Savior '' ) . In addition , King uses the term Ka , which is the approximate equivalent of destiny , or fate , in the fictional language High Speech ( and similarly , Ka - tet , a group of people bound together by fate / destiny ) . This term originated in Egyptian mythology and storytelling , and has figured in several other novels and screenplays since 1976 . The term also appears in King 's short story , `` Low Men in Yellow Coats '' , in which Ted describes its meaning to Bobby . Series ( edit ) # Title Pages Words Release Awards The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger 224 55,376 1982 The Dark Tower II : The Drawing of the Three 400 125,948 The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands 512 173,489 1991 The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass 787 254,691 1998 Locus Award nominee 4.5 The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole 336 91,857 2012 5 The Dark Tower V : Wolves of the Calla 714 242,776 2003 2004 Locus Award nominee 6 The Dark Tower VI : Song of Susannah 432 118,221 2005 Locus Award nominee 7 The Dark Tower VII : The Dark Tower 845 272,273 2005 British Fantasy Award winner Total 4,250 1,334,631 Continuation ( edit ) While the series was declared finished with the publication of the seventh volume in 2004 , King described in an interview in March 2009 an idea for a new short story he 'd recently had : `` And then I thought , ' Well , why do n't I find three more like this and do a book that would be almost like modern fairy tales ? ' Then this thing started to add on bits and pieces so I guess it will be a novel . '' According to King , the idea was a new Dark Tower novel . King said , regarding The Dark Tower , `` It 's not really done yet . Those seven books are really sections of one long über - novel . '' Stephen King confirmed this during his TimesTalk event at The Times Center in New York City on November 10 , 2009 , and the next day King 's official site posted that King will begin working on this novel in about eight months , with a tentative title being The Wind Through the Keyhole . King noted that this novel should be set between the fourth and the fifth books of the series . The book , titled The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole , was announced on Stephen King 's official site on March 10 , 2011 , and was published on April 24 , 2012 . In July 2016 , director Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that the Dark Tower film would be a sequel to the novels as well as a direct adaptation , with Roland in the next cycle of his journey to the Tower . Illustrations ( edit ) Each book in the series was originally published in hardcover format with a number of full - color illustrations spread throughout . Each book contained works by a single illustrator only . Subsequent printings of each book in trade paperback format usually preserve the illustrations in full , except for books I and IV . Pocket - sized paperback reprints contain only black - and - white chapter or section header illustrations . The illustrators who worked on each book are : Michael Whelan ; The Dark Tower is among his early notable works . Phil Hale -- the only Dark Tower illustrator who created a second set of illustrations for a later printing of the book he illustrated . Ned Dameron . Dave McKean -- the only Dark Tower illustrator to work in photocollages . Jae Lee -- an illustrator who had previously worked on the Marvel Comics adaptation of the series , illustrated The Wind Through the Keyhole . Bernie Wrightson -- illustrator for 1960s and 1970s horror comics ; he also provided the illustrations for King 's novella `` Cycle of the Werewolf '' ( 1983 ) . Darrel Anderson -- the only Dark Tower illustrator who used digital illustration techniques . Michael Whelan -- returning more than 20 years later as the only recurring Dark Tower illustrator . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2007 ) Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post called the series `` a humane , visionary epic and a true magnum opus '' that stands as an `` imposing example of pure storytelling , '' `` filled with brilliantly rendered set pieces ... cataclysmic encounters and moments of desolating tragedy . '' Erica Noonan of the Boston Globe said , `` There 's a fascinating world to be discovered in the series '' but noted that its epic nature keeps it from being user - friendly . Allen Johnston of The New York Times was disappointed with how the series progressed ; while he marveled at the `` sheer absurdity of ( the books ' ) existence '' and complimented King 's writing style , he said preparation would have improved the series , stating `` King does n't have the writerly finesse for these sorts of games , and the voices let him down . '' Michael Berry of the San Francisco Chronicle , however , called the series ' early installments `` highfalutin hodgepodge '' but the ending `` a valediction '' that `` more than delivers on what has been promised . '' Other Media ( edit ) Tie - in books ( edit ) The series has prompted related non-fiction books by authors besides King . Robin Furth has published the two - volume Stephen King 's The Dark Tower : A Concordance , an encyclopedia - style companion to the series that she originally wrote for King 's personal use . Bev Vincent has published The Road to The Dark Tower : Exploring Stephen King 's Magnum Opus , a book containing back story , summary and analysis and The Dark Tower Companion , which includes interviews and coverage of the Marvel graphic novels . Stephen King has endorsed these books . Charlie the Choo - Choo is a `` children 's book '' by Stephen King released in 2016 , published under the pseudonym Beryl Evans . It is adapted from a section of King 's previous novel The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands . It was illustrated by Ned Dameron . Prequel comic series ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( comics ) A prequel to the Dark Tower series , set around the time of the flashbacks in The Gunslinger and Wizard and Glass , has been released by Marvel Comics . With the project overseen by King , The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger Born is plotted by Robin Furth , scripted by Peter David , and illustrated by Jae Lee and Richard Isanove . The first issue of this first arc was released on February 7 , 2007 . A hardcover volume containing all seven issues was released on November 7 , 2007 . The second arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics . Called The Long Road Home , the first issue was published on March 5 , 2008 . A hardcover volume containing all five issues was released on October 15 , 2008 . The third arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : Treachery . The first issue of the six issue arc was published on September 10 , 2008 . A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues was released on April 21 , 2009 . Following the completion of the third arc a one - shot issue titled The Dark Tower : Sorcerer was released April 8 , 2009 . The story focuses on the history of the villainous wizard Marten Broadcloak . The fourth arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : The Fall of Gilead . The first issue of the six issue arc was published on May 13 , 2009 . A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues , as well as the Sorcerer One - Shot was released on February 2 , 2010 . The fifth arc in the Dark Tower comic series was released by Marvel Comics , and it is called The Dark Tower : Battle of Jericho Hill . The first issue of the five issue arc was published on December 3 , 2009 . A hardcover volume containing all 5 issues was released on August 17 , 2010 . Marvel Comics has also published three supplemental books to date that expand upon characters and locations first introduced in the novels . The Dark Tower : Gunslingers ' Guidebook was released in 2007 , The Dark Tower : End - World Almanac was released in 2008 , and The Dark Tower : Guide to Gilead was released in 2009 . All three books were written by Anthony Flamini , with Furth serving as creative consultant . End - World Almanac and Guide to Gilead feature illustrations by David Yardin . Further comic adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( comics ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An adaptation of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on May 19 , 2010 . The collected hardback edition was released on January 26 , 2011 . An adaptation of King 's novella The Little Sisters of Eluria , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on December 8 , 2010 . The collected hardback edition was released on June 8 , 2011 . A second adaptation of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on June 1 , 2011 . The collected hardback edition was released on January 25 , 2012 . A third adaptation of King 's novel The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger , titled The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger - The Way Station , was made into a comic series and released by Marvel Comics . The first issue of the five - issue arc was published on December 14 , 2011 . The collected hardback edition was released on June 27 , 2012 . Discordia ( edit ) December 7 , 2009 saw the release of a spin - off online game titled Discordia , available to play free of charge on the official Stephen King website . The game is a continuation of the original Dark Tower story , following the war between the Tet Corporation and Sombra / NCP in New York , and it has been supervised by both Stephen King and Robin Furth . From the website : `` Exploring the behind - the - scenes conflict between the two companies , Discordia introduces long - time Dark Tower fans to new characters and numerous mechanical / magical items developed by Mid-World's Old Ones . Over the course of our adventure we will visit many locations , both those familiar to Dark Tower fans and others which we only glimpsed in the Dark Tower novels . While we may not see Roland and his ka - tet in this adventure , the development team has remembered the faces of its fathers . We have done our best to honor the original Dark Tower series while simultaneously mapping new and exciting Dark Tower territory . '' Film continuation ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Tower ( 2017 film ) Initially , in 2007 , J.J. Abrams was connected to a film adaptation of The Dark Tower series , but later revealed he had removed himself from involvement in the project . On September 8 , 2010 , an official announcement was made that the series would be brought to both the big and the small screens via a trilogy of feature films and two seasons of a television series to bridge gaps between the films . According to a press release from Universal Pictures from October 29 , 2010 , the first Dark Tower film would open on May 17 , 2013 . On July 19 , 2011 , Universal pulled its support from the production of the Dark Tower films and television series . According to reports , the studio was unable to come to terms with producer Ron Howard . Despite this , Stephen King remained confident Howard would see the project through with another studio , and Howard confirmed the adaptation was still on track , noting that HBO would carry the television series portions of the project from then on . On March 13 , 2012 , it was reported that Warner Bros. Pictures was now interested in making at least the first film and that Russell Crowe , tipped to play Roland Deschain , was no longer on board . Reports indicated that filming might have commenced as early as the first quarter of 2013 . However , Warner eventually passed on the film . Later , on April 10 , 2015 , it was reported that Sony Pictures and Media Rights Capital would be going ahead with the first film in the series alongside a television series , using a reworked script by Akiva Goldsman , who worked on the initial 2010 proposal , and Jeff Pinkner . On June 2 , 2015 , Nikolaj Arcel was hired by the studio to direct the film . On March 1 , 2016 , it was announced that Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey had both joined the film , cast respectively as Roland Deschain and Walter O'Dim . On May 3 , 2017 , the first official trailer was released. The film was released on August 4 . 2017 . Critics panned the film with it receiving a score of 16 % on Rotten Tomatoes . The film combines elements from several novels in The Dark Tower series , serving as a canonical sequel to the novel series , which concluded with the revelation that Roland 's quest was a cyclical time loop ; the presence of the Horn of Eld , which Roland carries in the film , indicates that this is the next cycle ; Stephen King has indicated that The Dark Tower film and television series will follow Roland 's `` last time round '' to the titular Dark Tower . Potential sequel ( edit ) In an interview with Collider , Stephen King expressed hope for a sequel film in addition to the upcoming television series , suggesting that it should be R - rated , with Roland wearing a hat , and that it would include the `` lobstrosities '' from The Drawing of the Three . In an interview with ComingSoon.net , Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that The Drawing of the Three would form the basis for the sequel , and that yet - to - be-cast actors who will play Eddie and Susannah Dean would appear alongside Elba , McConaughey , Taylor , and Haley reprising their roles as Roland , Walter , Jake and Sayre respectively . Audiobooks ( edit ) Currently there exist four audio versions of The Dark Tower series -- in English , in German , in French and in Russian . The audio book in English published by Hodder & Stoughton features voices of George Guidall and Frank Muller and has neither music nor sound effects . The audio book in German published by Deutschland Random House Audio introduces Vittorio Alfieri and David Nathan as the narrators . In French audiobooks published by Éditions Gallimard and narrated by Jacques Frantz . In Russian , The Gunslinger , as narrated by Igor Knyazev , does not have any music or sound effects . Play media Trailer to audiobook by Vargtroms Studio `` The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole '' The multi-voiced audio books should necessarily be mentioned . Being created by Roman Volkov and published by Vargtroms Studio , they contain music and sound effects and make extensive use of voices of children , as well as older persons . Over a hundred actors have already been involved in the process of narration . The sound engineer of the project is Victor Pocotiljuk who is well known for his work with the rock band Aria . Thanks to him , this initially amateur project turned out to be a full - size saga with epic music , sound effects and sound - design . The audio books by Vargtroms Studio often include trailers of the upcoming projects , codas and bad takes . Connections to King 's other works ( edit ) The series has become a linchpin that ties together much of King 's body of work . The worlds of The Dark Tower are in part composed of locations , characters , events and other various elements from many of King 's novels and short stories . Some of the books that are tied to this series , or that this series references , are It , The Stand , Salem 's Lot , Insomnia , Hearts in Atlantis , `` The Eyes of the Dragon '' and Cell . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Ted ' Backer MRC In Talks To Finance Stephen King 's ' The Dark Tower ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Popular Writers : A Stephen King interview '' . neilgaiman.com . Jump up ^ `` AR BookFinder US '' . Renaissance Learning , Inc . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` USA WEEKEND Magazine , part of USA Today Your Life '' . Blogs.usaweekend.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Recent News '' . StephenKing.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Wind Through the Keyhole : A Dark Tower Novel . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 5890 - 7 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Tower : What the film changes ( and keeps ) from Stephen King 's books '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald M. Grant '' . grantbooks.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Bill ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) . `` The Return of the King '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Erica ( 2004 - 01 - 15 ) . `` ' Calla ' worth the read , but caters to ' Tower ' fans '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Agger , Michael ( 2004 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Pulp Metafiction '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Berry , Michael ( 2004 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Waiting for the end of their worlds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Stephenking.com/discordia '' . Stephenking.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Stax ( 2007 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Who is Lost in The Dark Tower ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Not Adapting King 's ' Dark Tower ' Series '' . Cinematical. 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower - Film and TV News Tracker '' . Stephenking.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Sets Release Dates Through 2013 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dismantles The Dark Tower Movie News Empire '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Tower ' Heading To HBO , Says Brian Grazer '' . Moviesblog.mtv.com. 2011 - 10 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Stephen King ' Dark Tower ' Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) . `` The Dark Tower film project picked up by Warner Bros '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Passes on Ron Howard 's Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' The Dark Tower ' - / Film '' . Slashfilm . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Dark Tower ' Movie : Sony & MRC Partner For Stephen King Adaptation - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nikolaj Arcel being considered to direct Dark Tower adaptation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Dark Tower rises : Stephen King confirms stars Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey as production nears start '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The first trailer for Stephen King 's The Dark Tower is here '' . The Verge . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Tower - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Dark Tower , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 Jump up ^ Saavedra , John ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Tower : Stephen King Easter Eggs and Reference Guide '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Yes , The Dark Tower Movie Is A Sequel To The Books '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Dark Tower ' Movie Is Actually a Sequel '' . July 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://collider.com/stephen-king-interview-the-dark-tower/ Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/876489-director-nikolaj-arcel-talks-dark-tower-ending-and-sequels-spoilers#/slide/1 Jump up ^ `` StephenKing.com - Audiobooks - A to Z '' . stephenking.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bücher von Vittorio Alfieri '' . Verlagsgruppe Random House ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wind '' . Verlagsgruppe Random House ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` La Tour Sombre - Écoutez lire - GALLIMARD - Site Gallimard '' . www.gallimard.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Кинг Стивен - Стрелок '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vargtroms Studio '' Электронная Библиотека `` Аудиокнига '' `` . audiokniga.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dark Tower ( series ) Official website The Dark Tower series by Stephen King Novels The Gunslinger The Drawing of the Three The Waste Lands Wizard and Glass Wolves of the Calla Song of Susannah The Dark Tower The Wind Through the Keyhole Short stories `` The Gunslinger '' `` The Way Station '' `` The Oracle and the Mountains '' `` The Slow Mutants '' `` The Gunslinger and the Dark Man '' `` The Little Sisters of Eluria '' Comics The Gunslinger Born The Long Road Home Treachery The Sorcerer Fall of Gilead Battle of Jericho Hill The Journey Begins The Little Sisters of Eluria Characters Roland Deschain Father Callahan Randall Flagg Crimson King Related books ' Salem 's Lot The Stand The Talisman Skeleton Crew It The Eyes of the Dragon Insomnia Rose Madder Desperation The Regulators Bag of Bones Hearts in Atlantis Black House Everything 's Eventual From a Buick 8 Charlie the Choo - Choo Other All - World Multiverse Film Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) Elevation ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four Past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Flight or Fright ( 2018 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Stephen King 's ' Salem 's Lot Characters Kurt Barlow Father Callahan Vampires Adaptations Salem 's Lot ( 1979 TV miniseries ) Salem 's Lot ( 1995 radio drama ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 TV miniseries ) Series `` Jerusalem 's Lot '' ( prequel ) `` One for the Road '' ( sequel ) Related A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Jerusalem 's Lot The Song of Roland Source Battle of Roncevaux Pass Films The Song of Roland ( 1978 ) Other versions Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis Historia Caroli Magni Karlamagnús saga The Dark Tower Characters Baligant Blancandrin Bramimonde Charlemagne Ganelon King Marsile Naimon Oliver Roland Turpin Aude Ogier Pinabel BNF : cb145909734 ( data ) GND : 4772151 - 0 LCCN : n84743102 NLA : 35345521 SUDOC : 083046224 VIAF : 184711624 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Tower_(series)&oldid=842437397 '' Categories : The Dark Tower American fantasy novel series American horror novels Artificial mythology The Dark Tower novels Self - reflexive novels High fantasy novels Parallel universes in fiction Novels adapted into comics American novels adapted into films Metafictional works Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles to be expanded from August 2007 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 12 : 56 . 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how many books are in stephen king's dark tower
[ "The Dark Tower is a series of eight books written by American author Stephen King that incorporates themes from multiple genres, including dark fantasy, science fantasy, horror, and Western. It describes a \"gunslinger\" and his quest toward a tower, the nature of which is both physical and metaphorical. The series, and its use of the Dark Tower, expands upon Stephen King's multiverse and in doing so, links together many of his other novels. King has described the series as his magnum opus. In addition to the eight novels of the series proper that comprise 4,250 pages, many of King's other books relate to the story, introducing concepts and characters that come into play as the series progresses." ]
[ "eight" ]
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Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9 , by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John G. Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case , in which it has jurisdiction . The Court does not have power to decide political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ) . In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and it is worth noting while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOTUS ( Supreme Court of the United States ) similar to and in line with other acronyms such as POTUS ( President of the United States ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . '' The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving a procedural issue . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend . Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) ; At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) , and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) . It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 . His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November , 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Justice Breyer writing for the Court , stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century . Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine justices . The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the Senate . Name Date of birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts , John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York Bush , George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 12 years Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 29 years , 8 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 26 years Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 24 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 23 years , 2 months Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 11 years , 8 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Obama , Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 8 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan , Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 7 years , 2 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Trump , Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 6 months and 15 days Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six men and three women justices . Among the nine justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant . Concerns about diversity focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices and three Jewish justices . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed . Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of service John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 24 years , 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , the justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center , and the Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice . Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan , Alito , Ginsburg , Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Thomas , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Gorsuch . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind with less than a month or just 29 days less at 4,199 days when Justice Samuel Alito was confirmed to the court on January 31 , 2006 . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017 , associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement . Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas and Alito ( appointed by Republican presidents ) comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ( appointed by Democratic presidents ) comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy ( appointed by President Reagan ) is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court . Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) . However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 . Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied . There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states , but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal . Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions . The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time . Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits . As of June 27 , 2017 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) , and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' The Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . If four Justices vote to grant the petition , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment . A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume . They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets . Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October Term 2016 , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October Term 2010 , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct. 876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed . Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford . From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William H. Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John G. Roberts , Jr. for William H. Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John G. Roberts , Jr. for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said . `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead . Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 . A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 . Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed `` cartel '' , only revealing itself through `` public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings '' . The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur . Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS , '' New York Times , October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won . In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment . Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course . '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ). ... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher . The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . TheBlaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . In the opinion for the Court , Breyer states `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . '' Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved 15 June 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) . `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 . Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history . ^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench . '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard , Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ) . `` Supreme Court as a Legislature '' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev. : 1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment . Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side '' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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who holds the utmost judicial power in the us
[ "The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution, but it may act only within the context of a case, in which it has jurisdiction. The Court does not have power to decide political questions, and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government." ]
[ "Supreme Court of the United States" ]
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Jaime Lannister
Jaime Lannister - wikipedia Jaime Lannister Jump to : navigation , search Jaime Lannister A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases The Kingslayer The Young Lion Gender Male Title Ser Lord Commander of the Kingsguard Warden of the East Family House Lannister Children With Cersei : Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Relatives Tywin Lannister ( father ) Joanna Lannister ( mother ) Cersei Lannister ( twin sister ) Tyrion Lannister ( brother ) Kevan Lannister ( uncle ) Lancel Lannister ( cousin ) Kingdom The Westerlands The Crownlands Jaime Lannister is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . He becomes a prominent point of view character in the novels beginning in A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . Introduced in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , Jaime is a knight of the Kingsguard and a member of House Lannister , one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in the fictional kingdom of Westeros . Although he first appears to be unscrupulous and amoral , he later proves to be far more complex , honorable and sympathetic . Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau on the HBO series Game of Thrones . He was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television , a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and a People Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero for his performance in the show 's third season . He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Description 1.2 Development 2 Storylines 2.1 A Game of Thrones 2.2 A Clash of Kings 2.3 A Storm of Swords 2.4 A Feast for Crows 2.5 A Dance with Dragons 2.6 Family tree of House Lannister 3 TV adaptation 3.1 Storylines 3.1. 1 First season 3.1. 2 Second season 3.1. 3 Third season 3.1. 4 Fourth season 3.1. 5 Fifth season 3.1. 6 Sixth season 3.1. 7 Seventh season 3.2 Reception 3.3 Recognition and awards 4 References Character ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Jaime was born shortly after the birth of his twin sister Cersei . The two were inseparable as children , and at an early age began an incestuous affair that continued into adulthood and even after Cersei 's marriage to Robert Baratheon . At the age of fifteen he participated in the battle against the Kingswood Brotherhood , squiring for Lord Sumner Crakehall , and was subsequently knighted by Ser Arthur Dayne . While returning to Casterly Rock , he visited Cersei at King 's Landing , who persuaded him to join the Kingsguard in order to be close to her . Jaime was accepted into the Kingsguard , but Tywin resigned as Hand of the King , taking Cersei with him back to Casterly Rock . Jaime quickly realises that Aerys named him to the Kingsguard solely to strip Tywin of his heir . Jaime becomes further disillusioned after witnessing Aerys burn Rickard and Brandon Stark alive and overhearing him raping his sister - wife Rhaella . When Tywin begins sacking King 's Landing at the climax of Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime realises that Aerys intends to burn King 's Landing with wildfire and kills him , almost immediately being discovered by Tywin 's men . Robert Baratheon later pardons Jaime for breaking his vows and names him to his own Kingsguard . Although Jaime considers his assassination of Aerys as his greatest act , his motives for killing him remain unknown to the rest of the realm and he is given the insulting moniker `` Kingslayer '' . Several years later , he and Tyrion rescue a young woman , Tysha , from outlaws , and Tyrion secretly marries her . When Tywin finds out he orders Jaime to tell Tyrion that he staged the incident in order for Tyrion to lose his virginity . Though it is unknown if Jaime was aware that Tywin subsequently forced Tyrion to watch Tysha be gang - raped by his guards , Jaime carries a great amount of guilt for his unkindness to Tyrion in his later years . In A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , Jaime is introduced as one of the Kingsguard , the royal security detail , and the son of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister , the former Hand of the King . Jaime 's twin is Cersei , the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon . Perhaps the greatest swordsman in the kingdom , Jaime is sometimes derisively called `` the Kingslayer '' because he killed the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen in the coup that put Robert on the Iron Throne . Eric Dodds of Time described Jaime as `` handsome , an incomparably skilled fighter and disarmingly witty '' , with The New Yorker calling the Lannisters `` a crowd of high - cheekboned beauties ... who form a family constellation so twisted , charismatic , and cruel that it rivals Flowers in the Attic for blond dysfunction '' . Lev Grossman wrote for Time that while Jaime and Cersei 's younger brother Tyrion is a grotesque dwarf , `` the rest of the Lannisters are stunted too , but on the inside . '' The Los Angeles Times called Jaime `` handsome and unscrupulous '' , though Dodds noted in 2014 : Sure , he 's done some of the most despicable things on a show full of despicable things -- including but not limited to fathering children by incest , attempting to murder a boy who discovered said incest , and the cold - blooded murder of one of his own cousins -- but despite all that , the Kingslayer remains one of Game of Thrones ' most popular characters . Development ( edit ) Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly noted that in the novels , `` ( Jaime is ) a vaguely villainous minor character in Game of Thrones , then is basically absent from Clash of Kings , and suddenly he becomes a tragic hero in Storm of Swords . '' In A Game of Thrones , Jaime is not only carrying on an incestuous affair with his twin sister , but he pushes a young Bran Stark out a high window to his likely death after the boy witnesses them in the act . Jaime admits these crimes to Catelyn Stark in A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , and tells her a horrific story of Aerys Targaryen 's cruelty . In A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) , Jaime initially loathes the female warrior Brienne of Tarth , but both his honor and his reluctant respect for Brienne compel him to lie to their captors to prevent her from being raped . He later explains to Brienne that he killed Aerys because the king had planned to incinerate all of King 's Landing and its inhabitants rather than let it fall into Robert 's hands . When Jaime is released to be sent back to King 's Landing in deference to his father , he first saves Brienne , who has been thrown into a bear pit for the mercenaries ' amusement . Martin told Rolling Stone in 2014 : One of the things I wanted to explore with Jaime , and with so many of the characters , is the whole issue of redemption . When can we be redeemed ? Is redemption even possible ? ... When do we forgive people ? ... Our society is full of people who have fallen in one way or another ... How many good acts make up for a bad act ? ... I do n't know the answer , but these are questions worth thinking about . I want there to be a possibility of redemption for us , because we all do terrible things . We should be able to be forgiven . Because if there is no possibility of redemption , what 's the answer then ? Specifically addressing Jaime 's attempted murder of Bran , Martin said : ( What ) Jaime did ( to Bran ) is interesting ... Remember , Jaime is n't just trying to kill Bran because he 's an annoying little kid . Bran has seen something that is basically a death sentence for Jaime , for Cersei , and their children ... So I 've asked people who do have children , `` Well , what would you do in Jaime 's situation ? '' They say , `` Well , I 'm not a bad guy -- I would n't kill . '' Are you sure ? Never ? If Bran tells King Robert , he 's going to kill you and your sister - lover , and your three children ... Then many of them hesitate . Probably more people than not would say , `` Yeah , I would kill someone else 's child to save my own child , even if that other child was innocent . '' These are the difficult decisions people make , and they 're worth examining . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Lannister A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Jaime Lannister accompanies the royal family to Winterfell , where King Robert Baratheon hopes to persuade his old friend Ned Stark to serve as Hand of the King . During the visit , Ned 's young son Bran inadvertently spies Jaime and Cersei having sex in a remote tower , at which point Jaime pushes the boy out a window , intending to kill Bran to keep their relationship secret . Bran managed to survive , though crippled , and when an assassin later tries to kill Bran , Catelyn Stark accuses and arrests Tyrion . In revenge , Jaime instigates a brawl with Ned and his men in the streets of King 's Landing , killing many on both sides . Ned later discovers that Robert 's three children are actually the products of Jaime and Cersei 's affair , but is executed by the oldest child , Joffrey Baratheon , upon the latter 's ascension as king . Jaime then rides for the Riverlands to aid Tywin in his campaign against the Riverlands , taking command of half the Lannister host . He captures the Riverlands ' capital of Riverrun , but his army is waylaid by Robb Stark 's army in the Battle of the Whispering Wood . Jaime is taken prisoner and incarcerated in Riverrun . Despite his capture Joffrey names Jaime as commander of his Kingsguard . Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly called the twist of Jaime and Cersei in the tower `` lurid and shocking , exactly what I needed to jolt me awake and make me start paying closer attention ... By the end of the chapter -- ' The things I do for love ' -- I was totally hooked on Thrones '' . Mikal Gilmore of Rolling Stone noted in 2014 that the moment in which Jaime pushes Bran to his likely death `` grabs you by the throat '' . Martin commented in the interview : I 've had a million people tell me that was the moment that hooked them , where they said , `` Well , this is just not the same story I read a million times before . '' A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Tyrion makes several attempts to free Jaime , first by having disguised Lannister guards attempt to break him out and then by offering to swap Arya and Sansa Stark for Jaime . After hearing of the supposed deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark , Catelyn interrogates Jaime . Jaime admits to pushing Bran out the tower window , to his incest with Cersei and to fathering her children . Jaime then mocks Ned for having tarnished his own honour by fathering a bastard , prompting Catelyn to call her bodyguard Brienne of Tarth for her sword . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) Jaime is freed by Catelyn and sent to King 's Landing to exchange for Sansa and Arya , escorted by Brienne of Tarth and Jaime 's cousin Ser Cleos Frey . Cleos is killed by bandits and Jaime and Brienne are captured by the Brave Companions , who were formerly in service to Tywin but have defected to Roose Bolton . Their leader , Vargo Hoat , cuts off Jaime 's sword hand in the hope that Tywin will blame Roose and prevent the Boltons defecting to the Lannisters . While held captive at Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne the circumstances surrounding his murder of King Aerys . Roose Bolton releases Jaime but keeps Brienne hostage . While returning to King 's Landing , Jaime has a dream about Brienne and decides to return to Harrenhal to rescue her from Hoat . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to discover that Joffrey has been poisoned and Tyrion on trial for the murder , though Jaime refuses to believe Tyrion is guilty . He gifts Brienne a Valyrian steel sword forged from House Stark 's ancestral sword Ice and tasks her with finding and protecting the fugitive Sansa Stark . He then forces Varys into helping Tyrion escape , confessing to Tyrion that he owed him a debt for his role in Tysha 's fare . Outraged , Tyrion spitefully reveals to Jaime Cersei 's affairs during his imprisonment , and lies that he did indeed kill Joffrey , before killing Tywin . A Feast for Crows ( edit ) Cersei orders Jaime to go to Riverrun and dislodge Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully . Before his leaving , Jaime has an armorer forge him a prosthetic hand . He takes the tongueless Ser Ilyn Payne with him to teach him to fight with his left hand , using the lessons to confess to his numerous crimes . During the march , he encounters his cousin Lancel , who confesses to his affair with Cersei . Jaime persuades Edmure Tully to force the Blackfish 's surrender by threatening to sack the castle and kill Edmure 's child when it is born . Jaime later receives a letter from Cersei , who has been imprisoned by the High Sparrow and is awaiting trial and begs Jaime to be her champion in her trial by combat , but Jaime has the letter burned without reply . A Dance with Dragons ( edit ) Jaime travels to Raventree Hall and manages to have Lord Tytos Blackwood surrender , officially ending House Stark 's insurrection . In the aftermath , he is approached by Brienne , who claims that Sansa is in danger from Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane . It is unknown how much of this is true , as Brienne was previously seen as a prisoner of a reanimated Catelyn Stark and the anti-Lannister Brotherhood Without Banners . Family tree of House Lannister ( edit ) ( hide ) Descendants of Tytos Lannister Tytos Jeyne Marbrand Joanna Tywin Emmon Frey Genna Kevan Dorna Swyft Tygett Darlessa Marbrand Gerion Briony Robert Baratheon Cersei Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Tysha Tyrion `` The Imp '' Sansa Stark Amerei Frey Lancel Martyn Willem Janei Tyrek Ermesande Hayford Joy Hill Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Margaery Tyrell Tommen Baratheon Tion Frey `` Red '' Walder Frey Jeyne Darry Cleos Frey Lyonel Frey Melesa Crakehall Tywin Frey Willem Frey References and notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 56 : Tyrion '' . A Game of Thrones . p. 593 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 787 -- 788 . Jump up ^ Martin ; García Jr. ; Antonsson . `` Appendix : Lannister Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . Jump up ^ Tyrion 's first wife was a peasant girl named Tysha . The marriage was later annulled by Lord Tywin 's order . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Sansa '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 382 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 30 : Jaime '' . A Feast for Crows . pp. 501 -- 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90032 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin . `` Appendix : The King on the Iron Throne '' . A Storm of Swords . p. 1131 . ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Baratheon '' . A Game of Thrones . p. 783 . ^ Jump up to : Though officially Robert 's children , Joffrey , Myrcella and Tommen are the products of an incestuous affair between Cersei and Jaime . Jump up ^ Martin . `` Appendix : The Queen Regent '' . A Feast for Crows . p. 782 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : The Boy King '' . A Dance with Dragons . p. 1055 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90565 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Storm of Swords . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10663 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Dance with Dragons . ISBN 978 - 0553801477 . TV adaptation ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau plays the role of Jaime Lannister in the television series . Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau in the HBO adaptation Game of Thrones . His casting was announced on August 20 , 2009 . In October 2014 , Coster - Waldau and several other key cast members , all contracted for six seasons of the series , renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons five , six , and seven . The Hollywood Reporter called the raises `` huge '' , noting that the deal would make the performers `` among the highest - paid actors on cable TV '' . Deadline.com put the number for season five at `` close to $300,000 an episode '' for each actor , and The Hollywood Reporter wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid `` upward of $500,000 per episode '' for seasons seven and the potential eight . In 2017 , He became one of the highest paid actor on television and will earn £ 2 million per episode for the show . Matt Fowler of IGN noted in 2013 that `` the people who do seem to get redemption arcs on this show are the villains '' . Over the course of the first three seasons , the series has transitioned Jaime from an obvious villain to an antihero of sorts . Eric Dodds of Time wrote that Jaime had become `` a complex , bizarrely likable character '' . Andrew Romano of The Daily Beast explained : But Jaime was n't a black - and - white baddie for long . In fact , GoT spent the next three seasons transforming him into a pretty sympathetic character . The turning point was when Jaime was captured and chained up by the Starks -- an ordeal that humbled him , humanized him , and eventually left him without a sword hand , struggling to find a new , post-Kingslayer identity for himself . Sure , Jaime could still slaughter his own cousin to escape captivity . But he could also rescue his sidekick Brienne of Tarth from a bear . And pledge to return the Stark girls to their mother , Catelyn . And refuse to kill his brother Tyrion on Cersei 's behalf . And so on . He was a compromised , conflicted asshole -- but he was basically trying to do the right thing . Fowler wrote that Jaime 's adventure with Brienne was `` the best storyline of the season '' in Season 3 , aside from the Red Wedding . Jaime 's apparent rape of Cersei in the fourth season episode `` Breaker of Chains '' created controversy among fans and journalists , who debated the show 's depiction of sexual violence against women as well as Jaime 's character development . The showrunners never commented on what their intention with the scene actually was . The cast members involved initially gave only vague comments , but after the fourth season was released on Blu - ray and the showrunners avoided making any comment about the scene in it ( it is conspicuously the only episode which has no commentary track ) , both Coster - Waldau and Headey publicly stated that the scene was never intended to portray rape at all - they were given no instructions to this effect ( such as in the script ) nor did they play it that way , and apparently the scene was just edited very confusingly . In the source novel A Storm of Swords , the sex between Jaime and Cersei in the equivalent scene is consensual . Several critics argued that the TV series ' change damaged Jaime 's redemption arc . Dodds noted that the episode `` irreparably changes the way we see Jaime Lannister '' . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote : What happens next dramatically complicates the work Game of Thrones has done to make Jaime a more explicable , even sympathetic character , given what we learned of his reasons for killing the king he was sworn to protect . Jaime has experienced profound losses over the last two seasons . His hand and his identity as a fighter have been taken from him . His son has been murdered . His father , a toxic , commanding man has returned to his life . And what Cersei is asking of Jaime is that he remove one of the few remaining things that gives him happiness , the little brother who makes him feel better about his hand , from existence . To assuage her pain and grief , Cersei is asking Jaime to inflict more pain on himself ... But his response is not to stop loving her , not to stop believing that he is victim to the gods . Instead , Jaime rapes his sister , passing that sense of unendurable pain on to her . He must know that this is the worst possible way that he could hurt her . Jaime knew that Robert raped Cersei ... Not only does raping Cersei remind his sister of her repeated , humiliating violation , Jaime is poisoning their own relationship , the thing that had been Cersei 's antidote to the miseries of her marriage . It is an exceptionally cruel thing for Jaime to do . Coster - Waldau said , `` If you look closer there are those moments where she -- well , I have n't seen the finished edit , of course -- but we tried to have it where she goes into it then she pulls away , she goes in then she pulls away , but of course he is forcing himself . '' Later he and his co-star Lena Headey ( Cersei ) spoke with Entertainment Weekly during the filming of season 5 , admitting that they were never directed or intended to film a rape scene . Headey stated : It 's that terrible thing as a woman -- talking about something as horrendous as rape and dismissing it , which I 'm not . But we never discussed it as that . It was a woman in grief for her dead child , and the father of the child -- who happens to be her brother -- who never really acknowledged the children is standing with her . We 've all experienced grief . There 's a moment of wanting to fill a void , and that is often very visceral , physical . That , for me , is where she was at . There was an emotional block , and ( her brother ) was just a bit of a drug for her . The Jaime - Cersei scene was subsequently ignored for the rest of Season 4 and the rest of the series . TheMarySue.com concluded that not really referring to the scene again , instead of as a long and developed subplot , trivializes rape -- if , in fact , it was ever their actual intention to portray it as a rape scene . In real life a woman would be traumatized by being raped , not act as if nothing had happened immediately afterwards . TheMarySue.com was also critical that even if they did n't intend it as a rape scene , ignoring all questions about the scene and simply hoping they would go away over time was very insensitive to the audience . In 2016 , Christopher Hooton wrote for The Independent : Game of Thrones is full of characters who are very sure of themselves ... Except Jaime Lannister , who was given a considerable amount of screen time this week in order to establish a little more complexity in his character . Thus far in the show his character arc has gone from `` massive jerk '' , to `` still a massive jerk but admirable in how he withstands imprisonment '' to `` maybe he 's starting to redeem himself '' . This third strand had waned a little in season 6 as he returned to Cersei 's side , but showed glimpses of returning in episode 8 as he was reunited with Brienne , about the only character who can appeal to his sense of guilt and honour . Storylines ( edit ) First season ( edit ) Jaime 's storyline in the first season remains , for the most part , identical to his book storyline , with only minor details altered . In the aftermath of Jaime 's capture , he confesses to Catelyn that he tried to kill Bran , but refuses to reveal why . Second season ( edit ) Robb brings a captive Jaime with his camp as they march through the Westerlands , as Robb fears Tywin may coerce one of his bannerman into freeing Jaime . At one point Jaime attempts to escape by beating his cousin and fellow inmate Alton Lannister to death and strangling his guard Torrhen Karstark when he comes to investigate ; though unsuccessfully , the anger of Torrhen 's father Rickard proves fatal for Robb 's campaign in the coming months . After Jaime goads Catelyn by mentioning Ned 's infidelity , she releases him and has Brienne of Tarth escort him to King 's Landing to trade for Sansa and Arya . Third season ( edit ) Jaime and Brienne are captured by a squad of Bolton soldiers . Jaime manages to convince them not to rape Brienne , but their leader Locke takes umbrage when Jaime tries to use his status to secure his own release and chops off Jaime 's sword hand . The two are taken to Harrenhal , where the former maester Qyburn treats Jaime 's wound and Jaime reveals to Brienne why he killed Aerys . Roose Bolton lets Jaime return to King 's Landing but insists on keeping Brienne prisoner for abetting treason , though Jaime ultimately returns to rescue Brienne from being killed by a bear for Locke 's amusement . The two return to King 's Landing and Jaime is reunited with Cersei . Fourth season ( edit ) Tywin gifts Jaime a sword forged from Ice and asks him to resign from the Kingsguard and rule Casterly Rock , disowning him when he refuses . Qyburn fits Jaime with a gilded steel hand and Tyrion arranges for Jaime to have sword lessons with his bodyguard Bronn . Cersei initially refuses to resume their relationship , but ultimately relents and has sex with Jaime in front of Joffrey 's body , lying in state . Jaime gifts Brienne Tywin 's sword and the services of Tyrion 's squire Podrick Payne , asking her to find Arya and Sansa and take them to safety . With Tyrion accused of Joffrey 's murder , Jaime convinces Tywin to spare Tyrion in return for leaving the Kingsguard , though Tyrion later chooses trial by combat . Tyrion loses the trial and is sentenced to death , but Jaime releases him from his cell and helps him escape to Essos . Fifth season ( edit ) Cersei guilts Jaime for releasing Tyrion , and Jaime later admits to Bronn that he will kill Tyrion the next time they meet . When a message arrives from the Martells subtly threatening Myrcella as revenge for Prince Oberyn Martell 's death in Tyrion 's trial by combat , Jaime and Bronn travel to Dorne in secret to retrieve her . As they make their escape they are accosted by Oberyn 's bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes , and engage in a fight before all five are arrested by the Water Gardens ' palace guards . Doran Martell realises that the message was sent by Oberyn 's paramour Ellaria Sand and decides to send Myrcella and his own son Trystane back to King 's Landing with Jaime . As the ship sets sail , Myrcella admits to Jaime that she knows and is happy that he is her father . The two share a brief embrace before Myrcella suddenly collapses and dies , having been poisoned by Ellaria . Sixth season ( edit ) Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's corpse . He orders Trystane to stay on the boat outside the city to protect him from Cersei 's wrath , and sends word to Doran naming Ellaria as Myrcella 's killer , though Ellaria promptly kills Doran , has Obara and Nymeria kill Trystane and seizes control of Dorne . At Myrcella 's funeral , Jaime confronts the religious leader , the High Sparrow , for having forced Cersei to walk naked through the streets of King 's Landing as punishment for adultery , but is forced to stand down at the arrival of the Faith Militant . Jaime enlists the Tyrell army to march on the Sept of Baelor to secure the release of Margaery and Loras Tyrell . However , they find that Margaery has seemingly become a follower of the High Sparrow and that Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith Militant . As punishment for taking up arms against the Faith , Jaime is removed from the Kingsguard . He is sent to Riverrun with Bronn to assist House Frey in ousting Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully and the occupying Tully forces . After a failed parlay , Brienne arrives and beseeches Jaime to end the siege without bloodshed , so the Tully rebels can help Sansa Stark retake Winterfell . Brienne also fails , so Jaime manipulates the captured Edmure Tully into thinking his infant son will be killed if Edmure does not order a surrender . Edmure is released and promptly opens the gates to the Lannisters . Jaime sees Brienne and Podrick fleeing by boat from the castle walls , but only waves a discreet farewell and does not alert his men . After traveling to House Frey 's fortress The Twins for a feast celebrating their victory , Jaime returns to King 's Landing , and is horrified to discover that the Great Sept has been destroyed as a result of Cersei 's plotting . He returns to the Red Keep in time to witness Cersei being crowned as Queen of the Seven Kingdoms , immediately realizing that Cersei essentially murdered the Faith Militant , the Tyrells , Grand Maester Pycelle and their uncle Kevan to acquire her new power . Seventh season ( edit ) Despite his discomfort at the circumstances leading to Cersei 's coronation , Jaime remains loyal to his sister , with Daenerys Targaryen and her forces sailing on Westeros . Cersei agrees to marry Euron Greyjoy after the war against Daenerys is won , but continues her relationship with Jaime , no longer attempting to hide their intimacy to their servants . Jaime negotiates with Randyll Tarly to pledge allegiance to the Lannisters ; with the help of House Tarly 's forces he leads the Lannister army to defeat the Tyrell army at Highgarden , following Olenna Tyrell 's defection to Daenerys following Cersei 's role in the death of the other Tyrells . In the aftermath of the battle , Jaime allows Olenna to commit suicide by poisoning . Before she dies , Olenna reveals that she was responsible for poisoning Joffrey . As the Lannister forces return to King 's Landing , they are attacked by Daenerys , with her horde of Dothraki and her dragon Drogon . Although the Lannisters suffer heavy casualties , Daenerys is forced to dismount Drogon after Bronn wounds the dragon with a scorpion . Jaime attempts to kill Daenerys but is narrowly saved from being burned alive by Drogon by Bronn 's intervention . Jaime and Bronn fall into the Blackwater Rush , and survive the battle by being carried downstream and away from the carnage . Jaime returns to King 's Landing , where he warns Cersei that the Lannisters are doomed if Daenerys escalates the conflict further and tells her of Olenna 's confession . Bronn takes Jaime to the Red Keep cellars under the pretense of training him ; however , this is a ruse to allow Tyrion ( who is now Hand to Daenerys ) to speak with Jaime . Tyrion suggests a ceasefire so that Westeros can fight the threat posed by the White Walkers instead and proposes a meeting between Daenerys and Cersei so Jon Snow can present evidence of their existence . Jaime is apparently convinced by Tyrion and relays the message to Cersei . Cersei is skeptical , but remains adamant that the Lannisters will prevail against any foe . She also reveals that she is pregnant with Jaime 's child . At the meeting , Jon and Daenerys present a wight , convincing the Lannisters of the White Walkers ' existence . After some persuasion from Tyrion , Cersei declares that she will order the Lannister forces north to aid in the war against the army of the dead . However , when Jaime begins organising the march north , she reveals to him that she was lying and will not intervene until either of the two enemies -- dead and living -- are defeated . Outraged by Cersei 's shortsightedness and selfishness , Jaime leaves Cersei 's side and rides north alone . Reception ( edit ) Matt Roush wrote for TV Guide that Coster - Waldau plays `` dastardly '' Jaime `` with malevolent charisma '' , and Dodds noted that , despite the `` despicable things '' he has done , `` the Kingslayer remains one of Game of Thrones ' most popular characters '' . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe wrote : The most riveting characters are the most self - serving , notably the queen , Cersei ... and her twin brother Jaime Lannister ... with whom she is having an incestuous affair . They have gorgeous , aristocratic features , but they are pure , compelling evil . Recognition and Awards ( edit ) Coster - Waldau has received several nominations for his portrayal of Jaime , including the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2013 , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2013 , the Gold Derby TV Award for Best Drama Supporting Actor in 2013 , the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Anti-Hero in 2014 , the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2014 , and the Zulu Award for Best Actor in 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Eric ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` What Is Game of Thrones Doing With Jaime Lannister ? '' . Time . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Aristocrats : The graphic arts of Game of Thrones '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin 's Dance with Dragons : A Masterpiece Worthy of Tolkien '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Swords , sex and struggles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones and what might have been '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` The Game of Thrones Book Club , week 1 : First impressions , and when I got hooked '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilmore , Mikal ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Leigh ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Clash of Kings , Part 27 '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Leigh ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Storm of Swords , Part 12 '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Leigh ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Storm of Swords , Part 21 '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . A Storm of Swords . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 1998 ) . A Clash of Kings . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . A Feast for Crows . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . A Dance with Dragons . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` HBO appoints subjects to Thrones '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Belloni , Matthew ; Goldberg , Lesley ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Cast Signs for Season 7 with Big Raises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Stars Score Big Raises '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Saraiya , Sonia ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Rape of Thrones '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marcotte , Amanda ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` The Director of Sunday 's Game of Thrones Does n't Think That Was Rape '' . Slate . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Author Reacts To ' Disturbing ' Jaime - Cersei Scene '' . MTV . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Andrew ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why We Should Pretend the Game of Thrones Rape Scene Never Happened '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` For Game of Thrones , Rising Unease Over Rape 's Recurring Role '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quiñónez , Ariana ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Jaime Lannister is a feminist : Why the Game of Thrones rape scene matters '' . Hypable . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 4 , Episode 3 Review : Sex And Violence '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Ben ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Author George R.R. Martin Reacts to Controversial Altered Scene '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Why the Game of Thrones rape scene caused fans to respond in the worst possible way '' . Salon . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones review : Breaker of chains , breakers of will '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nikolaj Coster - Waldau On That Controversial Jaime - Cersei Scene '' . IGN . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones stars get candid about THAT scene : ' It was n't rape ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pahle , Rebbeca ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's What the Writer and Director of Game of Thrones ' Controversial Rape Scene ( Plus GRRM ) Have to Say About It '' . TheMarySue.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 episode 8 ' No One ' review : Jaime Lannister 's inner turmoil '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Roush Review : Grim Thrones Is a Crowning Achievement '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fantasy comes true with HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HBO , FX Lead Critics ' Choice TV Awards -- But Where Are ' Mad Men ' , ' Modern Family ' ? '' . Deadline.com . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards TM '' . prnewswire . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Parks and Rec ' win big at Gold Derby TV Awards ! '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glee , Katy Perry Lead People 's Choice Award Nominations , 2 Broke Girls ' Kat Dennings and Beth Behrs to Host E ! Online , Retrieved November 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Gravity , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Lead Saturn Awards Noms '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Lannister&oldid=822871516 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional lords and ladies Fictional characters involved in incest Fictional murderers Fictional knights Fictional swordsmen Fictional amputees Fictional twins Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Português Русский Svenska Тыва дыл Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 00 : 13 . 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when did jaime lannister kill the mad king
[ "In A Game of Thrones (1996), Jaime is introduced as one of the Kingsguard, the royal security detail, and the son of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King. Jaime's twin is Cersei, the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon. Perhaps the greatest swordsman in the kingdom, Jaime is sometimes derisively called \"the Kingslayer\" because he killed the \"Mad King\" Aerys Targaryen in the coup that put Robert on the Iron Throne.[1]" ]
[ "A Game of Thrones" ]
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Constitutional Convention (United States)
Constitutional Convention ( United states ) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution . For that Constitution 's method of changing itself , see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention '' redirects here . For other uses , see Federal Convention ( disambiguation ) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president , how to elect the president , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4 recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on and sent to the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison 's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton 's plan 3.4 Pinckney 's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three - Fifths Compromise 5 Delegates 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay . Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road that linked all the states . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues such as property seizures for tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , himself a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections . In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states , initially refused to ratify it . The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall 's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived . While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation . Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers . James Madison 's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations . James Madison , the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it . Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point . The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election . Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population . On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , they ought to have permanency and stability . -- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this . Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them . In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region . The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal . Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates . All communities divide themselves into the few and the many . The first are the rich and well born , the other the mass of the people . The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God ; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed , it is not true in fact . The people are turbulent and changing ; they seldom judge or determine right . Give therefore to the first class a distinct , permanent share in the government . They will check the unsteadiness of the second , and as they can not receive any advantage by a change , they therefore will ever maintain good government . Can a democratic assembly , who annually revolve in the mass of the people , be supposed steadily to pursue the public good ? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy . Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks . -- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population . Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . Front side of the Virginia Plan More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century . At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose . Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting . The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons . The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted . Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states . The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually . As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states . The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought . The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . '' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language . Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate . However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina , chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution . He argued for a federal government of limited power . The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change . Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws . These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson . Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents . The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan . One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders . Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts . A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' . The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option . Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president . Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method . Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic . Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House . Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage , Issue of 1937 , depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution , engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) . On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied . Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said , I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names . At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes : Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun . The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation . Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states . Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override . New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article : New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan . Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it . Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests . Hamilton 's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation . Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow . Pinckney 's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates . The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution . Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention . Once Delaware 's largest slaveholder , he had freed all of his slaves by 1787 . Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities . Three - fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article : Three - Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention . Delegates ( edit ) The states had originally appointed seventy representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving fifty - five delegates who would ultimately craft the Constitution . Almost all of the fifty - five delegates had taken part in the Revolution , with at least twenty - nine having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business . There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the twenty - five who owned slaves , sixteen depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country . Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention . ( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign . Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitution of the United States Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand America 's Critical Period Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts . He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress . Jump up ^ History Alive ! Pursuing American Ideals . Rancho Cordova , CA : Teachers ' Curriculum Institute . April 2013 . p. 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn ( 2013 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing , LLC . p. 26 . ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Clinton ( 1987 ) . 1787 : The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30404 - 6 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Pop Culture : 1790 '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Articles of Confederation , Art . 13 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to : Padover , Saul K. ( 1995 ) . Jacob W. Landynski , ed . The living U.S. Constitution : Historical Background Landmark Supreme Court Decisions with Introductions indexed Guide Pen Portraits of Signers. 3 . New York : NY : A Meridian Book . Jump up ^ Irons , Lee. , The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15 , 2011 . Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706 -- 1788 '' ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org , A citizen of America : an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20 , 2011 . Scudder , Horace Elisha . Noah Webster , 1885 ed. , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates . http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three - Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1966 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2 The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 94 -- 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Sun '' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Vol. 1 ( ed . John R. Vile : ABC - CLIO , 2005 ) , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17 , 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 2006 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney ( South Carolina ) , Presented to the Federal Convention , May 29 , 1787 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . D.C. : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Rights Foundation . `` The Constitution and Slavery '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . Bowen , Catherine Drinker , Miracle At Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention ( Little , Brown 1966 ) Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutional Convention ( United States ) . 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unable to attend the constitutional convention because he was serving as american minister to france
[ "Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention. Thomas Jefferson was abroad, serving as the minister to France (nonetheless, Jefferson, in a letter to John Adams, would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of \"demi-gods\").[36]:13 John Adams was in Britain, serving as minister to that country, but he wrote home to encourage the delegates. Patrick Henry refused to participate because he \"smelt a rat in Philadelphia, tending toward the monarchy.\" Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Many of the states' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention,[6]:65 which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation, not to write a constitution for a completely new national government." ]
[ "Thomas Jefferson" ]
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Chinese checkers
Chinese Checkers - wikipedia Chinese Checkers This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 93 ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 03 , 16 August 2017 ( dc ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 22 : 03 , 16 August 2017 by 93 ( talk contribs ) ( dc ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Chinese Checkers A typical pitted - wood gameboard using six differently colored sets of marbles . Another popular format uses colored pegs in holes . Genre ( s ) Board game Abstract strategy game Players 2 -- 4 or 6 Setup time ~ 1 minute Playing time 10 -- 30 minutes Random chance None Skill ( s ) required Strategy , tactics Synonym ( s ) Stern - Halma Star Halma Hop Ching Checkers Tiao - qi ( `` Jump chess '' ) Chinese checkers ( US and Canadian spelling ) or Chinese chequers ( UK spelling ) is a strategy board game of German origin ( named `` Sternhalma '' ) which can be played by two , three , four , or six people , playing individually or with partners . The game is a modern and simplified variation of the American game Halma . The objective is to be first to race all of one 's pieces across the hexagram - shaped board into `` home '' -- the corner of the star opposite one 's starting corner -- using single - step moves or moves that jump over other pieces . The remaining players continue the game to establish second - , third - , fourth - , fifth - , and last - place finishers . The rules are simple , so even young children can play . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and nomenclature 2 Rules 2.1 Starting layouts 2.1. 1 Six players 2.1. 2 Four players 2.1. 3 Three players 2.1. 4 Two players 3 Strategy 4 Variants 4.1 Fast - paced or Super Chinese Checkers 4.2 Capture 4.3 Diamond game 5 References 6 External links History and nomenclature ( edit ) Boys playing Hop Ching Checkers , Montreal , 1942 Despite its name , the game is not a variation of checkers , nor did it originate in China or any part of Asia ( whereas the game 象棋 xiangqi , or `` Chinese chess '' , is from China ) . The game was invented in Germany in 1892 under the name `` Stern - Halma '' as a variation of the older American game Halma . The `` Stern '' ( German for star ) refers to the board 's star shape ( in contrast to the square board used in Halma ) . The name `` Chinese Checkers '' originated in the United States as a marketing scheme by Bill and Jack Pressman in 1928 . The Pressman company 's game was originally called `` Hop Ching Checkers '' . The game was introduced to Chinese - speaking regions mostly by the Japanese . Rules ( edit ) A single move can consist of multiple hops ; each piece hopped must be directly adjacent , and hops can be in any direction . The aim is to race all one 's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board before opponents do the same . The destination corner is called home . Each player has 10 pieces , except in games between two players when 15 are used . ( On bigger star boards , 15 or 21 pieces are used . ) In `` hop across '' , the most popular variation , each player starts with their colored pieces on one of the six points or corners of the star and attempts to race them all home into the opposite corner . Players take turns moving a single piece , either by moving one step in any direction to an adjacent empty space , or by jumping in one or any number of available consecutive hops over other single pieces . A player may not combine hopping with a single - step move -- a move consists of one or the other . There is no capturing in Chinese Checkers , so hopped pieces remain active and in play . Turns proceed clockwise around the board . In the diagram , Green might move the topmost piece one space diagonally forward as shown . A hop consists of jumping over a single adjacent piece , either one 's own or an opponent 's , to the empty space directly beyond it in the same line of direction . Red might advance the indicated piece by a chain of three hops in a single move . It is not mandatory to make the most number of hops possible . ( In some instances a player may choose to stop the jumping sequence part way in order to impede the opponent 's progress , or to align pieces for planned future moves . ) Starting layouts ( edit ) Six players ( edit ) Can be played `` all versus all '' , or three teams of two . When playing teams , teammates usually sit at opposite corners of the star , with each team member controlling their own colored set of pieces . The first team to advance both sets to their home destination corners is the winner . The remaining players usually continue play to determine second - and third - place finishers , etc . Four players ( edit ) The four - player game is the same as the game for six players , except that two opposite corners will be unused . Three players ( edit ) A three - player game In a three - player game , all players control either one or two sets of pieces each . If one set is used , pieces race across the board into empty , opposite corners . If two sets are used , each player controls two differently colored sets of pieces at opposite corners of the star . Two players ( edit ) In a two - player game , each player plays one , two , or three sets of pieces . If one set is played , the pieces usually go into the opponent 's starting corner , and the number of pieces per side is increased to 15 ( instead of the usual 10 ) . If two sets are played , the pieces can either go into the opponent 's starting corners , or one of the players ' two sets can go into an opposite empty corner . If three sets are played , the pieces usually go into the opponent 's starting corners . Strategy ( edit ) A basic strategy is to create or find the longest hopping path that leads closest to home , or immediately into it . ( Multiple - jump moves are obviously faster to advance pieces than step - by - step moves . ) Since either player can make use of any hopping ' ladder ' or ' chain ' created , a more advanced strategy involves hindering an opposing player in addition to helping oneself make jumps across the board . Of equal importance are the players ' strategies for emptying and filling their starting and home corners . Games between top players are rarely decided by more than a couple of moves . Differing numbers of players result in different starting layouts , in turn imposing different best - game strategies . For example , if a player 's home destination corner starts empty ( i.e. is not an opponent 's starting corner ) , the player can freely build a ' ladder ' or ' bridge ' with their pieces between the two opposite ends . But if a player 's opponent occupies the home corner , the player may need to wait for opponent pieces to clear before filling the home vacancies . Variants ( edit ) Fast - paced or Super Chinese Checkers ( edit ) While the standard rules allow hopping over only a single adjacent occupied position at a time ( as in checkers ) , this version of the game allows pieces to catapult over multiple adjacent occupied positions in a line when hopping . In the fast - paced or Super Chinese Checkers variant popular in France , a piece may hop over a non-adjacent piece . A hop consists of jumping over a distant piece ( friendly or enemy ) to a symmetrical position on the opposite side , in the same line of direction . ( For example , if there are two empty positions between the jumping piece and the piece being jumped , the jumping piece lands leaving exactly two empty positions immediately beyond the jumped piece . ) As in the standard rules , a jumping move may consist of any number of a chain of hops . ( When making a chain of hops , a piece is usually allowed to enter an empty corner , as long as it hops out again before the move is completed . ) Jumping over two or more pieces in a hop is not allowed . Therefore , in this variant even more than in the standard version , it is sometimes strategically important to keep one 's pieces bunched in order to prevent a long opposing hop . An alternative variant allows hops over any symmetrical arrangement , including pairs of pieces , pieces separated by empty positions , and so on . Capture ( edit ) In the capture variant , all sixty game pieces start out in the hexagonal field in the center of the gameboard . The center position is left unoccupied , so pieces form a symmetric hexagonal pattern . Color is irrelevant in this variant , so players take turns hopping any game piece over any other eligible game piece ( s ) on the board . The hopped - over pieces are captured ( retired from the game , as in English draughts ) and collected in the capturing player 's bin . Only jumping moves are allowed ; the game ends when no further jumps are possible . The player with the most captured pieces is the winner . The board is tightly packed at the start of the game ; as more pieces are captured , the board frees up , often allowing multiple captures to take place in a single move . Two or more players can compete in this variant , but if there are more than six players , not everyone will get a fair turn . This variant resembles the game Leap Frog . The main difference being that in Leap Frog the board is a square board . Diamond game ( edit ) Diamond game board with 73 playing spaces Diamond game is a variant of Chinese Checkers played in South Korea and Japan . It uses the same jump rule as in Chinese Checkers . The aim of the game is to enter all one 's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board , before opponents do the same . Each player has ten or fifteen pieces . Ten - piece diamond uses a smaller gameboard than Chinese Checkers , with 73 spaces . Fifteen - piece diamond uses the same board as in Chinese Checkers , with 121 spaces . To play diamond each player selects one color and places their 10 or 15 pieces on a triangle . Two to six players can compete . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chinese chequers '' . Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ According to Hoyle Puzzle & Board Games User Guide , five people can not play , because one player would lack an opponent sitting opposite . Jump up ^ Schmittberger ( 1992 ) , pp. 87 -- 88 . `` Halma is played the same way as Chinese Checkers , except that the board grid is square rather than hexagonal . This makes the play more complicated because pieces can move in eight directions ( ... ) instead of only six . '' ^ Jump up to : Bell ( 1983 ) , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mohr ( 1997 ) , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Bernardo Johns , Stephanie ; The Ethnic Almanac . Doubleday Publishing ( 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14143 - 2 Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle : Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society , Band 1 , SAGE , 2009 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Parlett ( 1999 ) , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Mohr ( 1997 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Schmittberger ( 1992 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Leapfrog at BoardGameGeek Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) naver.com naver.com naver.com see 15 - piece version Bibliography Bell , R.C. ( 1983 ) . The Boardgame Book . Exeter Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 06030 - 9 . Mohr , Merilyn Simonds ( 1997 ) . The New Games Treasury . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 1 - 57630 - 058 - 7 . Parlett , David ( 1999 ) . The Oxford History of Board Games . Oxford University Press Inc . ISBN 0 - 19 - 212998 - 8 . Schmittberger , R. Wayne ( 1992 ) . New Rules for Classic Games . John Wiley & Sons Inc . ISBN 978 - 0471536215 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese checkers . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Chinese Checkers Chinese Checkers : Overview at LearnPlayWin Chinese Checkers history of Halma and Chinese Checkers by Vegard Krog Petersen Shortest Possible Game study of 10 - and 15 - marble armies Shortest Possible Game video of 10 - marble army Chinese checkers at DMOZ Chinese Checkers at BoardGameGeek Chinese Checkers on a spherical board Chinese Checkers best opening moves Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_checkers&oldid=795854174 '' Categories : Board games introduced in the 1890s Abstract strategy games Hidden categories : Articles with Korean - language external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox game with unknown parameters Articles with DMOZ links Talk Article Talk Variants More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Vahcuengh 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 22 : 03 . 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n which country was the game chinese checkers invented
[ "Chinese checkers (US and Canadian spelling) or Chinese chequers (UK spelling)[1] is a strategy board game of German origin (named \"Sternhalma\") which can be played by two, three, four, or six people, playing individually or with partners.[2] The game is a modern and simplified variation of the American game Halma.[3]" ]
[ "German origin" ]
-7445085180368039712
White Christmas (song)
White Christmas ( song ) - wikipedia White Christmas ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` White Christmas '' 1942 78 single release of `` White Christmas '' by Bing Crosby on Decca Records , 18429 A , with Ken Darby Singers and John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra , Matrix # DLA 3009 Single by Bing Crosby with Ken Darby Singers and John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra from the album Song Hits from Holiday Inn B - side `` Let 's Start the New Year Right '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` Jingle Bells '' Released 1942 , 1945 , 1950 , 1955 , 1970 , 1983 , 1988 , 1989 , 1998 Format 7 - inch 10 - inch CD Mini CD Recorded May 29 , 1942 March 19 , 1947 Genre Christmas pop Length 3 : 02 ( 1942 recording ) 3 : 04 ( 1947 recording ) Label Decca ( 1942 -- 1973 issues ) MCA ( 1983 -- 1985 issues ) Songwriter ( s ) Irving Berlin Bing Crosby with Ken Darby Singers and John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra singles chronology `` Be Careful , It 's My Heart '' ( 1942 ) `` White Christmas '' ( 1942 ) `` Moonlight Becomes You '' ( 1942 ) `` Be Careful , It 's My Heart '' ( 1942 ) `` White Christmas '' ( 1942 ) `` Moonlight Becomes You '' ( 1942 ) Music video `` White Christmas '' on YouTube `` White Christmas '' is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old - fashioned Christmas setting . The version sung by Bing Crosby is the world 's best - selling single with estimated sales in excess of 100 million copies worldwide . Other versions of the song , along with Crosby 's , have sold over 50 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Bing Crosby version 3 Formats and track listing 4 Sales figures 5 Legacy 6 Original verse 7 Certifications 8 Other versions 9 Notes and references 10 External links Origin ( edit ) Accounts vary as to when and where Berlin wrote the song . One story is that he wrote it in 1940 , in warm La Quinta , California , while staying at the La Quinta Hotel , a frequent Hollywood retreat also favored by writer - director - producer Frank Capra , although the Arizona Biltmore also claims the song was written there . He often stayed up all night writing -- he told his secretary , `` Grab your pen and take down this song . I just wrote the best song I 've ever written -- heck , I just wrote the best song that anybody 's ever written ! '' Bing Crosby version ( edit ) 1945 V - Disc release by the U.S. Army of `` White Christmas '' and `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' by Bing Crosby as No. 441B . Picture sleeve of 1959 reissue by Decca Records ( 9 - 23778 ) The first public performance of the song was by Bing Crosby , on his NBC radio show The Kraft Music Hall on Christmas Day , 1941 ; a copy of the recording from the radio program is owned by Crosby 's estate and was loaned to CBS News Sunday Morning for their December 25 , 2011 , program . He subsequently recorded the song with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra and the Ken Darby Singers and for Decca Records in just 18 minutes on May 29 , 1942 , and it was released on July 30 as part of an album of six 78 - rpm discs from the musical film Holiday Inn . At first , Crosby did not see anything special about the song . He just said `` I do n't think we have any problems with that one , Irving . '' The song established that there could be commercially successful secular Christmas songs -- in this case , written by a Jewish - American songwriter . The song initially performed poorly and was overshadowed by Holiday Inn 's first hit song : `` Be Careful , It 's My Heart '' . By the end of October 1942 , `` White Christmas '' topped the Your Hit Parade chart . It remained in that position until well into the new year . It has often been noted that the mix of melancholy -- `` just like the ones I used to know '' -- with comforting images of home -- `` where the treetops glisten '' -- resonated especially strongly with listeners during World War II . A few weeks after the attacks on Pearl Harbor , Crosby introduced `` White Christmas '' on a Christmas Day broadcast . The Armed Forces Network was flooded with requests for the song . The recording is noted for Crosby 's whistling during the second chorus . In 1942 alone , Crosby 's recording spent eleven weeks on top of the Billboard charts . The original version also hit number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for three weeks , Crosby 's first - ever appearance on the black - oriented chart . Re-released by Decca , the single returned to the No. 1 spot during the holiday seasons of 1945 and 1946 ( on the chart dated January 4 , 1947 ) , thus becoming the only single with three separate runs at the top of the U.S. charts . The recording became a chart perennial , reappearing annually on the pop chart twenty separate times before Billboard magazine created a distinct Christmas chart for seasonal releases . In Holiday Inn , the composition won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1942 . In the film , Crosby sings `` White Christmas '' as a duet with actress Marjorie Reynolds , though her voice was dubbed by Martha Mears . This now - familiar scene was not the moviemakers ' initial plan . In the script as originally conceived , Reynolds , not Crosby , would sing the song . The song would feature in another Crosby film , the 1954 musical White Christmas , which became the highest - grossing film of 1954 . ( Crosby made yet another studio recording of the song , accompanied by Joseph J. Lilley 's orchestra and chorus , for the film 's soundtrack album . ) The version most often heard today on radio during the Christmas season is the 1947 re-recording . The 1942 master was damaged due to frequent use . Crosby re-recorded the track on March 19 , 1947 , accompanied again by the Trotter Orchestra and the Darby Singers , with every effort made to reproduce the original recording session . The re-recording is recognizable by the addition of flutes and celesta in the beginning . Although Crosby dismissed his role in the song 's success , saying later that `` a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully , '' he was associated with it for the rest of his career . Formats and track listing ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of single releases of `` White Christmas '' . 10 '' shellac single -- U.S. ( Decca -- 18429 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` White Christmas '' Irving Berlin 3 : 02 2 . `` Let 's Start The New Year Right '' Irving Berlin CD single -- UK ( MCA Records -- MCSTD48105 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` White Christmas '' Irving Berlin 3 : 06 2 . `` Auld Lang Syne '' Traditional 1 : 38 3 . `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' Henry W. Longfellow , K. Davis / H. Onorati 2 : 37 Sales figures ( edit ) Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' single has been credited with selling 50 million copies , the most by any release and therefore it is the biggest - selling single worldwide of all time . The Guinness Book of World Records 2009 Edition lists the song as a 100 - million seller , encompassing all versions of the song , including albums . Crosby 's holiday collection Merry Christmas was first released as an LP in 1949 , and has never been out of print since . There has been confusion and debate on whether Crosby 's record is or is not the best - selling single , due to a lack of information on sales of `` White Christmas , '' because Crosby 's recording was released before the advent of the modern - day US and UK singles charts . However , after careful research , Guinness World Records in 2007 concluded that , worldwide , Crosby 's recording of `` White Christmas '' has , in their estimation , sold at least 50 million copies , and that Elton John 's recording of `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' has sold 33 million , making Crosby 's recording the best - selling single of all time . However , an update in the 2009 edition of the book decided to further help settle the controversy amicably by naming both John 's and Crosby 's songs to be `` winners '' by stating that John 's recording is the `` best - selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s , '' while maintaining that `` the best - selling single of all time was released before the first pop charts , '' and that this distinction belongs to `` White Christmas , '' which it says `` was listed as the world 's best - selling single in the first - ever Guinness Book of Records ( published in 1955 ) and -- remarkably -- still retains the title more than 50 years later . '' Legacy ( edit ) In 1999 , National Public Radio included it in the `` NPR 100 '' , which sought to compile the one hundred most important American musical works of the 20th century . Crosby 's version of the song also holds the distinction of being ranked No. 2 on the `` Songs of the Century '' list , behind only Judy Garland 's `` Over the Rainbow , '' as voted by members of the RIAA . In 2002 , the original 1942 version was one of 50 historically significant recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry . In 2004 , it finished at No. 5 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . The recording was broadcast on Armed Forces Radio on April 30 , 1975 , as a secret , pre-arranged signal precipitating the U.S. evacuation from Saigon . Original verse ( edit ) Irving Berlin 's opening verse is often dropped in recordings . It is included on A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records , sung by Darlene Love ; on Barbra Streisand 's A Christmas Album ; on the Carpenters ' Christmas Portrait , sung by Karen Carpenter ; on Neil Diamond 's The Christmas Album ; on Bette Midler 's Cool Yule ; on Libera 's Christmas Album ; and on Crash Test Dummies ' Jingle All the Way . The sun is shining , the grass is green , The orange and palm trees sway . There 's never been such a day in Beverly Hills , L.A. But it 's December the twenty - fourth , -- And I am longing to be up North -- Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` White Christmas '' is the most - recorded Christmas song ; there have been more than 500 recorded versions of the song , in several different languages . The following have received some charting success . Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra ( with Bob Carroll on lead vocal ) released a version ( Capitol F - 124 ) that reached No. 16 on Billboard magazine 's pop singles chart in 1942 and Charlie Spivak and his Orchestra ( with Garry Stevens on lead vocal ) released a version that reached No. 18 on Billboard 's pop singles chart as did Freddy Martin and his Orchestra ( with Clyde Rogers on lead vocal ) , reaching No. 20 on Billboard 's pop singles chart ( and again in December 1945 , reaching No. 16 ) . In 1944 , Frank Sinatra with a backing orchestration under the direction of Axel Stordahl reached No. 7 on Billboard 's pop singles chart ( two more times : December 1945 , No. 5 ; December 1946 , No. 6 ) Jo Stafford reaching No. 9 on Billboard 's pop singles chart in 1946 , with backing vocals by the Lyn Murray Singers and backing orchestration by Paul Weston . Eddy Howard and his Orchestra released a version that reached No. 21 on Billboard 's pop singles chart the same year while Perry Como , with backing orchestration by Lloyd Shaffer , reachead No. 23 on Billboard 's pop singles chart . In 1949 The Ravens peacked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Rhythm & Blues Records chart in January 1949 while Ernest Tubb , with female backing vocals by The Troubadettes , peaked at No. 7 on Billboard 's Country & Western Records chart . In 1952 Mantovani and his orchestra reached No. 23 on Billboard 's pop singles chart while The Drifters showcased the talents of lead singer Clyde McPhatter and the bass vocals of Bill Pinkney in 1954 , peaking at No. 2 on Billboard 's Rhythm & Blues Records chart . It returned to the same chart in the next two years . The Drifters rendition of this song can be heard in Home Alone Andy Williams recorded it in 1963 's , The Andy Williams Christmas Album , where ir reached No. 1 on Billboard 's special , year - end , weekly Christmas Singles chart . It was released in 1968 as a posthumous single from Otis Redding , and reached No. 12 on the Christmas Singles chart In 1980 , Darts 's version peaked at No. 48 on the UK singles chart . Michael Bolton performed it on his 1992 non-holiday album , Timeless : The Classics , where it peaked at No. 73 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Airplay chart in January 1993 . Garth Brooks version included on his first holiday album , Beyond the Season , peaked at No. 70 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in January 1995 . In Martina McBride recorded it for , White Christmas , charting twice , reaching No. 75 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1999 , and No. 62 on the same chart in 2000 Bette Midler 's version , released on her non-holiday album , Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook , reached No. 15 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in 2003 . The version released on Andrea Bocelli 2009 album , My Christmas , reached No. 16 on the Portuguese Singles Chart . Despite not being released as a single , Marco Mengoni 's version , released on the compilation album X Factor -- The Christmas Album , charted at No. 13 on the Italian Singles Chart based on digital downloads of the track . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christmas comes early with ' Irving Berlin 's White Christmas ' at the Peoria Civic Center Theater '' . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of Records , 2007 Edition , page 187 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of Records , 2008 Edition , page 181 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of Records , 2009 Edition , pages 14 , 15 & 169 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roy J. Harris , Jr . ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Best - Selling Record of All . ' White Christmas ' and the reasons it endures '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . It was a peaceful song that became a wartime classic . Its unorthodox , melancholy melody , and mere 54 words , expressing the simple yearning for a return to happier times -- sounded instantly familiar when sung by America 's favorite crooner . But 67 years after its introduction , some still are surprised to learn that Bing Crosby 's recording of the Irving Berlin ballad `` White Christmas '' became not only the runaway smash - hit for the World War II holidays , but the best - selling record of all time . Jump up ^ `` History of `` '' The Jewel of the Desert `` '' Arizona Biltmore , a Waldorf Astoria Hotel `` . Arizonabiltmore.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` White Christmas '' . www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : John Mueller ( 1986 ) . Astaire Dancing -- The Musical Films . London : Hamish Hamilton . pp. 204 , 425 . ISBN 0 - 241 - 11749 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wook Kim ( Dec 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs ( With holiday cheer in the air , TIME takes a closer look at some of the weird stories behind our favorite seasonal tunes ) '' . TIME . -- `` White Christmas '' ( p. 6 ) Jump up ^ `` No one dreamed of a ' White Christmas ' before this song '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Todd Decker . `` Crosby , Bing . '' Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Web . 26 Sep. 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bing Crosby : Crooner of the Century -- By Richard Grudens Jump up ^ Billboard 15 Dec 1945 -- `` Bing Crosby -- White Christmas / Let 's Start The New Year Right '' 10 '' single , ( Decca -- 18429 ) Jump up ^ Complete UK Hit Singles -- 1952 -- 2006 , Graham Betts , Collins , 2006 -- Music -- 1088 pages -- ( `` White Christmas '' 1998 UK CD single ) Jump up ^ `` RIAA News Room -- The American Recording Industry Announces its Artists of the Century -- Nov 10 , 1999 '' . Recording Industry Association of America website . RIAA. 1999 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of Records . 2009 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 37 - 7 . States that `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' is the `` best - selling single since charts began '' ; however , not of all time . Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' is still recognized as the best - selling single of all time , but since it was released before the start of many charts , its pre-1950s sales are estimated . John 's 1997 song has sold the most copies when looking at copies sold since charts began , as verified in Guinness World Records . See also : Guinness Book of Records , 2009 Edition , pages 14 , 15 & 169 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` New song list puts ' Rainbow ' way up high '' . CNN . March 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Todd , Olivier ( 1990 ) , Cruel April : The Fall of Saigon , W.W. Norton & Company , p. 353 . For more information , see Fall of Saigon , the end of the Vietnam War . Jump up ^ White Christmas piano solo , Hal Leonard Jump up ^ `` Bing Crosby `` White Christmas '' `` . IFPI Denmark . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs of the Decade '' . ASCAP . November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ CD sleeve : Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits ( 1955 -- Present ) , 1989 Rhino Records Inc . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 -- 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas - bianco Natale by Andrea Bocelli - Music Charts '' . acharts.us . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Charts -- Marco Mengoni -- White Christmas ( song ) '' . Italiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Library of Congress essay on Crosby 's version on the National Recording Registry . Preceded by `` ( I 've Got a Gal In ) Kalamazoo '' by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with vocal refrain by Tex Beneke , Marion Hutton and the Modernaires The Billboard National Best Selling Retail Records number - one single ( Bing Crosby version ) October 31 , 1942 -- January 9 , 1943 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` There Are Such Things '' by Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra with vocal refrain by Frank Sinatra and the Pied Pipers Preceded by `` Mr. Five by Five '' by Freddie Slack and His Orchestra with vocal by Ella Mae Morse The Billboard Harlem Hit Parade number - one single ( Bing Crosby version ) December 19 , 1942 -- January 2 , 1943 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` When the Lights Go on Again ( All Over the World ) '' by Lucky Millinder and His Orchestra with vocal chorus by Trevor Bacon Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Irving Berlin songs `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` All Alone '' `` All by Myself '' `` All My Life '' `` Always '' `` Any Bonds Today ? '' `` Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) '' `` The Best Thing for You ( Would Be Me ) '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Change Partners '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` Count Your Blessings '' `` Daddy , Come Home '' `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` Easter Parade '' `` Follow the Crowd '' `` Get Thee Behind Me Satan '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` God Bless America '' `` Happy Holiday '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Heaven Watch the Philippines '' `` How About Me ? '' `` How Deep Is the Ocean ? '' `` How 's Chances ? '' `` I Got Lost in His Arms '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' ( and the Moon at Night ) '' `` I Used to Be Color Blind '' `` I Want To Go Back To Michigan '' `` I 'm an Indian Too '' `` I 'm Gonna Pin My Medal on the Girl I Left Behind '' `` I 'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket '' `` I 've Got My Captain Working for Me Now '' `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' `` Is n't This a Lovely Day ? '' `` It 's a Lovely Day Today '' `` Lazy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' `` Let 's Have Another Cup of Coffee '' `` Let 's Take an Old - Fashioned Walk '' `` Mandy '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` The Near Future '' `` No Strings ( I 'm Fancy Free ) '' `` Now It Can Be Told '' `` Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning '' `` Play a Simple Melody '' `` A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody '' `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' `` Reaching for the Moon '' `` Remember '' `` San Francisco Bound '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Sisters '' `` Slumming on Park Avenue '' `` The Song Is Ended ( but the Melody Lingers On ) '' `` Stay Down Here Where You Belong '' `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' `` Supper Time '' `` That International Rag '' `` That Mysterious Rag '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Top Hat , White Tie and Tails '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When I Lost You '' `` White Christmas '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` You Can Have Him '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` You Keep Coming Back Like a Song '' `` You 'd Be Surprised '' `` You 're Just in Love '' `` You 're Laughing at Me '' See also Irving Berlin Musicals Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( daughter ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Christmas_(song)&oldid=834448134 '' Categories : 1940 songs 1942 singles American Christmas songs Bing Crosby songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Songs written by Irving Berlin Number - one singles in the United States 1940s jazz standards Jazz compositions in A major Decca Records singles MCA Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 58 . 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when did the song white christmas come out
[ "\"White Christmas\" is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. The version sung by Bing Crosby is the world's best-selling single with estimated sales in excess of 100 million copies worldwide.[1] Other versions of the song, along with Crosby's, have sold over 50 million copies.[2][3][4]" ]
[ "1942" ]
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It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year
It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the year - wikipedia It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the year Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Most Wonderful Time of the Year ( disambiguation ) . `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' Song by Andy Williams from the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album Released October 14 , 1963 Genre Christmas music Songwriter ( s ) Edward Pola and George Wyle `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle . It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album , The Andy Williams Christmas Album . However , the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams ' record label ( Columbia Records ) that year , as they instead opted to promote his cover of `` White Christmas '' as the official promo single from the album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Other notable versions 3 Use in advertising and parodies 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The song is a celebration and description of activities associated with the Christmas season , focusing primarily on get - togethers between friends and families . Among the activities included in the song is the telling of `` scary ghost stories , '' a Victorian Christmas tradition that has mostly fallen into disuse , but survives in the seasonal popularity of numerous adaptations of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Other activities mentioned include hosting parties , spontaneous visits from friends , universal social gaiety , spending time with loved ones , sledding for children , roasting marshmallows , sharing stories about previous Christmases , and singing Christmas carols in winter weather . In a 2005 interview , Williams discusses how The Andy Williams Show figured into his recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' : `` George Wyle , who is a vocal director , who wrote all of the choir stuff and all of the duets and trios and things that I did with all the guests , he wrote a song just for the show -- I think the second Christmas show we did -- called `` Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' . So I did that , you know , every Christmas , and then other people started doing it . And then suddenly it 's become -- not suddenly but over 30 years -- it 's become a big standard . I think it 's one of the top 10 Christmas songs of all time now . '' In the issue of Billboard magazine dated November 28 , 2009 , the list of the `` Top 10 Holiday Songs ( Since 2001 ) '' places the Williams recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' at No. 5 . 2001 also marked the first year in which the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) started compiling data regarding the radio airplay of holiday songs , and although the Williams classic started out at No. 25 of twenty - five songs that were ranked that year , it gained steam over the next ten years , reaching No. 18 in 2002 , No. 13 in 2003 , and eventually getting to No. 4 in 2010 . The song was selected as the theme song for Christmas Seals in both 2009 and 2012 . Other notable versions ( edit ) 1999 : Garth Brooks released a version of the song on his second holiday album , Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas . Brooks also became the first artist to chart a version of the song in North America , as his country remake peaked at No. 56 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . 2003 / 2004 : Williams re-records song in a shorter , more upbeat version for the movie Surviving Christmas 2008 : Harry Connick Jr. released a version of the song on his third holiday album , What a Night ! A Christmas Album . This recording peaked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . BarlowGirl also recorded a version of this song on their Christmas album , Home for Christmas . This recording peaked at No. 21 on Billboard 's Christian Songs chart . Use in advertising and parodies ( edit ) For years , the song was used humorously in the Staples office supply retail chain 's annual back to school advertising campaign . In the commercials , the parents joyously shop for school supplies to this song in anticipation of the upcoming school year while their children sullenly follow . The Johnny Mathis rendition of the song is used to comic effect in the 1996 film , `` Jingle All the Way '' . Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording in December 2007 , thanks to an advertisement for Marks & Spencer , reaching No. 21 in its first appearance in the British charts , also reaching No. 108 on the EU Top 200 . It was also used for a Marks & Spencer Christmas advert in 2002 . BarlowGirl 's cover of the song was used to promote Christmas at the White House : An Oprah Winfrey Special . In the Autumn and early winter of 2011 , Nissan Motors advertising for their annual sale included a production number featuring an Andy Williams - like voice actor , with lyrics modified to promote the sale event . A 2013 YouTube video promoting the Disneyland Resort 's Halloween celebrations humorously used the song over shots of various Disney villains spreading mischief throughout resort 's theme parks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve , By Jeffrey Peterson , Deseret News Thursday , Dec. 23 2010 Jump up ^ Told After Supper , Jerome K. Jerome Jump up ^ Williams , Andy . Interviewed by Karen Herman . Archive of American Television , A Program of the Television Academy Foundation . emmytvlegends.org , 19 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Cheer '' . Billboard. 2009 - 11 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs -- Irving Berlin 's `` White Christmas '' Tops List `` . findarticles.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Updates Top 25 Holiday Song List -- `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting ) '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces the Top 25 Holiday Songs -- `` Santa Claus Is Coming To Town '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sleigh Ride '' Tops ASCAP 's List of Most - Played Holiday Songs in 2010 `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://mp3lemon.ws/song/504289/01_-_Andy_Williams_-_The_Most_Wonderful_Time_Of_The_Year Jump up ^ `` Harry Connick , Jr . Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116705/soundtrack Jump up ^ `` Banderas set for Christmas ad '' . Metro. 2 Nov 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Banderas leading man in new M&S Christmas campaign '' . Daily Mail . London . 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Williams obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas at the White House An Oprah Primetime Special '' . YouTube . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_Most_Wonderful_Time_of_the_Year&oldid=802510982 '' Categories : 1963 songs American Christmas songs Andy Williams songs Songs with lyrics by Edward Pola Songs with music by George Wyle Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings most wonderful time of the year
[ "\n\n\"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\"\n\n\nSong by Andy Williams\n\n\nfrom the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 14, 1963\n\n\nGenre\nChristmas music\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nEdward Pola and George Wyle\n\n" ]
[ "Andy Williams" ]
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List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders
List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career rushing yards Leaders Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of National Football League running backs by total career rushing yards . This list includes all running backs who have rushed for at least 10,000 yards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards 2 Active players with 9,000 -- 9,999 yards 3 Historical rushing yards leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards ( edit ) Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through end of 2017 season . Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions ( 1989 -- 1998 ) 3,062 15,269 5.0 Curtis Martin New England Patriots ( 1995 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2005 ) 3,518 14,101 4.0 5 Frank Gore San Francisco 49ers ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2018 -- present ) 3,226 14,026 4.3 6 LaDanian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2009 ) New York Jets ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 3,174 13,684 4.3 7 Jerome Bettis St. Louis / L.A. Rams ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 3,479 13,662 3.9 8 Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1992 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 1993 ) 2,996 13,259 4.4 9 Tony Dorsett Dallas Cowboys ( 1977 -- 1987 ) Denver Broncos ( 1988 ) 2,936 12,739 4.3 10 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 11 Marshall Faulk Indianapolis Colts ( 1994 -- 1998 ) St. Louis Rams ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2,836 12,279 4.3 12 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings ( 2007 -- 2016 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2017 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2017 ) 2,574 12,276 4.8 13 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2009 ) 3,028 12,246 4.0 13 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders ( 1982 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 3,022 12,243 4.1 15 Franco Harris Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1972 -- 1983 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1984 ) 2,949 12,120 4.1 16 Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2000 ) 2,877 12,074 4.2 17 Fred Taylor Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1998 -- 2008 ) New England Patriots ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 2,534 11,695 4.6 18 Steven Jackson St. Louis Rams ( 2004 -- 2012 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2013 -- 2014 ) New England Patriots ( 2015 ) 2,764 11,438 4.1 19 John Riggins New York Jets ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Washington Redskins ( 1976 -- 1985 ) 2,916 11,352 3.9 20 Corey Dillon Cincinnati Bengals ( 1997 -- 2003 ) New England Patriots ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 2,618 11,241 4.3 21 O.J. Simpson Buffalo Bills ( 1969 -- 1977 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1978 -- 1979 ) 2,404 11,236 4.7 22 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2008 ) 2,669 10,967 4.1 23 Ricky Watters San Francisco 49ers ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2,622 10,643 4.1 24 Jamal Lewis Baltimore Ravens ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2,542 10,607 4.2 25 Thomas Jones Arizona Cardinals ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2003 ) Chicago Bears ( 2004 -- 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2,678 10,591 4.0 26 Tiki Barber New York Giants ( 1997 -- 2006 ) 2,217 10,449 4.7 27 Eddie George Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) 2,865 10,441 3.6 28 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals ( 1979 -- 1986 ) New York Giants ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 2,562 10,273 4.0 29 LeSean McCoy Philadelphia Eagles ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2015 -- present ) 2,185 10,092 4.6 30 Ricky Williams New Orleans Saints ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2011 ) 2,431 10,009 4.1 31 Marshawn Lynch Buffalo Bills ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2017 -- present ) 2,251 10,003 4.3 Active players with 9,000 -- 9,999 yards ( edit ) Through end of 2017 season . Chris Johnson , 9,651 Historical rushing yards Leaders ( edit ) Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL . Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932 , the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles , who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins . He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career . Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton 's long - standing total in 2002 . Reign Player Team ( s ) by season Carries Yards Average 1932 -- 1941 ( 9 years ) Cliff Battles Washington Redskins ( 1932 -- 1937 ) 839 3,511 4.2 1941 -- 1949 ( 8 years ) Clarke Hinkle Green Bay Packers ( 1932 -- 1941 ) 1,171 3,860 3.3 1949 -- 1958 ( 9 years ) Steve Van Buren Philadelphia Eagles ( 1944 -- 1951 ) 1,320 5,860 4.4 1958 -- 1963 ( 5 years ) Joe Perry San Francisco 49ers ( 1948 -- 1960 , 1963 ) Baltimore Colts ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 1,737 8,378 4.8 1963 -- 1984 ( 21 years ) Jim Brown Cleveland Browns ( 1957 -- 1965 ) 2,359 12,312 5.2 1984 -- 2002 ( 18 years ) Walter Payton Chicago Bears ( 1975 -- 1987 ) 3,838 16,726 4.4 2002 -- present ( 15 years ) Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4,409 18,355 4.2 See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( individual ) List of National Football League rushing champions List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1995 , the Los Angeles Rams became known as the St. Louis Rams after the franchise relocated ; they returned in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickerson was traded mid-season in 1987 ; he played three games for the Rams and nine for the Colts . Jump up ^ In the 1996 season , George 's first , the Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers ; the franchise relocated prior to the commencement of the 1997 season . Jump up ^ Anderson was traded mid-season in 1986 ; he played four games for the Cardinals and eight for the Giants . References ( edit ) General `` NFL History -- Rushing Leaders '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . `` NFL Rushing Yards Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Footnotes Jump up ^ Frye , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` History of the Career Rushing Yards Record '' . thegridfe.com . GridFe . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smith 's Firm Hold on Coveted Record '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_rushing_yards_leaders&oldid=832856527 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements American football running backs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 10 : 56 . About Wikipedia
who has the most rushing yards in football
[ "Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL. Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932, the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles, who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins.[1] He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career. Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton's long-standing total in 2002.[2]" ]
[ "Emmitt Smith" ]
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How to Save a Life
How to Save a Life - wikipedia How to Save a Life For other uses , see How to Save a Life ( disambiguation ) . `` How to Save a Life '' Single by The Fray from the album How to Save a Life Released March 26 , 2006 Format Digital download CD Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( radio edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Isaac Slade Joe King Producer ( s ) Mike Flynn Aaron Johnson The Fray singles chronology `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) The Fray UK singles chronology `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2007 ) Audio sample file help `` How to Save a Life '' is a song by American pop rock band The Fray . It was released as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name . The song is one of the band 's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 , tying with Santana 's `` Smooth '' ( 1999 ) , at 58 consecutive weeks . The song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , and has sold 4.7 million downloads as of January 2015 , the fourth best - selling rock song in digital history . It is the band 's highest - charting song to date , topping the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks and topping the Canadian Airplay Chart . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 2007 , but lost to `` Dani California '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers . Contents 1 Song meaning 2 Commercial success 3 In popular culture 4 Music videos 5 Track listings 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 Certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song meaning ( edit ) According to lead singer Isaac Slade , the song was composed and influenced by his experience while working as a mentor at a camp for troubled teenagers : `` One of the youngsters I was paired up with was a musician . Here I was , a protected suburbanite , and he was just 17 and had all these problems . And no one could write a manual on how to save him . '' Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful . As Slade says in an interview , the boy 's friends and family approached him by saying , `` Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I wo n't talk to you again , '' but all he needed was some support . The boy was losing friends and going through depression . He lost his best friend and could not deal with it . The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen . In the chorus , the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how . While this was the original intent of the song , the band has opened the song to interpretation . They created a website where fans were welcome to submit music videos they had made for the song . This arose from the response that Slade got from the song : `` I got a lot of e-mails about it ( ... ) One boy died in a car accident , and I guess it had been the last song he downloaded from his computer . They played it at his funeral , and some of his friends got Save a life tattooed on their arms . The response has been overwhelming . '' During an interview in Sauce , Bob Wilson asked Slade , `` ' How to Save a Life ' was apparently inspired by an experience you had as a mentor to a boy who had a drug problem . What 's the story behind that ? '' Slade answered : `` Well there 's a group home here in Denver called Shelterwood , and it takes in teens who 've had a tough time ; their parents do n't want to send them to jail , but they ca n't keep track of them themselves ... A friend of mine was actually the president for that particular school , so he asked Joe and I to come up for one of their weekend retreats ... I was paired up with one boy in particular . His story was just amazing -- all the relationships that he had put at risk because of the decisions he made , and eventually losing the relationships ... the cost of his lifestyle and his choices , and kind of relating them to my own life and my own stories ; seeing all the relationships I 've threatened for one reason or another . It was a really inspiring weekend . '' Commercial success ( edit ) The song is the band 's first to achieve significant popularity outside of the United States . `` How to Save a Life '' was a top five hit in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Italy , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Due to an early leak by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom , where it was the band 's debut single , the song was released in the territory five weeks earlier than planned . It debuted at number twenty nine on the UK Singles Chart on January 21 , 2007 via downloads alone . Instead of its planned release date which was to be March 26 , 2007 , the single was physically released in the United Kingdom on February 28 and gradually rose up the chart , reaching number five on February 25 , staying there for four weeks . It eventually peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on April 8 and became Britain 's eleventh biggest - selling song of 2007 . On March 29 , `` How to Save a Life '' peaked at number 1 in Ireland , becoming their first and only number one single in the country to date . The song only stayed at the top spot for a week but sales still proved strong after it fell from number 1 . The song was ranked No. 24 on Billboard 's Best Adult Pop Songs of the Decade , and No. 47 on Billboard 's Top 100 Digital Tracks of the Decade . It was also ranked No. 58 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and No. 56 on Rhapsody 's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade . The song was the 25th most downloaded song of all time on iTunes as of February 2010 . The song has sold over 4.7 million copies in the US as of January 2015 . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) The song was first featured on ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , after Alexandra Patsavas , the music supervisor for the show , saw the band perform in Los Angeles . Alexandra then incorporated the song into `` Superstition '' , an episode of the show 's second season ( first aired on March 19 , 2006 ) . After its usage in the episode , the song became a minor Hot 100 hit . The song became an `` unofficial theme '' for the other members of the Grey 's Anatomy production after the episode aired , leading to the decision that the song would be used in the main promotion for the third season in the show . Grey 's Anatomy is credited with bringing popularity to the song . The song also featured prominently in the season five Scrubs episode `` My Lunch '' on April 25 , 2006 . Music videos ( edit ) The original music video , which premiered on VH1 on 12 September 2006 , featured the recurring themes of light and stopped time . This music video shows the scene of a car crash and all of its presumed victims in pause . There is a recurring light throughout the video shining brightly in the dark woods that the video takes place in . Scenes of the band playing in a dark warehouse are intercut with the story going on outside . This version of the video was placed at No. 21 of the year by VH1 's `` Top 40 Videos of 2006 '' . Another version of the music video juxtaposes scenes from Grey 's Anatomy to scenes of the original music video . However , all the scenes of the presumed car crash victims are excluded and only scenes of The Fray playing in a warehouse are shown . A third music video , directed by Mark Pellington , was released for the song on 6 December 2006 . The video features various adolescents , most of which seem to be between 12 -- 18 in age , all who appear to be depressed and suicidal , or possibly mourning the loss of a loved one . All of these children have lost a significant loved one prior to the video , and many of them cry and scream in the video , all against a white background . Scenes of the band playing the song against this same white background are also shown throughout the video . Many numbered steps are shown alongside them , such as `` Remember '' , `` Cry '' , or `` Let It Go '' . The video ends with each child finding a catharsis and making peace with themselves or others . This version of the video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live ( TRL ) at No. 9 , and went on to top the countdown at No. 1 on 21 December 2006 , becoming the band 's first TRL No. 1 , and also becoming the last No. 1 video on TRL for 2006 . Track listings ( edit ) UK CDS 1 `` How to Save a Life '' `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real UK CDS 2 `` How to Save a Life '' `` How to Save a Life '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` How to Save a Life '' -- CD - Rom Personnel ( edit ) The Fray Isaac Slade -- Lead vocals , piano Dave Welsh -- Lead guitar Joe King -- Rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dan Battenhouse -- Bass guitar Ben Wysocki -- Drums Production Produced by Aaron Johnson , Mike Flynn Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 European Singles Chart 14 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5 Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( Billboard ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 27 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 58 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 748,702 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,700,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2007 ( Ireland ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2007 ( U.S. ) 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 ( song ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 14 October 2006 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Polk , Christopher ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( July 12 , 2006 ) . `` Debut ' How to Save a Life ' takes on a life of its own '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diving Into -- The Fray '' ( PDF ) . Sauce . June 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ BBC Music . `` Top 40 Singles of the Year 2007 `` . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Rhapsody ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Top 100 Tracks of the Decade -- Rhapsody : The Mix '' . Blog.rhapsody.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Dave ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` The Fray , Frank E and Ryan Tedder make list of Top 25 iTunes downloads -- Denver Music -- Backbeat '' . Blogs.westword.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Rock songs downloaded ( Of all time ) '' . i99radio.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Grey 's ' got that catchy new `` theme '' song `` . New York Post . 24 September 2006 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 13 , 2007 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download -- Classifica settimanale dal 11 / 05 / 2007 al 17 / 05 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica Mix e Singoli -- Classifica settimanale dal 24 / 08 / 2007 al 30 / 08 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Fray '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200650 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2006 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2007 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2007 '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of singles 2007 '' . IRMA . IRMA . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2007 '' . NZTop40 . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2007 '' . Hitlistan ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Singles Chart of 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Year - End 2007 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Decade End Charts -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i August '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Radioscope.net.nz . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter How to Save a Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- The Fray -- How To Save a Life '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Full lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics . The Fray Isaac Slade Joe King Dave Welsh Ben Wysocki Jeremy McCoy Jeff Linsenmaier Zach Johnson Caleb Slade Mike Ayars Dan Battenhouse Jimmy Stofer Dan Lavery Studio albums How to Save a Life The Fray Scars & Stories Helios Compilation albums Through the Years : The Best of the Fray Live albums Live at the Electric Factory : Bootleg No. 1 Acoustic in Nashville : Bootleg No. 2 Live from the 9 : 30 Club : Bootleg No. 3 EPs Movement Reason Christmas Singles `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` Look After You '' `` All at Once '' `` You Found Me '' `` Never Say Never '' `` Heartless '' `` Syndicate '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Run for Your Life '' `` Love Do n't Die '' `` Break Your Plans '' Concert tours Kelly Clarkson / The Fray Tour Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Save_a_Life&oldid=855682992 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2006 singles 2007 singles The Fray songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 2000s ballads Rock ballads Songs about death Songs about suicide Songs written by Joe King ( guitarist ) Songs written by Isaac Slade Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Epic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 02 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
whats the fray how to save a life about
[ "Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful. As Slade says in an interview, the boy's friends and family approached him by saying, \"Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I won't talk to you again,\" but all he needed was some support. The boy was losing friends and going through depression. He lost his best friend and could not deal with it. The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen. In the chorus, the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how.\n" ]
[ "an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen" ]
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President of the Senate of Nigeria
President of the Senate of Nigeria - wikipedia President of the Senate of Nigeria The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria , elected by its membership . The Senate President is second in line for succession to the Nigerian presidency , after the Vice President of Nigeria . The current President of the Senate is Bukola Saraki . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Senate Presidents 2 Trivia 3 See also 4 References List of Senate Presidents ( edit ) Senate Presidents of Nigeria Senate President Term Party Nnamdi Azikiwe 1960 NCNC Dennis Osadebay 1960 - 1963 NCNC Nwafor Orizu 1963 -- 1966 NCNC Joseph Wayas 1979 -- 1983 NPN Iyorchia Ayu 1992 -- 1993 SDP Ameh Ebute SDP Evan Enwerem 1999 PDP Chuba Okadigbo 1999 -- 2000 PDP Anyim Pius Anyim 2000 -- 2003 PDP Adolphus Wabara 2003 -- 2005 PDP Ken Nnamani 2005 -- 2007 PDP David Mark 2007 - 2015 PDP Bukola Saraki 2015 - present APC Trivia ( edit ) Nwafor Orizu was the only Senate President of Nigeria ever to ascend to the Nigerian presidency through the constitutional order of succession . He was later forced to handover power to Aguiyi - Ironsi military junta . David Mark became the first person to retain the Presidency of the Senate and serve a second term in 2011 . He and his deputy were re-nominated without contest . David Mark was the longest serving senate president ( 2007 - 2015 ) and his deputy , Ike Ekweremadu is still the longest serving deputy senate president ( 2007 - present ) . See also ( edit ) Deputy President of the Nigerian Senate References ( edit ) Official Website of the Nigerian Senate The Making of a Senate President hide Presidents of the Nigerian Senate Nnamdi Azikiwe Dennis Osadebay Nwafor Orizu Joseph Wayas Iyorchia Ayu Ameh Ebute Evan Enwerem Chuba Okadigbo Anyim Pius Anyim Adolphus Wabara Ken Nnamani David Mark Bukola Saraki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Senate_of_Nigeria&oldid=839916349 '' Categories : Presidents of the Senate ( Nigeria ) Government of Nigeria Chairs of upper houses Lists of Members of the Senate ( Nigeria ) Senate ( Nigeria ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who is the president of the senate in nigeria
[ "The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The Senate President is second in line for succession to the Nigerian presidency, after the Vice President of Nigeria. The current President of the Senate is Bukola Saraki.\n" ]
[ "Bukola Saraki" ]
-5133189621681393562
Sara Tancredi
Sara Tancredi - wikipedia Sara Tancredi Jump to : navigation , search Sara Tancredi Prison Break character First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies Information Aliases Kelli Foster ( S2E10 ) Stephanie Reed ( S4E03 ) Occupation Former prison doctor Family Frank Tancredi ( father , deceased ) Michael Scofield ( husband ) Michael ( Mike ) Scofield , ( son ) Lincoln Burrows ( brother - in - law ) L.J. Burrows ( nephew ) Jacob Anton - Ness ( ex-husband ) Spouse ( s ) Michael Scofield Dr. Sara Scofield ( nee Tancredi ) is a fictional character from the American television series , Prison Break . She is played by Sarah Wayne Callies . Her role in the first season of the series is a prison physician . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Appearances 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 3 Characteristics 4 Concept and creation 4.1 Character development 4.2 Portrayal 5 Production details 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Raised in Chicago , Sara Tancredi 's ambitions to be a doctor began when she was very young . While at Northwestern University , where she was a Phi Beta Kappa , she was introduced to the works of Mahatma Gandhi and decided to become a humanitarian , which later influenced her decision to work at Fox River State Penitentiary . Another factor which contributed to her occupational choice was her past morphine addiction , culminating in being unable to help a boy after he was run over , because she was high , which was revealed in a flashback episode of the first season , `` Brother 's Keeper '' . At 29 years old , Dr. Sara Tancredi was one of the few doctors working at Fox River . Her chosen occupation became a constant source of stress for her father . Sara is the only child of the Governor of Illinois , Frank Tancredi ( portrayed by John Heard ) . Due to her father 's hectic political career and vastly differing beliefs , she did not have a close relationship with him . In episode `` Buried '' , it was revealed that her mother has already died . Appearances ( edit ) In the first season , Sara is mostly featured in scenes with Michael Scofield , while in the second season , Sara has mainly appeared in scenes with Frank Tancredi , Paul Kellerman or by herself . She has appeared in every episode of seasons 1 , 2 and 4 except for second season episodes , `` Otis '' and `` John Doe ''. Her death was faked early in the third season , apparently beheaded by Gretchen Morgan , and her `` head '' was delivered in a box to Lincoln Burrows . In season 4 it is discovered that the head was a ploy and that Sara is alive . Season 1 ( edit ) Sara is introduced to the series when Michael Scofield first visits the infirmary in the pilot episode . In the first and second episode , their interactions are cordial but formal . However , Sara 's curiosity is awakened when he attempts to charm her , and after she checks his academic record , she is surprised that he had graduated with a master 's degree . In `` Allen '' , she notices his nervousness as she tests for his glucose count to confirm his diabetes . However , she dismisses it after his test apparently passed ( but only because Michael had taken insulin blockers to raise his blood sugar ) . Michael 's regular visits to the infirmary becomes an important plot point , as it represents a major step in his plan . Sara treats Michael after two of his toes are cut off in the episode `` Cell Test '' , and the subsequent bonding between them turns their relationship into a more personal one . Most episodes feature Sara interacting with Michael during these visits , initially careful to deflect all his attempts to charm her . However , after Michael rescues Sara from inmates ' intent to rape and kill her in `` Riots , Drills , and the Devil '' , she begins to grow more comfortable around him . This is not without duality , though , as another plot point includes Sara discovering that Michael lied about a PI assignment . However , she is strengthened in her belief that Michael is different from the other prisoners , and several episodes has her trying to obtain information about him , such as when she is required to conduct a medical check - up on Michael 's brother Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) , and questions him on Michael 's background . She also visits Michael 's former psychiatrist in `` Tweener '' . As Sara 's character searches for clues about Michael , and though she knows that something is very suspicious , she ca n't stop herself from being attracted to him . In later episodes , though , Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael . After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode `` And Then There Were 7 '' , she announces that they will now be doctor - patient only . In the following episodes , her tone with Michael is more distant , though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship . After meeting with Lincoln Burrows ' lawyers on his execution day in episode `` The Rat '' , Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln 's case after Michael pleads with her . Her father denies the appeal , but additional information emerges to postpone the execution . Sara 's character plays a critical role in the episode `` The Key '' , where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door . He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys , but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it . Instead , he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys . His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael 's wife has stolen the keys from her , and becomes very cold towards him . At the end of the episode , she has the locks to the infirmary door changed , thwarting his efforts . Michael is then forced to come clean in `` Tonight '' and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison . Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not . Eventually , Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door . Horribly distressed at what she has done , Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary . Suspected for being an accessory to the escape , police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose . The character 's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season . Season 2 ( edit ) After recovering from her drug overdose in `` Manhunt '' , Sara loses her medical license and becomes a target of The Company - the mysterious organization behind Lincoln 's murder setup . Posing as Lance , a homosexual addict at a Narcotics Anonymous meeting , Agent Kellerman ( Paul Adelstein ) attempts to befriend Sara to find out the whereabouts of Michael Scofield . Learning that six other convicts joined Michael 's escape , Sara feels betrayed by him , and the two characters initially have a strained relationship . After her father alerts her of Kellerman 's suspicious identity and her father 's subsequent death in episode `` Buried '' , Sara becomes part of the show 's conspiracy plot as she holds the key ( left by her father ) to information that may exonerate Lincoln . Following this , several attempts on Sara 's life are made by The Company , which force her to find Michael via his coded messages . She meets with Michael in the episode `` Rendezvous '' at Gila , New Mexico but their reunion is short - lived when Kellerman and Agent Mahone ( William Fichtner ) find out about their rendezvous point . At first , Sara is reluctant to leave with Michael to Panama but is captured by Kellerman shortly after . Kellerman proceeds to torture Sara in episode `` Bolshoi Booze '' , in an effort to obtain information about a USB drive he thinks her father gave her . Sara escapes from Kellerman and decides to change her appearance and throws her wallet and ID away . Two episodes later , Sara returns in `` The Message '' . She reunites with Michael in Evansville , Indiana in `` Chicago '' . Together with the brothers , Sara travels to Chicago where her father has hidden the audio file that can help prove Lincoln 's innocence . On the train to Chicago , Sara admits to Michael that she has fallen in love with him , and they kiss . Later in the episode , Michael admits he has fallen in love with her . Michael , Sara and Lincoln eventually retrieve the audio file but discover that it 's not legally valid as evidence . They decide to use it to blackmail President Reynolds for a presidential pardon instead . When this fails , Michael and Lincoln are forced to leave the country . When Sara realizes she is being tailed by the FBI , she surrenders herself in order to let the brothers escape . Sara is then faced with a 12 - year prison sentence but as she is about to plead guilty , Kellerman comes forward to testify on her behalf . His testimony exonerates Sara and Lincoln in `` Sona '' , and Sara reunites with the brothers in Panama and tells them of the news . However , when Agent Kim suddenly appears and tries to kill Lincoln and capture Michael , Sara shoots Kim in the chest . With nowhere to run , Michael and Sara surrender themselves to the Panamanian police but to Sara 's surprise , Michael confesses to Kim 's killing instead of her . She is last seen in a crowd by Lincoln . Season 3 ( edit ) In this season , standbys are used to portray the character , including Katie A. Keane in the photographs for the episode `` Call Waiting '' . She is revealed to have been kidnapped by The Company , and is said in `` Good Fences '' to have been murdered in response to a failed rescue attempt . She was decapitated and her head was sent to Lincoln Burrows in a box . Michael swears to avenge her death . Season 4 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Sara 's death is retconned and she returns as a main cast member for all 24 episodes . After Gretchen reveals to Michael in the season premiere that Sara 's death was faked , Michael contacts Bruce Bennett , the former aide of Governor Tancredi ( Sara 's father ) and asks him for help tracking down Sara . The two are reunited later in the episode . Much of Sara 's plotline in the fourth season focuses on the character processing what happened to her in Panama and making a new life with Michael . After they are tracked down by the Company hitman Wyatt , Sara escapes with Michael and Lincoln and accompanies them as they strike a deal with , they must get their hands on Scylla , The Company 's little black book . Sara joins the rest of team as they work to copy the cards , such as in `` Breaking and Entering '' where she slips , most notably in `` Eagles and Angels '' where Sara is informed that Bruce Bennett was found dead and goes out to a bar . She manages not to drink , and instead tells the bartender stories from her childhood and the importance Bruce had for her . In the next episode , she realizes that Wyatt is following her back from the bar and manages to lose him . In `` Five the Hard Way '' Sara 's character takes part in holding the general 's daughter , Lisa , hostage . The team is then betrayed by Self , who takes Scylla for himself to sell it to a buyer . Other homeland security agents chase after them to arrest them for the murder of Trishanne and Self ( Self murdered Trishanne , faked his own death and framed the Scylla team for all of it ) . Michael offers Sara and Sucre to take a bus back to Chicago , although they decided to stay and help . In the next episode , Sara finds it increasingly difficult to watch as Michael neglects his health to continue chasing after Scylla . Sara urges him to get medical attention , but he resists despite her insistence , and refuses to have the necessary operation until Scylla has been acquired . She is forced to provide temporary relief from his condition through a series of injections . However she warns him that he is developing a tolerance , and that they are no substitute for proper medical attention . Nevertheless , Sara helps the team to track down Gretchen and Self . Despite their best efforts , they are unsuccessful and lose both the missing piece of Scylla , and Michael , who is captured by The Company at the end of `` Just Business '' . In the last third of the season , Sara becomes Michael 's only remaining ally , as Lincoln makes a deal with The Company to get Scylla back in exchange for Michael 's surgery . Michael refuses to accept this deal , and escapes from The Company 's clutches after the surgery with Sara 's help . The plot of the next few episodes see Michael and Lincoln 's teams working against each other to acquire Scylla . Sara 's character gives critical help to Michael , such as distracting a guard at the airport where they capture Vincent Sandinsky , a scientist that appears to have ties to The Company . Sara also attempts to comfort Michael after he learns that his mother , Christina Rose Scofield , is still alive and a Company operative and the buyer of Scylla . In the same episode it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Michael 's child . In `` Cowboys and Indians '' , Michael and Lincoln put their differences aside and work together to steal Scylla from Christina . Meanwhile , Sara is kidnapped by The Company to hold Michael at ransom . In this and the next episode `` Rate of Exchange '' , Sara shares screen - time with T - Bag for the first time . She is almost raped by him , but is rescued by Michael at the last minute . In the series finale , they hand Scylla over to the UN and are all exonerated . Their happiness is short - lived when it is revealed that Michael 's tumor is back . In the epilogue of the series set four years later , Sara is shown living in Panama with her son , Michael Scofield Jr. ( presumably she is forced to relocate there after her escape from prison as documented in the Final Break ) . She then appears at Michael 's grave with her son at the reunion of many of the series ' principal characters - Lincoln , Mahone and Sucre . She lays flowers on Michael 's grave and the series ends with all the characters walking towards the seaside in the sun . Characteristics ( edit ) Sara is shown in the series as a compassionate yet introverted doctor who treated each one of them with the same cordiality and respect . Given this fact , she has little sense of humour and is incorruptible . In the episode `` The Rat '' , Sara 's father questions her motive for helping Lincoln Burrows , to which she replies , `` It 's my job to advocate for ( my patients ) . '' Sarah Wayne Callies , who portrays Sara Tancredi , remarks that the character `` feels a certain level of responsibility to these guys . Partly because who her father is ... she 's the kind of person who would rather take a stand and sleep well at night than have a peaceful family . '' In the second season , Sara becomes part of the conspiracy plot of the show after her involvement in Michael and Lincoln 's escape , and her father 's later pursuit of information concerning Lincoln 's case . She is continuously chased by covert agents after the death of her father in `` Buried '' . Sara later confides in Michael in episode `` Chicago '' that the two things keeping her going are her feelings for him and that she wants to seek justice for her father 's death . The character is described by Jay Bobbin from Zap2it.com as `` gutsy '' , while TV Guide 's Maya Schechter remarks that Sara is `` one tough cookie '' . Regarding her character 's change in the second season , Callies says , `` She 's just someone who has really rushed at life and absorbed experience with real enthusiasm . She 's getting a lot more than she bargained for right now , and I certainly do n't think she 'll be the same person after this . '' Concept and creation ( edit ) Character development ( edit ) Sara Tancredi was introduced to the series as the daughter of the Illinois governor and the prison doctor who the protagonist frequently visits to obtain his insulin shot . The background story of the character , revealed in the sixteenth episode of the first season , was not actually conceived along with the original conception of the series . Callies commented in an interview that it was the `` very first inkling '' that she had about the character 's past . Also in the same interview , the actress mentioned that during the production of the series pilot , she had suggested to Prison Break creator Paul Scheuring that `` it would be interesting to play her as a recovering alcoholic '' . The character 's continuation as a major role in the second season was a `` surprise '' to Callies since the second season revolves around the lives of the eight fugitives outside the prison . The actress states that it is `` some of the most creative storytelling for women on TV right now '' and that she was given `` lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who ( the character ) is '' . As the characterization of Sara continues to develop , Scheuring describes the character as `` one of ( the series ' ) strongest components '' . Towards the end of the production of the second season of Prison Break , Callies ' pregnancy was announced . With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show , the story was written in such a way to account for Sara 's disappearance during Callies ' maternity leave . At the time Paul Scheuring commented , `` It actually fits into what we were already planning . '' He also claimed that the original treatment would have included `` explanations for why she was n't in the first ( batch ) of episodes '' of the third season , later revealing that it would set up a planned 13 - episode story arc that would ultimately culminate with her character 's death . However , due to Callies and the show 's producers being unable to agree on a new contract , the character was suddenly `` killed off '' in the fourth episode , much earlier than planned . Her sparse appearances during the season ( including the use of stand - ins with their faces obscured ) and her gruesome , off screen death was the result of working around the inability to film additional scenes with the actress , as well as for dramatic and emotional impact . However , Sara 's fate was retconned due to `` fan backlash '' and she returned to the series with an active role in Season 4 . Portrayal ( edit ) The character Sara Tancredi was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies who was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role . Incidentally , Callies was also the first to become a principal cast member . In season 3 , other actresses were used to portray the role , though their faces were never shown on screen . Production details ( edit ) A newspaper article about Sara Tancredi is visible and readable in the Pilot episode of the series ( as one of the many that Michael tears off the walls of his apartment ) . The article gives Sara 's middle name as `` Wayne '' ( the same as that of the actress portraying her ) . It also says that she is the `` second - eldest daughter of Frank Tancredi '' ( later retconned in the episode `` Buried '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox Broadcasting Company , Dr. Sara Tancredi 's biography , Official site of Prison Break . Jump up ^ Dialogue spoken by Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi in `` The Rat '' , Prison Break season 1 episode 14 . Jump up ^ Ryan , M , `` In the Big House with the ' Prison Break ' cast . Chicago Tribune . August 24 , 2005 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bobbin , J , `` ' Prison Break ' Breaks More Rules '' . Zap2it.com . January 22 , 2007 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schechter , M , `` November 20 , 2006 : Disconnect '' . TV Guide . November 21 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , M.W. , `` Prison Break : Is the Doctor ( Gulp ) Out ? '' , TV Guide . May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , M. , `` Exclusive ! Prison Break Leading Lady Pregnant ! '' , TV Guide . January 23 , 2007 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , M. , `` Prison Break Exclusive : The Real Story Behind Sara 's Death '' , TV Guide . Retrieved on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Prison Break DVD News , Season 2 Preview ! . TV Guide . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Riots , Drills and the Devil ( Part 1 ) , Prison Break Season 1 DVD commentary , Paul Scheuring and cast . External links ( edit ) Mitovich , M.W. , `` Sarah Wayne Callies : Prison Break 's Sara Is in Deep Water '' , TV Guide . November 20 , 2006 . ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Liar '' `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sara_Tancredi&oldid=800470182 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional criminals Fictional physicians Fictional murderers Prison Break characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional prison escapees Fictional drug addicts Revived fictional characters Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional female doctors Prison medicine Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 19 : 06 . About Wikipedia
prison break what episode do michael and sara kiss
[ "In later episodes, though, Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael. After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode \"And Then There Were 7\", she announces that they will now be doctor-patient only. In the following episodes, her tone with Michael is more distant, though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship. After meeting with Lincoln Burrows' lawyers on his execution day in episode \"The Rat\", Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln's case after Michael pleads with her. Her father denies the appeal, but additional information emerges to postpone the execution. Sara's character plays a critical role in the episode \"The Key\", where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door. He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys, but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it. Instead, he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys. His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael’s wife has stolen the keys from her, and becomes very cold towards him. At the end of the episode, she has the locks to the infirmary door changed, thwarting his efforts. Michael is then forced to come clean in \"Tonight\" and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison. Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not. Eventually, Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door. Horribly distressed at what she has done, Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary. Suspected for being an accessory to the escape, police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose. The character's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season." ]
[ "The Key" ]
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Scary Movie 2
Scary Movie 2 - wikipedia Scary Movie 2 Jump to : navigation , search Scary Movie 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans Produced by Eric L. Gold Written by Thomas Craig Greg Grabianski Dave Polsky Michael Anthony Snowden Craig Wayans Marlon Wayans Shawn Wayans Starring Shawn Wayans Marlon Wayans Anna Faris Regina Hall Chris Masterson Kathleen Robertson James Woods Tim Curry Tori Spelling Chris Elliott Cinematography Steven Bernstein Edited by Tom Nordberg Richard Pearson Peter Teschner Production companies Dimension Films Brillstein - Grey Entertainment Gold / Miller Productions Wayans Bros. Entertainment Brad Grey Pictures Distributed by Miramax Films Release date July 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 04 ) Running time 82 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $141.2 million Scary Movie 2 is a 2001 American horror comedy film and the second film in the Scary Movie franchise . The film stars Anna Faris , Regina Hall , Shawn Wayans , and Marlon Wayans ( all reprising their roles from the first film , despite their characters having been killed off ) , as well as Tim Curry , Tori Spelling , Chris Elliott , Chris Masterson , Kathleen Robertson , David Cross , and James Woods . Where the original film was mainly based on the slasher films of the ' 90s , Scary Movie 2 parodies an array of supernatural and haunted house films from various decades , including The Haunting ( 1999 ) , The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) , Poltergeist ( 1982 ) , The Legend of Hell House ( 1973 ) , House on Haunted Hill ( both the 1959 and 1999 versions ) , and The Changeling ( 1980 ) . It also spoofs some contemporary films , such as Hannibal ( 2001 ) , and Hollow Man ( 2000 ) . The film is the last in the series to feature the involvement of stars Marlon and Shawn Wayans , and director Keenen Ivory Wayans . However , the Wayans would eventually go on to produce a similar horror - themed parody , A Haunted House , and its sequel , both starring Marlon Wayans . Despite generally negative reviews from critics , Scary Movie 2 was a box office success , grossing $141.2 million worldwide from a $45 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees ( Natasha Lyonne ) becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane ( Richard Moll ) , the house 's previous owner . During a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas , insults her mother and the guests , then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor . In response , Megan 's mother ( Veronica Cartwright ) seeks help from two priests , Father McFeely ( James Woods ) and Father Harris ( Andy Richter ) . After paying a trip to the bathroom , the men attempt to drive Hugh 's ghost out , but the exorcism does not go as planned . After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia , Megan insults Father McFeely 's mother . He responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan . Meanwhile , Cindy Campbell ( Anna Faris ) , Brenda Meeks ( Regina Hall ) , Ray Wilkins ( Shawn Wayans ) , and Shorty Meeks ( Marlon Wayans ) are at college , trying to live new lives since the events of the first film . Cindy and Brenda get tagged by a socially maladjusted girl , Alex ( Tori Spelling ) . Shorty is still the same stoner he was before . Ray , still confused about his sexuality , has two new male friends , Tommy ( James DeBello ) and Buddy ( Christopher Masterson ) . Buddy becomes romantically interested in Cindy , but she rebuffs him . Professor Oldman ( Tim Curry ) and his charming paraplegic assistant , Dwight Hartman ( David Cross ) , plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House . They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects . At the mansion , Cindy encounters a foul - mouthed parrot and Hanson ( Chris Elliott ) , the caretaker with a badly malformed hand . Later , the group is joined by newcomer Theo ( Kathleen Robertson ) . They sit down for dinner , but soon lose their appetite due to Hanson 's repulsive antics . Later that night , Cindy hears voices directing her to a secret room , where she and Buddy discover the diary of Hugh Kane 's wife . Seeing her portrait , they note Cindy 's resemblance to her . Meanwhile , other teens also experience bizarre encounters . Hugh Kane 's ghost has sex with Alex in her bedroom , but retreats when Alex expresses her interest in becoming the new Mrs. Kane . Cindy gets involved in a fistfight with the house cat , Mr. Kittles . A toy clown ( Suli McCullough ) attempts to kill Ray , but in a strange turn of events , the clown doll gets raped by Ray instead . A weed - monster rolls Shorty into a joint . It tries to smoke him , but gets distracted by munchies and lets him escape . Tim Curry is seduced and killed by the ghost of Hugh 's mistress . Shorty later encounters the same ghost , but seduces and has sex with her . After Dwight equips the teens with weapons that can injure their spectral enemy , they are pursued throughout the mansion . Buddy and Cindy get locked in the walk - in freezer . Cindy gives Buddy a handjob and `` revives '' him , resuting him to release semen blasting Cindy to the door . Cindy then uses a collection of random objects in the room to produce a Caterpillar tractor and escapes the freezer . Hanson gets possessed by Kane and kidnaps Shorty , who is high on drugs . In the dining room , Hanson sets up a cooker and cuts off the top of Shorty 's head . Instead of a brain , there is a small man rapping ( Beetlejuice ) inside . Cindy , Brenda , and Theo team up to fight Hanson , but wind up defeated . Dwight regroups with the teens . Cindy acts as bait to lure Kane into a device that will destroy him . The plan succeeds , freeing the group from the house 's curse . Two months later , Cindy and Buddy are in a relationship . They are out on a walk when Buddy disappears and Hanson shows up . As he closes in menacingly , he gets hit by a car . The car 's driver is Shorty , who is receiving a blowjob from the ghost that he seduced earlier . Cast ( edit ) Anna Faris as Cindy Campbell Regina Hall as Brenda Meeks Shawn Wayans as Ray Wilkins Marlon Wayans as Shorty Meeks Chris Masterson as Buddy Sanderson Kathleen Robertson as Theo David Cross as Dwight Hartman James Woods as Father McFeely Tim Curry as Tim Curry Tori Spelling as Alex Monday Chris Elliott as Hanson Andy Richter as Father Harris Richard Moll as Hugh Kane ( Hell House Ghost ) Veronica Cartwright as Mrs. Voorhees Natasha Lyonne as Megan Voorhees James DeBello as Tommy Beetlejuice as Shorty 's brain Matt Friedman ( voice ) as Polly the parrot Vitamin C ( voice ) as herself Suli McCullough ( voice ) as Clown Background ( edit ) The film is a sequel to Scary Movie . According to director Keenen Ivory Wayans , the makers of the film watched over 130 horror films for background research . Marlon Brando was originally cast as Father McFeely and completed one day of filming before he had to leave the production due to illness . He was replaced by James Woods who was paid $1 million for four days work . Charlton Heston has also turned down the James Woods part . Because Miramax had not greenlit this sequel until the massive box office success of the original , the film faced a punishing production schedule that involved coming up with a script and tearing through production and post-production in a total of less than 9 months , roughly half the average time for all those steps to be completed on a standard Hollywood production in 2000 - 01 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In North America , the film grossed $ 71,308,997 . Worldwide , it grossed $141,220,678 . Although it was a hit , out of the first four Scary Movie films , this was the least successful to date -- until the fifth film was released twelve years later . Critical response ( edit ) Scary Movie 2 received generally mixed to negative reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 15 % based on 109 reviews with an average rating of 3.4 / 10 The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Instead of being funny , this gross - out sequel plays like a sloppy , rushed - out product . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 29 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) The film premiered on DVD on December 18 , 2001 . It was later released on Blu - ray a decade later on September 20 , 2011 , after Lionsgate purchased Miramax and Dimension Films 's catalogues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) '' . Jump up ^ Brook , Tom ( 6 July 2001 ) . `` Scary sequel ' out - grosses ' first '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( 15 June 2001 ) . `` Brando 's ' Scary ' Scene '' . people.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant up for Harry Potter role '' . theguardian.com. 29 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 12 - 14 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Wallis , J. Doyle ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Scary Movie 2 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Scary Movie 2 Official website Scary Movie 2 on IMDb Scary Movie 2 at Box Office Mojo Scary Movie 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Scary Movie 2 at Metacritic Scary Movie Scary Movie ( 2000 ) Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) Scary Movie 3 ( 2003 ) Scary Movie 4 ( 2006 ) Scary Movie 5 ( 2013 ) Films by Keenen Ivory Wayans Directed I 'm Gonna Git You Sucka ( 1988 ) A Low Down Dirty Shame ( 1994 ) Scary Movie ( 2000 ) Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) White Chicks ( 2004 ) Little Man ( 2006 ) Produced Eddie Murphy Raw ( 1987 ) Do n't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood ( 1996 ) White Chicks ( 2004 ) Little Man ( 2006 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) TV series created In Living Color Film in the United States portal Horror portal Comedy portal 2000s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scary_Movie_2&oldid=813848737 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2001 horror films 2000s comedy horror films 2000s ghost films 2000s parody films 2000s sequel films American films American comedy horror films American haunted house films American parody films American sequel films Films about exorcism Films directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans Films shot in Vancouver Mad scientist films Dimension Films films Scary Movie ( film series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 15 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays the butler in scary movie 2
[ "Professor Oldman (Tim Curry) and his charming paraplegic assistant, Dwight Hartman (David Cross), plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House. They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects. At the mansion, Cindy encounters a foul-mouthed parrot and Hanson (Chris Elliott), the caretaker with a badly malformed hand. Later, the group is joined by newcomer Theo (Kathleen Robertson). They sit down for dinner, but soon lose their appetite due to Hanson's repulsive antics." ]
[ "Chris Elliott" ]
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His Eye Is on the Sparrow
His eye is on the Sparrow - wikipedia His eye is on the Sparrow Jump to : navigation , search `` His Eye is on the Sparrow '' Song Published 1905 Songwriter ( s ) Civilla D. Martin Composer ( s ) Charles H. Gabriel `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' is a Gospel hymn . The song was written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel . It is most associated with actress - singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography . Mahalia Jackson 's recording of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Notable performances 3 Whitney Houston version 4 Later published arrangements 5 Footnotes 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The theme of the song is inspired by the words of David in the Psalms and Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew in the Bible : `` I will instruct thee and teach thee in the way which thou shalt go : I will guide thee with mine eye ( Psalm 32 : 8 ) . `` Look at the birds of the air ; they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns , and yet your heavenly Father feeds them . Are you not of more value than they ? '' ( Matthew 6 : 26 ) and `` Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing ? and one of them shall not fall on the ground without your Father . But the very hairs of your head are all numbered . Fear ye not therefore , ye are of more value than many sparrows '' ( Matthew 10 : 29 -- 31 ) . Civilla Martin , who wrote the lyrics , said about her inspiration to write the song based on the scriptures : Early in the spring of 1905 , my husband and I were sojourning in Elmira , New York . We contracted a deep friendship for a couple by the name of Mr. and Mrs. Doolittle -- true saints of God . Mrs. Doolittle had been bedridden for nigh twenty years . Her husband was an incurable cripple who had to propel himself to and from his business in a wheel chair . Despite their afflictions , they lived happy Christian lives , bringing inspiration and comfort to all who knew them . One day while we were visiting with the Doolittles , my husband commented on their bright hopefulness and asked them for the secret of it . Mrs. Doolittle 's reply was simple : `` His eye is on the sparrow , and I know He watches me . '' The beauty of this simple expression of boundless faith gripped the hearts and fired the imagination of Dr. Martin and me . The hymn `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' was the outcome of that experience . Notable performances ( edit ) The song has been performed extensively by both Christian and secular artists . 1951 : Sister Rosetta Tharpe with Marie Knight ; 45 single ( found on Complete Sister Rosetta Tharpe , Vol. 4 ) ( traditional gospel ) 1952 : Ethel Waters in the film The Member of the Wedding 1956 : Mahalia Jackson ; Bless This House ( traditional gospel ) 1958 : Carmen McRae ; Birds of a Feather ( jazz ) 1962 : Josh White ; Empty Bed Blues ( blues ) 1967 : Dottie West ; Sings Sacred Ballads ( country ) 1968 : Marvin Gaye ; 45 single ( found on In Loving Memory ( compilation album ) ) ( R&B ) 1978 : Mickey Newbury ; His Eye Is on the Sparrow ( country ) 1984 : George Adams - Don Pullen Quartet ; Decisions ( jazz ) 1986 : Jennifer Holliday ; TV special hosted by Paul Simon ( gospel ) 1993 : Lauryn Hill and Tanya Blount in the film Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit 1993 : Brentwood Jazz Quartet in the album Living In The Here And Now 1997 : Andy Griffith ; Just As I Am : 30 Favorite Old Time Hymns ( country ) 1999 : Selah ; Be Still My Soul ( contemporary gospel ) 2000 : Shirley Caesar ; The First Lady of Gospel ( re-release ; original album unknown ) ( traditional ) 2001 : Jessica Simpson ; Irresistible ( pop ) 2002 : Crystal Lewis ; Holy , Holy , Holy ( contemporary gospel ) 2002 : Scott Amendola Band ; Cry ( jazz ) 2002 : Elena Gadel on the Spanish talent show Operación Triunfo 2009 : Gladys Knight at the funeral service of Michael Jackson 2010 : Abigail Washburn The Sparrow Quartet 2011 : Judith Durham ; Colours of My Life 2012 : Agnez Mo at her residency concert in her homeland , Indonesia 2012 : Carol Channing and Lulu Roman ( of Hee Haw fame ) on Channing 's album True to the Red , White and Blue 2014 : Darlene Love at the Oscars while accepting an award for 20 Feet from Stardom 2014 : Anja Nissen on her debut album Anja Nissen 2014 : Ha * Ash on their album Primera fila : Hecho realidad Whitney Houston version ( edit ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Single by Whitney Houston from the album Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released June 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Length 3 : 32 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Civilla D. Martin Charles H. Gabriel Producer ( s ) R. Kelly Whitney Houston singles chronology `` Celebrate '' ( 2012 ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( 2012 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2012 ) `` Celebrate '' ( 2012 ) `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( 2012 ) `` I Look to You '' ( 2012 ) Whitney Houston recorded a version for the soundtrack of the 2012 remake of the 1976 musical film Sparkle . RCA Records released the song as the second single from the album on June 8 , 2012 , four months after Houston 's death . This version is Houston 's last original single , and second posthumous one . The song made its debut only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . AllMusic called it a `` piano , organ , and choir '' showcase for Houston , citing it as a highlight of the soundtrack although admitting `` Houston sounds as commanding as one can expect from a later recording . '' Entertainment Weekly editor Melissa Maerz called it `` a gorgeously rippling solo '' with Houston `` testif ( ying ... ) that Jesus is watching over her . '' Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone panned the cover , saying `` Houston sings -- and croaks -- in a voice octaves lower than in her prime . At times the song has a ravaged magnificence , but mostly it 's painful . '' Later published arrangements ( edit ) There are many arrangements of the hymn that have been produced since its original publication . These include : 1963 , in The Reader 's Digest Family Songbook of Faith and Joy 1975 , in The Josh White Songbook 1986 : Five American Gospel Songs for solo voice and piano by Luigi Zaninelli includes a concert arrangement of it 1999 : Six Gospel Hymn Preludes has an arrangement for solo organ by Wilbur Held 2007 , in Songs of Comfort and Hope : Vocal Solos for Memorial and Funeral Services Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waters , Ethel , with Charles Samuels , His Eye Is On The Sparrow : An Autobiography , New York , 1951 , reprinted by Da Capo Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Vincent D. Homan ( 2013 ) . A Foot in Two Worlds : A Pastor 's Journey From Grief to Hope . WestBow Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1449774813 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/His-Eye-Is-The-Sparrow/dp/B00880IT98/ Jump up ^ Andy Kellman . `` Sparkle ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Fox , ed. , Pleasantville , N.Y. : Reader 's Digest Association Jump up ^ Walter Raim , Walter , ed. , Chicago , Quadrangle Books Jump up ^ Published by Harold Flammer , Inc. / Shawnee Press , Delaware Water Gap , Pennsylvania Jump up ^ Published by MorningStar Music Publishers , Fenton , Missouri Jump up ^ Mark Hayes , ed. , Lorenz Publisher , Dayton , Ohio External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : His Eye Is on the Sparrow Civilla Durfee Martin Selected Songs by Charles H. Gabriel texts and MIDI sequences of 44 songs , including `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Piano version and background of His Eye Is On The Sparrow Free MP3 piano version of `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Portal Mahalia Jackson Studio albums The World 's Greatest Gospel Singer ( 1955 ) EPs `` Peace in the Valley '' `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' `` Move On Up a Little Higher '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` How I Got Over '' Related Black , Brown and Beige Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=His_Eye_Is_on_the_Sparrow&oldid=800141854 '' Categories : Christian songs American Christian hymns Gospel songs 1905 songs 2012 singles Whitney Houston songs Song recordings produced by R. Kelly Metaphors referring to birds Songs released posthumously Pace Jubilee Singers songs Mahalia Jackson songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本 語 Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was his eye is on the sparrow written
[ "\"His Eye Is on the Sparrow\" is a Gospel hymn. The song was written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel. It is most associated with actress-singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography.[1] Mahalia Jackson's recording of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2010." ]
[ "1905" ]
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Waivers (NHL)
Waivers ( NHL ) - wikipedia Waivers ( NHL ) Jump to : navigation , search Former NHL All - Star Wade Redden was waived in 2010 by the New York Rangers Waivers is a National Hockey League ( NHL ) labor management procedure by which an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player 's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams . Other NHL teams `` waive '' any claim to a player designated for assignment in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) or designated for release . The process is typically referred to as `` being placed on waivers . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Minor league assignment procedure 2 Re-entry waivers 3 Return waivers 4 Unconditional waivers 5 Use of waivers in salary cap era 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Minor league assignment procedure ( edit ) In the NHL , each player signs what is , or is a variation of , a standard NHL player 's contract . The contract specifies that the team has exclusive rights to the player playing in the NHL . Once an NHL player has played in a certain number of games or a set number of seasons has passed since the signing of his first NHL contract ( see here ) , that player must be offered to all of the other NHL teams before he can be assigned to a minor league affiliate . In the 2005 Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) assignment waivers applies only to loans from an NHL club to its American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate . After a player has been designated for assignment , the other 30 NHL teams can put in a claim or waive their claim for that player . The claims process starts at noon Eastern Time and ends 24 hours later . If only one team makes a claim for the player , then he will be transferred to the claiming team . If more than one team makes a claim , then the player will be transferred to the team having the lowest percentage of possible points in league standings at the time of the request for waivers . When a waiver claim has been secured , the claiming team must pay a transfer fee to the original club , though this fee is not counted against the salary cap . If waivers are requested outside the playing season , or before November 1 , then the player shall be transferred to the team with the lowest points in the preceding season . If no team places a claim , the player can be sent to a minor league affiliate . When a player clears waivers and is sent down and then is called up again , he does not have to clear waivers to be sent down again unless he has played ten games or has been `` up '' for 30 days . Re-entry waivers ( edit ) The 2005 NHL - NHLPA collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) introduced `` re-entry waivers . '' With limited exceptions , any player who was subject to waivers before assignment to the minors must clear re-entry waivers before being called back up if said player is on a one - way contract or a two - way contract with an AHL salary in excess of $105,000 . Exceptions are players who have played in over 320 professional games ( 180 for goaltenders ) and have not spent more than 80 games on an NHL roster in the past two seasons or 40 games during the previous season . The procedure to make a claim on re-entry waivers is the same ; however , teams who claim players on re-entry waivers are only responsible for half the salary and cap hit , while the original team is responsible for the other half , unless the claimed player is later assigned to the AHL again before his contract has expired , in which case the salary and cap hit comes off the books of both teams . The CBA ratified in January 2013 eliminated re-entry waivers . Return waivers ( edit ) Players who play ice hockey outside North America during a regular season and who are not on loan from or whose playing rights are not already owned by an NHL club ( that is , the player is not already on a team 's 90 - player reserve list such as a qualified restricted free agent or a draft pick ) must also be placed on waivers if they are signed to play in the NHL . If the player is picked up by another NHL club on waivers , the player must be placed on waivers again before a further trade or loan can take place . Unconditional waivers ( edit ) A third type of waivers , `` unconditional waivers , '' applies when a player is to be given an unconditional release from his contract . NHL teams give notice to the player and the league that they intend to buy - out a player 's rights under the terms of the CBA . In this case , the waiver period is 48 hours . These waivers can only be requested during two periods : Between June 15 , or 48 hours after the conclusion of the Stanley Cup Final series if it ends later , and June 30 of each year . If a club has team - or player - elected salary arbitration cases , within 48 hours of the last arbitration award or settlement of the last arbitration case prior to the arbitration hearing . Such a player must have been on a club 's 90 - player reserve list at the previous trade deadline . Use of waivers in salary cap era ( edit ) Further information : NHL salary cap Salaries of players playing for an NHL team count against its salary cap , while the salaries of players playing for a team 's minor league affiliates do not . NHL teams have waived players with high salaries , thereby freeing up salary cap space for other signings . In 2010 , Wade Redden of the New York Rangers , Sheldon Souray of the Edmonton Oilers and Jeff Finger of the Toronto Maple Leafs were all assigned to their team 's AHL affiliate without any other team putting in a claim . In a more interesting case , following the 2011 NHL pre-season , forward Sean Avery of the New York Rangers was waived to the AHL . As Avery had been claimed off re-entry waivers from the Dallas Stars , the cap hit had been split between the Rangers and Stars , but when Avery was demoted to the AHL again , the cap hit came off both teams ' books . As a result , the Stars , who had been using Avery 's re-entry waiver loss to reach the salary floor for the 2011 -- 12 season , had to trade for winger Eric Nystrom to reach the salary floor . Under the 2005 CBA , if an NHL player is being sent to an NHL affiliate team in the AHL and is put through waivers and clears successfully , then his salary will not count against the respective NHL team 's salary cap . The player is still paid his full salary . There is an exception to this rule ; if the player has a contract that took effect after a player 's 35th birthday , then that player 's salary would still count against the NHL cap . Under the 2013 CBA , a team only derives a specific savings from demoting a player on a one - way contract to the AHL . This savings is calculated as league minimum plus $375,000 . If a player is claimed on waivers , then the claiming team is responsible for the rest of their contract . Re-entry waivers had existed under the 2005 CBA , under which if a player cleared waivers and was sent down to the minors , and then recalled during the season , and his salary was more than $105,000 in the AHL ( essentially , any player not on an entry - level or two - way contract ) , he was subject to re-entry waivers where if a team claimed him they are only responsible for half the salary for the remainder of the contract . Re-entry waivers were eliminated in the 2013 CBA . See also ( edit ) Waivers ( disambiguation ) NHL salary cap NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Waive Redden '' . NHL.com . September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2007 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHLSCAP.com -- Information on Waivers '' . nhlscap.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mirtle , James ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lesser known gains for NHL players in the new CBA '' . Globe & Mail . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ NHL & NHLPA 2005 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Hockey 411 : Roster Limits -- Committed Indians Committed Indians Jump up ^ `` Finger Being A Mentor For Young Marlies '' . Toronto Maple Leafs . November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Podnieks , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Complete Hockey Dictionary . Fenn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55168 - 309 - 6 . NHL ; NHLPA ( 2005 ) , Collective Bargaining Agreement Between National Hockey League and National Hockey League Players ' Association ( PDF ) External links ( edit ) Collective Bargaining Agreement between the NHL and the NHLPA NHLSCAP.com : Waivers and re-entry waivers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waivers_(NHL)&oldid=803633809 '' Categories : National Hockey League labor relations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what happens when an nhl player is put on waivers
[ "Waivers is a National Hockey League (NHL) labor management procedure by which an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams. Other NHL teams \"waive\" any claim to a player designated for assignment in the American Hockey League (AHL) or designated for release. The process is typically referred to as \"being placed on waivers.\"" ]
[ "an NHL team makes a professional ice hockey player's contract and rights available to all other NHL teams" ]
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List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
List of largest optical reflecting telescopes - wikipedia List of largest optical reflecting telescopes Jump to : navigation , search The world 's largest optical reflecting telescopes with an aperture diameter of larger than 8 meters ( hover with mouse over image ) . Legend : GTC Keck Subaru HET LBT VLT SALT Gemini ( N ) Gemini ( S ) This list of the largest optical reflecting telescopes with objective diameters of 3.0 metres ( 120 in ) or greater is sorted by aperture , which is one limit on the light - gathering power and resolution of a reflecting telescope 's optical assembly . The mirrors themselves can be larger than the aperture , and telescopes may use aperture synthesis achieved by interferometry . Telescopes designed to be used as optical astronomical interferometers such as the Keck I and II used together as the Keck Interferometer ( up to 85 m ) can reach very high resolutions , although at a narrower range of observations . When the two mirrors are on one mount , the combined mirror spacing of the Large Binocular Telescope ( 22.8 m ) allows fuller use of the aperture synthesis . Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes , and overall light gathering power of the optical system can be a poor measure of a telescope 's performance . Space - based telescopes , such as the Hubble Space Telescope , take advantage of being above the Earth 's atmosphere to reach higher resolution and greater light gathering through longer exposure time . Location in the northern or southern hemisphere of the Earth can also limit what part of the sky can be observed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of reflecting telescopes 2 Top telescopes of 2010 3 Top telescopes of 2000 4 Chronologically 5 Future telescopes 5.1 Under construction or planned construction 5.2 Proposed 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Table of reflecting telescopes ( edit ) This list is ordered by optical aperture , which has historically been a useful gauge of limiting resolution , optical area , physical size , and cost . Multiple mirror telescopes that are on the same mount , may have a working beam combiner , and can form an image may be ranked by an equivalent aperture to this reported by sources . HET - style or fixed telescopes are ranked by an equivalent aperture also . Reflecting telescopes Name Image Effective aperture m Aper . in Mirror type Nationality / Sponsors Site Built Gran Telescopio Canarias ( GTC ) 7001104000000000000 ♠ 10.4 m 409 '' Segmented , 36 Spain ( 90 % ) , Mexico , USA Roque de los Muchachos Obs. , Canary Islands , Spain 2006 / 9 Hobby - Eberly Telescope ( HET ) 11 m × 9.8 m mirror 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m 394 '' Segmented , 91 USA , Germany McDonald Observatory , Texas , USA 1997 Keck 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m 394 '' Segmented , 36 USA Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA Keck 2 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 m 394 '' Segmented , 36 USA Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA Southern African Large Telescope ( SALT ) 11 m × 9.8 m mirror 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 m 362 '' Segmented , 91 South Africa , USA , UK , Germany , Poland , New Zealand South African Astronomical Obs. , Northern Cape , South Africa 2005 Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) Phased - array optics for combined 11.9 m 7000840000000000000 ♠ 8.4 m × 2 330 '' × 2 Multiple mirror , 2 USA , Italy , Germany Mount Graham International Observatory , Arizona , USA Subaru ( JNLT ) 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single Japan Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA 1999 VLT UT1 -- Antu 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 1998 VLT UT2 -- Kueyen 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 1999 VLT UT3 -- Melipal 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 2000 VLT UT4 -- Yepun 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 m 323 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 2001 Gemini North ( Gillett ) 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 m 318 '' Single USA , UK , Canada , Chile , Australia , Argentina , Brazil Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA 1999 Gemini South 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 m 318 '' Single USA , UK , Canada , Chile , Australia , Argentina , Brazil Cerro Pachón ( CTIO ) , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2001 MMT ( 1 x 6.5 m ) 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 m 256 '' Single USA F.L. Whipple Obs. , Arizona , USA 2000 Magellan 1 ( Walter Baade ) 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 m 256 '' Honeycomb USA Las Campanas Obs. , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2000 Magellan 2 ( Landon Clay ) 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 m 256 '' Honeycomb USA Las Campanas Obs. , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2002 BTA - 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 m 238 '' Single USSR / Russia Special Astrophysical Obs. , Karachay -- Cherkessia , Russia Large Zenith Telescope ( LZT ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 m 236 '' Liquid Canada , France , United States Maple Ridge , British Columbia , Canada 2003 Hale Telescope ( 200 inch ) 7000508000000000000 ♠ 5.08 m 200 '' Single USA Palomar Observatory , California , USA 1948 LAMOST 7000490000000000000 ♠ ( 6.67 m × 6.05 m + 5.72 m × 4.40 m corrector ; effective aperture 3.6 -- 4.9 m ) 4.9 m -- 3.6 m 193 '' Segmented ( 37 + 24 ) PRC ( China ) Beijing Astronomical Obs. , Xinglong , China 2008 MMT ( original optics : 6 × 1.8 m ) → see above record for current 6.5 m mirror 7000470000000000000 ♠ 4.7 m ( 6 × 1.8 m ) 186 '' Segmented , 6 USA F.L. Whipple Obs. , Arizona , USA 1979 -- 1998 Discovery Channel Telescope 7000430000000000000 ♠ 4.3 m 169 '' Single USA Lowell Observatory , Happy Jack , Arizona , USA 2012 William Herschel Telescope 7000420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 m 165 '' Single UK , Netherlands , Spain Roque de los Muchachos Obs. , Canary Islands , Spain SOAR 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 m 161 '' Single USA , Brazil Cerro Pachón ( CTIO ) , Coquimbo Region , Chile 2002 VISTA 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 m 161 '' Single ESO Countries , Chile Paranal Observatory , Antofagasta Region , Chile 2009 Victor M. Blanco Telescope 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 m 157 '' Single USA Cerro Tololo Inter-American Obs. , Coquimbo Region , Chile 1976 Nicholas U. Mayall 4 m 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 m 158 '' Single USA Kitt Peak National Obs. , Arizona , USA 1973 Anglo - Australian Telescope ( AAT ) 7000389000000000000 ♠ 3.89 m 154 '' Single Australia , UK Australian Astronomical Obs. , New South Wales , Australia 3.67 m AEOS Telescope ( AEOS ) 7000367000000000000 ♠ 3.67 m 145 '' Single USA Air Force Maui Optical Station , Hawaii , USA 3.6 m Devasthal Optical Telescope ( DOT ) 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.60 m 141 '' Single India ARIES Devasthal Observatory , Nainital , India 2016 Telescopio Nazionale Galileo ( TNG ) 7000358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 m 138 '' Single Italy Roque de los Muchachos Obs. , Canary Islands , Spain 1997 New Technology Telescope ( NTT ) 7000358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 m 142 '' Single ESO countries La Silla Observatory , Coquimbo Region , Chile Canada - France - Hawaii Telescope ( CFHT ) 7000358000000000000 ♠ 3.58 m 141 '' Single Canada , France , USA Mauna Kea Observatories , Hawaii , USA 1979 ESO 3.6 m Telescope 7000357000000000000 ♠ 3.57 m 140 '' Single ESO countries La Silla Observatory , Coquimbo Region , Chile 1977 MPI - CAHA 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 3.5 m 138 '' Single West Germany , Spain Calar Alto Obs. , Almería , Spain 1984 USAF Starfire 3.5 m 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 138 '' Single USA Starfire Optical Range , New Mexico , USA 1994 WIYN Telescope 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 138 '' Single USA Kitt Peak National Obs. , Arizona , USA 1994 Space Surveillance Telescope 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 m 138 '' Single USA White Sands Missile Range , New Mexico , USA 2011 Astrophysical Research Consortium ( ARC ) 7000348000000000000 ♠ 3.48 m 137 '' Single USA Apache Point Obs. , New Mexico , USA 1994 Shane Telescope 7000305000000000000 ♠ 3.05 m 120 '' Single USA Lick Observatory , California , USA 1959 NASA Infrared Telescope Facility 3.0 m 120 '' Single USA Mauna Kea Observatory , Hawaii , USA 1979 NASA - LMT → retired , private 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 m 118 '' Liquid USA NASA Orbital Debris Obs. , New Mexico , USA 1995 -- 2002 See List of large optical reflecting telescopes for continuation of list There are only a few sites capable of polishing the mirrors for these telescopes . SAGEM in France polished the four VLT mirrors , the two Gemini mirrors , and the 36 segments for GTC . The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab cast and polished the two LBT mirrors , the two Magellan mirrors and the MMT replacement mirror . It is currently making the LSST primary mirror and the mirrors for the Giant Magellan Telescope . The Keck segments were made by Schott AG . The SALT and LAMOST segments were cast and polished by LZOS . The mirror for Subaru was cast by Corning and polished at Contraves Brashear Systems in Pennsylvania . This table does not include all the largest mirrors manufactured . The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab produced the 6.5 - metre f / 1.25 collimator used in the Large Optical Test and Integration Site of Lockheed Martin , used for vacuum optical testing of other telescopes . Segmented mirrors are also referred to as mosaic mirrors . Single mirrors are also referred to monolithic mirrors , and can be sub-categorized in types , such as solid or honeycomb . Comparison of nominal sizes of apertures of some notable optical telescopes For the largest reflecting telescopes on the planet , the horizontal indicates the year built and the vertical direction indicates the size of the mirror measured in meters . Countries which contain several of these telescopes are color - coded for identification . Top telescopes of 2010 ( edit ) The largest telescopes are multi-telescope interferometers , and may have longer baselines . However , these astronomical interferometers are less flexible in use , and many interferometers can not form images or see faint objects despite their high peak angular resolution . The largest telescope during the first decade of the 21st century could be either the Gran Telescopio Canarias ( one 10.4 m diameter mirror ) , the Large Binocular Telescope ( two 8.4 m diameter mirrors on a binocular mount ) , or the Very Large Telescope ( with four 8.2 m telescopes and four 1.8 m auxiliary telescopes ) . However , as these were still coming online in the period , the two 10 m Keck Telescopes ( with 85 m aperture synthesis ) were possibly the largest in full scientific operation . Note other wavelengths of telescopes can be much larger physically , such as the 305 m aperture Arecibo radio telescope , but since radio wavelengths are also larger , this does not necessarily translate into brighter or higher resolution images . Reflecting telescopes ( 2010 ) Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Equiv . Area ( m ) Area ( m ) Mirrors Note Altitude ( m ) Gran Telescopio Canarias ( GTC ) 10.4 10.4 74 36 × 1.9 m hexagonal segments for M1 Commissioned 2009 ; Largest single mirror 2267 Southern African Large Telescope ( SALT ) 11 ( max . ) 9.2 66 -- 45 92 × 1 m hexagon ; 11 × 9.8 m mirror HET twin but larger optically . Spherical M1 w / fixed mirror ; spectroscopy ( see here ( 2 ) ) 1783 Keck 1 & 2 10 m each 10 76 ( each ) 36 × 1.8 m hexagons M1 mirrors each largest twin telescopes 152 m total optical area 4145 VLT 1 , 2 , 3 & 4 8.2 ( each ) 8.2 53 ( each ) 1 x 8.2 m M1 each Largest quadruplet telescope 210 ( total optical area ) 2635 Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) 8.4 m each 11.7 111 ( both sides ) 2 x 8.4 m M1 mirrors ; 1 mount Largest Binocular ; largest non-segmented mirrors ; 22.8 m aperture planned 3221 Largest telescopes with interferometer mode , and two image - forming interferometer arrays . Reflecting telescopes ( with interferometer mode ) Name Longest baseline ( m ) Mirrors Area ( m ) Equiv . Note VLTI 200 4 × 8.2 m ( VLT 1 , 2 , 3 , & 4 ) 210 16 Behind schedule in 2010 , 4 units at 130 m success in 2012 Keck Interferometer 85 2 × 10 m ( Keck 1 & 2 ) 152 Operations ceased in 2012 . Large Binocular Telescope ( LBTI ) 22.8 * 2 × 8.4 m 110 11.9 One telescope mount * ; Fizeau & Amplitude Interferometry CHARA array 330 6 × 1 m 2.45 NPOI 437 6 siderostats ( visible ) Sparse Aperture Optically resolved Mizar ( star ) * Baseline does not reduce with viewing angle Top telescopes of 2000 ( edit ) Reflecting telescopes ( 2000 ) Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Area ( m ) Mirrors Note Altitude ( m ) Keck 1 & 2 10 ( each ) 76 ( each ) 36 × 1.8 m hexagons M1 mirrors each largest twin telescopes , largest aperture mirrors , 152 m total optical area 4145 Hobby - Eberly Telescope ( HET ) 9.2 ( max . ) 66 -- 45 92 x 1 m hexagon ; 11 × 9.8 m mirror Spherical M1 w / fixed mirror ; spectroscopy 2030 Subaru Telescope 8.2 53 1 × 8.3 m M1 Largest single piece mirror ( tied with the 4 VLT ) 4145 UT1 -- Antu 8.2 53 1 x 8.2 m M1 Part of a quadruplet telescope setup 2635 UT2 -- Kueyen 8.2 53 1 x 8.2 m M1 Part of a quadruplet telescope setup 2635 UT3 -- Melipal 8.2 53 1 x 8.2 m M1 Part of a quadruplet telescope setup 2635 Under construction Reflecting telescopes ( 2000 ) Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Area ( m ) Mirrors Note Altitude ( m ) VLT 1 , 2 , 3 8.2 ( each ) 53 ( each ) 1 x 8.2 m M1 By the year 2000 three unit telescopes were online ; each were the largest single piece mirrors at that time ( tied with Subaru ) 2635 Chronologically ( edit ) Reflecting telescopes ( chronologically ) Years Largest Name Out In Aperture ( m ) Area ( m ) M1 Mirror Note Altitude ( m ) 2009 -- Present Gran Telescopio Canarias 10.4 74 36 × 1.9 m hexagons M1 mirror Segmented mirror 2267 1993 -- 2009 Keck 1 10 76 36 × 1.8 m hexagons M1 mirror Segmented mirror , M1 f / 1.75 4145 1976 -- 1993 BTA - 6 6 26 605 cm f / 4 M1 mirror Mirror replaced twice 2070 1948 -- 1976 Hale ( 200 inch ) 5.1 -- 508 cm f / 3.3 M1 mirror Art deco dome 1713 1917 -- 1948 Hooker ( 100 inch ) 2.54 -- Also used for 1st optical interferometer 1742 For earlier top telescopes see List of largest optical telescopes historically Future telescopes ( edit ) Sketch of the Messier 51 by William Parsons in 1845 , later known as the Whirlpool Galaxy Whirlpool Galaxy ( M51A / B or NGC 5194 / 5 ) by NASA / ESA from Hubble Space Telescope in 2005 Below are selected telescopes that are still in the conceptual / proposed stage or still under construction . Under construction or planned construction ( edit ) European Extremely Large Telescope 39.3 m ( first light planned for 2024 ) Thirty Meter Telescope 30 m ( construction halted since April 2015 due to a permit dispute ; first light was planned for 2022 when construction halted ) Giant Magellan Telescope 7 × 8.4 m mirrors giving a 24.5 m aperture with 21.4 m light gathering area ( first light planned in 2021 and completion in 2025 ) Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 8.4 m ( first light planned in 2019 and full operations beginning in 2022 ) James Webb Space Telescope 6.5 m ( May 2020 launch planned ) Pan-STARRS 4 × 1.8 m ( 1 of 4 complete ) Magdalena Ridge Observatory Telescope Array 10 × 1.4 m Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope 4 m ( construction started in 2013 ) International Liquid Mirror Telescope 4 m ( dome construction in Devasthal , India , started in 2013 ) San Pedro Martir Telescope 6.5 m ( completion expected for Summer 2018 ) Proposed ( edit ) Advanced Technology Large - Aperture Space Telescope ( ATLAST ) , 8 -- 15 m space telescope Chinese Giant Solar Telescope ( CGST ) . China aims to build a very large infrared and optical solar telescope , with the spatial resolution expected to be equivalent to an 8 - meter - diameter telescope and light - gathering power equivalent to a 5 m diameter full aperture telescope High - Definition Space Telescope - proposed segmented mirror telescope 39 feet ( 12 meters ) in aperture , placed at the L2 lagrange point Colossus Telescope - proposed 70 - 80 meter diameter telescope for examining exoplanets ( 2010s ) See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Extremely large telescope List of largest optical refracting telescopes List of optical telescopes List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths List of largest optical telescopes historically List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century List of largest optical telescopes in the 19th century List of largest optical telescopes in the 18th century Strehl ratio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Upgraded Hobby - Eberly Telescope Sees First Light McDonald Observatory '' . mcdonaldobservatory.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Howstuffworks `` 10 Amazing Telescopes '' `` . Science.howstuffworks.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SPIE 2006 in Orlando - Proceedings of SPIE conference 6267 on `` Ground - based and Airborne Telescopes '' , `` The Large Binocular Telescope '' , John M. Hill , Richard F. Green and James H. Slagle Jump up ^ `` The Carnegie Observatories -- Magellan Telescopes '' . Carnegie Institution for Science . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Telescope , By Geoff Andersen , Page 165 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` LAMOST Homepage -- Gallery '' . Lamost.org . August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwayne DayMonday , May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Mirrors in the dark '' . The Space Review . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lowell Observatory - 4.3 - meter DCT Jump up ^ `` The Mayall 4 - Meter Telescope '' . Noao.edu . February 27 , 1973 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sagar , Ram ; Brijesh Kumar ; Amitesh Omar ; A.K. Pandey ( 2012 ) . `` New optical telescope projects at Devasthal Observatory '' . Proceedings of the Society of Photo - Optical Instrumentation Engineers . 8444 . arXiv : 1304.2474 . Bibcode : 2012SPIE. 8444E ... 1TS . doi : 10.1117 / 12.925634 . Jump up ^ `` Max - Planck - Institut für Astronomie '' . Mpia.de . July 20 , 1994 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Starfire '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Orbital Debris Observatory '' . Astro.ubc.ca . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Polissage Optique pour les Grands Instruments de la Physique et de l ' Astronomie '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror Castings '' . Steward Observatory Mirror Lab . Jump up ^ `` Large Optics Manufacturing in Large Optics Manufacturing in Lytkarino Optical Glass Factory , Russia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` SUBARU Telescope 8.3 m Primary Mirror Finished '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Keck Telescope Facts '' . Spacecraftkits.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Telescope - Modern Optical Telescopes - Mirror , Diameter , Keck , and Honeycomb - JRank Articles '' . Science.jrank.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ K. Moskvitch - Four telescope link - up creates world 's largest mirror ( 2012 ) - BBC Jump up ^ KI Jump up ^ `` Large Telescopes '' . Astro.nineplanets.org . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Groundbreaking for the E-ELT ( eso1419 -- Organisation Release ) '' . ESO. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Burnett , Colin M. , John ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Hawaii Supreme Court voids Thirty Meter Telescope permit '' . Oahu Publications . West Hawaii Today . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GMT -- Overview '' . Gmto.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Giant Magellan Telescope : Super-scope project breaks ground '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Webb Observatory Requires More Time for Testing and Evaluation ; New Launch Window Under Review '' . NASA . 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Liquid Mirror Telescope -- Extragalactic Astrophysics and Space Observations '' . Aeos.ulg.ac.be . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CAPI Report ( in Spanish ) . Nov. 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Chinese Giant Solar Telescope '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` China Exclusive : Scientists looking for site for giant solar telescope '' . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Astronomical Scrapbook '' , Joseph Ashbrook , Sky Publishing Corporation 1984 , ISBN 0 - 933346 - 24 - 7 , o `` Giant Telescopes of the World '' , Sky and Telescope , August 2000 . `` The History of the Telescope '' , Henry C. King . ( 1955 ) `` The Historical Growth of Telescope Aperture '' , René Racine , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , 116 JRASC ( 1929 ) vol 23 , p351 Sky&Telescope ( April 1981 ) p303 Sky&Telescope ( July 1993 ) vol 86 , p 27 - 32 James H. Burge , 1993 Dissertation at UA , `` Advanced Techniques for Measuring Primary Mirrors for Astronomical Telescopes '' Bell , R.M. and Robins , G.C. and Eugeni , C. and Cuzner , G. and Hutchison , S.B. and Baily , S.H. and Ceurden , B. and Hagen , J. and Kenagy , K. and Martin , H.M. and Tuell , M. and Ward , M. and West , S.C. ( July 2008 ) . `` LOTIS at completion of Collimator integration '' . Society of Photo - Optical Instrumentation Engineers ( SPIE ) Conference Series . 7017 . doi : 10.1117 / 12.791889 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) List of large reflecting telescopes The World 's Largest Optical Telescopes Largest optical telescopes of the world Selected largest telescopes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes&oldid=833032896 '' Categories : Lists of telescopes Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Português Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 09 : 12 . About Wikipedia
where is the world's largest optical telescope located
[ "\nReflecting telescopes\n\nName\nImage\nEffective aperture\nm\nAper.\nin\nMirror type\nNationality / Sponsors\nSite\nBuilt\n\n\nGran Telescopio Canarias (GTC)\n\n7001104000000000000♠10.4 m\n409″\nSegmented, 36\nSpain (90%), Mexico, USA\nRoque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain\n2006/9\n\n\nHobby-Eberly Telescope (HET)\n11 m × 9.8 m mirror\n\n7001100000000000000♠10 m [1]\n394″\nSegmented, 91\nUSA, Germany\nMcDonald Observatory, Texas, USA\n1997\n\n\nKeck 1\n\n7001100000000000000♠10 m\n394″\nSegmented, 36\nUSA\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1993\n\n\nKeck 2\n\n7001100000000000000♠10 m\n394″\nSegmented, 36\nUSA\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1996\n\n\nSouthern African Large Telescope (SALT)\n11 m × 9.8 m mirror[2]\n\n7000920000000099999♠9.2 m\n362″\nSegmented, 91\nSouth Africa, USA, UK, Germany, Poland, New Zealand\nSouth African Astronomical Obs., Northern Cape, South Africa\n2005\n\n\nLarge Binocular Telescope (LBT)\nPhased-array optics for combined 11.9 m[3]\n\n7000840000000000000♠8.4 m × 2\n330″ × 2\nMultiple mirror, 2\nUSA, Italy, Germany\nMount Graham International Observatory, Arizona, USA\n2004\n\n\nSubaru (JNLT)\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nJapan\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1999\n\n\nVLT UT1 – Antu\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n1998\n\n\nVLT UT2 – Kueyen\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n1999\n\n\nVLT UT3 – Melipal\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n2000\n\n\nVLT UT4 – Yepun\n\n7000820009999999999♠8.2 m\n323″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n2001\n\n\nGemini North (Gillett)\n\n7000810000000000000♠8.1 m\n318″\nSingle\nUSA, UK, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, Brazil\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1999\n\n\nGemini South\n\n7000810000000000000♠8.1 m\n318″\nSingle\nUSA, UK, Canada, Chile, Australia, Argentina, Brazil\nCerro Pachón (CTIO), Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2001\n\n\nMMT (1 x 6.5 m)\n\n7000650000000000000♠6.5 m\n256″\nSingle\nUSA\nF. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona, USA\n2000\n\n\nMagellan 1 (Walter Baade)[4]\n\n7000650000000000000♠6.5 m\n256″\nHoneycomb\nUSA\nLas Campanas Obs., Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2000\n\n\nMagellan 2 (Landon Clay)\n\n7000650000000000000♠6.5 m\n256″\nHoneycomb\nUSA\nLas Campanas Obs., Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2002\n\n\nBTA-6\n\n7000600000000000000♠6 m\n238″\nSingle\nUSSR/Russia\nSpecial Astrophysical Obs., Karachay–Cherkessia, Russia\n1975\n\n\nLarge Zenith Telescope (LZT)\n\n7000600000000000000♠6 m\n236″\nLiquid\nCanada, France, United States [5]\nMaple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada\n2003\n\n\nHale Telescope (200 inch)\n\n7000508000000000000♠5.08 m\n200″\nSingle\nUSA\nPalomar Observatory, California, USA\n1948\n\n\nLAMOST 7000490000000000000♠ (6.67 m × 6.05 m + 5.72 m × 4.40 m corrector; effective aperture 3.6–4.9 m)\n\n4.9 m–3.6 m [6]\n193″\nSegmented\n(37 + 24)[7]\nPRC (China)\nBeijing Astronomical Obs., Xinglong, China\n2008\n\n\nMMT (original optics: 6 × 1.8 m)\n→see above record for current 6.5 m mirror\n\n7000470000000000000♠4.7 m\n(6×1.8 m) [8]\n186″\nSegmented, 6\nUSA\nF. L. Whipple Obs., Arizona, USA\n1979–1998\n\n\nDiscovery Channel Telescope[9]\n\n7000430000000000000♠4.3 m\n169″\nSingle\nUSA\nLowell Observatory, Happy Jack, Arizona, USA\n2012\n\n\nWilliam Herschel Telescope\n\n7000420000000000000♠4.2 m\n165″\nSingle\nUK, Netherlands, Spain\nRoque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain\n1987\n\n\nSOAR\n\n7000410009999999999♠4.1 m\n161″\nSingle\nUSA, Brazil\nCerro Pachón (CTIO), Coquimbo Region, Chile\n2002\n\n\nVISTA\n\n7000410009999999999♠4.1 m\n161″\nSingle\nESO Countries, Chile\nParanal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile\n2009\n\n\nVictor M. Blanco Telescope\n\n7000400000000000000♠4 m\n157″\nSingle\nUSA\nCerro Tololo Inter-American Obs., Coquimbo Region, Chile\n1976\n\n\nNicholas U. Mayall 4 m[10]\n\n7000400000000000000♠4 m\n158″\nSingle\nUSA\nKitt Peak National Obs., Arizona, USA\n1973\n\n\nAnglo-Australian Telescope (AAT)\n\n7000389000000000000♠3.89 m\n154″\nSingle\nAustralia, UK\nAustralian Astronomical Obs., New South Wales, Australia\n1974\n\n\n3.67 m AEOS Telescope (AEOS)\n\n7000367000000000000♠3.67 m\n145″\nSingle\nUSA\nAir Force Maui Optical Station, Hawaii, USA\n1996\n\n\n3.6 m Devasthal Optical Telescope[11] (DOT)\n\n7000360000000000000♠3.60 m\n141″\nSingle\nIndia\nARIES Devasthal Observatory, Nainital, India\n2016\n\n\nTelescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG)\n\n7000358000000000000♠3.58 m\n138″\nSingle\nItaly\nRoque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain\n1997\n\n\nNew Technology Telescope (NTT)\n\n7000358000000000000♠3.58 m\n142″\nSingle\nESO countries\nLa Silla Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile\n1989\n\n\nCanada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT)\n\n7000358000000000000♠3.58 m\n141″\nSingle\nCanada, France, USA\nMauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, USA\n1979\n\n\nESO 3.6 m Telescope\n\n7000357000000000000♠3.57 m\n140″\nSingle\nESO countries\nLa Silla Observatory, Coquimbo Region, Chile\n1977\n\n\nMPI-CAHA 7000350000000000000♠3.5 m[12]\n\n3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nWest Germany, Spain\nCalar Alto Obs., Almería, Spain\n1984\n\n\nUSAF Starfire 3.5 m [13]\n\n7000350000000000000♠3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nUSA\nStarfire Optical Range, New Mexico, USA\n1994\n\n\nWIYN Telescope\n\n7000350000000000000♠3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nUSA\nKitt Peak National Obs., Arizona, USA\n1994\n\n\nSpace Surveillance Telescope\n\n7000350000000000000♠3.5 m\n138″\nSingle\nUSA\nWhite Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, USA\n2011\n\n\nAstrophysical Research Consortium (ARC)\n\n7000348000000000000♠3.48 m\n137″\nSingle\nUSA\nApache Point Obs., New Mexico, USA\n1994\n\n\nShane Telescope\n\n7000305000000000000♠3.05 m\n120″\nSingle\nUSA\nLick Observatory, California, USA\n1959\n\n\nNASA Infrared Telescope Facility\n\n3.0 m\n120″\nSingle\nUSA\nMauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA\n1979\n\n\nNASA-LMT\n→retired, private[14]\n\n7000300000000000000♠3 m\n118″\nLiquid\nUSA\nNASA Orbital Debris Obs., New Mexico, USA\n1995–2002\n\n\nSee List of large optical reflecting telescopes for continuation of list\n\n" ]
[ "Roque de los Muchachos Obs., Canary Islands, Spain" ]
-1581937715502990001
A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)
A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) - wikipedia A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) A Star Is Born Soundtrack album by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Released October 5 , 2018 Recorded 2017 -- 2018 Studio Woodrow Wilson Studios ( Hollywood , California ) EastWest Studios , The Village West ( Los Angeles , California ) Shangri - La Studios ( Malibu , California ) Electric Lady Studios ( New York , New York ) Length 70 : 01 Label Interscope Producer Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Dave Cobb Bradley Cooper Lady Gaga Nick Monson Lukas Nelson Brian Newman Mark Nilan Jr . Benjamin Rice Lady Gaga chronology Joanne ( 2016 ) A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) Singles from A Star Is Born `` Shallow '' Released : September 27 , 2018 A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name , performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . It was released on October 5 , 2018 , by Interscope Records . Gaga and Cooper collaborated on the soundtrack album with an assortment of country musicians , including Lukas Nelson , who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper 's band . For the more pop - oriented songs on the soundtrack , Gaga teamed up with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow . The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell , Mark Ronson , Diane Warren , and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow . Commercially , it has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Ireland , New Zealand , Scotland , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Writing and recording 3 Music and lyrics 4 Release 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background and development ( edit ) In March 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that Bradley Cooper was in talks to make his directorial debut with A Star Is Born , the fourth remake of the 1937 film of the same name . Lady Gaga was officially attached to the film in August 2016 , with the studio green - lighting the project to begin production in early 2017 . Cooper plays Jackson Maine , `` a veteran country singer who discovers and eventually falls in love with a struggling singer - songwriter named Ally , played by Gaga . '' Gaga `` helped inform Cooper 's performance as a musician '' . Cooper spent two - and - a-half years prepping for the film and determining what kind of musician his character would be . He worked with a number of musicians and vocal coach Roger Love . Cooper said , `` by the end he just kind of started developing into his own sort of creation . If I had another year of prep , it would have been complete rock , but now it 's some sort of hybrid . '' Writing and Recording ( edit ) Cooper described the soundtrack `` an evolution , like the story . '' Gaga and Cooper were writing songs for the soundtrack during filming , leading to `` so many different incarnations of each song . '' Cooper added that `` the music really became a character in the movie . There is no lyric that 's ever in any point of the movie that does n't have exactly to do with where one of them is or hopes to be or regrets being . That was our launching pad and then it was just about discovering what songs fit in the right places . '' Jason Isbell wrote a song for Cooper 's character , which became `` the sword with which a lot of the music spawned from ( Cooper ) '' . Isbell sent the song through Dave Cobb , a Nashville - based producer with whom Cooper had been collaborating . Cooper approached Lukas Nelson ( son of country music singer Willie Nelson ) after seeing him perform at Desert Trip in October 2016 and asked him to work on the film as a music consultant . Nelson said he began `` writing songs for the movie , just for the heck of it , and sending them over to the producer , and they started liking them . Then Lady Gaga came by and I met her and we clicked . We became good friends , and we started writing together . '' Gaga , in turn , provided backing vocals on two tracks on Nelson 's self - titled album released in 2017 . Nelson and his band , Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real , appear in the film as Cooper 's backing band . Gaga reunited with producer Mark Ronson and songwriter Hillary Lindsey , who had both contributed to her previous studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) . She worked with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow on the soundtrack 's more pop - oriented numbers performed by her character Ally . Much of the album was recorded live on set , at Gaga 's insistence . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Billboard described the soundtrack as `` integral to the plotline '' , adding that `` many of the lyrics are about wanting and longing for change , but noting the struggle . Some express the great love and beautiful bond the booze - addled rock star ( Jackson Maine , played by Cooper ) and neophyte singer - songwriter ( Ally , played by Lady Gaga ) have for each other '' , and concluding that `` the music stands up , movie or no movie . They are timeless , emotional , gritty and earnest . They sound like songs written by artists who , quite frankly , are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener . '' Release ( edit ) The soundtrack 's track list and release date were announced on August 30 , 2018 . Interscope Records tweeted that the album `` features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . '' Its track `` Shallow '' was released on September 27 as the album 's lead single . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 78 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.4 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine The soundtrack received positive response from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album has an average score of 78 , based on 8 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In a positive review , The Washington Post called the soundtrack a `` five - star marvel '' and stated that it is a possible contender to win a Grammy Award . Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian gave the album a positive review , acknowledging `` Bradley Cooper shows he can sing as well as act and direct '' , but that `` it is Lady Gaga 's pop prowess that lifts each track , be it spectacular piano ballads or heart - rending duets '' In a positive review , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , writing for AllMusic , said `` All the songs make sense narratively and on their own , so they hold together well and would amount to a first - rate soundtrack '' , but criticized the dialogue included in the album . Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos gave the soundtrack four stars out of a possible five , saying `` The music Gaga helps write for this stretch in Ally 's career ... is gorgeous -- romantic without being trite and powerful . '' Nick Reilly of NME complimented the album 's `` emotionally charged songs that feel entirely appropriate for this heartfelt tale of doomed romance '' , adding that the album is `` one of the best Hollywood soundtracks of recent years . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Neil McCormick gave the album a moderately positive review , saying the soundtrack was enjoyable , but criticized the `` slightly awkward journey from rock balladry to slickly superficial pop '' and stated that `` there is also a weird disconnect as the soundtrack shifts gear to anodyne modern pop '' . Jeremy Winograd of Slant Magazine , in a mixed review , was critical of the album , saying `` There 's undoubtedly a strong 10 - song album lodged at the core of A Star Is Born , but unlike the film , wherein an outsized sense of sentimentality is rendered affecting by the more grounded performances , there 's not nearly enough substance here to justify all the bombast . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) A Star Is Born opened atop the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , including 162,000 pure album sales . It had the biggest overall sales week for a soundtrack in over three years , and is Gaga 's fifth US number - one album as well as Cooper 's first . Gaga extended her record as the female artist with the most chart - topping albums during the 2010s , breaking her tie with Taylor Swift . Beside its pure album sales , A Star Is Born earned 37,000 in stream - equivalent units and 32,000 from track - equivalent units . The soundtrack spent a second week at number one there with 143,000 album - equivalent units ( 86,000 being pure sales ) , and became Gaga 's second album to top the chart for two consecutive weeks after Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It then held the country 's summit for a third week in a row with 109,000 equivalent units ( 61,000 pure sales ) , becoming the first soundtrack since High School Musical 2 in 2007 to top the chart for its first three weeks . Additionally it became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in the country . A Star Is Born entered at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 18,000 equivalent units , earning the top sales and digital song download honors and the seventh highest on - demand streams for the week . The soundtrack was Gaga 's third album to reach the summit in the nation and her first since Born This Way . The soundtrack held the top position for the next week , with another 12,000 equivalent units and was also the top - selling album . It had an 11 % increase in sales during the third week and remained atop the charts , selling close to 14,000 equivalent units . Like in the United States , the soundtrack became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in Canada for Gaga . In the United Kingdom , A Star Is Born faced competition from Twenty One Pilots ' fifth studio album , Trench , with the midweek chart suggesting the latter to emerge as the top album . A Star Is Born pulled ahead at the last moment according to Alan Jones from Music Week , and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with 31,816 units ( including 6,178 from stream - equivalent units ) . It became Gaga 's fourth album to reach number one in the nation and first since Artpop ( 2013 ) , as well as Cooper 's first entry on the chart . The soundtrack was then displaced by Jess Glynne 's Always In Between the following week , and it fell to number two , selling 24,732 equivalent units . For the week ending November 1 , 2018 , the soundtrack moved back atop the chart with 24,982 copies sold ( including 6,645 from sales - equivalent streams ) . `` Shallow '' also reached the top of the UK Singles Chart that week , making Gaga and Cooper score an Official UK Chart double , this being Gaga 's third time to do so . A Star Is Born opened at number one in Ireland and Scotland , and was Gaga 's third number one in the former . During its third week atop the Irish chart , the soundtrack attained its highest sales tally . In France , the soundtrack sold 8,700 units and debuted at number seven on the SNEP Albums Chart , and held the same position the next week with another 8,000 units . In Australia , A Star Is Born entered at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart , giving Gaga her seventh top 10 album in the country and her sixth to reach the top three . Two weeks later , the soundtrack reached the top of the charts , becoming Gaga 's third album to reach the Australian charts summit after The Fame Monster and Born This Way . The soundtrack debuted at number six in the New Zealand Albums Chart , and after two weeks reached the top . Track listing ( edit ) Standard version No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro '' 0 : 20 2 . `` Black Eyes '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Lukas Nelson Cooper Nelson Lady Gaga 3 : 03 3 . `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) Harold Arlen E.Y. Harburg Claire Louise Whittleston 0 : 42 4 . `` Fabulous French '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper , Lady Gaga , Anthony Ramos and D.J. `` Shangela '' Pierce ) 0 : 19 5 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Louiguy Édith Piaf Gaga Brian Newman 2 : 59 6 . `` I 'll Wait for You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 7 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Jason Isbell Cooper Benjamin Rice Gaga 2 : 39 8 . `` Parking Lot '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 31 9 . `` Out of Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 2 : 52 10 . `` Alibi '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Cooper Nelson Gaga Cooper Nelson 3 : 03 11 . `` Trust Me '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 32 12 . `` Shallow '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Mark Ronson Anthony Rossomando Andrew Wyatt Gaga Rice 3 : 35 13 . `` First Stop , Arizona '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 10 14 . `` Music to My Eyes '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Nelson 3 : 19 15 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Paul Kennerley Gaga Nelson 3 : 57 16 . `` I Love You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 17 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Natalie Hemby Hillary Lindsey Lori McKenna Dave Cobb Gaga 3 : 30 18 . `` Unbelievable '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron ) 0 : 28 19 . `` How Do You Hear It ? '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 14 20 . `` Look What I Found '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Mark Nilan Jr . Nick Monson Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Nelson Aaron Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 2 : 55 21 . `` Memphis '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 24 22 . `` Heal Me '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Julia Michaels Justin Tranter Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 16 23 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Gaga Nelson Nilan Monson 2 : 57 24 . `` Vows '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) 0 : 17 25 . `` Is That Alright ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 11 26 . `` SNL '' ( dialogue ; featuring Alec Baldwin , Donald King , Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano ) 0 : 13 27 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Diane Warren Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 04 28 . `` Hair Body Face '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Rice 3 : 22 29 . `` Scene 98 '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 35 30 . `` Before I Cry '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 4 : 18 31 . `` Too Far Gone '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 1 : 26 32 . `` Twelve Notes '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott ) 1 : 03 33 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 4 : 41 34 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 5 : 28 Total length : 70 : 01 show Version without dialogue No . Title Length 1 . `` Black Eyes '' 3 : 03 2 . `` La Vie en rose '' 2 : 59 3 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' 2 : 39 4 . `` Out of Time '' 2 : 52 5 . `` Alibi '' 3 : 03 6 . `` Shallow '' ( radio edit ) 3 : 37 7 . `` Music to My Eyes '' 3 : 19 8 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' 3 : 57 9 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' 3 : 30 10 . `` Look What I Found '' 2 : 55 11 . `` Heal Me '' 3 : 16 12 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' 2 : 57 13 . `` Is That Alright ? '' 3 : 11 14 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' 3 : 04 15 . `` Hair Body Face '' 3 : 22 16 . `` Before I Cry '' 4 : 18 17 . `` Too Far Gone '' 1 : 26 18 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( radio edit ) 4 : 41 19 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( radio edit ) 5 : 28 Total length : 63 : 37 Notes -- additional vocal production -- additional production -- main and additional production -- vocal production -- 0 : 31 on clean version of the album -- 0 : 34 on clean version of the album -- 69 : 59 for clean version of the album Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentinian Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatia International Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Estonian Albums ( IFPI ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 15 Icelandic Albums ( Tonlist ) Irish Albums ( OCC ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 32 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Slovak Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) South African Albums ( RiSA ) 18 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 37 South Korean International Albums ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Compilation ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various October 5 , 2018 Digital download Streaming CD LP Interscope Japan November 7 , 2018 CD LP See also ( edit ) Book : A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 2018 List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one albums from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Scotland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK Album Downloads Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga , Bradley Cooper Detail ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Gets Warner Bros Green Light ; Bradley Cooper Directs , Stars With Lady Gaga '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Sonia ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` What we know about the lengthy ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack , like its copious amount of Bradley Cooper '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga on letting go for ' A Star Is Born ' and what Bradley Cooper insisted she do before filming '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get to know the songwriters behind Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Betts , Stephen ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Isbell , Lukas Nelson Songs to Appear in Lady Gaga 's ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Lukas Nelson Talks Writing With Lady Gaga , Gigging With Neil Young '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finn , Timothy ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` He 's worked with Neil Young , Gaga and his dad , Willie Nelson . Now he 's coming to KC '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Samantha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real 's `` Find Yourself '' to Life `` . CMT . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Praises ' A Star Is Born ' Co-Star Bradley Cooper 's Talents at Toronto Premiere : ' He Sings From His Soul ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Interscope ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` # AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . Pre-order the music from the film now , out Oct. 5 . smarturl.it/ASIBSoundtrack @ StarIsBornMovie # AStarIsBorn '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Balancia , Donna ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Let the Music Shine in ' A Star Is Born ' '' . California Rocker . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Erlewine , Stephen ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper : A Star Is Born soundtrack , review : an enjoyable but very peculiar album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born soundtrack review -- instant classics full of Gaga 's emotional might '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Nick ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' -- soundtrack review '' . NME . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spannos , Brittany ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Winograd , Jeremy ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born Original Soundtrack '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack is a five - star marvel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart , Future & Juice WRLD Debut at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Reborn At No. 1 On This Week 's Albums Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Rap Dominates This Week 's Chart , But A Star Is Born Remains No. 1 '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ginette Reno , Arkells Debut With Strong Numbers On This Week 's Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga tops Official Albums Chart for fourth time thanks to A Star Is Born '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Born races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ainsley , Helen ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jess Glynne scores second Number 1 album with Always In Between '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 20 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : Jess Glynne sophomore album races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper score the Official Chart double as Shallow becomes Gaga 's fifth UK Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Reborn on albums chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mapstone , Lucy ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper top charts with A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The A Star Is Born soundtrack bests Twenty One Pilots for Official Irish Albums Chart Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's A Star Is Born holds at Number 1 , Dua Lipa returns to Top 3 on the Official Irish Albums Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Trois Cafés Gourmands détrône Mylène Farmer , Angèle devant Lady Gaga '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Johnny Hallyday entre dans l'histoire et fait le triplé , SCH dans le top 5 '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Australian Albums : twenty one pilots ' Trench ' Lands At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Jumps To # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 27 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Soundtrack Credits '' . A Star Is Born . Interscope Records . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2018 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : BMI Work # 21904915 '' . BMI . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( Without Dialogue ) '' . Spotify . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los discos más vendidos : `` TRENCH '' de TWENTY ONE PILOTS se quedó con en el primer puesto en la semana del 15 al 21 de Octubre `` . Diario de Cultura ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lista prodaje 41 . tjedan 2018 '' ( in Croatian ) . HDU . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201842 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Siim ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` EESTI TIPP - 40 MUUSIKAS : Lenna kihutas koos nubluga , aga '' . Eesti Ekspress ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikki : A Star Is Born '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums ( Week 41 , 2018 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart Εβδομάδα : 41 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 42 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlistinn Vika 42 -- 2018 '' ( in Icelandic ) . Tonlistinn . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 42 ( dal 2018 - 10 - 12 al 2018 - 10 - 18 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Albums uke 42 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slovak Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Note : On the chart page , select SK Albums and `` 201842 '' on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Top 20 '' ( in Africans ) . Recording Industry of South Africa . October 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 14 ~ 2018.10. 20 '' to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 07 ~ 2018.10. 13 '' , then `` 국외 '' , to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 42 ( 12 / 10 a 18 / 10 ) '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Samlingar -- Vecka 41 , 12 oktober 2018 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Top Tastemaker Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born -- Official store '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Star Is Born ( Movie ) ' Original Soundtrack '' ( in Japanese ) . CDJapan . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) A Star Is Born Music Official website A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? Lady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Soundtracks A Star Is Born Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Dive Bar Tour Residencies Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Lady Gaga Enigma Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Super Bowl LI halftime show Fragrances Lady Gaga Fame Eau de Gaga Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson Related articles Aleiodes gaga Born This Way Foundation Doll Domination Tour Gaga ( plant ) Gagadon Haus of Gaga Joanne Trattoria Cookbook Lady Gaga : Queen of Pop `` Lisa Goes Gaga '' Meat dress `` Perform This Way '' TechHaus Volantis Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_soundtrack)&oldid=866512109 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Film soundtracks Lady Gaga albums Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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when does the star is born album come out
[ "A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name, performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper. It was released on October 5, 2018, by Interscope Records.[1] Gaga and Cooper collaborated on the soundtrack album with an assortment of country musicians, including Lukas Nelson, who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper's band. For the more pop-oriented songs on the soundtrack, Gaga teamed up with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow. The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell, Mark Ronson, Diane Warren, and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow. Commercially, it has topped the charts in Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.\n" ]
[ "October 5, 2018" ]
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NBA regular season records
NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Lonzo Ball is the youngest , doing so on November 11 , 2017 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 20 years , 15 days . He had 19 points , 12 rebounds and 13 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,109 + games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=826336400 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 15 : 39 . 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most points scored by team in nba quarter
[ "\n\n\n99 – San Antonio Spurs (53) at Denver Nuggets (46) on January 11, 1984\n\n\n" ]
[ "99" ]
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America's Next Top Model (season 1)
America 's Next Top Model ( season 1 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( season 1 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 ) Cycle 1 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network UPN Original release May 20 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) -- July 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 15 ) Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Janice Dickinson Kimora Lee Simmons Beau Quillian No. of contestants 10 Winner Adrianne Curry All - stars Shannon Stewart America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 was the first cycle of America 's Next Top Model . It originally aired on UPN from May to July 2003 , and was hosted by Tyra Banks , who additionally served as its executive producer and presenter . The judging panel consisted of Banks , Janice Dickinson , Kimora Lee Simmons , and Beau Quillian . The cycle 's catchphrase was `` One girl has what it takes '' . This was the only season to feature a cast of only 10 finalists . All later cycles have featured at least 12 finalists . The international destination for the cycle was Paris , France . The winner of the competition was 20 - year - old Adrianne Curry from Joliet , Illinois . Her prizes were a modelling contract with Wilhelmina Models , a photo spread in Marie Claire magazine and a contract with Revlon cosmetics . Contents 1 Contestants 2 Episode summaries 2.1 The Girl Who Wants It Bad 2.2 The Girl Is Here To Win , Not Make Friends 2.3 The Girl Who Gets Rushed To The Emergency Room 2.4 The Girl Who Drives Everyone Crazy 2.5 The Girl Who Everyone Thinks Is Killing Herself 2.6 The Girl Who Deals With A Pervert 2.7 The Girls Get Really Naked 2.8 How The Girls Got Here 2.9 The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model 3 Summaries 3.1 Call - out order 3.2 Photo shoot guide 3.3 Makeovers 4 Post-Top Model careers 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Tessa Carlson 19 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Chicago , Illinois Episode 1 10 Katie Cleary 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Glenview , Illinois Episode 2 9 Nicole Panattoni 22 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Murrieta , California Episode 3 8 Ebony Haith 24 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Bronx , New York Episode 4 7 Giselle Samson 18 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Corona , California Episode 5 6 Kesse Wallace 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) North Little Rock , Arkansas Episode 6 5 Robin Manning 26 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Memphis , Tennessee Episode 7 Elyse Sewell 20 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Albuquerque , New Mexico Episode 9 Shannon Stewart 18 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Franklin , Ohio Adrianne Curry 20 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Joliet , Illinois Episode summaries ( edit ) The girl who wants it bad ( edit ) First aired May 20 , 2003 Twenty semi-finalists , chosen from thousands of hopefuls , arrived in Los Angeles for the preliminary round of the competition . The contestants were told that only ten of them would make it to the finals , but after their meetings with Tyra Banks and the producers , only eight advanced . Two more contestants , Giselle and Tessa , were added to the final cast following a separate audition . For the week 's photo shoot , the ten finalists modeled J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez swimwear atop a Manhattan skyscraper . The judging session saw Tessa become the first model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Douglas Bizzaro & Elizabeth Moss The girl is here to win , not make friends ( edit ) First aired May 27 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the nine remaining finalists took part in a mock fashion show . The challenge winner was Giselle . For the photo shoot , the finalists posed for Stuff magazine . The judging session saw Katie become the second model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Barry Hollywood Special guests : Wyclef Jean The girl who gets rushed to the emergency room ( edit ) First aired June 3 , 2003 The eight remaining finalists were given makeovers . They had a challenge on applying make - up , which was won by Elyse . For the week 's photo shoot , the finalists had beauty shots taken with a snake . The judging session saw Nicole become the third model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Troy Ward Special guests : Kim Lepine , Jon Silverman , Max Tucci , Janice Combs , Constance White , Derek Kahn The girl who drives everyone crazy ( edit ) First aired June 10 , 2003 The seven remaining finalists were challenged to polish their acting skills . They were given a challenge on line - reading , which was won by Robin . Instead of a photo shoot , the finalists shot a commercial for Fresh Look contact lenses . The judging session saw Ebony become the fourth model eliminated from the competition . Featured commercial director : Loren Haynes Special guests : Jon Silverman , Alice Spivak , Tracy Staus The girl who everyone thinks is killing herself ( edit ) First aired June 17 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the six remaining finalists gave interviews , with Elyse winning . The photo shoot was a campaign for Reebok with NFL Rookie of the Year Clinton Portis . The judging session saw Giselle become the fifth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Daniel Garriga Special guests : Cindy Berger , Jon Silverman , Clinton Portis , Christine Curry , Martin Crandall , Derek Kahn , Steve Santagati The girl who deals with a pervert ( edit ) First aired June 24 , 2003 The five remaining finalists were flown to Paris for the week 's challenge and photo shoot . They did a lingerie shoot for Wonder Bra with male model Brad Pinkert , and for the challenge they attended go - sees . The judging session saw Kesse become the sixth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Michel Haddi Special guests : Pink , Brad Pinkert , Emma Mackie , Marilyn Gauthier The girls Get really naked ( edit ) First aired July 1 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the four remaining finalists went to a restaurant and met four men , who judged them on their ability to carry themselves in a couture situation . The challenge winner was Adrianne . The finalists did two photo shoots this week : a black - and - white beauty shoot shot by Tyra Banks , and a nude shoot for Merit Diamond jewelry , the latter of which Robin and Shannon refused to participate in . The finalists were flown back to New York City for the judging session , which saw Robin become the seventh model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographers : Tyra Banks , Patrick Katzman Special guests : Pascal Millet , Derek Khan How the girls got here ( edit ) First aired July 8 , 2003 This episode was an overview of the past seven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage . The girl who becomes America 's Next Top Model ( edit ) First aired July 8 , 2003 The final three contestants were Adrianne Curry , Elyse Sewell and Shannon Stewart . Elyse became the eighth model eliminated at the penultimate judging session . Adrianne and Shannon competed in a Baby Phat fashion show . The final judging session saw Adrianne crowned America 's Next Top Model . Special guest : Drew Lineham Summaries ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 9 Nicole Ebony Shannon Shannon Kesse Adrianne Elyse Elyse Shannon Adrianne Robin Elyse Nicole Kesse Elyse Kesse Shannon Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Kesse Kesse Giselle Elyse Adrianne Shannon Robin Shannon Elyse Elyse Adrianne Robin Giselle Robin Robin Adrianne Robin 5 Katie Katie Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Elyse Kesse 6 Ebony Nicole Ebony Robin Giselle Giselle 7 Adrianne Giselle Elyse Ebony Ebony 8 Shannon Robin Kesse Nicole 9 Shannon Katie 10 Tessa The contestant won the challenge The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the pool of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 8 . Later , two more contestants ( Giselle and Tessa ) were scouted and introduced to the cast . In episode 7 , Robin and Shannon did not participate in the photo shoot . Episode 8 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Swimwear on a rooftop Episode 2 photo shoot : Swimwear for Stuff Episode 3 photo shoot : Beauty shots with snakes Episode 4 commercial : Fresh Look contact lenses Episode 5 photo shoot : Reebok ad with Clinton Portis Episode 6 photo shoot : Wonder Bra overlooking the Eiffel Tower Episode 7 photo shoots : Black & white beauty shots , nude campaign for Merit Diamond Makeovers ( edit ) Adrianne -- Weave with bangs Ebony -- Tuft shaved off Elyse -- Pixie cut Giselle -- Dyed red and layered Kesse -- Hair weave with honey blonde highlights , à la Tyra Banks in 1992 Nicole -- Weave trimmed and straightened Robin -- Weave removed and light brown weave added Shannon -- Straight hair weave and more blonde Post-top Model careers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tessa Carlson modeled for Noah Kalina and Joey Quintero . Katie Cleary has worked with Deal or No Deal and has done print modeling . She has been an on - camera host for TV Guide Channel , E ! News , and HDTV 's Get Out . Her acting credits include How to Get Away with Murder , Chuck , The Break - Up , The Lake House , and Iron Man 2 . Adrianne Curry collected her prizes and has modeled for several magazines , including Life & Style Weekly , Us Weekly , Star , OK ! , Stuff , People , Maxim , made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005 , Max ( Spanish ) Marie Claire , Spanish Marie Claire , Von Dutch , Von Dutch Watches , Salon City , Macy 's , Famous Stars and Straps , Lucky , Ed Hardy , Kinis Bikinis , Beverly Hills Choppers , and Merit Diamonds . She has walked for Jaime Pressly and Pamela Anderson . She was signed with Wilhelmina Models and Avenue Modeller , and is no longer a model . She was married to actor Christopher Knight from 2006 to 2012 . Ebony Haith was signed with Downtown Model Management . Robin Manning is pursuing an acting career and has been in two movies , and has done church - related print work . Nicole Panattoni modeled for various companies . She is married to BMX rider Cory Nastazio . Giselle Samson now works as a hostess for Carnival Cruise . Elyse Sewell has done multiple print ads , and been signed by multiple agencies in Asia . Shannon Stewart has done print work , and has been signed with Ford Models and Elite Model Management . She participated in the America 's Next Top Model All Stars cycle alongside other former contestants , finishing in sixth place . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Would - be supermodel finds her competition shallow '' . Record - Journal . June 2 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LOOKING FOR A TOP MODEL '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . June 3 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ La Ferla , Ruth . `` Front Row '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why America 's Next Top Model Was Never Better Than Its First Cycle '' . Vulture. 2015 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Adrianne Curry Spills ' The Truth ' About ' America 's Next Top Model ' and Hearing ' Crickets ' From Tyra Banks '' . toofab . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20030420131826/http://www.upn.com/shows/top_model/bio_tessa.shtml Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . August 1 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . June 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Brittney . `` ANTM Contestants : Where Are They Now ? '' . Jump up ^ FashionModelDirectory.com , The FMD - . `` Adrianne Curry -- Fashion Model Models Photos , Editorials & Latest News The FMD '' . The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balser , Erin ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` Top Model Round - Up : January 10 '' . Topmodelgossip.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 on IMDb America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 at TV.com America 's Next Top Model Fact - O - File History America 's Next Top Model Seasons ( cycle ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Candace M. Smith Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Cory Wade Hindorff Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_1)&oldid=866096226 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2003 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2009 TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 06 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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america's next top model cycle 1 contestants
[ "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n", "\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHeight\n\nHometown\n\nFinish\n\nPlace\n\n\nTessa Carlson[6]\n\n19\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nEpisode 1\n\n10\n\n\nKatie Cleary[7]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nGlenview, Illinois\n\nEpisode 2\n\n9\n\n\nNicole Panattoni[8]\n\n22\n\n5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)\n\nMurrieta, California\n\nEpisode 3\n\n8\n\n\nEbony Haith[9]\n\n24\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nBronx, New York\n\nEpisode 4\n\n7\n\n\nGiselle Samson[10]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nCorona, California\n\nEpisode 5\n\n6\n\n\nKesse Wallace[11]\n\n21\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nNorth Little Rock, Arkansas\n\nEpisode 6\n\n5\n\n\nRobin Manning[12]\n\n26\n\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n\nMemphis, Tennessee\n\nEpisode 7\n\n4\n\n\nElyse Sewell[13]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)\n\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n\nEpisode 9\n\n3\n\n\nShannon Stewart[14]\n\n18\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nFranklin, Ohio\n\n2\n\n\nAdrianne Curry[15]\n\n20\n\n5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)\n\nJoliet, Illinois\n\n1\n" ]
[ "Tessa Carlson", "Katie Cleary", "Nicole Panattoni", "Ebony Haith", "Giselle Samson", "Kesse Wallace", "Robin Manning", "Elyse Sewell", "Shannon Stewart", "Adrianne Curry" ]
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Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein - wikipedia Phenolphthalein `` Phph '' redirects here . For Ph - Ph , see biphenyl . Phenolphthalein Names Preferred IUPAC name 3 , 3 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 2 - benzofuran - 1 ( 3H ) - one Other names 3 , 3 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) isobenzofuran - 1 ( 3H ) - one Identifiers CAS Number 77 - 09 - 8 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL63857 ChemSpider 4600 DrugBank DB04824 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 914 KEGG D05456 PubChem CID 4764 UNII 6QK969R2IF InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C20H14O4 / c21 - 15 - 9 - 5 - 13 ( 6 - 10 - 15 ) 20 ( 14 - 7 - 11 - 16 ( 22 ) 12 - 8 - 14 ) 18 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 17 ( 18 ) 19 ( 23 ) 24 - 20 / h1 - 12 , 21 - 22H Key : KJFMBFZCATUALV - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / C20H14O4 / c21 - 15 - 9 - 5 - 13 ( 6 - 10 - 15 ) 20 ( 14 - 7 - 11 - 16 ( 22 ) 12 - 8 - 14 ) 18 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 17 ( 18 ) 19 ( 23 ) 24 - 20 / h1 - 12 , 21 - 22H Key : KJFMBFZCATUALV - UHFFFAOYAH SMILES ( show ) O = C1OC ( c2ccccc12 ) ( c3ccc ( O ) cc3 ) c4ccc ( O ) cc4 Properties Chemical formula C H O Molar mass 318.33 g mol Appearance White powder Density 1.277 g / cm ( 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) ) Melting point 258 -- 263 ° C ( 496 -- 505 ° F ; 531 -- 536 K ) Solubility in water 400 mg / L in water Solubility in other solvents Insoluble in benzene or hexane , very soluble in ethanol and ether , slightly soluble in DMSO UV - vis ( λ ) 552 nm ( 1st ) 374 nm ( 2nd ) Pharmacology ATC code A06AB04 ( WHO ) Hazards GHS pictograms GHS signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H341 , H350 , H361 GHS precautionary statements P201 , P281 , P308 + 313 NFPA 704 0 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C H O and is often written as `` HIn '' or `` phph '' in shorthand notation . Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid -- base titrations . For this application , it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions . It belongs to class of dyes known as Pthalein dyes . Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments . It is a weak acid , which can lose H ions in solution . The phenolphthalein molecule is colorless , and the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is added to the phenolphthalein , the molecule ⇌ ions equilibrium shifts to the right , leading to more ionization as H ions are removed . This is predicted by Le Chatelier 's principle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Indicator 1.2 Medical uses 2 Synthesis 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Uses ( edit ) Indicator ( edit ) Phenolphthalein 's common use is as an indicator in acid - base titrations . It also serves as a component of universal indicator , together with methyl red , bromothymol blue , and thymol blue . Phenolphthalein adopts four different states in aqueous solution : Under very strongly acidic conditions , it exists in protonated form ( HIn ) , providing an orange coloration . Between strongly acidic and slightly basic conditions , the lactone form ( HIn ) is colorless . The doubly deprotonated ( In ) phenolate form ( the anion form of phenol ) gives the familiar pink color . In strongly basic solutions , phenolphthalein 's pink color undergoes a rather slow fading reaction and becomes completely colorless above 13.0 pH . The rather slow fading reaction that produces the colorless In ( OH ) ion is sometimes used in classes for the study of reaction kinetics . Species H In H In In In ( OH ) Structure Model pH < 0 0 − 8.2 8.2 − 12.0 > 13.0 Conditions strongly acidic acidic or near - neutral basic strongly basic Color orange colorless pink to fuchsia colorless Image An animation of the pH dependent reaction mechanism : H In → H In → In → In ( OH ) Phenolphthalein 's pH sensitivity is exploited in other applications : Concrete has naturally high pH due to the calcium hydroxide formed when Portland cement reacts with water . As the concrete reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , pH decreases to 8.5 - 9 . When a 1 % phenolphthalein solution is applied to normal concrete , it turns bright pink . However , if it remains colorless , it shows that the concrete has undergone carbonation . In a similar application , spackling used to repair holes in drywall contains phenolphthalein . When applied , the basic spackling material retains a pink coloration ; when the spackling has cured by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide , the pink color fades . Phenolphthalein is used in toys , for example as a component of disappearing inks , or disappearing dye on the Hollywood Hair Barbie hair . In the ink , it is mixed with sodium hydroxide , which reacts with carbon dioxide in the air . This reaction leads to the pH falling below the color change threshold as hydrogen ions are released by the reaction : OH + CO → CO + H To develop the hair and `` magic '' graphical patterns , the ink is sprayed with a solution of hydroxide , which leads to the appearance of the hidden graphics by the same mechanism described above for color change in alkaline solution . The pattern will eventually disappear again because of the reaction with carbon dioxide . Thymolphthalein is used for the same purpose and in the same way , when a blue color is desired . Medical uses ( edit ) See also : Phenol red Phenolphthalein has been used for over a century as a laxative , but is now being removed from over-the - counter laxatives because of concerns over carcinogenicity . Thymolphthalein is a related laxative made from thymol . Despite concerns regarding its carcinogenicity , the use of phenolphthalein as a laxative is unlikely to cause ovarian cancer . Phenolphthalein has been found to inhibit human cellular calcium influx via store - operated calcium entry ( SOCE , see Calcium release activated channel § Structure ) . This is effected by its inhibiting thrombin and thapsigargin , two activators of SOCE that increase intracellular free calcium . Phenolphthalein has been added to the European Chemicals Agency 's candidate list for Substances of Very High Concern ( SVHC ) . A reduced form of phenolphthalein , phenolphthalin , which is colorless , is used in a test to identify substances thought to contain blood , commonly known as the Kastle - Meyer test . A dry sample is collected with a swab or filter paper . A few drops of alcohol , then a few drops of phenolphthalin , and finally a few drops of hydrogen peroxide are dripped onto the sample . If the sample contains hemoglobin , it will turn pink immediately upon addition of the peroxide , because of the generation of phenolphthalein . A positive test indicates the sample contains hemoglobin and , therefore , is likely blood . A false positive can result from the presence of substances with catalytic activity similar to heme . This test is not destructive to the sample ; it can be kept and used in further tests . This test has the same reaction with blood from any animal , so further testing would be required to determine whether it originates from a human . Synthesis ( edit ) Phenolphthalein can be synthesized by condensation of phthalic anhydride with two equivalents of phenol under acidic conditions ( hence the name ) . It was discovered in 1871 by Adolf von Baeyer . Synthesis of phenolphthalein : The reaction can also be catalyzed by a mixture of zinc chloride and thionyl chloride . See also ( edit ) Bromothymol blue Litmus Methyl orange pH indicator Universal indicator References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Phenolphthalein '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Indicator '' . ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ US 6531528 , Ronald D. Kurp , `` Ready to use spackle / repair product containing dryness indicator '' , assigned to Dap Products Inc . Jump up ^ Toystore Jump up ^ Spiller , H.A. ; Winter , M.L. ; Weber , J.A. ; Krenzelok , E.P. ; Anderson , D.L. ; Ryan , M.L. ( May 2003 ) . `` Skin Breakdown and Blisters from Senna - Containing Laxatives in Young Children '' . The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37 ( 5 ) : 636 -- 639 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1C439 . PMID 12708936 . Jump up ^ Dunnick , J.K. ; Hailey , J.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Phenolphthalein Exposure Causes Multiple Carcinogenic Effects in Experimental Model Systems '' ( pdf ) . Cancer Research . 56 ( 21 ) : 4922 -- 4926 . PMID 8895745 . Jump up ^ Tice , R.R. ; Furedi - Machacek , M. ; Satterfield , D. ; Udumudi , A. ; Vasquez , M. ; Dunnick , J.K. ( 1998 ) . `` Measurement of Micronucleated Erythrocytes and DNA Damage during Chronic Ingestion of Phenolphthalein in Transgenic Female Mice Heterozygous for the p53 Gene '' . Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 31 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1098 - 2280 ( 1998 ) 31 : 2 < 113 : : AID - EM3 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - N. PMID 9544189 . Jump up ^ Cooper , G.S. ; Longnecker , M.P. ; Peters , R.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Ovarian Cancer Risk and Use of Phenolphthalein - Containing Laxatives '' . Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety . 13 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 39 . doi : 10.1002 / pds. 824 . PMID 14971121 . Jump up ^ Dobrydneva , Y. ; Wilson , E. ; Abelt , C.J. ; Blackmore , P.F. ( 2009 ) . `` Phenolphthalein as a Prototype Drug for a Group of Structurally Related Calcium Channel Blockers in Human Platelets '' . Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology . 53 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 240 . doi : 10.1097 / FJC. 0b013e31819b5494 . PMID 19247192 . Jump up ^ `` Phenolphthalein - Substance Information - ECHA '' . echa.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber eine neue Klasse von Farbstoffen '' . Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 ( 2 ) : 555 -- 558 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18710040209 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe '' . Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 ( 2 ) : 658 -- 665 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18710040247 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe '' . Polytechnisches Journal . 201 ( 89 ) : 358 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Max Hubacher , U.S. Patent 2,192,485 ( 1940 to Ex Lax Inc ) Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 2,522,939 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phenolphthalein . Page on different titration indicators , including phenolphthalein Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Purine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) P0 ( adenine ) Agonists : 8 - Aminoadenine Adenine P1 ( adenosine ) Agonists : 2 - ( 1 - Hexynyl ) - N - methyladenosine 2 - Cl - IB - MECA 2 ' - MeCCPA 4 ' - O - β - D - Glucosyl - 9 - O - ( 6 ' ' - deoxysaccharosyl ) olivil 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Adenosine ADP AMP Apadenoson ATL - 146e ATP BAY 60 -- 6583 Binodenoson Capadenoson CCPA CGS - 21680 CP - 532,903 Evodenoson GR 79236 LUF - 5835 LUF - 5845 N - Cyclopentyladenosine Namodenoson Neladenoson dalanate Piclidenoson Regadenoson SDZ WAG 994 Selodenoson Sonedenoson Tecadenoson UK - 432,097 Antagonists : 8 - Chlorotheophylline 8 - Phenyl - 1 , 3 - dipropylxanthine 8 - Phenyltheophylline Acefylline Aminophylline ATL - 444 Bamifylline Cafedrine Caffeine Caffeine citrate Cartazolate CGH - 2466 CGS - 15943 Choline theophyllinate Ciforadenant CPX CVT - 6883 Dimethazan DMPX DPCPX Dyphylline Enprofylline Etazolate Fenethylline IBMX Isovaleric acid Istradefylline KF - 26777 MRE3008F20 MRS - 1220 MRS - 1334 MRS - 1706 MRS - 1754 MRS - 3777 Paraxanthine Pentoxifylline Preladenant Propentofylline Proxyphylline PSB - 10 PSB - 11 PSB - 36 PSB - 603 PSB - 788 PSB - 1115 Reversine Rolofylline SCH - 442,416 SCH - 58261 Theacrine Theobromine Theodrenaline Theophylline Tozadenant Tracazolate VUF - 5574 ZM - 241,385 P2 ( nucleotide ) P2X ( ATP ) Agonists : 2 - Me - SATP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP AMP Ap4A Ap5A ATP ATPγS BzATP Cibacron blue CTP D - β , γ - Me - ATP GTP HT - AMP Ivermectin L - β , γ - Me - ATP MRS - 2219 PAPET - ATP UTP Zinc Antagonists : 5 - BDBD A-317491 A-438079 A-740003 A-804598 A-839977 AF - 353 AZ - 10606120 AZ - 11645373 BBG Calcium Calmidazolium Chelerythrine Copper Emodin ( Rheum officinale ) Evans Blue Gefapixant GW - 791343 HMA Ip5I isoPPADS JNJ - 47965567 KN - 04 KN - 62 Magnesium MRS - 2159 NF - 023 NF - 110 NF - 157 NF - 279 NF - 449 Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Oxidized - ATP Phenol Red Phenolphthalein PPADS PPNDS PSB - 12062 Puerarin ( Radix puerariae ) Purotoxin 1 RB - 2 Ro 0437626 Ro 51 RO - 3 Sodium ferulate ( Angelica sinensis , Ligusticum wallichii ) Suramin TC - P 262 Tetramethylpyrazine ( ligustrazine ) ( Ligusticum wallichii ) TNP - ATP Zinc P2Y Agonists : 2 - Me - SADP 2 - Me - SATP 2 - Thio - UTP 5 - Br - UDP 5 - OMe - UDP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP ADPβS Ap3A AR - C 67085MX ATP ATPγS CTP dATP Denufosol Diquafosol IDP ITP INS - 365 INS - 37217 MRS - 2365 MRS - 2690 MRS - 2693 MRS - 2768 MRS - 2957 MRS - 4062 NF - 546 PAPET - ATP PSB - 0474 PSB - 1114 UDP UDPβS UDP - galactose UDP - glucose UDP - N - acetylglucosamine Up3U UTP UTPγS Antagonists : 2 - Me - SAMP A3P5PS AMPαS Ap4A AR - C 66096 AR - C 67085MX AR - C 69931MX AR - C 118925XX ATP BzATP C1330 - 7 Cangrelor Clopidogrel Elinogrel Ip5I MRS - 2179 MRS - 2211 MRS - 2279 MRS - 2395 MRS - 2500 MRS - 2578 NF - 157 NF - 340 PIT PPADS Prasugrel PSB - 0739 RB - 2 Regrelor Suramin Ticagrelor Ticlopidine UDP Transporter ( blockers ) CNTs 6 - Hydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavone Adenosine dMeThPmR Estradiol KGO - 2142 KGO - 2173 MeThPmR Phloridzin Progesterone ENTs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cilostazol Dilazep Dipyridamole Estradiol Ethanol Hexobendine NBMPR Pentoxifylline Progesterone Propentofylline PMAT Decynium - 22 Enzyme ( inhibitors ) XO Allopurinol Amflutizole Benzbromarone Caffeic acid Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum osmophloeum Febuxostat Myo - inositol Kaempferol Myricetin Niraxostat Oxipurinol Phytic acid Pistacia integerrima Propolis Quercetin Tisopurine Topiroxostat Others Aminopterin Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolic acid Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Many others Others Precursors : Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP Cytosine Cytidine CMP CDP CTP Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP Hypoxanthine Inosine IMP IDP ITP Ribose Uracil Uridine UMP UDP UTP Others : Chrysophanol ( rhubarb ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenolphthalein&oldid=845518280 '' Categories : PH indicators Triarylmethane dyes Phenols IARC Group 2B carcinogens Phthalides Laxatives Hidden categories : Articles with changed DrugBank identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed FDA identifier Chembox having GHS data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 08 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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what is the colour of phenolphthalein in hcl acid
[ "Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as \"HIn\" or \"phph\" in shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belongs to class of dyes known as Pthalein dyes." ]
[ "colorless" ]
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The Sims 2
The Sims 2 - wikipedia The Sims 2 The Sims 2 Developer ( s ) Maxis Amaze Entertainment ( PSP , DS , Mobile , GBA versions ) Publisher ( s ) EA Games Director ( s ) Charles London Producer ( s ) Jonathan Knight Margaret Ng Programmer ( s ) David Gregory Matthew M. Brown Artist ( s ) David Patch Goopy Rossi Leo Hourvitz Composer ( s ) Mark Mothersbaugh Series The Sims Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows , OS X , Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , PlayStation Portable , Java ME Release Microsoft Windows NA : September 14 , 2004 EU : September 17 , 2004 OS X NA : June 17 , 2005 Game Boy Advance , GameCube , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 & Xbox NA : October 24 , 2005 EU : November 4 , 2005 PlayStation Portable NA : December 7 , 2005 EU : January 13 , 2006 Genre ( s ) Life simulation Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer The Sims 2 is a 2004 strategic life simulation video game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts . It is the sequel to The Sims . The game has the same concept as its predecessor : players control their Sims in various activities and form relationships in a manner similar to real life . The Sims 2 , like its predecessor , does not have a defined final goal ; gameplay is open - ended . Sims have life goals , wants and fears , the fulfillment of which can produce both positive or negative outcomes . All Sims age , and can live to 90 sim days depending on the degree to which their aspirations are fulfilled . The Sims 2 builds on its predecessor by allowing Sims to age through six stages of life and incorporating a 3D graphics engine . Although gameplay is not linear , storylines exist in the game 's pre-built neighborhoods . Pleasantview is based 25 years after the town in the original The Sims . Strangetown 's storyline is based on the supernatural , and is loosely connected with Pleasantview . Veronaville 's characters are based on Shakespearean characters . The Sims 2 was released on September 14 , 2004 for Microsoft Windows . A port to Mac OS X was released on June 17 , 2005 . Eight expansion packs and nine stuff packs were subsequently released . In addition several console versions have been released . The Sims 2 is offered on mobile platforms , with manufacturers such as Nokia offering The Sims 2 from the Ovi Store . A sequel , The Sims 3 , was released in June 2009 . The Sims 2 was a commercial success , selling one million copies in its first ten days , a record at the time . During April 2008 , The Sims 2 website announced that 100 million copies of The Sims series had been sold . The Sims 2 was well received by critics , gaining a 90 % score from aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings . By March 2012 , The Sims 2 had sold over six million PC copies , and 13 million over all platforms , making it one of the best - selling PC games of all - time . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Sims 1.1. 1 Create - a-Sim 1.2 Social interactions 1.3 Careers 1.4 Comparison to The Sims 2 Development 3 Music 4 Reception and legacy 5 Controversy 6 Editions , compilations , and add - ons 6.1 OS X version 6.2 Console versions 6.3 Handheld versions 6.3. 1 Game Boy Advance version 6.3. 2 Nintendo DS version 6.3. 3 PlayStation Portable version 6.4 Expansion packs 6.5 Stuff packs 6.6 Core game editions 6.7 Expansion - only compilations 6.8 Downloadable content 6.8. 1 Pre-order content 6.8. 2 The Sims 2 Store 6.9 Third - party tools 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( Edit ) From the neighborhood view , the player selects one lot to play , as in The Sims . There are both residential and community lots , but Sims can only live in residential lots . Sims can travel to Community lots in order to purchase things like clothing and magazines , and to interact with NPCs and townies . The player can choose between playing a pre-made inhabited lot , moving a household into an unoccupied pre-built lot , or constructing a building on an empty lot . One novelty from The Sims is foundations . The player switches among the `` live '' mode ( default ) to control Sims , the `` buy '' mode to add , move or delete furniture , or the `` build '' mode to rebuild the house . Buy and build mode can not be accessed when on a community lot , but can be opened by using the neighborhood view . It is also possible to import neighborhood terrains from SimCity 4 . The game contains some time - bound social challenges that provide a reward if successful . Sims can throw parties to gain aspiration points or invite the headmaster over for dinner in order to enroll their children in private school . Some expansion packs have new mini-games , like running a Greek house in University or dating in Nightlife . In Nightlife , each date is a challenge to keep both Sims as happy as possible while accumulating aspiration points . Various other expansion packs introduce supernatural characters which Sims can be turned into , such as Zombies , Vampires , Werewolves , Plantsims , and Witches . Sims ( Edit ) The main part of the game is to lead a Sim from the start of life to death . A Sim will be born when a female Sim and a male Sim try for a baby . The mother will spend 3 Sim days ( each day lasts 24 minutes though time can be sped - up ) pregnant before giving birth to a baby . During Pregnancy , the belly does not expand gradually . Instead , every day , it `` pops '' to a bigger size . Players can name the new Sim upon birth . The baby 's appearance and personality will be based on the genetics of its parents ( though the baby 's appearance is hidden until it becomes a toddler ) . Babies can also be adopted by calling the social worker on the phone , even by single parents or same - gender couples . The baby will change into a toddler in 3 days , and 4 more days for the toddler to change into a child . After 8 days , the child grows into a teenager , and will live 15 days before changing into an adult . After 29 days , the Sim will become an elder . An elder will eventually die ; the length of this final stage depends on the aspiration bar when they become an elder . Babies , toddlers , children , teens , and adults can be advanced to their next life stage at any time during the 24 Sim hours before they will grow up automatically . For babies , this requires using the birthday cake . Toddlers , children , teens , and adults can use the `` Grow Up '' self - interaction . If the University expansion pack is installed , teens have the option to go to college , where they will be young adults for approximately 24 days . Aging can be disabled via cheats . Players will need to build up talent badges , skills and relationships with other people , so that they can be successful in their career . A player will also need to make sure a Sim is happy and well by fulfilling wants ( including lifetime wants , avoiding fears , and fulfilling motives ) . Pregnancy , toddlers , teens , and elders are new stages of life . Young adult is a unique age added with the University expansion . Teen Sims will become young adults once they are moved to a University , and will be adults once they leave campus , regardless of the reason . Create - a-Sim ( Edit ) In The Sims 2 , Create a Family is entered by clicking the `` Families '' button in the lower left - hand corner of the neighborhood view , then clicking the large `` Create New Family '' button . Clicking the button labeled `` Create A Sim '' will expand a tab which has the `` Create a Sim '' and `` Make a Child '' icons . `` Make a Child '' will be grayed out unless the family contains an adult male and adult female . Clicking the `` Create a Sim '' icon will generate a random adult Sim , who may be male or female which can be edited by the player . As opposed to The Sims , any age besides baby or young adult ( which must be made in the University Create a Student ) may be created . Instead of having to choose from already finished faces which include hair , it is now possible to alter the facial structure ( e.g. widening the nose , thinning the lips , elongating the chin , etc . ) and choose any hairstyle to go with it . Different eye colors and an additional skin tone is available for the Sims as well . If Sims are older than a child , their aspiration and turn - ons / offs ( Nightlife or later ) may be determined . As in The Sims , there are five personality traits , and 25 personality points which can be assigned to those traits . However , in The Sims 2 , all personality points must be assigned . Additionally , there are twelve pre-set personalities , one for each of the zodiac signs . A zodiac sign will be set which matches the personality the player has selected for the Sim . The Sims 2 also comes with The Sims 2 Body Shop , which enables users to create genetics , makeups , accessories , clothes , and Sims , with the help of third - party tools , such as MS Paint , Paint.NET , Adobe Photoshop , GIMP , Wings 3D , and SimPE . Social interactions ( Edit ) There are several new social interactions introduced in The Sims 2 . These new social interactions can create memories and can be related to certain age groups . Social interactions can come up in the Wants and Fears panel and can be dependent on the Sim 's personality and aspiration . Sims with certain personalities may not want to complete certain social interactions . Influencing Influencing social interactions are introduced in the University expansion pack . A Sim is able to influence another Sim to complete a social interaction or a chore . Sims gain influence points by completing Wants and can lose influence points by completing Fears . The size of the influence bar depends on the number of friends the Sim has . It also can grow in size with business perks from the Open for Business expansion pack . Influence was also in the Nightlife expansion but added nothing . Chemistry The Nightlife expansion pack introduces Turn - Ons and Turn - Offs . Teenagers and older are able to choose their turn - ons and turn - offs . These determine the chemistry that one Sim has with another in the form of lightning bolts . Sims can have up to 3 lightning bolts with another Sim . The higher the chemistry is that a Sim has with another Sim , the greater the chance for social interactions to be accepted . New turn - ons and turn - offs are introduced with the Bon Voyage expansion pack . Fury Fury is introduced in the Nightlife expansion pack and occurs when one Sim gets angry at another . During this time relationships with the Sim who is furious are harder to build . Also , the Sim who is furious may pick a fight or vandalize the home lot of the Sim they are furious with . Fury can be caused by another Sim burgling the Sim 's house , getting fined after calling emergency services when there was no emergency , fighting , cheating on ( the cheater or the Sim that was cheated with , often both ) , and more . Reputation Reputation , which is found in the previous Sims game The Urbz : Sims in the City is reintroduced in the Apartment Life expansion pack . A Sim gains reputation by interacting with other Sims on community lots . Sims with higher reputations are more likely to gain perks such as free objects and job promotions . Careers ( Edit ) There are careers that come with the game that require skills and a certain number of friends in order for promotion . Success in these careers unlocks career rewards and higher salaries plus bonuses . Sims also receive chance cards . Correct answers to these chance cards creates rewards for Sims while incorrect answers could cause a Sim to lose its job . Nightlife and Apartment Life allow Sims to gain promotions through social interactions with other Sims . Comparison to the Sims ( Edit ) Graphically , The Sims 2 is more detailed than The Sims and lets players view its world in full 3D . This is a change from earlier Sim games , such as SimCity 2000 , which used dimetric projection and fixed resolutions , as the camera was in The Sims . In The Sims , Sims are 3D meshes , but The Sims 2 introduces far more detail in mesh quality , texture quality , and animation capability . A Sim 's facial features are customizable and unique , and Sims can smile , frown , and blink . The player can adjust a Sim 's features in the in - game Create - a-Sim tool ; for example , noses can be made to be very large or very small . Texturing is achieved through use of raster images , though it appears more lifelike . The Sims 2 characters pass through seven life stages -- babies , toddlers , children , teenagers , young adults ( only with University ) , adults , and elders -- with eventual death of old age , while babies in The Sims only become children before ceasing to continue aging . The aspiration system ( described above ) is also new to The Sims 2 . Sims can become pregnant and produce babies that take on genetic characteristics of their parents , such as eye color , hair color , facial structure , and personality traits as opposed to Sims , in which the baby would take on random appearance and personality . Genetics play a major role in the game , and as such , dominant and recessive genes play a larger role than they did in the original game . A player can also aspire to have a Sim abducted by aliens . Males then have the chance to become impregnated and produce after three Sim days a half - alien child . Some of the other additions to gameplay are career rewards , a week cycle , the cleaning skill ( which was a hidden skill in The Sims ) , a variety of meals ( depending on time of day ) , exercise clothing , body shape affected by diet and exercise , and houses built on foundations . Development ( Edit ) EA Games announced on May 5 , 2003 that the Maxis studio had begun development on The Sims 2 . The game was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles , California on May 13 , 2004 . Will Wright admits that while most of the content of The Sims 2 are original ideas , inspiration for its own expansions and constituents spawned from the successes of the first game . The community interest in the antecedent The Sims : Unleashed and The Sims : Hot Date expansions ensured the creation of The Sims 2 : Pets and The Sims 2 : Nightlife expansions , respectively . After development concluded , designers from Maxis regarded The Sims 2 as very capricious during creation . Bugs would appear , and Sims would be `` tweaked '' , or have anomalies not present in a previous run . A teaser trailer was provided on the Makin ' Magic CD but was later uploaded to websites all over the Internet . On December 15 , 2012 , Electronic Arts announced that the official website would be shut down on January 14 , 2013 . It is now no longer possible to download content from the official site , create exchanges , or participate in the official forum communities . On July 16 , 2014 , Electronic Arts announced the end of support for The Sims 2 . As a response The Sims 2 : Ultimate Collection was released at the same time as a limited time offer . The game became available for free download from Origin exclusively following an announcement by EA that they would no longer be supporting the Game . This offer ended at 10 : 00 PDT July 31 , 2014 . EA stated that they were planning on releasing the compilation as a retail release . However , as of now , no further information has since been released or confirmed on its planned retail release date , and the game has since been removed entirely from Origin as of the end of 2017 . On August 7 , 2014 , Aspyr Media released The Sims 2 : Super Collection as digital download exclusively available at the Mac App Store ; the game was updated for OS X Mavericks , 4K and Retina . This compilation only includes the first six expansion packs and the first three stuff packs . Aspyr stated they were unable to include the remaining packs for the game due to licensing conflicts with EA . Like the Ultimate Collection , no new updates on when the remaining packs will be released separately or as a single add - on to the Super Collection have emerged . Music ( Edit ) The game features music performed by Paramore , Ryan Ferguson , Trivium , Chiodos and more recording artists ( all songs recorded in the Sims language `` Simlish '' ) . The Humble Brothers contributed heavily to the game . Reception and legacy ( Edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 91 % Metacritic 90 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com Eurogamer 8 of 10 GamePro Game Revolution B+ GameSpot 8.9 of 10 GameSpy GamesRadar+ 9 of 10 GameZone 9.4 of 10 IGN 9.4 of 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 85 % Awards Publication Award Blimp Award ( UK Kids ' Choice Awards ) Best Video Game Apple Design Award ( Apple Design Awards ) Best Mac OS X Game The Sims 2 had a successful E3 . The game also received the Editor 's Choice Award from IGN and GameSpy upon final review of the finished product . From 71 online reviews , the average score was 90 out of 100 . Seven of those sources awarded the game a 100 out of 100 score . X-Play gave the game a 4 / 5 . Computer Gaming World awarded the game as their 2004 `` Strategy Game of the Year ( General ) '' , beating out RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 , The Political Machine , and Silent Storm . However , critics noted some serious bugs in the game . The Sims creator , Will Wright , was recognized by being nominated at the Billboard Digital Entertainment Awards for Visionary and Game Developer . The game was also nominated for two international awards in 2005 . The Mac version of the game won an Apple Design Award in 2006 . Computer Games Magazine named The Sims 2 the sixth - best computer game of 2004 . The editors wrote that it is `` more of a game and less of a dollhouse ( than The Sims ) , but it remains a celebration of the beauty of the mundane . '' It also won the magazine 's `` Best Voice Acting '' award . The Sims 2 was an instant commercial success , selling a then - record one million copies in its first ten days . The game sold 4.5 million units within its first year , and 7 million by October 2006 . It received a `` Double Platinum '' sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association ( ELSPA ) , indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom . As of March 2012 , The Sims 2 had sold 13 million across all platforms and six million on PC , making it one of the best - selling PC games of all - time . During April 2008 , The Sims 2 website announced that 100 million copies of The Sims series had been sold . Controversy ( Edit ) See also : Video game controversies The Sims 2 's malleable content and open - ended customization have led to controversy on the subject of pay sites . Custom content is distributed through independent websites , some of which charge for downloading materials . Charging money for custom content is a violation of the game 's EULA , which prohibits the commercial use of Electronic Art 's intellectual property . On July 22 , 2005 , former Florida attorney Jack Thompson alleged that Electronic Arts and The Sims 2 promoted nudity through the use of a mod or a cheat code . The claim was made that pubic hair , labia and other genital details were visible once the `` blur '' ( the pixelation that occurs when a Sim is using the toilet or is naked in the game ) was removed . Electronic Arts executive Jeff Brown said in an interview with GameSpot : This is nonsense . We 've reviewed 100 percent of the content . There is no content inappropriate for a teen audience . Players never see a nude Sim . If someone with an extreme amount of expertise and time were to remove the pixels , they would see that the sims have no genitals . They appear like Ken and Barbie . Prior to Thompson 's statement , there was an enterable code which allowed to modify the size ( including to zero ) of pixelation accessible from the console menu . Shortly after the statement , subsequent patches and expansion packs removed the `` intProp censorGridSize '' code ; this code had been left over from the beta testing stage of the original game and had not been intended for a public audience . Editions , compilations , and add - ons ( Edit ) Many Sims games have been ported to OS X by Aspyr . The Sims 2 has also been released for a number of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2 , the Xbox , Nintendo DS and the Nintendo GameCube . OS X version ( Edit ) OS X ports of the base game , six expansion packs , and three Stuff Packs have been released by Aspyr Media . The port for the base game was announced on October 19 , 2004 . The Sims 2 had reached beta status on March 1 , 2005 , and was released on June 17 the same year . It was , at release , compatible with Mac OS X Panther and above . The Sims 2 Bodyshop was also available for OS X . The game is now available for purchase with all ported expansions and Stuff Packs on the Mac App Store for OS X Mavericks . Console versions ( Edit ) The console versions of The Sims 2 featured local splitscreen multiplayer , a story mode and an option to control game characters directly , as opposed to queuing options as is traditional Sims gameplay . Handheld versions ( Edit ) Game Boy Advance version ( Edit ) The Game Boy Advance version of The Sims 2 takes place in Strangetown , and shares a similar GUI to its predecessors ( The Sims Bustin ' Out and The Urbz ) . Players are guided through a goal - oriented game based on the reality television concept in which partitions of the game are divided into `` episodes '' . Characters from the previous handheld sims games also appeared . Nintendo DS version ( Edit ) The Nintendo DS version of The Sims 2 ( commonly referred to as `` The Sims 2 Hotel '' ) begins with the player 's car breaking down in Strangetown . Upon arriving , an anonymous donor grants the player the deed to a hotel which can be operated and customized at the player 's discretion . The player 's job is to bring life back into Strangetown by encouraging people to come to the hotel , which players can do by upgrading it and making the guests happy . There are several ways in which a player can make Strangetown a nicer place , but is up to the player to find them . Unlike most games in the Sim series , this one takes place in real - time . PlayStation Portable version ( Edit ) The PlayStation Portable version of the game is played in first person . There is more of a solid storyline the player is required to navigate through in order to unlock most of the things available in the other versions . The option to build your own home is replaced by a pre-built home where you can customize the furniture and decor . Conversation is carried out via a mini-game function . The player'a character does not age , nor are they able to marry or have children . Relationships are mainly used for the point of solving goals , though a close friend may `` move in '' with the player after progressing in the game . The game begins with the player 's character driving through the Strangetown desert , presumably ' Road to Nowhere ' in their car , when suddenly a flying green diamond ( Also known as the Plumbob , the marker and logo of the Sims game ) flies towards the player and causes them to lose control of , and damage , their car . Fortunately , the player finds a gas station . The player takes their car into the garage . At that point the player takes control . The player is introduced to a vehicle mechanic named Oscar who , after a brief tutorial in teaching the player how to talk to NPC Sims , informs the player their car will only take a short while to fix . The player is then free to roam around the gas station , and after being introduced to some more NPCs , including Bella Goth , who claims to be abducted by aliens , completing tasks and being taught the basic objective of the game which is ' Secret Hunting ' for the store clerk . The player then exits the shop only to find the garage around the back has completely disappeared along with Oscar and their car , with only the foundation of the garage remaining . The only thing left from the disappearance is a cell phone , which the player answers and a man named Doctor Dominic Newlow offers the player a job , requiring him or her to get a ride into town and find a place to stay . The player informs Police Deputy Duncan about the situation who replies that he can do nothing about it and suggests the player find a place to stay . After having bought Bella 's house for pocket change and getting donuts for Deputy Duncan ( which happen to have been found in the trash ) , the player finally gets a lift into Strangetown 's Paradise Place , only to find more tasks and mysteries . Expansion packs ( Edit ) The Sims 2 expansion packs provide additional game features and items . Eight expansion packs were released throughout the game 's lifecycle . The Sims 2 : Apartment Life is the final expansion pack for The Sims 2 . Name Release date Major Additions Neighborhoods New NPCs New Lifestate / Creature New Careers University Windows : NA : March 1 , 2005 EU : March 2 , 2005 Mac OS X : December 12 , 2005 Universities , Young Adult age group , Influence system Campus : La Fiesta Tech , Sim State University , Académie Le Tour Barista , Bartender , Cafeteria Worker , Cheerleader , Coach , Evil Mascot , Mascot , Professors , Streaker Zombies ( Also in FreeTime and Apartment Life ) Natural Scientist , Paranormal , Show Business , Artist Nightlife Windows : NA : September 13 , 2005 EU : September 13 , 2005 Mac OS X : March 27 , 2006 Dates , Groups system , Outings , Pleasure and Grilled Cheese aspiration , New relationship states , ownable cars , Attraction system Downtown : Downtown Gypsy Matchmaker , Waiter , Chef , Bartender , DJ , Mrs. Crumplebottom , Vampires ( Counts / Countesses ) Vampires None Open for Business Windows : NA : March 2 , 2006 EU : March 2 , 2006 Mac OS X : September 4 , 2006 Businesses , talent badges Shopping District : Bluewater Village Reporters , Barbers Servos ( Robots ) Shop Employees Pets Windows : NA : October 17 , 2006 EU : October 20 , 2006 Mac OS X : November 6 , 2006 Ownable Pets None Animal Control Officers , Obedience Trainer , Wolves , Skunks Werewolves Pet careers : Security , Showbiz , Service Seasons Windows : NA : March 1 , 2007 EU : March 2 , 2007 Mac OS X : June 11 , 2007 Weather system , Seasons , fishing , new talent badges , gardening Main : Riverblossom Hills Garden Club Members , Penguins PlantSims Adventurer , Education , Gamer , Journalism , Law , Music Bon Voyage Windows : NA : September 4 , 2007 EU : September 7 , 2007 Mac OS X : December 17 , 2007 Vacations in different cultural areas Vacation : Twikkii Island , Three Lakes , Takemizu Village Fire Dancers , Hotel Maids , Bellboys , Masseurs , Wise Old Man , Pirate , Tour Guides , Unsavory charlatan , Witch Doctor , Ninjas Bigfoot None FreeTime Windows : NA : February 26 , 2008 EU : February 22 , 2008 Hobby system , lifetime aspiration system , new talent badges . Main : Desiderata Valley Secret : Hobby Hobby Members , Rod Humble , Hobby Leaders , Food Judge , Genie Genie ( Only NPC ) Oceanography , Intelligence , Entertainment , Dance , Architecture Apartment Life Windows : NA : August 27 , 2008 EU : August 29 , 2008 Rentable apartments , reputation system , witchcraft system Main : Belladonna Cove Secret : The Magical World Butler , Landlord , Roomies , Breakdancers , Street Performers , Social Group Sims , High Witch of Light / Darkness , Spectral assistant ( played by cats ) , Human statues Witches , Warlocks None Stuff packs ( Edit ) Main article : The Sims 2 Stuff packs Stuff packs are add - ons that intend to add only new items ( usually in the amount of 60 ) to the base game . However , some releases include certain gameplay elements introduced in previous expansion packs . There are ten total stuff packs . However , The Sims 2 : Holiday Party Pack served as the pilot release for this line of products , which were called `` booster packs '' . After the success of the pilot release , EA named the releases `` stuff packs '' and launched the line with The Sims 2 : Family Fun Stuff . The Sims 2 : Mansion & Garden Stuff is the final stuff pack for The Sims 2 . Name Release date Includes Holiday Party Pack Windows : NA : November 17 , 2005 Christmas , Halloween , Thanksgiving , Hanukkah , Kwanzaa and New Year themed stuff , plus new NPCs : Santa Claus , Father Time , and Baby New Year Family Fun Stuff Windows : NA : April 13 , 2006 Mac OS X : April 30 , 2007 Family - oriented Fairy tale , outer space and nautical themed items mainly for children 's bedrooms Glamour Life Stuff Windows : NA : August 31 , 2006 Mac OS X : June 1 , 2007 Luxury , couture and glamour themed objects , floors and walls Happy Holiday Stuff Windows : NA : November 7 , 2006 Mac OS X : September 4 , 2007 All items from Holiday Party Pack plus added Asian and European holiday themed stuff Celebration ! Stuff Windows : NA : April 3 , 2007 Wedding themed hairstyles , fashions and accessories , furniture , and other party enhancers H&M Fashion Stuff Windows : NA : June 5 , 2007 Fashion collections from H&M and H&M branded build objects Teen Style Stuff Windows : NA : November 5 , 2007 Goth , Thrasher and Socialite themed stuff for teenagers ' bedrooms , teenage haircuts and new teenage clothes Kitchen & Bath Interior Design Stuff Windows : NA : April 15 , 2008 Kitchen and bathroom objects , floors , walls and clothing items IKEA Home Stuff Windows : NA : June 24 , 2008 Fashionable furniture , floors and walls from the styles of IKEA Mansion & Garden Stuff Windows : NA : November 17 , 2008 Items featuring three new decorative themes ( Moroccan , Art Deco and Second Empire ) Core game editions ( Edit ) Name Release date Includes The Sims 2 Windows : NA : September 14 , 2004 EU : September 16 , 2004 Mac OS X : June 13 , 2005 The first release of the core game on four CDs . The Sims 2 Special DVD Edition Windows : NA : September 17 , 2004 The core game on one DVD , plus a bonus DVD with exclusive content . The Sims 2 Holiday Edition ( 2005 ) Windows : NA : November 15 , 2005 The core game and The Sims 2 Holiday Party Pack . The Sims 2 Holiday Edition ( 2006 ) Windows : NA : November 7 , 2006 The core game and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff . The Sims 2 Deluxe Windows : NA : May 8 , 2007 The core game and The Sims 2 Nightlife , and a new bonus DVD that is different from the one included in the Special DVD Edition . The Sims 2 Double Deluxe Windows : NA : April 15 , 2008 The Sims 2 Deluxe and The Sims 2 Celebration ! Stuff The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection Windows : WW : July 16 , 2014 - July 31 , 2014 ( exclusive to existing Origin customers that proved they owned the original Sims 2 game from July 16 until July 31 , 2014 , retail release not confirmed ) The Sims 2 Double Deluxe , The Sims 2 University Life Collection , The Sims 2 Best of Business Collection , The Sims 2 Fun with Pets Collection , The Sims 2 Seasons , The Sims 2 Bon Voyage , The Sims 2 FreeTime , The Sims 2 Apartment Life , The Sims 2 Glamour Life Stuff , and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff The Sims 2 Super Collection Mac OS X : NA : August 7 , 2014 The core game , The Sims 2 University , The Sims 2 Nightlife , The Sims 2 Open for Business , The Sims 2 Pets , The Sims 2 Seasons , The Sims 2 Bon Voyage , The Sims 2 Family Fun Stuff , The Sims 2 Glamour Life Stuff , and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff ( The Sims 2 FreeTime and The Sims 2 Apartment Life along with the remaining stuff packs have not been included due to their unavailability for Mac at the time of its release ) Expansion - only compilations ( Edit ) Compilations of expansion packs and stuff packs without the core game have also been released . Name Release date Includes University Life Collection Windows : NA : August 24 , 2009 The Sims 2 : University , The Sims 2 : IKEA Home Stuff , and The Sims 2 Teen Style Stuff . Best of Business Collection Windows : NA : October 6 , 2009 The Sims 2 : Open for Business , The Sims 2 : H&M Fashion Stuff , and The Sims 2 : Kitchen & Bath Interior Design Stuff . Fun with Pets Collection Windows : NA : January 12 , 2010 The Sims 2 : Pets , The Sims 2 : Family Fun Stuff , and The Sims 2 : Mansion & Garden Stuff . Downloadable content ( Edit ) Pre-order content ( Edit ) Most of expansion packs and stuff packs were released with pre-order items . This game content was redeemable at the official site using a code supplied by the retailer from which the player purchased , each retailer was often associated with an exclusive download . A total of 60 pre-order items were released . The Sims 2 Store ( Edit ) The Sims 2 Store was an online store where players of The Sims 2 for PC could purchase and download content for their game online for additional fees . It offered objects , clothing , skins , and hairstyles that are both exclusive to the store and also come from earlier expansion and stuff packs . It also had featured seven exclusive item collections that could only be found in the store . The store used a point system that players can purchase . It was opened from July 2008 to March 31 , 2011 as a beta version limited to the United States and Canada . To download , players must install The Sims 2 Store Edition and the EA Download Manager . The exclusive collections were `` Cubic '' , `` Art Deco '' , `` Spooky '' , `` Castle '' , `` Asian Fusion '' , `` Art Nouveaulicious '' and `` Oh Baby '' , including a total of 471 items . The Sims 2 : Store Edition and the savegame ca n't be used with The Sims 2 : Ultimate Collection . Third - Party tools ( Edit ) SimPE is an open - source utility for The Sims 2 that allows editing of Sims ' characteristics , relationships and careers . It also allows the creation of objects . As the tool is intended for use by experienced modders , the SimPE interface is not considered intuitive and users risk corrupting the game files . TS2 Enhancer , developed by Rick Halle , is a commercial utility for editing characters and neighborhoods , but has since fallen into disuse . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aspyr published the OS X version References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Walker , Trey ( March 22 , 2002 ) . `` The Sims overtakes Myst '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Sims 3 , next - gen Black , new SimCity & LOTR coming '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( November 3 , 2006 ) . `` Three new Sims games in development '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fahey , Rob ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 sells a million , smashes EA records '' . GamesIndustry International . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2.com - 100 Million Sold '' . EA . April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Reviews '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ku , Andrew ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` The Top 15 Best - Selling PC Games Of All Time '' . Tom 's Hardware . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : GameSpy 's review of The Sims 2 Archived February 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Creating Custom Neighborhoods for The Sims 2 Using SimCity 4 '' . The Sims 2 website . Electronic Arts . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2 Review '' . Game Revolution . September 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims 2 Review for PC '' . 1UP.com . September 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marchelletta , Courtney . `` '' The Sims 2 University '' Influence System `` . About.com . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marchelletta , Courtney . `` '' The Sims 2 Nightlife '' Review `` . About.com . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marchelletta , Courtney . `` '' The Sims 2 Apartment Life '' Expansion ( PC ) `` . About.com . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Sims 2 Reviews Archived January 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . from GameRankings Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Review '' . Action Trip . September 17 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` EA Announces Plans For The Sims 2 '' . The Sims 2 Press Release . May 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kosak , Dave ( February 27 , 2005 ) . `` Will Wright Speaks Simlish '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Designer Diary # 10 - Wrap - up and Outtakes '' . GameSpot . August 31 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection digital delivery '' . July 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to get The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection '' . July 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` EA ends support for The Sims 2 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ PC Advisor Blog http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/how-to/game/3532548/how-get-sims-2-ultimate-collection-for-free/ . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Leupold , Tom ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` Simlish singing : The music behind The Sims '' . cnet australia . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kristan ( September 22 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 Review '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Sims 2 ( PC ) '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpot 's review of The Sims 2 '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GamesRadar 's review of The Sims 2 '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 - PC - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adams , Dan ( September 10 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Annual GameSpy E3 Awards ! '' . GameSpy . May 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PC Best of E3 2004 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 2 Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kosak , Dave ( September 10 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Main Reviews Breakdown '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Editors of CGW ( March 2005 ) . `` 2004 Games of the Year '' . Computer Gaming World ( 249 ) : 56 -- 67 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard 2004 Digital Entertainment Conference & Awards '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Winners and Nominees '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original (. doc ) on February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Jason ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` 2006 Apple Design Award winners announced '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 2005 ) . `` The Best of 2004 ; The 14th Annual Computer Games Awards '' . Computer Games Magazine ( 172 ) : 48 -- 56 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Hired ! EA Announces The Sims 2 Open for Business ; From Boutiques to Salons , Department Stores and Beyond , Your Sims Are Taking Over the Workplace One Business at a Time '' ( Press release ) . Electronic Arts . January 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EA Ships The Sims 2 Pets To Store Shelves Today '' . IGN . News Corporation . October 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ELSPA Sales Awards : Double Platinum '' . Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` ELSPA : Wii Fit , Mario Kart Reach Diamond Status In UK '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ EA Games ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` EA 's End User License Agreement '' . support.ea.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sims ' content criticized '' . CNN . July 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( July 22 , 2005 ) . `` Sims 2 content `` worse than Hot Coffee '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( October 19 , 2004 ) . `` The Sims 2 coming to Mac '' . Macworld . IDG . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` Aspyr : Sims 2 hits store shelves June 17th '' . MacWorld . IDG . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edenstyle.it '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 2 page '' . July 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 2 Holiday Edition page '' . July 22 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 2 Deluxe page '' . April 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 2 Double Deluxe page '' . March 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 2 University Life Collection page '' . August 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official The Sims 2 Best of Business Collection page '' . October 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gamestop The Sims 2 Fun with Pets Collection page '' . October 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Courtney Marchelletta . `` SimPE - Simple Package Editor '' . about.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Courtney Marchelletta . `` How To Edit a Sim 's Characteristics with SimPE '' . about.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Courtney Marchelletta . `` '' TS2 Enhancer '' : A Character Editing Tool for `` The Sims 2 '' `` . about.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . External links ( Edit ) Archived official website The Sims 2 at MobyGames The Sims The Sims Livin ' Large Hot Date Soundtrack The Sims 2 University Nightlife Open for Business Pets Seasons Bon Voyage FreeTime Apartment Life Stuff packs The Sims 3 World Adventures Ambitions Late Night Generations Pets Showtime Supernatural Seasons University Life Island Paradise Into the Future Stuff packs The Sims 4 Expansion Packs Get to Work Get Together City Living Cats & Dogs Seasons Game Packs Outdoor Retreat Spa Day Dine Out Vampires Parenthood Jungle Adventure Spin - offs Life Stories Pet Stories Castaway Stories Medieval Pirates and Nobles Console Bustin ' Out The Urbz Castaway Apartment Pets My Sims Kingdom Party Racing Agents SkyHeroes Online Desktop Online Carnival Social Mobile FreePlay Mobile Related articles Simlish Maxis The Sims Studio Will Wright Rawson Stovall Jerry Martin Lucy Bradshaw SimsVille Mod The Sims The Strangerhood Portal List of games Book Category Sim video games SimCity Main games SimCity ( 1989 ) SimCity 2000 SimCity 3000 SimCity 4 Rush Hour SimCity ( 2013 ) Other games Streets of SimCity 64 DS Societies DS 2 Creator Social BuildIt The Sims Main games The Sims The Sims 2 The Sims 3 The Sims 4 Other games Online Bustin ' Out The Urbz Life Stories Pet Stories Castaway Stories Carnival Medieval Pirates and Nobles Social FreePlay MySims MySims Kingdom Party Racing Agents SkyHeroes Spore Expansions Galactic Adventures Spin - offs Creature Creator Creatures Origins Hero Hero Arena Darkspore Other Development Sim SimEarth SimAnt SimLife SimFarm SimRefinery SimTower SimHealth SimIsle SimTown SimPark SimGolf SimTunes Sim Theme Park SimCopter SimSafari SimCoaster Sid Meier 's SimGolf SimAnimals People Will Wright Mike Perry Fred Haslam Jerry Martin Jeff Braun Lucy Bradshaw Jacques Servin Related articles Simlish Electronic Arts Maxis Lincity Yoot Tower The Tower SP Raid on Bungeling Bay Category GND : 7555364 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sims_2&oldid=854212127 '' Categories : 2004 video games Electronic Arts games Game Boy Advance games Interactive Achievement Award winners Life simulation games GameCube games Nintendo DS games MacOS games PlayStation 2 games PlayStation Portable games EyeToy games Social simulation video games The Sims Video games scored by Kevin Manthei Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Video games with expansion packs Windows games Xbox games Split - screen multiplayer games Aspyr games Alien abduction in video games Ghost video games Obscenity controversies in video gaming Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 18 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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what is the name of the first sims 2 expansion pack (one word answer)
[ "\n\nName\n\nRelease date\n\nMajor Additions\n\nNeighborhoods\n\nNew NPCs\n\nNew Lifestate/Creature\n\nNew Careers\n\n\nUniversity\n\nWindows:NA: March 1, 2005 EU: March 2, 2005 Mac OS X:December 12, 2005\n\nUniversities, Young Adult age group, Influence system\n\nCampus:La Fiesta Tech,Sim State University,Académie Le Tour\n\nBarista, Bartender,Cafeteria Worker,Cheerleader,Coach, Evil Mascot, Mascot,Professors, Streaker\n\nZombies (Also in FreeTime and Apartment Life)\n\nNatural Scientist, Paranormal,Show Business, Artist\n\n\nNightlife\n\nWindows:NA: September 13, 2005 EU: September 13, 2005 Mac OS X:March 27, 2006\n\nDates, Groups system, Outings, Pleasure and Grilled Cheese aspiration, New relationship states, ownable cars, Attraction system\n\nDowntown:Downtown\n\nGypsy Matchmaker,Waiter, Chef,Bartender, DJ,Mrs. Crumplebottom,Vampires (Counts/Countesses)\n\nVampires\n\nNone\n\n\nOpen for Business\n\nWindows:NA: March 2, 2006 EU: March 2, 2006 Mac OS X:September 4, 2006\n\nBusinesses, talent badges\n\nShopping District:Bluewater Village\n\nReporters,Barbers\n\nServos (Robots)\n\nShop Employees\n\n\nPets\n\nWindows:NA: October 17, 2006 EU: October 20, 2006 Mac OS X:November 6, 2006\n\nOwnable Pets\n\nNone\n\nAnimal Control Officers,Obedience Trainer,Wolves, Skunks\n\nWerewolves\n\nPet careers:Security,Showbiz,Service\n\n\nSeasons\n\nWindows:NA: March 1, 2007 EU: March 2, 2007 Mac OS X:June 11, 2007\n\nWeather system, Seasons, fishing, new talent badges,gardening\n\nMain:Riverblossom Hills\n\nGarden Club Members,Penguins\n\nPlantSims\n\nAdventurer,Education,Gamer,Journalism,Law, Music\n\n\nBon Voyage\n\nWindows:NA: September 4, 2007 EU: September 7, 2007 Mac OS X:December 17, 2007\n\nVacations in different cultural areas\n\nVacation:Twikkii Island,Three Lakes,Takemizu Village\n\nFire Dancers,Hotel Maids,Bellboys, Masseurs,Wise Old Man,Pirate, Tour Guides,Unsavory charlatan,Witch Doctor, Ninjas\n\nBigfoot\n\nNone\n\n\nFreeTime\n\nWindows:NA: February 26, 2008 EU: February 22, 2008\n\nHobby system, lifetime aspiration system, new talent badges.\n\nMain: Desiderata Valley Secret:Hobby\n\nHobby Members,Rod Humble,Hobby Leaders,Food Judge,Genie\n\nGenie (Only NPC)\n\nOceanography,Intelligence,Entertainment,Dance,Architecture\n\n\nApartment Life\n\nWindows:NA: August 27, 2008EU: August 29, 2008\n\nRentable apartments, reputation system, witchcraft system\n\nMain:Belladonna Cove[53]Secret:The Magical World\n\nButler, Landlord,Roomies,Breakdancers,Street Performers,Social Group Sims,High Witch of Light/Darkness,Spectral assistant (played by cats), Human statues[53]\n\nWitches, Warlocks\n\nNone\n" ]
[ "University" ]
7998922260179892844
Penny (United States coin)
Penny ( United States coin ) - wikipedia Penny ( United States coin ) Penny United States Value 0.01 U.S. Dollars Mass 2.5 g ( 0.08 troy oz ) Diameter 19.05 mm ( 0.75 in ) Thickness 1.52 mm ( 0.0598 in ) Edge Plain Composition 1982 -- present copper - plated zinc 97.5 % Zn , 2.5 % Cu Years of minting 1793 -- present Catalog number -- Obverse Design Abraham Lincoln Designer Victor D. Brenner Design date 1909 Reverse Design Union Shield Designer Lyndall Bass Design date 2010 -- present The United States one - cent coin , often called a penny , is a unit of currency equaling one one - hundredth of a United States dollar . The cent 's symbol is ¢ . Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909 , the centennial of his birth . From 1959 ( the sesquicentennial of Lincoln 's birth ) to 2008 , the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial . Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln 's 200th birthday and a new , `` permanent '' reverse -- the Union Shield -- was introduced in 2010 . The coin is 0.75 inches ( 19.05 mm ) in diameter and 0.0598 inches ( 1.52 mm ) in thickness . Its weight has varied , depending upon the composition of metals used in its production ( see further below ) . The U.S. Mint 's official name for the coin is `` cent '' and the U.S. Treasury 's official name is `` one cent piece '' . The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name , the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system . In American English , pennies is the plural form . ( The plural form pence -- standard in British English -- is not used in reference to American coins . ) Although the coin 's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little , there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny . As of 2015 , based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014 , it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents ( down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013 ) to make one cent because of the cost of materials , production , and distribution . This figure includes the Mint 's fixed components for distribution and fabrication , as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny . Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny . The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000 . This was a slight decrease from 2012 , the year before , which had a production loss of $58,000,000 . Contents 1 History of composition 2 Designs 3 Lincoln cent 3.1 History 3.1. 1 Reverse design 3.1. 1.1 Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) 3.1. 1.2 Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) 3.1. 1.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) 3.1. 1.4 Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) 3.1. 2 `` Capped cents '' 3.1. 3 Composition 3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916 3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents 4 Toxicity 5 Numismatics and regulations 6 Metal content and manufacturing costs 7 See also 7.1 Other denominations 8 References 9 External links History of composition ( edit ) Years Material Weight ( grains ) Weight ( grams ) 1793 -- 1795 ~ 100 % copper 208 grains 13.48 1795 -- 1857 ~ 100 % copper 168 grains 10.89 1856 -- 1864 88 % copper , 12 % nickel ( also known as NS - 12 ) 72 grains 4.67 1864 -- 1942 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1943 zinc - coated steel ( also known as 1943 steel cent ) 42 grains 2.72 1944 -- 1946 brass ( shell case copper ) ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1947 -- 1962 bronze ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1962 -- 1981 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 1982 brass ( 95 % copper , 5 % zinc ) 48 grains 3.11 copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 1983 -- present copper - plated zinc ( 97.5 % zinc , 2.5 % copper ) 38.6 grains 2.5 In honor of Lincoln 's 200th anniversary , special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins . The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England , while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula , Michigan ores , a finding consistent with historical records . In 1943 , at the peak of World War II , zinc - coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper . A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins . Similarly , some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed . From 1944 to 1946 , salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process , and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues . During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternative metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected . The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons : vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems ; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue , and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . The cent 's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent . Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5 % zinc composition , while others used the 95 % copper composition . With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors , United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper plating . In Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2013 , the average one - cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents , down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011 . The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface . The predominantly copper coins produce a higher - pitched ringing sound , while the zinc coins make a lower - pitched `` clunk '' . In addition , a full 50 - cent roll of pre-1982 / 3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982 -- 83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz . Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures . Designs ( edit ) The coin has gone through several designs over its two - hundred - year time frame . Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins ( Susan B. Anthony through present dollars ) . A 1937 Wheat cent Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect , obverse Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial The following types of cents have been produced : Large cents : Flowing Hair Chain 1793 Flowing Hair Wreath 1793 Liberty Cap 1793 -- 1796 Draped bust 1796 -- 1807 Classic Head 1808 -- 1814 Coronet 1816 -- 1839 Braided Hair 1839 -- 1857 , 1868 ( not a regular issue ) Small cents : Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head cent ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) Lincoln Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs ( 2009 ) Lincoln Union Shield ( 2010 -- present ) Throughout its history , the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date , but most of the digits have been old - style numerals , except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending . The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending ( the same size as a 0 , 1 , or 2 ) in the early history , before switching to a descending , large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently ( as of 2014 ) in 1943 . Similarly , the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945 , then from 1950 and on , it became a large descending 5 . From 1959 until 2008 , the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent . Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent , Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin . In 1999 , the New Jersey state quarter was released , which depicts George Washington on both sides , crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse . ( The state quarter for South Dakota , released in 2006 , also features Washington on both sides : the typical profile on the obverse , and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse . ) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln , and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future . An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent . The letters `` VDB '' stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner , the primary designer of the Wheat cent . Lincoln cent ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln cent The Lincoln cent is the current one - cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 ( which would have been Lincoln 's 100th birthday ) , replacing the Indian Head cent . Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat - stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial ( to commemorate Lincoln 's sesquicentennial ) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln 's bicentennial . There are more one - cent coins produced than any other denomination , which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item . In its lifespan , this coin has weathered both world wars , one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort . The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency . History ( edit ) When the Lincoln one - cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909 , it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage , as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins . Previously , a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States , but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln 's birth proved stronger than the long - standing tradition . A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln 's image circulated as one - cent pieces during Lincoln 's presidency ; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War . These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination , appearance , size , and composition of Lincoln cents . Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th U.S. President , thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto `` In God We Trust '' removed as offending religion . Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian - born Jew , Victor David Brenner , who , since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation 's premier medalists . Roosevelt had learned of Brenner 's talents in a settlement house on New York City 's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas - relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln , based on a Mathew Brady photograph . Roosevelt , who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President , and who also considered himself Lincoln 's political heir , ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner 's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln 's 100th birthday in 1909 . The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York . In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins -- LIBERTY and the date -- the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination . The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3 , 1865 , authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins , during Lincoln 's tenure in office . Even though no legislation was required for the new design , approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change . Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14 , 1909 , and not quite three weeks later , on August 2 , the new coin was released to the public . In 1918 , after the controversy over Brenner 's name and initials on the reverse had died down , his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy . They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust , just under the shoulder of Lincoln . In 1969 , the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner 's original sculptures . U.S. coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974 . Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing , LLC . Also features two error coins and a description page . Reverse design ( edit ) Reverses of the Lincoln cent Wheat ( 1909 -- 1958 ) Lincoln Memorial ( 1959 -- 2008 ) Birth and early childhood in Kentucky ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Formative Years in Indiana ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Professional life in Illinois ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Presidency in DC ( Lincoln Bicentennial , 2009 ) Union shield ( 2010 -- present ) Wheat cent ( 1909 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style . Between these , in the center of the coin , are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , while curving around the upper border is the national motto , E Pluribus Unum , Latin for `` From Many , One . '' The original model bore Brenner 's name on the reverse , curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . Before the coins were issued , however , the initials `` VDB '' were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent . After the coin was released , many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design . Because the coin was in great demand , and because to make a change would have required halting production , the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely . Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents : the 1909 and 1909 - S Indian Head cents , and four Lincoln coins : 1909 VDB , 1909 - S VDB , 1909 and 1909 - S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues . While the smallest mintage is the ' 09 - S Indian , the ' 09 - S VDB is the key Lincoln date , and hence is most valuable . Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7 % of the plain V.D.B. Lincoln Memorial cent ( 1959 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) On February 12 , 1959 , a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . No formal competition was held . Frank Gasparro , then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint , prepared the winning entry , selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration . Again , only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years . The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif , with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design , together with the denomination . The initials `` FG '' appear on the right , near the shrubbery . Lincoln bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent 's reverse be redesigned in 2009 . This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln 's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth . These four designs , unveiled September 22 , 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , are : Birth and early childhood in Kentucky : this design features a log cabin and Lincoln 's birth year 1809 . It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz . This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln 's 200th birthday , February 12 , 2009 , at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln 's birthplace . The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years ( see Lincoln cent mintage figures ) . It has been nicknamed the `` Log Cabin Penny '' . Formative years in Indiana : this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting . It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers . Nicknamed the `` Indiana Penny '' , it was released on May 14 , 2009 . Professional life in Illinois : this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol . It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart . Nicknamed the `` Illinois Penny '' , it was released on August 13 , 2009 . Presidency in Washington , D.C. : this design features the half - completed Capitol dome . It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna . This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12 , 2009 . U.S. Mint released collector 's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc . Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 ( 95 % copper , 5 % tin and zinc ) . Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper . Union shield cent ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which `` shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country '' . Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent . On April 16 , 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts ( CFA ) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation . Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s . The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll ; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield . In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag . As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12 , the design for the 2010 cent was announced . The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC . According to the Mint , the 13 stripes on the shield `` represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government , represented by the horizontal bar above . '' The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi , an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency . The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner 's design . The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959 . The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor - engraver Joseph Menna . In January 2010 , the coins were released early in Puerto Rico ; this was caused by a shortage of 2009 - dated pennies on the island . The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield , Illinois on February 11 , 2010 . In 2017 , cents minted in Philadelphia were struck with a `` P '' mintmark to celebrate the 225th anniversary of the U.S. Mint. 2017 is the only year that Philadelphia cents have had a mintmark . `` Capped cents '' ( edit ) To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle , local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend `` The Morro Castle Fire '' These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent . According to `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' by Stanley Walker : Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business . A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire , September , 1934 , Asbury Park '' on the other . Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster . As soon as they came off the press , heart - rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about . Later , to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann , Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse , where the trial was held , and surrounded by the legend `` HAUPTMANN TRIAL , Flemington , NJ . '' Another part of the text in `` Mrs. Astor 's Horse '' states : A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business . He set up for business on the porch of the hotel . He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse , surrounded by the legend , Hauptmann Trial , Flemington , N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper . By running the copper strips through the press , together with the pennies , he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend . The pieces sold for five cents each , three for a dime . Also , from 1935 to 1938 , during the Christmas season , Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus . By donating 10 cents , shoppers in Manhattan would receive these . Additionally , if they donated an extra 5 cents , their cent would come in a greeting card holder . Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd 's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis . There was also a design featuring the Lord 's prayer . Composition ( edit ) Bronze , 1909 -- 1942 . Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864 , 95 % copper and 2.5 % tin and 2.5 % zinc . Wartime zinc - plated steel , 1943 . The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943 . Further information : 1943 steel cent Production of the war - time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18 , 1942 , which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31 , 1946 . Low - grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins , to which a zinc coating 0.0005 - inch ( 0.013 mm ) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive . This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made , leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust . The same size was maintained , but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) to 42 grains ( 2.7 g ) , by using a lighter alloy . Production commenced on February 27 , 1943 , and by December 31 of that year , the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one - cent coins . The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers , two destroyers , 1,243 Flying Fortresses , 120 field guns and 120 howitzers , or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns . Wartime brass , 1944 -- 1946 . Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents , especially that they could be mistaken for dimes , led to a change in composition of the wartime cent . On January 1 , 1944 , the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy , the supply being derived from expended shell casings which , when melted , furnished a composition similar to the original , but with a much smaller trace of tin . The original weight of 48 grains ( 3.1 g ) was also restored . Bronze , 1947 -- 1962 . Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper - tin - zinc `` bronze '' composition was again used . Brass , 1962 -- 1982 . The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962 . Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin , whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95 % copper and 5 % zinc would be of much benefit . Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5 , 1962 . Experimental aluminum cents , 1974 . During the early 1970s , the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent 's worth of copper . This led the Mint to test alternate metals , including aluminum and bronze - clad steel . Aluminum was chosen , and in 1973 , a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck ( dated 1974 ) and ready for public release . A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress , but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons . About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors , although they are now considered illegal to own . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution . Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer , known as the Toven Specimen , and was certified as authentic in 2005 . Copper - plated zinc , 1982 -- present . In mid-1982 , the coin 's composition was changed again , this time to copper - plated zinc . The last mostly - copper cents ( 95 % copper metal composition ) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22 , 1982 . The copper - plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today . They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2 % zinc and 0.8 % copper with an outer plating of pure copper , for an overall composition of 97.5 % zinc and 2.5 % copper , and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer ( Jarden Zinc Products ) . Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each , these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness , and nearly in appearance , to the mostly copper ( 95 % ) cents issued before mid-1982 , which weighed 3.11 grams each . A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare . Matte proof lincolns 1909 to 1916 ( edit ) When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909 , it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment . To produce Proof coinage for collectors , the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof , which was thought to highlight the design , while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended . This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use . When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room , the result was a semi-rough surface , a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims . These coins were produced in very small numbers , and the dies quickly developed small marks , known as diagnostics . These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin . Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production , they were not popular with collectors . When new , the coins were wrapped in a tarnish - proof tissue , which over time proved to be anything but . Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold , vivid colors and toning developed . It is not unusual to see vivid blues , greens , lavender , coppery orange , deep reds and purple hues on these coins . Eagerly collected by numismatists today , they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents . Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide , square outer rims , quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes . Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents ( edit ) Through mint errors , a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced . Some random errors , such as an off - center strike , slightly increase the value of the coin , and are sought after by niche collectors . However some errors were systemic , and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year . These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors . 1909 VDB `` US Lincoln Penny '' -- on the planet Mars -- part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) ( 3 - D version ) ( also , image on October 2 , 2013 -- after 411 days on Mars ) The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB . Not identified until the 1970s , it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled . This coin is extremely rare in high grades . In 1922 , no one - cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint . However , three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties , making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia . These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no `` D '' cents . Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks . There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze , as opposed to the steel / zinc composition used that year . There are 10 to 12 known to exist . Likewise , a few 1944 cents were produced in steel / zinc . In 1955 , a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices , producing a prominent doubling of the date , and to a less noticeable degree , the rest of the obverse . This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent . A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint . While the 1955 doubled die cent is well - known and widely collected , the 1969 - S doubled die is far rarer , with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction . The same mechanism produced 1972 , 1983 , 1984 , and 1995 Doubled die cents . Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series , but most are minor , and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here . In 1990 , 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the `` S '' mint mark , making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint . However , as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year , they are easily distinguishable as errors , and highly valuable . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA . These coins , known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition . The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger - than - normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA . These coins , known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10 , $500 , and $5 , respectively , in gem uncirculated condition . These reverse die errors are technically `` mule '' errors , as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date . Toxicity ( edit ) Zinc , a major component of U.S. cents minted after mid-1982 , is toxic in large quantities . Swallowing such a coin , which is 97.5 % zinc , can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach . Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic . Zinc toxicity , mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982 , is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia . It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal . Numismatics and regulations ( edit ) Main article : Penny debate in the United States It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them , but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies , or cash them in at coin counting kiosks . Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies , further diminishing their utility , and the production cost ( figured in U.S. Dollars ) now exceeds the face value of the coin , caused by increasing inflation . In 2001 and 2006 , for example , United States Representative Jim Kolbe ( R ) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies ( in 2001 , the Legal Tender Modernization Act , and in 2006 , the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation ( COIN ) Act ) . In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit , the U.S. Mint , which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury , implemented new regulations on December 14 , 2006 , which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins . Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and / or imprisoned for a maximum of five years . Metal content and manufacturing costs ( edit ) The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one - cent coins was 1.79 cents , which is more than the face value of the coin . After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices , recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013 . In the 2014 fiscal year , the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents . When copper reached a record high in February 2011 , the melt value of a 95 % copper penny was more than three times its face value . As of January 21 , 2014 , a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents ' worth of copper and zinc , making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit . In comparison , post-1982 copper - plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents . The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one - cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations . See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled - die cent 1974 aluminum cent Large cent ( United States coin ) Legal Tender Modernization Act Mill ( currency ) Take a penny , leave a penny Penny ( Canadian coin ) United States Mint coin production Other denominations ( edit ) United States coinage Nickel Dime Quarter Half dollar Dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coin Specifications '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Mint . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Denomination : Cent ; Nickel ; Dime ; Quarter Dollar ... ( categories across the top of the specifications chart ) Jump up ^ `` Denominations '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 03 . The proper term is `` one cent piece , '' but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent . Jump up ^ Nicks , Denver ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Get Rid of the Penny ? Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew Says Yes Money '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny '' . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting , Inc. on `` The Future of Money : Coin Production '' '' Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology United States House of Representatives -- April 17 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Congress . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013 '' . January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coin Specifications '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog '' . Catalog.usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mathur , R ( 2009 ) . `` The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 36 ( 2 ) : 430 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2008.09. 029 . Jump up ^ John P. Dorst MD , Thomas E. Reichelderfer MD , and Roger C. Sanders MA , BM , BCh , MRCP , FRCRP . Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 69 No . February 2 , 1982 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents '' . Coins.thefuntimesguide.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ UNITED STATES MINT -- 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Is my Penny a Copper , or a Zinc Cent ? '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . USMint.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Margolick , David ( 2007 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Penny Foolish '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` History of ' In God We Trust ' '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kocher , Greg ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Lincoln 's birthplace is launch site for new penny '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , Ed ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Heads Abe , Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial '' . The Washington Post . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 109 -- 145 , 119 Stat. 2674 , enacted December 22 , 2005 -- Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , Title VI , § 303 . `` The design on the reverse of the 1 - cent coins issued after December 31 , 2009 , shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of United States of America as a single and united country . '' Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 09 ) . `` 2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals '' . 2010 Lincoln Cents . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2560 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Mint withdraws 2010 ' Wheat ' cent design '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2562 ) : 1 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Bill ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Commission votes for U.S. flag on 2010 1 ¢ '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2565 ) : 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010 '' . Coin World . 50 ( 2590 ) : 1 , 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait '' . Coin World . 51 ( 2601 ) : 1 , 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln One - Cent Coin '' ( Press release ) . United States Mint. 2010 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor - Engraver Joseph Menna . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) . `` First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico '' . Coin World . 51 ( 2600 ) : 5 . Jump up ^ Ruston , Bruce ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Collectors seek to turn profit on pennies '' . State Journal - Register . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . The newest -- and for now permanent -- version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McMorrow - Hernandez , Joshua ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Philadelphia Mint Quietly Releases 2017 - P Lincoln Cent '' . coinweek.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of `` Mrs Astor S Horse '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Katherine , A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals , Whitman Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0794820602 Jump up ^ `` The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis , Indiana on December 7 , 1980 路 Page 107 '' . Newspapers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Lincoln Cent '' . U.S. Department of the Treasury . 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Alan ( September 2007 ) . Deisher , Beth , ed. `` 1943 Cent in Steel -- One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort '' . COINS Magazine : 14 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , William T. ( September 26 , 1994 ) . Beth Deisher , ed. `` 1974 bronze - clad steel cents subject to federal confiscation '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 1 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( October 17 , 2005 ) . Beth Deisher , ed . `` Aluminum 1 ¢ ' changes ' grade '' ( PDF ) . Coin World : 2 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 1983 Copper Cent '' . www.pcgs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 Copper Cent '' . Coinfacts.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents '' . Coins.ha.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dawn N. Bothwell , M.D. , and Eric A. Mair , M.D. , FAAP . Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc - Based Penny , Pediatrics Vol. 111 , No . March 3 , 2003 , pp. 689 -- 691 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mark L. Waltzman , M.D . ( 1 ) Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45 , No. 1 Jan. -- Feb. , 2006 , pp. 71 -- 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stowe CM , Nelson R , Werdin R , et al. : Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs . JAVMA 173 : 270 , 1978 Jump up ^ See , for example , this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh , Barbara ( 2006 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Coins cost more to make than face value '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Zappone , Christian ( 2006 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins '' . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : United States Mint ( 2010 - 12 - 04 ) . `` U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About U.S. Mint '' ( PDF ) . Usmint.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` METALS - Copper falls on euro zone disappointment , China worry '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Current Melt Value Of Coins -- How Much Is Your Coin Worth ? '' . Coinflation.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents . `` Penny Foolish '' , by David Margolick , The New York Times , February 11 , 2007 -- a brief popular history of the penny . Man tries to get rid of million pennies , USA Today , 7 / 1 / 2004 Examination of claim that `` A U.S. penny costs more than a cent to manufacture '' on Snopes . Top 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Penny -- slideshow by Time Magazine U.S. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars -- Curiosity Rover ( September 10 , 2012 ) . PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny . ( June 2007 ) . United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 1796 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 1814 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 1839 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 1805 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1873 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 1883 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 1938 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 1945 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 1930 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 1947 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 1963 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 1860 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 1873 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 1885 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 1935 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 1981 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) 1933 double eagle Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 1929 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 1939 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penny_(United_States_coin)&oldid=854525397 '' Categories : Abraham Lincoln in art One - cent coins of the United States Pennies 1793 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last year copper pennies were made
[ "\n\n\n\n\nYears\nMaterial\nWeight(grains)\nWeight(grams)\n\n\n1793–1795\n~100% copper\n208 grains\n13.48\n\n\n1795–1857\n~100% copper\n168 grains\n10.89\n\n\n1856–1864\n88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12)\n72 grains\n4.67\n\n\n1864–1942\nbronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1943\nzinc-coated steel (also known as 1943 steel cent)\n42 grains\n2.72\n\n\n1944–1946\nbrass (shell case copper) (95% copper, 5% zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1947–1962\nbronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1962–1981\nbrass (95% copper, 5% zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\n1982[7]\nbrass (95% copper, 5% zinc)\n48 grains\n3.11\n\n\ncopper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)\n38.6 grains\n2.5\n\n\n1983–present\ncopper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)\n38.6 grains\n2.5\n" ]
[ "1857" ]
-2889352353159378102
Nimbostratus cloud
Nimbostratus cloud - wikipedia Nimbostratus cloud Jump to : navigation , search Nimbostratus cloud Nimbostratus with fractus Abbreviation Ns Symbol Genus Nimbostratus ( rain , layered ) Species none Variety none Altitude below 3,000 m ( below 10,000 ft ) Appearance Dark , widespread , formless layer Precipitation cloud ? Yes , but may be virga Nimbostratus is a stratiform genus formerly classified as `` Family C '' low - level , but now considered by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) to be a middle - or multi-level stratus type. . Although it is usually a low - based cloud , it actually forms most commonly in the middle level of the troposphere and then spreads vertically into the low and high levels . This change in classification would once have made it a `` Family D '' cloud , but this style of nomenclature was discontinued by the WMO in 1956 . Nimbostratus usually produces precipitation over a wide area . Nimbo - is from the Latin word nimbus , which denotes precipitation . It has a diffuse cloud base generally found anywhere from near surface in the low levels to about 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in the middle level of the troposphere . Although usually dark at its base , it often appears illuminated from within to a surface observer . Nimbostratus usually has a thickness of about 2000 m . Though found worldwide , nimbostratus occurs more commonly in the middle latitudes . It is coded C 2 on the SYNOP report . Downward - growing nimbostratus can have the same vertical extent as most large upward - growing cumulus , but its horizontal extent tends to be even greater . This sometimes leads to the exclusion of nimbostratus from the group of vertical clouds by some independent meteorologists and educators . Classifications that follow this approach usually show nimbostratus as low - level based on its normal base height range . Species and varieties : Nimbostratus is very thick , opaque , and featureless , so this genus type is not subdivided into species or varieties . Precipitation - based supplementary features : Nimbostratus is a major precipitation cloud and produces the virga or praecipitatio features . The latter can achieve heavy intensity due to the cloud 's vertical depth . Accessory cloud : Pannus frequently forms in precipitation and is coded C 7 . Genitus mother clouds : This genus type can form from cumulus and cumulonimbus . Mutatus mother clouds : Nimbostratus can form due to the complete transformation of altocumulus , altostratus and stratocumulus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Forecast 3 Origin of name 4 References 5 External links Formation ( edit ) Nimbostratus occurs along a warm front or occluded front where the slowly rising warm air mass creates nimbostratus along with shallower stratus clouds producing less rain , these clouds being preceded by higher - level clouds such as cirrostratus and altostratus . Often , when an altostratus cloud thickens and descends into lower altitudes , it will become nimbostratus . Nimbostratus , unlike cumulonimbus , is not associated with thunderstorms , however at an unusually unstable warm front caused as a result of the advancing warm air being hot , humid and unstable , cumulonimbus clouds may be embedded within the usual nimbostratus . Lightning from an embedded cumulonimbus cloud may interact with the nimbostratus but only in the immediate area around it . In this situation with lightning and rain occurring it would be hard to tell which type of cloud was producing the rain from the ground , however cumulonimbus tend to produce larger droplets and more intense downpours . The occurrence of cumulonimbus and nimbostratus together is uncommon , and usually only nimbostratus is found at a warm front . Nimbostratus pannus is an accessory cloud of nimbostratus that forms as a ragged layer in precipitation below the main cloud deck . Forecast ( edit ) Nimbostrati often have very few visual features . Usually , nimbostratus is a sign of easily steady to powerful precipitation , as opposed to the shorter period of typically heavier precipitation released by a cumulonimbus cloud . However , precipitation does not occur at ground level in case of virga and accompanies other cloud types . Precipitation may last for several days , depending on the speed of the warm or occluded front it accompanies . A nimbostratus virga cloud is the same as a normal nimbostratus cloud , but the precipitation is virga and it never reaches the ground . Stratus or stratocumulus ( comprising the warm sector of a frontal system ) usually forms when it clears . Origin of name ( edit ) Further information : Cloud § History of cloud science and nomenclature Under Luke Howard 's first systematized study of clouds , carried out in France in 1802 , three general cloud forms were established based on appearance and characteristics of formation : cirriform , cumiliform and stratiform . These were further divided into upper and lower types depending on altitude . In addition to these three main types , Howard added two names to designate multiple cloud types joined together : cumulostratus , a blending of cumulus clouds and stratus layers , and nimbus , a complex blending of cirriform , cumuliform , and stratiform clouds with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation . Later , in the 20th Century , an IMC commission for the study of clouds put forward a refined and more restricted definition of the genus nimbus , effectively reclassifying it as a stratiform cloud type . It was then renamed nimbostratus , and published with the new name in the 1932 edition of the International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky . This left cumulonimbus as the only nimbiform type as indicated by its root - name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JetStream ( 5 January 2010 ) . `` Cloud Classifications '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Nimbostratus , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . I . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 92 - 63 - 10407 - 7 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pretor - Pinney , Gavin ( 2007 ) . The Cloudspotter 's Guide : The Science , History , and Culture of Clouds . Perigee . ISBN 0 - 399 - 53345 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` cloud : Classification of Clouds '' . Infoplease.com . Jump up ^ Hatheway , Becca ( 2009 ) . `` Cloud Types '' . Windows to the Universe , US National Earth Science Teachers Association ( NESTA ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ UXL , ed. ( 2002 ) . `` clouds . UXL Encyclopedia of Science '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Species , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . pp. 18 -- 20 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Varieties , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . pp. 20 -- 22 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlop , Storm ( 2003 ) . Weather Identification Handbook : The Ultimate Guide for Weather Watchers . Guilford , Connecticut : Globe Pequot . ISBN 1 - 58574 - 857 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Graham ; Turk , Jonathan ( 1993 ) . Earth Science and the Environment . Fort Worth : Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 0 - 03 - 075446 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lankford , Terry ( 2000 ) . Aviation Weather Handbook . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 136103 - 3 . Jump up ^ World Meteorological Organization , ed. ( 1975 ) . Features , International Cloud Atlas ( PDF ) . I . pp. 22 -- 24 . ISBN 92 - 63 - 10407 - 7 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimbostratus clouds . National Science Digital Library - Nimbostratus Nimbostratus and Other Low Clouds ( hide ) Cloud genera and selected species , supplementary features , and other airborne hydrometeors - WMO Latin terminology except where indicated Extreme - level Polar mesospheric cirriform type Noctilucent Very high - level Polar stratospheric cirriform type Nacreous High - level Tropospheric cirriform , stratiform , and stratocumuliform genera Cirrus ( Ci ) Cirrostratus ( Cs ) Cirrocumulus ( Cc ) General type ( non-WMO terminology ) Aviaticus cloud ( Contrail ) Medium - level Tropospheric stratiform and stratocumuliform genera Altostratus ( As ) Altocumulus ( Ac ) Stratocumuliform species Altocumulus castellanus ( Ac cas ) Low - level Tropospheric stratiform , stratocumuliform and cumuliform genera Stratus ( St ) Stratocumulus ( Sc ) Cumulus ( Cu ) Stratiform and cumuliform species Fractus Cumulus humilis ( Cu hum ) Stratocumulus variants ( non-WMO terminology ) Actinoform cloud Asperitas Moderate vertical Tropospheric stratiform and cumuliform genera Nimbostratus ( Ns ) Cumulus ( Cu ) Cumuliform species Cumulus mediocris ( Cu med ) Cumuliform supplementary features Cumulus Pileus Cumulus Volutus Towering vertical Tropospheric cumulonimbiform genus Cumulonimbus ( Cb ) Cumuliform species Cumulus congestus ( ICAO term Towering cumulus ( Tcu ) ) Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform supplementary features mamma Tuba ( Funnel cloud ) Pileus Arcus ( Shelf ) Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform variants ( non-WMO terminology ) Wall cloud Cumulonimbuus Overshooting top Hot tower Surface based General type Fog Non-height specific General types Accessory cloud Kelvin -- Helmholtz cloud Special Special modifiers Flammagenitus ( cloud ) Homogenitus ( cloud ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimbostratus_cloud&oldid=785786844 '' Categories : Stratus Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2017 , at 12 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is meant by the term nimbus regarding clouds
[ "Nimbostratus is a stratiform genus formerly classified as \"Family C\" low-level, but now considered by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to be a middle- or multi-level stratus type.[1]. Although it is usually a low-based cloud, it actually forms most commonly in the middle level of the troposphere and then spreads vertically into the low and high levels. This change in classification would once have made it a \"Family D\" cloud, but this style of nomenclature was discontinued by the WMO in 1956. Nimbostratus usually produces precipitation over a wide area. Nimbo- is from the Latin word nimbus, which denotes precipitation. It has a diffuse cloud base generally found anywhere from near surface in the low levels to about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in the middle level of the troposphere. Although usually dark at its base, it often appears illuminated from within to a surface observer.[2] Nimbostratus usually has a thickness of about 2000 m. Though found worldwide, nimbostratus occurs more commonly in the middle latitudes.[3] It is coded CM2 on the SYNOP report." ]
[ "precipitation" ]
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Star Trek Into Darkness
Star Trek Into Darkness - wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness Star Trek Into Darkness Theatrical release poster Directed by J.J. Abrams Produced by J.J. Abrams Bryan Burk Damon Lindelof Alex Kurtzman Roberto Orci Written by Roberto Orci Alex Kurtzman Damon Lindelof Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring John Cho Benedict Cumberbatch Alice Eve Bruce Greenwood Simon Pegg Chris Pine Zachary Quinto Zoe Saldana Karl Urban Peter Weller Anton Yelchin Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Dan Mindel Edited by Mary Jo Markey Maryann Brandon Production company Bad Robot Productions Skydance Productions K / O Paper Products Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) ( Sydney ) May 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) ( United States and Canada ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $185 million Box office $467.4 million Star Trek Into Darkness is a 2013 American space opera film directed by J.J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and Damon Lindelof . It is the twelfth installment in the Star Trek film franchise and the sequel to the 2009 film Star Trek , as the second in a rebooted film series . The film features Chris Pine reprising his role as Captain James T. Kirk , with Zachary Quinto , Simon Pegg , Karl Urban , Zoe Saldana , John Cho , Anton Yelchin , Bruce Greenwood , and Leonard Nimoy reprising their roles from the previous film . Benedict Cumberbatch , Alice Eve and Peter Weller are also credited in the film 's principal cast . It was the last time Nimoy would portray the character of Spock before his death in 2015 . Set in the 23rd century , Kirk and the crew of USS Enterprise are sent to the Klingon homeworld seeking former Starfleet member - turned terrorist John Harrison . After the release of Star Trek , Abrams , Burk , Lindelof , Kurtzman , and Orci agreed to produce its sequel . Filming began in January 2012 . Into Darkness 's visual effects were primarily created by Industrial Light & Magic . The film was converted to 3D during its post-production stage . Star Trek Into Darkness premiered at Event Cinemas in Sydney , Australia , on April 23 , 2013 , and was released on May 9 in Australia , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , Europe , and Peru , with other countries following . The film was released on May 17 in the United States and Canada , opening at IMAX cinemas a day earlier . Into Darkness was a financial success and received positive reviews from critics . Its gross earnings of over $467 million worldwide have made it the highest - grossing entry in the Star Trek franchise . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was followed by Star Trek Beyond in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Supporting cast and cameos 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Title 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Promotional tours 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2259 , Captain James T. Kirk is removed from command of the starship USS Enterprise for violating the Prime Directive after exposing the ship to the primitive inhabitants of the planet Nibiru in order to save them , and Spock , from a cataclysmic volcanic eruption . Admiral Christopher Pike is reinstated as commanding officer with Kirk demoted to the rank of Commander and first officer . Commander Spock is transferred to another ship . Shortly after , the Section 31 installation in London is bombed by renegade Starfleet operative John Harrison . Harrison attacks Starfleet Headquarters in a jumpship during an emergency meeting about the situation , killing Pike and other senior officers . Kirk disables the jumpship , but Harrison transports to Kronos , homeworld of the hostile Klingons . Admiral Alexander Marcus reinstates Kirk and Spock to Enterprise with orders to kill Harrison using a new long range stealth photon torpedo . Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott objects to allowing untested torpedoes on board the ship without knowing their specifications ; when he is overruled , he resigns . Kirk assigns Pavel Chekov to replace Scotty . En route to Kronos , Enterprise 's warp capabilities become disabled . Kirk leads a team with Spock and Uhura onto the planet in a small landing craft , where they are ambushed by Klingon patrols who order them to land . Uhura leaves the landing craft to talk to the Klingons . They decide to kill Uhura , but Harrison kills them . After the battle , Harrison demands that Kirk tell him the number of torpedoes on board the Enterprise , surrendering when Spock tells him . Dr. Leonard McCoy and Marcus 's daughter , Dr. Carol Marcus , open a torpedo at Harrison 's behest , revealing a man in cryogenic stasis . Upon further investigation , all the other experimental torpedoes are revealed to similarly contain cryogenically frozen humans . Harrison is taken to the ship 's brig , where he reveals his true identity as Khan , a genetically engineered superhuman awoken by Admiral Marcus from centuries of suspended animation to develop advanced weapons . Khan reveals that Marcus sabotaged Enterprise 's warp drive , intending for the Klingons to destroy the ship after it fired on Kronos , creating an act of war by the Klingon Empire . Khan also gives Kirk a set of coordinates . Kirk contacts Scotty on Earth and asks him to investigate . Scotty discovers the coordinates lead to a covert Starfleet facility near Jupiter . Enterprise is intercepted by a much larger Starfleet warship , USS Vengeance , commanded by Admiral Marcus . Marcus demands that Kirk deliver Khan , but Enterprise flees to Earth to expose him . After Vengeance disables Enterprise near the Moon , Carol reveals her presence aboard the ship . Marcus forcibly transports Carol to Vengeance before ordering Enterprise 's destruction . Kirk offers Khan and himself for the lives of his crew , but Marcus rejects Kirk 's offer , revealing he never intended to spare them and ordering Vengeance to attack . Vengeance suddenly loses power after being sabotaged by Scotty , who infiltrated the ship . With transporters down , Kirk and Khan , with the latter 's knowledge of the warship 's design , space - jump to Vengeance . Spock contacts his older self , who warns that Khan is ruthless and untrustworthy and that Khan 's older self was only defeated at a terrible cost . After capturing the bridge , Khan overpowers Kirk , Scott and Carol , kills Marcus , and takes control of Vengeance . Khan demands that Spock return his crew in exchange for the Enterprise officers . Spock complies but surreptitiously removes Khan 's frozen crew from the torpedoes and arms the warheads . Khan beams Kirk , Scott and Carol aboard Enterprise , but betrays their agreement by attacking Enterprise ; however , Vengeance is disabled when the torpedoes detonate . With both starships caught in Earth 's gravity , they plummet toward the surface . Kirk enters the radioactive reactor chamber to realign the warp core , sacrificing himself to save the ship . Khan crashes the Vengeance into downtown San Francisco in an attempt to destroy Starfleet headquarters . Khan escapes the wreckage so Spock transports down in pursuit . McCoy discovers that Khan 's blood has regenerative properties that may save Kirk . Spock pursues Khan through the city and is about to kill him , but Uhura stops him . Khan 's blood revives Kirk . One year later , Kirk speaks at Enterprise 's re-dedication ceremony . Khan is sealed in his cryogenic pod and stored with his compatriots . The Enterprise crew embarks on a five - year exploratory mission . Cast ( edit ) Chris Pine as Captain James T. Kirk , commanding officer of the starship Enterprise Zachary Quinto as Commander Spock , first officer and science officer Benedict Cumberbatch as John Harrison / Khan , a superhuman genetically engineered during the Eugenics Wars Simon Pegg as Lieutenant Commander Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott , second officer and chief engineer Karl Urban as Lieutenant Commander Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy M.D. , chief medical officer Zoe Saldana as Lieutenant Nyota Uhura , communications officer Alice Eve as Lieutenant Carol Marcus , a science officer who uses the pseudonym `` Carol Wallace '' to board Enterprise John Cho as Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu , third officer and helmsman Peter Weller as Fleet Admiral Alexander Marcus , Carol 's father , commander - in - chief of Starfleet , and a secret warmonger Anton Yelchin as Ensign Pavel Chekov , navigator and Scott 's temporary replacement as chief engineer Bruce Greenwood as Admiral Christopher Pike , Kirk 's mentor and previous captain of Enterprise Supporting cast and cameos ( edit ) Leonard Nimoy as the original incarnation of Spock . This would be Nimoy 's final acting performance ; he died nearly two years after its release , aged 83 . Noel Clarke as Thomas Harewood , a Starfleet officer working in Section 31 , who is extorted by Khan into bombing the facility Nazneen Contractor as Rima Harewood , Thomas 's wife Christopher Doohan ( son of James Doohan ) as Transporter officer Amanda Foreman as Ensign Brackett Jay Scully as Lieutenant Chapin Jonathan Dixon as Ensign Froman Aisha Hinds as Navigation Officer Darwin Joseph Gatt as Science Officer 0718 Bill Hader as the computer of USS Vengeance ( voice ) Deep Roy as Keenser , Scotty 's assistant Sean Blakemore as a Klingon Anjini Taneja Azhar as Lucille Harewood , Thomas 's terminally ill daughter Nolan North as a Vengeance helmsman Heather Langenkamp as Moto Chris Hemsworth and Jennifer Morrison were credited for their archive footage of George Kirk and Winona Kirk . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In June 2008 , it was reported that Paramount Pictures was interested in signing producers of the 2009 Star Trek J.J. Abrams , Bryan Burk , Damon Lindelof , Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci for a sequel . In March 2009 , it was reported that these five producers had agreed to produce the film , with a script again written by Orci and Kurtzman ( with the addition of Lindelof ) . A preliminary script was said to be completed by Christmas 2009 for a 2011 release . Kurtzman and Orci began writing the script in June 2009 , originally intending to split the film into two parts . Leonard Nimoy , the original Spock who plays an older version of the character in the 2009 film , said he would not appear in the film . Abrams was reportedly considering William Shatner for the sequel . By 2010 , a release date of June 29 , 2012 , was set , with Lindelof announcing he had begun working on the script with Kurtzman and Orci . Pre-production was set for January 2011 , although Burk said actual filming would probably begin during the spring or summer . Actor Zachary Quinto later said that these reports were untrue . Lindelof compared the sequel to The Dark Knight . Abrams , Kurtzman , and Orci said that selecting a villain was difficult ; according to Abrams , `` the universe Roddenberry created is so vast that it 's hard to say one particular thing stands out '' . They also discussed the possibility of Khan Noonien Singh and Klingons . Kurtzman and Lindelof said they had `` broken '' the story ( created an outline ) ; instead of a sequel , it will be a stand - alone film . Abrams admitted in December 2010 that there was still no script . Cast members at the film 's Australian premiere in April 2013 ( left to right : Karl Urban , Zachary Quinto , director J.J. Abrams , and Chris Pine ) In January 2011 , Abrams said he had not decided whether or not he would direct , since he had not yet seen a script . Paramount Pictures then approached him , asking that the sequel be in 3D . Abrams said that the film would not be shot in 3D , but filmed in 2D and converted during post-production . He was also interested in filming in IMAX : `` IMAX is my favorite format ; I 'm a huge fan . '' In February , Orci tweeted that he ( with Lindelof and Kurtzman ) planned to deliver the script in March 2011 . Although the script was not finished on schedule , Paramount began financing pre-production ; similar circumstances on the next Jack Ryan film meant that Chris Pine would film the Star Trek sequel first . By April , Orci said at WonderCon that the script 's first draft had been completed . Abrams told MTV that when he finished his film , Super 8 , he would turn his full attention to the Trek sequel . Although a script was completed , uncertainty regarding the extent of Abrams 's involvement led to the film 's being pushed back six months from its scheduled June 2012 release . Other factors which precluded the release , ending up pushing it further back were the high budget and overall difficulty of finding actors to fit the roles . In June , Abrams confirmed that his next project would be the sequel , noting that he would rather the film be good than ready by its scheduled release date . Simon Pegg , who played Scotty , said in an interview that he thought filming would begin during the latter part of the year . Abrams stated he would prioritize the film 's story and characters over an early release date . In September , Abrams agreed to direct the film , with the cast from the previous film reprising their respective roles for a winter 2012 or summer 2013 release . In October , Orci said that location scouting was underway , and a comic book series ( of which Orci would be creative director ) would `` foreshadow '' the film . Into Darkness was given a revised release date of 2013 , and Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to write the score . Lindelof said that Khan was considered a character they needed to use at some point , given that `` he has such an intense gravity in the Trek universe , we likely would have expended more energy NOT putting him in this movie than the other way around . '' References to Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan were eventually added to the script , but Lindelof , Orci , and Kurtzman `` were ever wary of the line between ' reimagined homage ' and ' direct ripoff ' . '' Orci and Kurtzman said they wanted a film which would work on its own and as a sequel , not using ideas from previous Star Trek works simply `` because you think people are going to love it '' . Orci noted that when trying to create the `` gigantic imagery '' required by a summer blockbuster , Kurtzman suggested a scene where Enterprise rose from the ocean . With that as a starting point they ( and Lindelof ) came up with the cold open in Nibiru , which blended action and comedy and was isolated from the main story in an homage to Raiders of the Lost Ark . Actor Benicio del Toro had reportedly been sought as the villain , and had met with Abrams to discuss the role ; however , he later bowed out . In 2011 , Alice Eve and Peter Weller agreed to their roles . Doctor Who actor Noel Clarke agreed to an unknown role , reported to be `` a family man with a wife and young daughter '' . Demián Bichir auditioned for the villain role , but as reported by Variety on January 4 , 2012 , Benedict Cumberbatch was cast . Filming ( edit ) Into Darkness began principal photography on January 12 , 2012 , with a scheduled release date of May 16 , 2013 . Cinematographer Dan Mindel shot the film using a combination of anamorphic 35mm film and 15 perforation IMAX cameras . About 30 minutes of the film is shot in the IMAX format , while some other scenes were also shot on 8 perforation 65mm . Into Darkness was released in 3D . On February 24 , 2012 , images from the set surfaced of Benedict Cumberbatch 's character in a fight with Spock . Edgar Wright directed one shot in the film . Production ended in May 2012 . Filming was done on location in Los Angeles , California , and around the area at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore . Additional locations included Paramount Studios in Hollywood , Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove , and the Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills . Some shots were made in Iceland . Marc Okrand , the developer of the Klingon language , provided the Klingon dialogues with on - set coaching from constructed language experts . The dialogue did not make cohesive sense following editing and so new dialogue was constructed and dubbed during post production . Title ( edit ) On September 10 , 2012 , Paramount confirmed the film 's title as Star Trek Into Darkness . Abrams had indicated that unlike some of the earlier films in the franchise , his second Star Trek would not include a number in its title . This decision was made to avoid repeating the sequel numbering which began with Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , or making a confusing jump from Star Trek to Star Trek 12 . Lindelof addressed the team 's struggle to agree on a title : `` There have been more conversations about what we 're going to call it than went into actually shooting it ... There 's no word that comes after the colon after Star Trek that 's cool . Not that Star Trek : Insurrection or First Contact are n't good titles , it 's just that everything that people are turned off about when it comes to Trek is represented by the colon '' . Of the titles proposed , he joked that he preferred Star Trek : Transformers 4 best because the title is `` technically available '' . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek Into Darkness ( soundtrack ) Composer Michael Giacchino composed the film 's incidental music . Into Darkness was Giacchino 's fourth film collaboration with Abrams , which included Star Trek ( 2009 ) . The film score was recorded at the Sony Scoring Stage in Culver City , California from March 5 to April 3 , 2013 . Its soundtrack album was released digitally on May 14 , 2013 , and was made available on May 28 through Varèse Sarabande . The score contains the original Star Trek theme by Alexander Courage . On April 24 , 2013 , it was announced that British singer Bo Bruce and Irish songwriter Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol had collaborated on a song for the film 's soundtrack entitled `` The Rage That 's In Us All '' . Australian songwriter and producer Robert Conley co-wrote a track with Penelope Austin , `` The Dark Collide '' . An expanded soundtrack album was released on July 28 , 2014 , limited to 6,000 copies . Themes ( edit ) On May 10 , 2013 , Cho , Pegg , and Eve were interviewed on The Bob Rivers Show to promote the film . Rivers asked about the title : `` The title Star Trek Into Darkness indicates some sort of ominous turn , obviously '' . Eve suggested that Pegg discuss the theme of terrorism , and Pegg obliged : `` I think it 's a very current film , and it reflects certain things that are going on in our own heads at the moment ; this idea that our enemy might be walking among us , not necessarily on the other side of an ocean , you know . John Harrison , Benedict Cumberbatch 's character , is ambiguous , you know ? We ( the characters in the film ) do n't know who to support . Sometimes , Kirk , he seems to be acting in exactly the same way as him ( Harrison ) . They 're both motivated by revenge . And the Into Darkness in the title is less an idea of this new trend of po - faced , kind of , everything 's - got - to - be-a - bit - dour treatments of essentially childish stories . It 's more about Kirk 's indecision . '' Cho agreed about the characterization of Captain Kirk : `` It 's his crisis of leadership . '' The pivotal scene near the end when Kirk enters the reactor chamber serves as a role reversal of a similar pivotal scene in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . Originally conceived as a retelling of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad , Kurtzman and Orci defined the main theme of Into Darkness as `` how far will we go to exact vengeance and justice on an enemy that scares us . How far should we go from our values ? '' They added that running from personal values is a personal struggle , where `` the enemy 's blood is within us ; we are the enemy . We must not succumb to it ; we are the same . '' Distribution ( edit ) Dolby Laboratories and Paramount announced that Star Trek Into Darkness would be released in Dolby Atmos , with Andy Nelson and Anna Behlmer handling the mix with supervision from Ben Burtt and Matthew Wood . The film was released on May 9 , 2013 , in international markets and May 16 , 2013 , in the United States . Marketing ( edit ) As part of a contest Abrams designed after the release of Super 8 ( 2011 ) , the prize for answering a series of questions would be walk - on roles for two people in Into Darkness . He debuted three frames of the film on Conan on October 4 , 2012 , showing what he described as Spock `` in a volcano , in this crazy suit '' . The official poster for the film was released two months later on December 3 , 2012 , showing a mysterious figure ( thought to be Benedict Cumberbatch 's villain ) standing on a pile of burning rubble looking over what appears to be a damaged London ; he is standing in a hole in the shape of the Starfleet insignia , blown out of the side of a building . About nine minutes of the opening sequence was shown before IMAX presentations of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , which was released in the United States on December 14 , 2012 . Alice Eve , Cumberbatch , and Burk unveiled the IMAX prologue in London , England on December 14 . A two - minute teaser was released in iTunes Movie Trailers on December 17 . The teaser marked the beginning of a viral marketing campaign , with a hidden link directing fans to a movie - related website . A 30 - second teaser premiered February 3 , 2013 during the stadium blackout of Super Bowl XLVII . The same day , Paramount released apps for Android , iPhone , and Windows Phone which enabled users to unlock tickets for showtimes two days before the film 's release date . An international trailer was released on March 21 , 2013 , with an embedded URL revealing an online - only international poster . On April 8 , Paramount released the final international one - sheet featuring solely Benedict Cumberbatch 's character . On March 24 , 2013 , at 9 : 30 pm a swarm of 30 mini-quadrotors equipped with LED lights drew the Star Trek logo over London . This choreography marked the beginning of the Paramount UK marketing campaign for Star Trek Into Darkness . It was coordinated with the World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) Earth Hour event and was performed and developed by Ars Electronica Futurelab from Linz ( Austria ) in cooperation with Ascending Technologies from Munich ( Germany ) . On April 12 , 2013 , iTunes Movie Trailers revealed the final domestic one - sheet featuring USS Enterprise , and announced that the final US domestic trailer would be released on April 16 . In the days leading up to the trailer release , character posters featuring Kirk , Spock , Uhura , and Harrison were released on iTunes . Paramount attempted to broaden the film 's appeal to international audiences , an area where Star Trek and other science - fiction films had generally performed poorly . Into Darkness was dedicated to post-9 / 11 veterans . J.J. Abrams is connected with The Mission Continues , and a section of the film 's website is dedicated to that organization . Promotional tours ( edit ) The cast ( except for Anton Yelchin , Bruce Greenwood , and Peter Weller ) participated in May 2013 press junkets . On May 7 , Pegg appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . On May 8 , Quinto was interviewed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . He was followed on May 10 by Cumberbatch ( who told Fallon that his fans are called `` Cumberbitches '' ; Fallon countered that his are called `` FalPals '' ) and on May 17 by Saldana . Saldana said that she lobbied Abrams for four years : `` If we make a sequel , Uhura needs to kick ass '' . On May 9 , Cumberbatch appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman . On May 10 , Cho , Pegg , and Eve had a radio interview on The Bob Rivers Show . They discussed approaching a body of work already mastered by an earlier generation of actors , agreeing that they would remain with the franchise as long as it lasted . That night , Chris Pine appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman ; Letterman showed a gag reel of robots in a black - and - white film before showing a clip from Into Darkness . Pine said that he had to gain weight for the role of Captain Kirk . One story told by cast members during the promotion concerned an on - set prank initially devised by Pegg , which he later noted grew out of proportion . While filming at the National Ignition Facility , Pegg and Pine ( with the crew 's help ) tricked the arriving actors into believing there was `` ambient radiation '' at the location and they had to wear `` neutron cream '' to avoid being burned by it . Cumberbatch was tricked into signing a release ( which was meant to give the joke away , but he signed it without reading it ) , while Urban and Cho were tricked into recording a public service announcement about the necessity for neutron cream . On May 13 , Abrams appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , and on May 16 , Pine appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . On May 14 , Abrams , Zachary Quinto , Pine , and Alice Eve appeared on The Urgant Show ( Russian : Вечерний Ургант ) in Russia . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Into Darkness earned $13.5 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada , lower than Star Trek 's $30.9 million . The film earned $22 million the following Friday , also lower than its predecessor 's earnings four years earlier ( $26 million ) . It earned $70.6 million during its opening weekend , finishing in the US box - office top spot ( above The Great Gatsby and Iron Man 3 ) . Total weekend earnings were $84.1 million , including the early - showing grosses . Although these were lower than Paramount 's projected box - office earnings , studio vice-chairman Rob Moore said he was `` extremely pleased '' with the sequel 's performance . Several weeks after release , the film grossed $147 million at the foreign box office , surpassing the lifetime international earnings of its predecessor . Into Darkness reached the top spot of China 's box office with a $25.8 million gross , tripling the overall earnings of the previous film during its opening weekend . Star Trek Into Darkness ended its North American theatrical run on September 12 , 2013 , with a box office total of $228,778,661 , which places it as the 11th highest - grossing film for 2013 . It earned $467,365,246 worldwide , ranking it in 14th place for 2013 , and making it the highest - grossing film of the franchise . Scott Mendelson of Forbes contends that the film 's box office performance was the result of Paramount 's inability to sell the basic components of the film 's story , and inclusion of Khan `` for little reason other than marketability and then spent the next year or so lying to everyone and claiming said villain was n't in the picture ... With no added value elements to sell , Paramount was forced to craft a generic campaign based around Benedict Cumberbatch as `` Generic Bad Guy '' , so the excitement never took hold ... This was adding to the idea that merely withholding basic story elements is tantamount to promising stunning plot twists ... and it made fans and general moviegoers less excited about Star Trek 2 than they were four , three , or even two years ago . '' Calculating in all expenses , Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $29.9 million . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 86 % , based on 271 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Visually spectacular and suitably action packed , Star Trek Into Darkness is a rock - solid installment in the venerable sci - fi franchise , even if it 's not as fresh as its predecessor . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 72 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . It received an average grade of `` A '' from market - research firm CinemaScore . Critics called it a `` rousing adventure '' and `` a riveting action - adventure in space '' . Cumberbatch 's performance attracted praise from critics , with Peter Travers of Rolling Stone calling it a `` tour de force to reckon with '' and his character `` a villain for the ages '' . Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News wrote that Cumberbatch delivered `` one of the best blockbuster villains in recent memory '' . Jonathan Romney of The Independent noted Cumberbatch 's voice , saying it was `` so sepulchrally resonant that it could have been synthesised from the combined timbres of Ian McKellen , Patrick Stewart , and Alan Rickman holding an elocution contest down a well '' . The New York Times praised his screen presence : `` He fuses Byronic charisma with an impatient , imperious intelligence that seems to raise the ambient I.Q. whenever he 's on screen '' . However , not all of reviews were positive ; The Independent said the film would `` underwhelm even the Trekkies '' . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one - and - a-half stars ( out of four ) , saying it had a `` limp plot '' and the `` special effects are surprisingly cheesy for a big - budget event movie '' . A.O. Scott dismissed the film in The New York Times : `` It 's uninspired hackwork , and the frequent appearance of blue lens flares does not make this movie any more of a personal statement '' . The film was criticized for a scene with actress Alice Eve 's character Carol Marcus in her underwear , which was called `` wholly unnecessary '' and `` gratuitous '' . Screenwriter and producer Damon Lindelof apologized on Twitter for the scene : `` I take responsibility and will be more mindful in the future '' . On Conan , Abrams addressed the matter by debuting a deleted scene of actor Benedict Cumberbatch 's character Khan taking a shower . Eve addressed the underwear controversy at a 2013 Las Vegas Star Trek Convention and said , `` I did n't know it would cause such a ruckus . I did n't feel exploited . '' The second one , where Benedict Cumberbatch played Khan , I thought was unfortunate . Benedict Cumberbatch is a wonderful actor . I love everything that he 's done , but if he was going to be playing that character , J.J. should have made him an original character that 's singular to him . Because the Khan character first appeared in our TV series , `` Space Seed '' and Ricardo Montalbán was sensational in our second movie -- he was the title character , The Wrath of Khan , you know ! The other thought that Gene Roddenberry always had in the back of his mind -- and that was his philosophy -- was to embrace the diversity of this planet . -- George Takei , who originated the role of Hikaru Sulu and appeared in Star Trek films and TV episodes Despite an acclaimed performance from Cumberbatch , Christian Blauvelt of Hollywood.com criticized the casting of the actor as Khan Noonien Singh , saying that the character had been `` whitewashed into oblivion '' , since Khan is an explicitly non-white character Star Trek canon ( introduced as a Sikh and former ruler of much of eastern Eurasia ) . There have been similar accusations of whitewashing by fans and American Sikhs , with Star Trek : Voyager actor Garrett Wang tweeting `` The casting of Cumberbatch was a mistake on the part of the producers . I am not being critical of the actor or his talent , just the casting '' . George Takei , the original Hikaru Sulu , was also disappointed with the casting , as he thought it would have been better to cast Cumberbatch not as an established villain like Khan but as a new character . On Trekmovie.com , co-producer and co-screenwriter Bob Orci addressed Khan 's casting : `` Basically , as we went through the casting process and we began honing in on the themes of the movie , it became uncomfortable for me to support demonizing anyone of color , particularly any one of Middle Eastern descent or anyone evoking that . One of the points of the movie is that we must be careful about the villain within US , not some other race '' . An in - canon comic book has subsequently been created to retcon Khan 's hitherto unexplained change in ethnicity in the film . In an interview with Buzzfeed two years after the film 's release , Abrams addressed some of the film 's shortcomings . He thought that the dynamic for Kirk and Spock 's relationship in the film `` was n't really clear . '' For keeping the identity of Khan a secret prior to the film 's release , Abrams felt he `` was trying to preserve the fun for the audience , and not just tell them something that the characters do n't learn for 45 minutes into the movie , so the audience would n't be so ahead of it . '' In the end , Abrams recognized that `` there were certain things I was unsure of ... Any movie ... has a fundamental conversation happening during it . And ( for Into Darkness , ) I did n't have it ... ( The problems with the plot ) was not anyone 's fault but mine , or , frankly , anyone 's problem but mine . ( The script ) was a little bit of a collection of scenes that were written by my friends ... And yet , I found myself frustrated by my choices , and unable to hang my hat on an undeniable thread of the main story . So then I found myself on that movie basically tap - dancing as well as I could to try and make the sequences as entertaining as possible ... I would never say that I do n't think that the movie ended up working . But I feel like it did n't work as well as it could have had I made some better decisions before we started shooting . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Star Trek Into Darkness Home Media ( edit ) Star Trek Into Darkness was released as a digital download on August 20 , 2013 . It was first released on DVD , Blu - ray , and Blu - ray 3D in the United Kingdom on September 2 and in the United States and Canada on September 10 . The British retailer Sainsbury 's has an exclusive edition with a second bonus DVD disc containing 33 minutes of extra features . There is also a Special Limited Edition Blu - ray set available with a model on a stand of USS Vengeance as seen in this movie . In North America , the release is split into various retailer exclusives . Retailer Best Buy has an exclusive Blu - ray edition with 30 minutes of additional content , available on disc in Canada , and via streaming service CinemaNow in the United States . Target 's Blu - ray edition also has 30 minutes of additional content that is different from Best Buy 's . Online retailer iTunes ' version comes with audio commentary for the film not available in the retailer exclusives . A collection of deleted scenes is available exclusively via the Xbox SmartGlass second - screen app paired with the Xbox Video release of the film . The split of the special features between various retailers has attracted criticism from fans . In particular , The Digital Bits ' editor Bill Hunt remarked that `` taking fully half or more of the disc - based special features created for a major Blu - ray release and casting them to the winds as retailer exclusives , thus forcing your customers to go on an expensive scavenger hunt is , I 'm sorry , absolutely outrageous . Seriously , if Paramount is going to treat its Blu - ray customers like this , they should just get out of the business altogether . Or better yet , farm all their titles out to third party licensees who will treat these films and Blu - ray customers in general with greater care and respect . '' Weeks after posting his article , Hunt himself was invited by Paramount to discuss about the issue of giving away the film 's special features to different retail partners . He suggested `` ( putting ) together the true special edition that should have been delivered from the start , with all of the extras that got scattered around to different retailers , including the enhanced audio commentary , plus all - new content just for this release ... ( and ) to consider offering the IMAX version of the film ... '' This eventually resulted with the release of Star Trek : The Compendium , a box set that includes all of the previously retailer exclusive special features , plus additional features for such as a gag reel , alongside both the theatrical release of Star Trek ( 2009 ) and the IMAX 2D version of Star Trek Into Darkness . Both of Abrams ' Star Trek films were among the first titles released by Paramount Home Media Distribution for the Ultra HD Blu - ray format , and were widely praised as reference quality titles . See also ( edit ) Star Trek film series List of adventure films of the 2010s List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of science fiction films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Into Darkness official site '' . Paramount Pictures . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STAR TREK INTO DARKNESS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Feature Film Production Report '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. March 6 , 2014 . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ong , Thuy ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` New Star Trek boldly voyages to Australia for premiere '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : En la oscuridad se estrena este 9 de mayo '' ( Star Trek Into Darkness May 9 in Peru ) ( in Spanish ) . peru.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigney , Todd ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Hits Imax Theaters In 3D On May 15 '' . The Inqusitir . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Moves to May 16 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Eve 's Star Trek Into Darkness Character Revealed '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Orci Confirms There 's a Part for Admiral Pike in Star Trek 2 '' . Blastr . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , Josh ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness ' Spoiler Special : Burning Questions Answered '' . MTV . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . 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Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 Delayed '' . Movieline.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Producer : Sequel 's Gonna Get All Dark Knight on Us '' . E !. Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 Villains Discussed by J. J. Abrams '' . Movieweb.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek 2 ' Writers Reveal They 've ' Broken the Story ' '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 Update : Abrams Admits There 's Still No Script '' . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Talks STAR TREK 2 , the SUPER 8 Trailer , FOX 's ALCATRAZ , ODD JOBS , PERSON OF INTEREST , UNDERCOVERS and FRINGE '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Has Asked J. J. Abrams to Film Star Trek 2 in 3D '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` J. J. Abrams Says Star Trek Sequel Will Shoot in 2D and Possibly IMAX ; Will Post-Convert to 3D '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orci , Bob ( February 12 , 2011 ) . `` boborci '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 : Paramount Has n't Seen Script ; Already Financing Pre-Production '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ryan Reboot Crawling Through Development ; Chris Pine Likely to Be Seen First in Star Trek 2 '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Star Trek 2 writer offers update on the sequel '' . Totalfilm.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 Update : J. J. Abrams Returning To Star Fleet Once Super 8 Wraps '' . MTV . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek 2 ' Delayed Until Holidays 2012 with J.J. Abrams Set to Direct ? '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . 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Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' Sequel Is Being Shot Partially On IMAX '' . Slash Film . February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Imax to Release ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' in 3D Early May 15 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Movie Trailers '' . Upcomingmovietrailers.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` JJ Abrams ' Star Trek ' sequel filming begins '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` POTD : Edgar Wright Directed a Shot in ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` zq . picture wrap . holy shit . '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Shoots Outside Us for First Time '' . Female First . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rudd , Andy ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness : 50 things you did n't know about Star Trek '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 things you did n't know about Star Trek '' . Virgin Media . May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Litaer , Lieven . `` Marc Okrand about Star Trek Into Darkness '' . qepHom.de . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony . `` Exclusive : Star Trek Sequel Title Confirmed '' . Trekmovie.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount confirms ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' as official sequel title '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wales , George . `` Star Trek 2 gets an official title '' . TotalFilm . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.J. Abrams y la reinvención de ' Star Trek ' '' ( in Spanish ) . ElImparcial.com . June 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. `` ' Star Trek ' Sequel Title A Struggle For Damon Lindelof '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EXCL : Michael Giacchino Will Return for Star Trek Sequel '' . Comingsoon.net . November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music by Michael Giacchino -- Photos -- Star Trek Into Darkness '' . Michael Giacchino Music . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Bruce : Voice finalist set to sing in Star Trek Into Darkness movie '' Still Got The Fever ( April 24 , 2013 ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Global Artists Contribute to Star Trek : Into Darkness Soundtrack '' Capsule Computers ( April 23 , 2013 ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness : The Deluxe Edition '' . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Korman , Arik ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Simon Pegg , John Cho and Alice Eve from Star Trek ( Video ) '' . The Bob Rivers Show . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Boldly Goes Where We 've Already Been '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek into Darkness will be in Dolby 's new Atmos sound format '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dolby and Paramount Pictures Embark on New Frontiers for J.J. Abrams ' Star Trek into Darkness '' . Dolby Laboratories . November 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Win a Walk - On Role in Star Trek 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Reveals Three Frames of Star Trek Into Darkness '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Worgan , Mark . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Poster Revealed : Will Aliens Invade London ? '' . Entertainment Wise . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' trailer : Benedict Cumberbatch wreaks havoc '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 synopsis , poster unveiled '' . 3 News NZ . December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' unveiling nine minutes of IMAX 3D footage '' . MSN . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Super Bowl XLVII To Air 6 Studio Film Ads '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness App Unveils New Release Date '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live long and prosper with the Star Trek App for Windows Phone 8 '' . Windows Phone Central . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Star Trek Into Darkness International One - Sheet Poster + More Details On UK / Ireland Tues . Tix Sales '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sam ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness -- Now THAT 'S a star sign : How did London 's night sky come to be lit up with Star Trek symbol ? '' . Daily M. Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ascending Technologies news release about the Earth Hour event with information and related links '' . Ascending Technologies . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Domestic Poster Has Arrived + Trailer Online Next Tuesday '' . trekmovie.com. April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paramount Hopes New ' Star Trek ' Is a Global Crowd - Pleaser '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Dedicated To Post-9 / 11 Vets -- Four Vets From Mission Continues Featured In Film '' . trekmovie.com . May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Jimmy ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Zachary Quinto 's Ultimate Vulcan Moment '' . Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Jimmy ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch Has Talented Fans '' . Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zoe Saldana Brought Along Someone Special '' . Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cumberbatch , Benedict ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch 's `` Star Trek '' Surprise `` . Late Show with David Letterman . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivers , Bob ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Bob Rivers Show , May 10 , 2013 - Part 2 '' . The Bob Rivers Show . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pine , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pine 's Trouble with Dribbles '' . Late Show with David Letterman . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Benedict Cumberbatch Explains How Chris Pine Got Him to Put Neutron Cream All Over His Face '' . E !. May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness villain Benedict Cumberbatch admits falling for ' neutron cream ' prank to protect him from lasers during filming '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Play Presents Star Trek Into Darkness : Behind the Scenes with Benedict Cumberbatch '' ( video ) . Google Play . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Urban : Dredd , Star Trek & The Story of ' Neutron Cream ' -- The Most Elaborate Film Prank Ever '' . PopcornTaxi . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Jon ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Daily Show , May 13 , 2013 - J.J. Abrams '' . The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Zayda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness ' star Chris Pine on ' Ellen ' : My fans call themselves ' Pine Nuts ' '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Suders , Ray ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Forecast : ' Star Trek ' Sequel Targets $100 Million Four - Day Start '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' boldly goes to $84 million at box office '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Fast ' Falls , Magicians Make Will Smith Disappear '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Clarence ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Debuts at No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Best - And Worst - Marketed Movies Of Summer 2013 '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 6 ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Vs. # 11 ' The Croods ' ; # 3 ' Despicable Me 2 ′ Vs. # 14 Star Trek Into Darkness ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' prospers at box office on Thursday bow '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard , Blake ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` REVIEW : Star Trek Into Darkness '' . Graffiti With Punctuation . Jump up ^ Farrier , David ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness review '' . 3 News . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' movie review '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Jonathan Romney on Star Trek Into Darkness : Benedict Cumberbatch , a supervillain worlds apart '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Kirk and Spock , in Their Roughhousing Days '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Anthony ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Film review : Star Trek Into Darkness - JJ Abrams ' Starfleet return will underwhelm even the Trekkies '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Lost in space : `` Star Trek '' movie review `` . New York Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . What the ' Trek ' ! The limp plot of this silly new sequel has its phasers set to dumb . Jump up ^ Wright , Eddie ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Daily Geek : Quicksilver Is Everywhere , Cumberbatch Showering Into Darkness , And More '' . MTV Geek ! . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pantozzi , Jill ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Damon Lindelof Tweets Apology For Star Trek Female Criticism '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams Shows a Deleted `` Star Trek Into Darkness '' Scene `` . Teamcoco.com . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ StarTrek.com staff . `` Star Trek Las Vegas 2013 : Day 2 Recap '' , StarTrek.com . August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Takei on His YouTube Series , Takei 's Take , His Thoughts on Trolling and J.J. Abrams ' Star Trek Films '' . IGN . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` A ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' Fan Review : Your ' Star Wars ' Prequel Anger Is What I Feel Now '' . 2 . Khan . Hollywood.com . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fratangelo , Jennifer ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Boldly Goes '' . The Alternative Press.com . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sammy , Marissa ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek : Into Whiteness '' . sikhnet.com . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wang , Garrett ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` The casting of Cumberbatch '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Into Darkness Open Week Thread + Polls '' . TrekMovie.com . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' STAR TREK : KHAN ' FINALLY ANSWERS WHY BENEDICT CUMBERBATCH WAS SO WHITE IN ' DARKNESS ' '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Triumphs And Mistakes That Got J.J. Abrams Ready For `` Star Wars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' hits Blu - ray and DVD on ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 2 Into Darkness DVD Release Date '' . OnDVDReleases.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness Coming to DVD and Blu - ray on September 10 '' . ComingSoon.net . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Into Darkness home release with SteelBook case and ship miniature '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IGN Movies ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness Blu - ray Retail Exclusive Preview '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Jump up ^ `` '' Into Darkness '' Exclusives , Part I : Video VAM `` . TrekCore.com . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Into Darkness ' Deleted Scenes , Part I TrekCore Blog '' . Trekcore.com . February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount has a blu - ray problem '' . The Digital Bits . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount finally makes the Trek Into Darkness BD right with Star Trek : The Compendium '' . The Digital Bits . June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Trek Into Darkness . 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Abrams Films Director Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 , also wrote ) Star Trek ( 2009 , also produced ) Super 8 ( 2011 , also wrote , produced ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 , also produced ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 , also wrote , produced ) Writer Taking Care of Business ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Forever Young ( 1992 ) Gone Fishin ' ( 1997 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 , also produced ) Producer The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) The Suburbans ( 1999 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Morning Glory ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) The Cloverfield Paradox ( 2018 ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) Overlord ( 2018 ) Television Felicity ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Alias ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Lost ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Undercovers ( 2010 ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Related Bad Robot Productions Damon Lindelof Creator Lost ( 2004 -- 10 ) The Leftovers ( 2014 -- 17 ) Writer and Producer Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) Tomorrowland ( 2015 ) Producer Star Trek ( 2009 ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Star Trek portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek_Into_Darkness&oldid=849968593 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films Paramount Pictures films American films 2013 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American science fiction films American space adventure films American adventure films American sequel films Cryonics in fiction Films about terrorism Films set in the 23rd century Films set in the future Films set in London Films set in San Francisco Films shot in Iceland Films shot in Los Angeles IMAX films Science fiction adventure films Star Trek ( film franchise ) Bad Robot Productions films Skydance Media films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films directed by J.J. 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who plays the doctor in star trek into darkness
[ "Chris Pine as Captain James T. Kirk, commanding officer of the starship Enterprise\nZachary Quinto as Commander Spock, first officer and science officer\nBenedict Cumberbatch as John Harrison / Khan, a superhuman genetically engineered during the Eugenics Wars\nSimon Pegg as Lieutenant Commander Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, second officer and chief engineer\nKarl Urban as Lieutenant Commander Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy M.D., chief medical officer\nZoe Saldana as Lieutenant Nyota Uhura, communications officer\nAlice Eve as Lieutenant Carol Marcus,[9] a science officer who uses the pseudonym \"Carol Wallace\" to board Enterprise\nJohn Cho as Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu, third officer and helmsman\nPeter Weller as Fleet Admiral Alexander Marcus, Carol's father, commander-in-chief of Starfleet, and a secret warmonger\nAnton Yelchin as Ensign Pavel Chekov, navigator and Scott's temporary replacement as chief engineer\nBruce Greenwood as Admiral Christopher Pike, Kirk's mentor and previous captain of Enterprise[10]" ]
[ "Karl Urban" ]
-3780544508237188515
Guinness World Records
Guinness World Records - wikipedia Guinness World Records Guinness World Records Editor Craig Glenday ( ed . ) Cover artist Simon Jones Language English , Arabic , Azerbaijani , Bulgarian , Chinese , Croatian , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Estonian , Fijian , Filipino , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Icelandic , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Latvian , Lithuanian , Norwegian , Persian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Slovene , Spanish , Swedish and Turkish Subject World Records Genre Reference Publisher Jim Pattison Group Publication date 10 November 1951 -- present Published in English 27 August 1955 -- present Media type Book , television Guinness World Records , known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records , is a reference book published annually , listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . The brainchild of Sir Hugh Beaver , the book was co-founded by brothers Norris and Ross McWhirter in Fleet Street , London in August 1954 . The book itself holds a world record , as the best - selling copyrighted book of all time . As of the 2017 edition , it is now in its 62nd year of publication , published in 100 countries and 23 languages . The international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums . The popularity of the franchise has resulted in Guinness World Records becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records ; the organisation employs official record adjudicators authorised to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Evolution 3 Defining records 3.1 Ethical and safety issues 3.2 Difficulty in defining records 4 Verifying existing records 5 Museums 6 Television series 7 Gamer 's edition 8 British pop music volume 9 Other media 9.1 Video games 9.2 Film 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) On 10 November 1951 , Sir Hugh Beaver , then the managing director of the Guinness Breweries , went on a shooting party in the North Slob , by the River Slaney in County Wexford , Ireland . After missing a shot at a golden plover , he became involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe , the golden plover or the red grouse ( it is the plover ) . That evening at Castlebridge House , he realized that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe 's fastest game bird . Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad , but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records . He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful . Beaver 's idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter , who had been running a fact - finding agency in London . The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954 . A thousand copies were printed and given away . After the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street , London , the first 198 - page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas . The following year , it launched in the US , and sold 70,000 copies . Since then , Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records . The book has gone on to become a record breaker in its own right ; with sales of more than 100 million copies in 100 different countries and 37 languages , Guinness World Records is the world 's best selling copyright book ever . Japanese competitive eater Takeru Kobayashi with two Guinness World Record certificates The North Beach ( Nazaré , Portugal ) listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed . Because the book became a surprise hit , many further editions were printed , eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year , published in September / October , in time for Christmas . The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years . Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory ; on the TV series Record Breakers , based upon the book , they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer . Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975 . Following Ross ' assassination , the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot . Guinness Superlatives ( later Guinness World Records ) Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book . Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades . The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001 , when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment . Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002 . In 2006 , Apax Partners purchased HiT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group , the parent company of Ripley Entertainment , which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records ' Attractions . With offices in New York City and Tokyo , Guinness World Records ' global headquarters remain in London , while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando , Florida , US . Evolution ( edit ) Lucky Diamond Rich is `` the world 's most tattooed person '' , and has tattoos covering his entire body . He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006 , being 100 percent tattooed . Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors . Competitions range from obvious ones such as Olympic weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distances , or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be consumed in ten minutes , although eating and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted , possibly for fear of litigation . Besides records about competitions , it contains such facts as the heaviest tumour , the most poisonous plant , the shortest river ( Roe River ) , the two longest - running dramas ( General Hospital and Guiding Light ) in the US , and the world 's most successful salesman ( Joe Girard ) , among others . Many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something , such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world , being Maurizio Giuliano . Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database , as well as select new records ; the criteria for inclusion having changed over the years . The ousting of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sell the Guinness World Records brand have shifted it from a text - oriented to an illustrated reference book ( `` style over substance '' ) . The majority of world records are no longer listed in the book or on the website , and can only be determined by a written application to Guinness to ' break ' the record . For those unable to wait the 4 -- 6 weeks for a reply , Guinness will process a ' fast - track ' application for £ 300 ( US $450 ) ( EU300 ) . The Guinness Book of Records is the world 's most sold copyrighted book , earning it an entry within its own pages . A number of spin - off books and television series have also been produced . Guinness World Records bestowed the record of `` Person with the most records '' on Ashrita Furman of Queens , NY in April 2009 . At that time , he held 100 records . In 2005 , Guinness designated 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day to encourage breaking of world records . In 2006 , an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries . Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months , which was a 173 % increase over the previous year . In February 2008 , NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website . Defining Records ( edit ) Sultan Kösen ( Turkey ) is the tallest living person since 17 September 2009 , as verified by Guinness World Records . Play media Cracking open a wheel of Parmigiano - Reggiano cheese as a part of a 2013 world record by Whole Foods Market . For many records , Guinness World Records is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside , the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts . The list of records which the Guinness World Records covers is not fixed ; records may be added and also removed for various reasons . The public are invited to submit applications for records , which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record . The company also provides corporate services for companies to `` harness the power of record - breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses . '' Ethical and safety issues ( edit ) Steven Petrosino drinking 1 litre of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977 . Petrosino set record times for 250 ml , 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well , but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre . They later dropped all beer and alcohol records from their compendium in 1991 , and reinstated the records in 2008 . Guinness World Records states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons , such as those related to the killing or harming of animals . Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons , including concerns for the well being of potential record breakers . For example , following publication of a `` heaviest fish '' record , many fish owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy , and therefore such entries were removed . The Guinness Book also dropped records within their `` eating and drinking records '' section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potential litigation . These changes included the removal of all spirit , wine , and beer drinking records , along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees . Other records , such as sword swallowing and rally driving ( on public roads ) , were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels . There have been instances of closed records being reopened . For example , the sword swallowing record was listed as closed in the 1990 Guinness Book of World Records , but the Guinness World Records Primetime TV show , which started in 1998 , accepted three sword swallowing challenges ( and so did the 2007 edition of the Guinness World Records onwards ) . Similarly , the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991 , reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition , but were moved from the `` Human Achievements '' section of the older book to the `` Modern Society '' section of the newer edition . As of 2011 , it is required in the guidelines of all `` large food '' type records that the item be fully edible , and distributed to the public for consumption , to prevent food wastage . Chain letters are also not allowed : `` Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters , sent by post or e-mail . If you receive a letter or an e-mail , which may promise to publish the names of all those who send it on , please destroy it , it is a hoax . No matter if it says that Guinness World Records and the postal service are involved , they are not . '' Difficulty in defining Records ( edit ) For some potential categories , Guinness World Records has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine . For example , its website states : `` We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is not objectively measurable . '' On 10 December 2010 , Guinness World Records stopped its new `` dreadlock '' category after investigation of its first and only female title holder , Asha Mandela , determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately . Verifying existing Records ( edit ) Guinness World Records website publishes selected records and is not supposed to be used for the record verification purposes , as it explains : `` There are more than 40,000 current records in our database and we try our best to feature as many as possible online . We currently include over 15,000 records online which we update every week , so make sure to check the site regularly ! '' The book printed annually contains only 4,000 records . The only way to verify a record is to contact Guinness , and the average response time is twelve weeks . Museums ( edit ) Guinness Museum in Hollywood In 1976 , a Guinness Book of World Records museum opened in the Empire State Building . Speed shooter Bob Munden then went on tour promoting The Guinness Book of World Records by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single - action revolver from a western movie type holster . His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds . Among exhibits were life - size statues of the world 's tallest man ( Robert Wadlow ) and world 's largest earth worm , an X-ray photo of a sword swallower , repeated lightning strike victim Roy Sullivan 's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem - studded golf shoes on sale for $6500 . The museum closed in 1995 . In more recent years , the Guinness company has permitted the franchising of small museums with displays based on the book , all currently ( as of 2010 ) located in towns popular with tourists : Tokyo , Copenhagen , San Antonio . There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at the London Trocadero , Bangalore , San Francisco , Myrtle Beach , Orlando , Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Las Vegas , Nevada . The Orlando museum , which closed in 2002 , was branded The Guinness Records Experience ; the Hollywood , Niagara Falls , Copenhagen , and Gatlinburg , Tennessee museums also previously featured this branding . Television series ( edit ) Guinness World Records has commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts , including : Country Name Network Broadcast Host ( s ) Australia Australia 's Guinness World Records Seven Network 2005 Grant Denyer Shelley Craft Australia Smashes Guinness World Records James Kerley Bulgaria Световните рекорди Гинес bTV 2006 -- 2007 Krasimir Vankov China The Night of Guinness in China CCTV 2006 -- Wang Xuechun Zhu Xun Lin Hai France L'émission des records ( 1999 -- 2002 ) L'été des records ( 2001 ) TF1 1999 -- 2002 Vincent Perrot L'été de tous les records ( 2003 -- 2005 ) 50 ans , 50 records ( 2004 ) France 3 2003 -- 2005 Pierre Sled La nuit des records France 2 2006 Olivier Minne Adriana Karembeu Le monde des records W9 2008 -- 2010 Alexandre Devoise Karine Ferri Les trésors du livre des records Gulli 2015 Fauve Hautot Willy Rovelli Germany Guinness World Records - Die größten Weltrekorde RTL Television 2004 -- 2008 Oliver Welke ( 2004 ) Oliver Geissen ( 2005 -- 2008 ) India Guinness World Records -- Ab India Todega Colors TV 2011 Preity Zinta Shabbir Ahluwalia Italy Lo show dei record Canale 5 2006 ( pilot ) 2008 -- 2012 2015 Barbara d'Urso ( 1 -- 2 ) Paola Perego ( 3 ) Gerry Scotti ( 4 , 6 ) Teo Mammucari ( 5 ) New Zealand NZ Smashes Guinness World Records TV2 2009 Marc Ellis Philippines Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition ABC Cookie Calabig Poland Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa Polsat 2009 -- 2011 Maciej Dowbor Portugal Guinness World Records Portugal SIC 2014 Rita Andrade João Ricardo Spain El show de los récords Antena 3 2001 -- 2002 Mar Saura Manu Carreño Mónica Martínez Guinness World Records Telecinco 2009 Carmen Alcayde Luis Alfonso Muñoz Sweden Guinness rekord - TV TV3 1999 -- 2000 Mårten Andersson ( 1999 ) Linda Nyberg ( 1999 ) Harald Treutiger ( 2000 ) Suzanne Sjögren ( 2000 ) United Kingdom Record Breakers BBC1 1972 -- 2001 Roy Castle ( 1972 -- 1993 ) Norris McWhirter ( 1972 -- 85 ) Ross McWhirter ( 1972 -- 75 ) Guinness World Records ( UK ) ITV 1999 -- 2001 Ian Wright Kate Charman Ultimate Guinness World Records Challenge Jamie Rickers Guinness World Records Smashed Sky1 2008 -- 2009 Steve Jones Konnie Huq Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records ITV2 2012 -- 2015 Matt Edmondson Officially Amazing CBBC 2013 -- Ben Shires United States The Guinness Game Syndicated 1979 -- 1980 Bob Hilton Don Galloway Guinness World Records Primetime Fox 1998 -- 2001 Cris Collinsworth Mark Thompson Guinness World Records Unleashed / Gone Wild truTV 2013 -- 2014 Dan Cortese Specials : Guinness World Records : 50 Years , 50 Records - on ITV ( UK ) , 11 September 2004 With the popularity of reality television , Guinness World Records began to market itself as the originator of the television genre , with slogans such as we wrote the book on Reality TV . Suresh Joachim Arulanantham is a Tamil Canadian film actor and producer and multiple - Guinness World Record holder who has broken over 50 world records set in several countries in attempts to benefit the underprivileged children around the world . Some world record attempts are more unusual than others : he is pictured here minutes away from breaking the ironing world record at 55 hours and 5 minutes , at Shoppers World , Brampton . Gamer 's edition ( edit ) Not to be confused with Guinness World Records : The Videogame . In 2008 , Guinness World Records released its gamer 's edition , a branch that keeps records for popular video game high scores , code , and feats in association with Twin Galaxies . The Gamer 's Edition contains 258 pages , over 1236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day . The most recent edition is the Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition , 2018 , which was released August 29 , 2017 . British pop music volume ( edit ) Main article : British Hit Singles & Albums The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums was published from 2003 to 2006 , based on two earlier , separate HiT publications , British Hit Singles and British Hit Albums , which began in 1977 . It was effectively replaced ( in singles part ) by the Virgin Book of British Hit Singles from 2007 onward . Other media ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) A video game , Guinness World Records : The Video Game , was developed by TT Fusion and released for Nintendo DS , Wii and iOS in November 2008 . Film ( edit ) In 2012 , Warner Bros. announced the development of a live - action film version of Guinness World Records with Daniel Chun as scriptwriter . The film version will apparently use the heroic achievements of record holders as the basis for a narrative that should have global appeal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Corporate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Book '' . Guinness Record Book Collecting . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fionn Davenport ( 2010 ) . Ireland . Lonely Planet . p. 193 . ISBN 9781742203508 . Jump up ^ `` Early history of Guinness World Records '' . 2005 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Richard ( August 2005 ) . `` Publication of the Guinness Book of Records : 27 August 1955 '' . History Today . 55 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 . Guinness ; 50th Anniversary edition . 2004 . p. 6 . ISBN 1892051222 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book History 1950 - Present '' . spyhunter007.com . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corporate - Home '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Record Breakers ' McWhirter dies '' . BBC News . 20 April 2004 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records ( UK ed . ) . 2006 . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records honors one man 's historic milestone -- 100 Records Broken ! -- Guinness World Records Blog post '' . community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records Shatter Across the Globe in Honor of Guinness World Records Day 2006 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Live : Top 100 . Guinness World Records . Retrieved on 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Whey to go : Whole Foods Market ® cracks Parmigiano Reggiano Guinness World Records ® Title '' . Yahoo Finance . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records Corportate '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Beer Record '' . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video clip '' . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` IS YOUR PROPOSAL A POTENTIAL GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS TM ACHIEVEMENT ? '' . `` Guinness World Records '' . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fish World Records . Fish - World . Retrieved on 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Guinness Book of World Records . 1990 . p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record Book Entry 2008 '' . Guinness World Beer Record . 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Dreadlock Record -- Rested -- Guinness World Records Blog post -- Home of the Longest , Shortest , Fastest , Tallest facts and feats '' . Community.guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Munden Six - Gun Magic Custom Gunsmithing - Bob & Becky Munden - Six - Gun Magic Gunwork '' . bobmunden.com . Jump up ^ In Praise of Facts , by John Leonard , the introduction to the New York Times Desk Reference Jump up ^ `` Travel & Outdoors - The Good , The Bad , The Ugly : A 1995 Travel Retrospective - Seattle Times Newspaper '' . nwsource.com . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Robert H. `` The Guinness World Records Experience : one of Florida 's Lost Tourist Attractions '' . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ripley Entertainment , Inc . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley Entertainment , Inc. ( 20 November 2002 ) . `` Guinness World Records Experience locations '' . Internet Archive Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 20 November 2002 . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon page for VBBHS '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness Book of World Records could be next big brand name to hit cinemas '' . Guardian . 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guinness World Records . Official website Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms hide Jim Pattison Group People Jim Pattison ( President and CEO ) Jim Pattison Media Group Broadcast television stations CFJC CHAT CKPG Great West Television ( Joint venture with Bell Media ) Radio stations ( by call sign ) CFDV CFMY CFQX CHAT CHBW CHBZ CHDR CHIQ CHLB CHPQ CHUB CHWF CIBH CIBW CIFM CIUP CJAV CJBZ CJDR CJJR CJXX CJZN CKBZ CKCE CKDV CJIB CKKN CKKQ CKLR CKLZ CKPK CKQQ CKWV Outdoor signs Pattison Outdoor Advertising Overwaitea Food Group Overwaitea Foods PriceSmart Foods Save - On - Foods Urban Fare Entertainment Ripley Entertainment Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Attractions Ripley Publishing Ltd Guinness World Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinness_World_Records&oldid=845924040 '' Categories : Guinness World Records Publications established in 1955 Trivia books World record databases Reference publishers Records Annual publications 1955 books 1955 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Use British English from August 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who owns the guinness book of world records
[ "Guinness Superlatives (later Guinness World Records) Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades. The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002. In 2006, Apax Partners purchased HiT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the Jim Pattison Group, the parent company of Ripley Entertainment, which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records' Attractions. With offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records' global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US." ]
[ "Jim Pattison Group" ]
4434061202742312426
List of highest paid American television stars
List of Highest paid American television stars - wikipedia List of Highest paid American television stars Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of people starring on American television that are the highest paid , based on various sources . This list includes the top paid TV stars by name and their network primetime salaries per episode , which includes stars from past series like Two and a Half Men and current series like Game of Thrones . It also includes hosts and news presenters with the highest annual salaries , which include Tyra Banks , Maury Povich , Ellen DeGeneres , and some talent from the Today Show and the CBS Evening News . Charlie Sheen Ray Romano Kelsey Grammer Tim Allen Lena Headey Contents ( hide ) 1 Network primetime salaries per episode 2 Network primetime salaries per season 3 Morning annual salaries 4 News presenter annual salaries 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Network primetime salaries per episode ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Charlie Sheen Two and a Half Men Charlie Harper $1.8 million 2010 -- 2011 Ray Romano Everybody Loves Raymond Raymond Barone $1.7 million 2003 -- 2005 Kelsey Grammer Frasier Frasier Crane $1.6 million 2002 -- 2004 Tim Allen Home Improvement Tim Taylor $1.25 million 1998 -- 1999 Peter Dinklage Game of Thrones Tyrion Lannister $1.1 million 2017 -- 2018 Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington Jon Snow Johnny Galecki The Big Bang Theory Leonard Hofstadter $1 million 2014 -- 2017 Jim Parsons Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco Penny James Gandolfini The Sopranos Tony Soprano $1 million 2006 -- 2007 Jennifer Aniston Friends Rachel Green $1 million 2002 -- 2004 Courteney Cox Monica Geller Lisa Kudrow Phoebe Buffay Matt LeBlanc Joey Tribbiani David Schwimmer Ross Geller Matthew Perry Chandler Bing Helen Hunt Mad About You Jamie Buchman $1 million 1998 -- 99 Paul Reiser Paul Buchman Jerry Seinfeld Seinfeld Jerry Seinfeld $1 million 1997 -- 1998 Ashton Kutcher Two and a Half Men Walden Schmidt $755,000 Drew Carey The Drew Carey Show Drew Carey $750,000 2001 -- 2004 Lauren Graham Gilmore Girls Lorelai Gilmore $750,000 2016 Alexis Bledel Rory Gilmore Kunal Nayyar The Big Bang Theory Rajesh Koothrapalli $750,000 2014 -- 2017 Simon Helberg Howard Wolowitz David Hyde Pierce Frasier Niles Crane $750,000 Hugh Laurie House Dr. Gregory House $700,000 Andrew Lincoln The Walking Dead Rick Grimes $650,000 2017 -- 2018 Jon Cryer Two and a Half Men Alan Harper $620,000 2013 -- 2015 Julia Louis - Dreyfus Seinfeld Elaine Benes $600,000 1997 -- 1998 Jason Alexander George Costanza Michael Richards Cosmo Kramer Norman Reedus The Walking Dead Daryl Dixon $550,000 2017 -- 2018 Network primetime salaries per season ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Shakira The Voice Coach 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017 Morning annual salaries ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Judith Sheindlin Judge Judy Judge $47 million 2013 Barbara Walters The View Host $13 million 2007 Bob Barker The Price Is Right Game show host $10 million Ellen DeGeneres The Ellen DeGeneres Show Host $5 million 2007 Jerry Springer The Jerry Springer Show Host $3 -- 4 million 1999 Tyra Banks The Tyra Banks Show Host $3.5 million News presenter annual salaries ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Matt Lauer Today Anchor $21 million Meredith Vieira Today Anchor $15 million Katie Couric CBS Evening News News anchor $15 million Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ' ' Daily Express gives a £ 2 million figure , though sources differ . This figure possibly includes the percentage the cast makes from reruns and overseas syndications . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Highest Paid TV Actors Of All Time Per Per Episode - UPROXX '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ `` For $50 Mil , Producers Love Raymond '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` Kelsey Grammer : NBC 's $1.6 Million Man '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones stars reportedly sign biggest pay - per - episode deal in TV history '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Big Bang Theory Actors Set to Earn $1 Million an Episode '' . People . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sopranos actors end pay dispute '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( February 12 , 2002 ) . `` ' Friends ' Deal Will Pay Each Of Its 6 Stars $22 Million '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( April 10 , 1998 ) . `` Mad Money '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mark ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Seinfeld 's per - line payday '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Salaries of TV 's Top Talent Revealed '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Highest - Paid Actors On TV This Fall '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balloni , Matthew ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Two and a Half Men ' : Jon Cryer Gets a Raise , Ashton Kutcher Does n't '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britney Spears signs onto ' X-Factor ' : Highest paid stars on TV '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Paying Katy Perry Top Dollar Does n't Make Sense for ' American Idol ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Hannah ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Real American Idol : How J. Lo Got Her Mojo Back '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Devon ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's $18 Million ' Idol ' Deal : How Does it Measure Up to Stars ' TV Paydays ? '' . Spin . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ; Waxman , Sharon ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' Judge Shakeup : Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys to Join , Pharrell Williams to Exit Next Season ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Etkin , Jamie ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` How J. Lo 's New $17.5 Million `` Idol '' Contract Compares To Other Reality Judges ' `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rushfield , Ricchard . `` Idol Terror - Is Seacrest Out ? An Ankler Special Report '' . The Ankler . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerencer , Tommy ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` How Much Money Do The Voice Coaches Make ? '' . MoneyNation . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVs Highest Paid Star ? Judge Judy ( by a mile ) '' . newser.com . Aug 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Walters '' . Forbes.com . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlights Monologues extended '' . Toronto Star . January 30 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah 's $260 M salary proves talk is n't cheap '' . CBC News . July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Springer 's denies knowledge about show 's business details '' . June 5 , 1999 . Jump up ^ http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-3216709/Everybody-loves-raises-LIFE-ARTS.html Jump up ^ http://www.thestreet.com/p/newsanalysis/sbmanagement/10380979_2.html Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( May 2 , 2002 ) . `` Matt Lauer Stays for Another ' Day ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durden , Douglas ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` ' Today ' gives new host a very warm welcome '' . Richmond Times . Jump up ^ `` Vieira chosen as Couric 's ' Today ' successor '' . NBC . April 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( December 20 , 2001 ) . `` Katie Couric Signs NBC Contract Said to Be Largest in TV News '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_paid_American_television_stars&oldid=798792639 '' Categories : American television personalities American television - related lists United States - related lists of superlatives Wages and salaries Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2014 Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 21 : 06 . About Wikipedia
who is the highest paid actor on big bang theory
[ "\n\nName\nProgram\nRole\nSalary\nYear\nRef.\n\n\nCharlie Sheen\nTwo and a Half Men\nCharlie Harper\n$1.8 million\n2010–2011\n[1]\n\n\nRay Romano\nEverybody Loves Raymond\nRaymond Barone\n$1.7 million\n2003–2005\n[2]\n\n\nKelsey Grammer\nFrasier\nFrasier Crane\n$1.6 million\n2002–2004\n[3]\n\n\nTim Allen\nHome Improvement\nTim Taylor\n$1.25 million\n1998–1999\n[1]\n\n\nPeter Dinklage\nGame of Thrones\nTyrion Lannister\n$1.1 million[a]\n2017–2018\n[5]\n\n\nNikolaj Coster-Waldau\nJaime Lannister\n\n\nLena Headey\nCersei Lannister\n\n\nEmilia Clarke\nDaenerys Targaryen\n\n\nKit Harington\nJon Snow\n\n\nJohnny Galecki\nThe Big Bang Theory\nLeonard Hofstadter\n$1 million\n2014–2017\n[6]\n\n\nJim Parsons\nSheldon Cooper\n\n\nKaley Cuoco\nPenny\n\n\nJames Gandolfini\nThe Sopranos\nTony Soprano\n$1 million\n2006–2007\n[7]\n\n\nJennifer Aniston\nFriends\nRachel Green\n$1 million\n2002–2004\n[8]\n\n\nCourteney Cox\nMonica Geller\n\n\nLisa Kudrow\nPhoebe Buffay\n\n\nMatt LeBlanc\nJoey Tribbiani\n\n\nDavid Schwimmer\nRoss Geller\n\n\nMatthew Perry\nChandler Bing\n\n\nHelen Hunt\nMad About You\nJamie Buchman\n$1 million\n1998–99\n[9]\n\n\nPaul Reiser\nPaul Buchman\n\n\nJerry Seinfeld\nSeinfeld\nJerry Seinfeld\n$1 million\n1997–1998\n[10]\n\n\nAshton Kutcher\nTwo and a Half Men\nWalden Schmidt\n$755,000\n\n[1]\n\n\nDrew Carey\nThe Drew Carey Show\nDrew Carey\n$750,000\n2001–2004\n[1]\n\n\nLauren Graham\nGilmore Girls\nLorelai Gilmore\n$750,000\n2016\n[11]\n\n\nAlexis Bledel\nRory Gilmore\n\n\nKunal Nayyar\nThe Big Bang Theory\nRajesh Koothrapalli\n$750,000\n2014–2017\n[1]\n\n\nSimon Helberg\nHoward Wolowitz\n\n\nDavid Hyde Pierce\nFrasier\nNiles Crane\n$750,000\n\n[12]\n\n\nHugh Laurie\nHouse\nDr. Gregory House\n$700,000\n\n\n\nAndrew Lincoln\nThe Walking Dead\nRick Grimes\n$650,000\n2017–2018\n[5]\n\n\nJon Cryer\nTwo and a Half Men\nAlan Harper\n$620,000\n2013–2015\n[13]\n\n\nJulia Louis-Dreyfus\nSeinfeld\nElaine Benes\n$600,000\n1997–1998\n[1]\n\n\nJason Alexander\nGeorge Costanza\n\n\nMichael Richards\nCosmo Kramer\n\n\nNorman Reedus\nThe Walking Dead\nDaryl Dixon\n$550,000\n2017–2018\n[5]\n\n" ]
[ "Jim Parsons" ]
5464391160720109415
Main Tera Boyfriend
Main tera Boyfriend - Wikipedia Main tera Boyfriend `` Main Tera Boyfriend '' Song by J Star ( Original Version ) . Arijit Singh , Meet Bros , Neha Kakkar ( Revamped version ) from the album Raabta Genre Dance music Composer ( s ) Sohrabbudin ( Original ) Sourav Roy ( Revamped ) . Lyricist ( s ) Jitendra Raghuvanshi ( Original Version ) Kumaar ( Revamped version ) Music video `` Main Tera Boyfriend '' on YouTube `` Main Tera Boyfriend '' is a dance song recorded by Meet Bros , Arijit Singh , and Neha Kakkar . The music video of the song stars Kriti Sanon and Sushant Singh Rajput . The song is from the Indian film Raabta . The choreography was done by Ahmed Khan . It is a revamped version of J Star 's 2015 chartbuster track `` Na Na Na Na '' . Media coverage ( edit ) India 's leading newspaper and portal , the Daily News and Analysis 's Prachita Pandey wrote : `` It 's so refreshing to hear Arijit Singh crooning something fun and peppy after a series of heartbreaking / slow / soft romantic numbers . He proves yet again that he can sing any song with utmost perfection . Neha Kakkar complements him well , but we felt her vocals to be a bit toned down in terms of energy . Meet brothers too have sung some additional portions in the song . '' `` CNN - News18 , described the song as the `` Party Anthem of the Season '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prachita Pandey ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Sushant Singh Rajput and Kriti sanon are slaying it with their hot bod and killer moves in main tera boyfriend '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance to Raabtas new song main tera boyfriend '' . Komoi.com Team . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ RnB Team . `` Review : Main tera Boyfriend recreation na na na '' . Radioandmusic.com . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raabtas New song Main Tera Boyfriend is the Party Anthem of the season '' . news18.com . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Arijit Singh Awards and nominations Discography Television Fame Gurukul MTV Unplugged Related albums A Foreign Affair Hindi songs 2012 `` Raabta '' `` Duaa '' `` Phir Le Aya Dil ( Reprise ) '' 2013 `` Tum Hi Ho '' `` Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Kabira ( Encore ) '' `` Dilliwaali Girlfriend '' `` Ilahi '' `` Main Rang Sharbaton Ka ( Reprise ) '' `` Har Kisi Ko ( Duet ) '' 2014 `` Muskurane '' `` Samjhawan '' `` Suno Na Sangemarmar '' `` Mast Magan '' `` Sawan Aaya Hai '' `` Manwa Laage '' `` Raat Bhar '' `` Palat -- Tera Hero Idhar Hai '' `` Besharmi Ki Height '' 2015 `` Sooraj Dooba Hain '' `` Judaai '' `` Aayat '' `` Tu Chale '' `` Gerua '' `` Janam Janam '' 2016 `` Channa Mereya '' `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' `` Soch Na Sake '' `` Bolna '' `` Naina '' `` Nashe Si Chadh Gayi '' 2017 `` Zaalima '' `` Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga '' `` Phir Wahi '' Portal This Dance song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Tera_Boyfriend&oldid=813153625 '' Categories : 2017 songs Songs written for films Hindi film songs Arijit Singh songs Songs with lyrics by Kumaar Dance song stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 03 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
main tera boyfriend tu meri girlfriend song movie name
[ "\"Main Tera Boyfriend\" is a dance song recorded by Meet Bros, Arijit Singh, and Neha Kakkar. The music video of the song stars Kriti Sanon and Sushant Singh Rajput. The song is from the Indian film Raabta.\n" ]
[ "Raabta" ]
-5611964571134938395
I'm Lovin' It (song)
I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) - wikipedia I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Single by Justin Timberlake from the album Live From London B - side `` Last Night '' Released November 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 20 ) Format Digital download maxi single Recorded 2003 Length 3 : 42 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Pusha T Pharrell Williams Stars Hollow Andreas Forberger Franco Tortora Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Justin Timberlake . It was written by Pusha T and produced by The Neptunes . The song was written as a jingle for McDonald 's commercials , based on a pre-existing German campaign originally developed as `` Ich Liebe Es . '' Timberlake was paid $6 million to sing the jingle . Soon thereafter , the Neptunes produced a song based on the jingle and released it ( along with an instrumental version ) as part of a three - track EP in November 2003 . A digital download EP with the same name was also released through the iTunes Store on December 16 , 2003 . The extended play included the title - track and a remix for all of the singles from Timberlake 's first solo studio album , Justified . The song was also included on the bonus audio CD of Timberlake 's first live DVD , Live From London . A music video to promote the single was released in late 2003 and was directed by Paul Hunter . Rapper Pusha T revealed his involvement with the song in June 2016 and claimed that he had created the `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' jingle . However , co-writers Batoy and Tortora , as well as several others involved with the jingle 's creation , have disputed his claim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 Release history 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Maxi single `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 42 `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 42 `` Last Night '' -- 4 : 47 Digital download EP `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 48 `` Rock Your Body '' ( Sander Kleinenberg Just in The Club Mix ) -- 9 : 42 `` Cry Me a River '' ( Dirty Vegas Vocal Mix ) -- 8 : 21 `` Like I Love You '' ( Basement Jaxx Vocal Mix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Señorita '' ( Num Club Mix ) -- 7 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Spain November 20 , 2003 Digital download Sony Music Entertainment Singapore Germany December 1 , 2003 Digital download Maxi single Luxembourg Digital download France December 9 , 2003 United States December 16 , 2003 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moran , Alec . `` Five Things You Never Knew About ' I 'm Lovin ' It ' '' . Chicago magazine ( 14 October 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Lovin ' It -- EP by Justin Timberlake '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Marc . `` The Contentious Tale of the McDonald 's `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Jingle Pitchfork `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Maxi single liner notes ) . Justin Timberlake . New York City : Jive Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment . 2003 . 82876 58172 2 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Timberlake search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . ( hide ) Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls Soundtrack `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Collaborations `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Carry Out '' `` Dead and Gone '' `` Dick in a Box '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Heaven '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Love Dealer '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Love Sex Magic '' `` Motherlover '' `` The Only Promise That Remains '' `` Release '' `` Rehab '' `` Signs '' `` Work It '' `` Winner '' Book Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Lovin%27_It_(song)&oldid=813552220 '' Categories : 2003 singles Justin Timberlake songs McDonald 's advertising Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs written by Pharrell Williams 2003 songs Jive Records singles Songs used as jingles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 01 : 20 . About Wikipedia
who came up with the slogan i'm lovin it
[ "\n\n\"I'm Lovin' It\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Justin Timberlake\n\n\nfrom the album Live From London\n\n\nB-side\n\"Last Night\"\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 20, 2003 (2003-11-20)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nDigital download\nmaxi single\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n2003\n\n\nLength\n3:42\n\n\nLabel\nJive\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nPusha T\nPharrell Williams\nStars Hollow\nAndreas Forberger\nFranco Tortora\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThe Neptunes\n\n\nJustin Timberlake singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Señorita\"\n(2003)\n\"I'm Lovin' It\"\n(2003)\n\"Signs\"\n(2005)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Señorita\"\n(2003)\n\"I'm Lovin' It\"\n(2003)\n\"Signs\"\n(2005)\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Justin Timberlake" ]
4755013142331077732
Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy blue , metallic silver , royal blue , white Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 touchdowns ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Following the season Dez Bryant was released after eight seasons in Dallas and Jason Witten retired after 15 seasons , ending an era . The Dallas Cowboys ' 2017 season was the subject of the third season of Amazon 's sports documentary series All or Nothing . The series is produced by NFL Films. . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only . ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey . ) In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 , 2007 , 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush 3 Mike White Running backs 46 Jordan Chunn 21 Ezekiel Elliott 44 Darius Jackson 49 Jamize Olawale FB 36 Bo Scarbrough 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 18 Dres Anderson 10 Tavon Austin RB 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 81 K.D. Cannon 16 Darren Carrington 13 Michael Gallup 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 19 Mekale McKay 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 89 Blake Jarwin 86 Dalton Schultz 87 Geoff Swaim 84 David Wells Offensive linemen -- Kyle Bosch G 63 Jake Campos T 71 La'el Collins T / G -- Matthew Diaz T 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 73 Joe Looney C / G 69 Damien Mama G / C 70 Zack Martin G 62 Jacob Ohnesorge C 77 Tyron Smith T 52 Connor Williams G / T Defensive linemen 74 Dorance Armstrong Jr . DE 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DT / DE 76 Kony Ealy DE / DT 94 Randy Gregory DE 56 Datone Jones DT / DE 65 Austin Larkin DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 92 Brian Price DT 93 Caraun Reid DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE 51 Jihad Ward DT 64 Antwaun Woods DT Linebackers 59 Chris Covington OLB 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 43 Joel Lanning MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 42 Eric Pinkins OLB / SS 41 Kyle Queiro OLB / SS 54 Jaylon Smith OLB / MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 55 Leighton Vander Esch MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 20 Marqueston Huff FS 29 Jeron Johnson SS 31 Byron Jones CB 37 Kam Kelly FS / CB 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Donovan Olumba CB 23 Tyree Robinson SS / FS 33 Dominick Sanders FS / SS 26 Duke Thomas CB 40 Charvarius Ward CB 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / CB Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 47 Scott Daly LS 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Brett Maher K / P Reserve lists 95 David Irving DT / DE ( Did Not Report ) 61 Korren Kirven T ( Waived / injured ) 60 Marcus Martin G / C ( IR ) 28 Jameill Showers SS / FS ( IR ) 67 Dustin Stanton G ( Waived / injured ) -- Cedrick Wilson Jr . WR ( IR ) Rookies in italics Roster updated August 28 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 6 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front office Owner / president / general manager -- Jerry Jones COO / executive vice president / director of player personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior director of football operations / football administration -- Todd Williams Director of salary cap & player contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice president player personnel -- Will McClay Senior executive , college scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of college scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of pro scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant director of college scouting -- Chris Hall Director of football research -- Tom Robinson Head coaches Head coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive coaches Offensive coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running backs -- Gary Brown Wide receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant wide receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive line -- Paul Alexander Assistant offensive line -- Marc Colombo Offensive assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive coaches Defensive coordinator / defensive line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive backs / passing game coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive assistant -- Ken Amato Special teams coaches Special teams coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant special teams -- Doug Colman Support staff Director of advance scouting & special projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and conditioning Director of strength and conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant strength and conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching staff and management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for him and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . NFL Enterprises , LLC . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . NFL Enterprises , LLC . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . NFL Enterprises , LLC . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . Jump up ^ `` ' All or Nothing ' series to showcase Cowboys ' 2017 season '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Rob ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Open & Shut '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Dallas SLPB Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes USACHL Laredo Bucks Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees Texas Lawmen Wichita Falls Force NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers Dallas Rattlers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas American football portal National Football League portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Texas portal MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=857038412 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 04 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last time the dallas cowboys won the super bowl
[ "Dallas Cowboys\n Current season\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]First season: 1960Play in AT&T StadiumArlington, TexasHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The StarFrisco, Texas\n\n \nLogoWordmarkLeague/conference affiliations\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\nCurrent uniform\nTeam colors\nNavy blue, metallic silver, royal blue, white[2][3][4]\n\n Mascot\nRowdyPersonnelOwner(s)\nJerry JonesCEO\nStephen JonesPresident\nJerry JonesGeneral manager\nJerry JonesHead coach\nJason GarrettTeam history\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\nTeam nicknames\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\nChampionships\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nPlayoff appearances (32)\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\nHome fields\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n" ]
[ "1995" ]
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Haute couture
Haute couture - wikipedia Haute couture Jump to : navigation , search Pierre Balmain adjusting a dress on model Ruth Ford in 1947 ( photographed by Carl Van Vechten ) A model wearing a haute couture gown by Georges Chakra in 2010 Haute couture ( / ˌoʊt kuːˈtjʊər / ; French pronunciation : ​ ( ot kuˈtyʁ ) ; French for `` high sewing '' or `` high dressmaking '' or `` high fashion '' ) is the creation of exclusive custom - fitted clothing . Haute couture is high - end fashion that is constructed by hand from start to finish , made from high - quality , expensive , often unusual fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and capable sewers , often using time - consuming , hand - executed techniques . Couture translates literally from French as `` dressmaking '' but may also refer to fashion , sewing , or needlework and is also used as a common abbreviation of haute couture and refers to the same thing in spirit . Haute translates literally to `` high '' . A haute couture garment is often made for a client , tailored specifically for the wearer 's measurements and body stance . Considering the amount of time , money , and skill allotted to each completed piece , haute couture garments are also described as having no price tag : budget is not relevant . The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worth 's work , produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century . The Dapifer notes that Worth would allow his clients to select colors , fabrics and other details before ever beginning his design process which was unheard of at the time . In modern France , haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well - defined standards . However , the term is also used loosely to describe all high - fashion custom - fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London , Milan , New York City or Tokyo . In either case , the term can refer to the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend - setting fashions or to the fashions created . Contents ( hide ) 1 French legal status of term 2 Other uses of the term 3 History 4 Members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture 4.1 Official members 4.2 Correspondent members ( foreign ) 4.3 Guest members 4.4 Jewelry 4.5 Accessories 4.6 Former members 5 Public and private collections 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links French legal status of term ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In France , the term haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Paris based in Paris . The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as `` the regulating commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses '' . Their rules state that only `` those companies mentioned on the list drawn up each year by a commission domiciled at the Ministry for Industry are entitled to avail themselves '' of the label haute couture . The Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne is an association of Parisian couturiers founded in 1868 as an outgrowth of medieval guilds that regulate its members in regard to counterfeiting of styles , dates of openings for collections , number of models presented , relations with press , questions of law and taxes , and promotional activities . Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth . An affiliated school was organized in 1930 called L'Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture . The school helps bring new designers to help the `` couture '' houses that are still present today . Since 1975 , this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise , de couture , du Prêt - à - Porter des Couturiers et des Createurs de Mode . More rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945 . To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture in its advertising and any other way , members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture must follow specific rules : design made - to - order for private clients , with one or more fittings ; have a workshop ( atelier ) in Paris that employs at least fifteen staff members full - time ; have at least twenty full - time technical people , in at least one workshop ( atelier ) ; and present a collection of at least fifty original designs to the public every fashion season ( twice , in January and July of each year ) , of both day and evening garments . Other uses of the term ( edit ) The term `` haute couture '' has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities , such as production of fine art , music , etc . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chanel Haute Couture Fall - Winter 2011 -- 2012 Fashion Show by Karl Lagerfeld Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century . Rose Bertin , the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette , can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture . Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was then copied by local dressmakers . Stylish women also ordered dresses in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models . As railroads and steamships made European travel easier , it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories . French fitters and dressmakers were commonly thought to be the best in Europe , and real Parisian garments were considered better than local imitations . A couturier ( French : ( ku. ty. ʁje ) ) is an establishment or person involved in the clothing fashion industry who makes original garments to order for private clients . A couturier may make what is known as haute couture . Such a person usually hires patternmakers and machinists for garment production , and is either employed by exclusive boutiques or is self - employed . The couturier Charles Frederick Worth ( October 13 , 1826 -- March 10 , 1895 ) , is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today . Although born in Bourne , Lincolnshire , England , Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry . Revolutionizing how dressmaking had been previously perceived , Worth made it so the dressmaker became the artist of garnishment : a fashion designer . While he created one - of - a-kind designs to please some of his titled or wealthy customers , he is best known for preparing a portfolio of designs that were shown on live models at the House of Worth . Clients selected one model , specified colors and fabrics , and had a duplicate garment tailor - made in Worth 's workshop . Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready - to - wear clothing industry , which was also developing during this period . Following in Worth 's footsteps were Callot Soeurs , Patou , Poiret , Vionnet , Fortuny , Lanvin , Chanel , Mainbocher , Schiaparelli , Balenciaga , and Dior . Some of these fashion houses still exist today , under the leadership of modern designers . In the 1960s , a group of young designers who had trained under men like Dior and Balenciaga left these established couture houses and opened their own establishments . The most successful of these young designers were Yves Saint Laurent , Pierre Cardin , André Courrèges , Ted Lapidus , and Emanuel Ungaro . Japanese native and Paris - based Hanae Mori was also successful in establishing her own line . Lacroix is one of the fashion houses to have been started in the late 20th century . Other new houses have included Jean - Paul Gaultier and Thierry Mugler . Due to the high expenses of producing haute couture collections , Lacroix and Mugler have since ceased their haute couture activities . Modernized haute couture shows are not designed and made to be sold , rather they are exactly what they are displayed for -- for show . Instead of being constructed for the purpose of selling and making money , they are made to further the publicity , as well as perception and understanding of brand image . For all these fashion houses , custom clothing is no longer the main source of income , often costing much more than it earns through direct sales ; it only adds the aura of fashion to their ventures in ready - to - wear clothing and related luxury products such as shoes and perfumes , and licensing ventures that earn greater returns for the company . Excessive commercialization and profit - making can be damaging , however . Cardin , for example , licensed with abandon in the 1980s and his name lost most of its fashionable cachet when anyone could buy Cardin luggage at a discount store . It is their ready - to - wear collections that are available to a wider audience , adding a splash of glamour and the feel of haute couture to more wardrobes . Fashion houses still create custom clothing for publicity , for example providing items to the television show Gossip Girl . The 1960s also featured a revolt against established fashion standards by mods , rockers , and hippies , as well as an increasing internationalization of the fashion scene . Jet travel had spawned a jet set that partied -- and shopped -- just as happily in New York as in Paris . Rich women no longer felt that a Paris dress was necessarily better than one sewn elsewhere . While Paris is still pre-eminent in the fashion world , it is no longer the sole arbiter of fashion . Members of the Chambre Syndicale de la haute couture ( edit ) For the Spring 2017 season the official list of members are : Official members ( edit ) Adeline André -- Alexandre Vauthier -- Alexis Mabille -- Chanel -- Christian Dior -- Franck Sorbier -- Giambattista Valli -- Givenchy -- Jean Paul Gaultier -- Julien Fournié -- Maison Margiela -- Schiaparelli -- Stéphane Rolland -- Yiqing Yin Correspondent members ( foreign ) ( edit ) Armani Privé -- Atelier Versace -- Elie Saab -- Valentino -- Viktor & Rolf Guest members ( edit ) Aouadi -- Dice Kayek -- Georges Hobeika -- Guo Pei -- Ilja -- Ralph & Russo -- Ulyana Sergeenko -- Zuhair Murad -- J. Mendel Jewelry ( edit ) Boucheron -- Chanel Joaillerie -- Chaumet -- Dior Joaillerie -- Van Cleef & Arpels Accessories ( edit ) Loulou de la Falaise -- Massaro -- On aura tout vu Recent guest members have included the fashion houses of Boudicca , Cathy Pill , Richard René and Udo Edling , as well as Eymeric François , Gerald Watelet ( fr ) , Nicolas Le Cauchois ( fr ) and Ma Ke ( Wuyong ) . In the 2008 / 2009 Fall / Winter Haute Couture week , Emanuel Ungaro showed as an Official Member . Former members ( edit ) Anna May Anne Valérie Hash Balenciaga Callot Soeurs Carven ( fr ) Christian Lacroix Ektor Von Hoffmeister Emilio Pucci Erica Spitulski Erik Tenorio Escada Fred Sathal Gai Mattiolo Germaine Lecomte Grès Guy Laroche Hanae Mori Jacques Fath Jacques Griffe ( fr ) Jacques Heim Jean Patou Jean - Louis Scherrer Jeanne Lafaurie Joseph Lanvin Lecoanet Hemant ( fr ) Lefranc Ferrant Loris Azzaro Louis Féraud Lucien Lelong Lucile Manguin Louise Chéruit Mad Carpentier Madeleine Vionnet Madeleine Vramant Maggy Rouff Mainbocher Mak Shoe Marcel Rochas Marcelle Chaumont Marcelle Dormoy Martial et Armand Nina Ricci Paco Rabanne Paul Poiret Philippe et Gaston Pierre Balmain Pierre Cardin Rabih Kayrouz Ralph Rucci Seraglio Robert Piguet Ted Lapidus Thierry Mugler Sophie Torrente ( fr ) Vera Borea Yves Saint Laurent Public and private collections ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : sourced information on publicly and privately held collections , to expand what appears to be a stray added fact into encyclopedic content . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2015 ) The largest private collection of haute couture may be that of Mouna Ayoub , whose collection is estimated to encompass more than 1,600 items . See also ( edit ) Fashion portal Bespoke Business cluster Designer label Fashion Fashion design Fashion week Fédération française de la couture List of fashion designers List of grands couturiers Luxury brand Prêt - à - porter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What Does Couture Mean - Definition and French Translation -- The Dapifer '' . THE DAPIFER. 2017 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` What is Haute Couture made easy -- The Odd Portrait '' . 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is Haute Couture ? '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Claire B. Shaeffer ( 2001 ) . Couture sewing techniques `` Originating in mid - 19th - century Paris with the designs of an Englishman named Charles Frederick Worth , haute couture represents an archaic tradition of creating garments by hand with painstaking care and precision '' . Taunton Press , 2001 Jump up ^ Pauline Thomas . `` Chambre Syndicale History and Development -- Fashion History '' . Fashion-era.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Calasibetta , C. , Tortora , P. , & Abling , B. ( 2002 ) . The fairchild dictionary of fashion . ( 3rd ed . ) . New York , NY : Fairchild Books . Jump up ^ `` Bloomsbury Fashion Central - '' . www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wuyong -- Dancing In A Haute Couture Debut The Fashion Blog '' . Fashion-blog.us . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Steele , Valerie ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . The Berg companion to fashion . Oxford ( etc. : Berg . ISBN 9781847885630 . Jump up ^ Nudelman , Z ( 2009 ) . The art of couture sewing . London : Bloomsbury Academic . p. 2 . ISBN 1563675390 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster '' . Jump up ^ Jacqueline C. Kent ( 2003 ) . Business Builders in Fashion -- Charles Frederick Worth -- The Father of Haute Couture The Oliver Press , Inc. , 2003 Jump up ^ End of a fairytale : Christian Lacroix fashion house to strip down - The Guardian . Retrieved 21 October 2014 Jump up ^ Chevalier , Michel ( 2012 ) . Luxury Brand Management . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 17176 - 9 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Get Me Wardrobe ! '' . The New York Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Spring Summer 2017 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Calendriers '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` SS2012 Haute Couture Fashion week designers '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Fall Winter 2009 / 2010 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Spring Summer 2008 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Fall Winter 2008 / 2009 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Haute - Couture Spring Summer 2011 Definitive schedule '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Thomas ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Cinderella to Couture Queen : Meet Mouna Ayoub '' . Associated Press . Gennevilliers , France . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . `` The Golden Age of Couture '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . `` Interactive timeline of couture houses and couturier biographies '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Fédération française de la couture Christian Dior , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) Madame Grès , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) Further reading ( edit ) Nudelman , Z. ( 2009 ) The Art of Couture Sewing , London , LND , GBR : Bloomsbury Academic , ISBN 1563675390 Shaeffer , Claire B. ( 2011 ) Couture Sewing Techniques , Newtown , CT , USA : Taunton Press , ISBN 1600853358 External links ( edit ) Look up haute couture or couturier in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haute couture . `` Haute Couture '' from Label France , a magazine of the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs Haute Couture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's Timeline of Art History Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Hazmat suit Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Activewear Clothing fetish Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing See - through clothing Members of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture Members Adeline André Anne Valérie Hash Carlota Alfaro Chanel Christian Dior Dominique Sirop Franck Sorbier Givenchy Jean Paul Gaultier Maurizio Galante Stéphane Rolland Yiqing Yin Invited , foreign and guest members See : List of grands couturiers Design Outline Portal Designer Disciplines Communication design Advertising Book design Corporate design Exhibit design Film title design Graphic design Motion Postage stamp design Print design Illustration Information design Instructional design News design Photography Retail design Signage / Traffic sign design Typography / Type design Video design Visual merchandising Environmental design Architecture Architectural lighting design Building design Passive solar Ecological design Environmental impact design Garden design Computer - aided Healthy community design Hotel design Interior architecture Interior design EID Keyline design Landscape architecture Sustainable Landscape design Spatial design Urban design Industrial design Automotive design Automotive suspension design CMF design Corrugated box design Electric guitar design Furniture design Sustainable Hardware interface design Motorcycle design Packaging and labeling Photographic lens design Product design Production design Sensory design Service design Interaction design Experience design EED Game design Level design Video game design Hardware interface design Icon design Immersive design Information design Sonic interaction design User experience design User interface design Web design Other applied arts Public art design Ceramic / glass design Fashion design Costume design Jewelry design Floral design Game art design Property design Scenic design Sound design Stage / set lighting design Textile design Other design & engineering Algorithm design Boiler design Conceptual design Database design Drug design Electrical system design Experimental design Filter design Job design Integrated circuit design Circuit design Physical design Power network design Mechanism design Nuclear weapon design Nucleic acid design Organization design Process design Processor design Protein design Research design Social design Software design Spacecraft design Strategic design Systems design Approaches Activity - 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the person who is considered to be the founder of the paris haute couture was
[ "The couturier Charles Frederick Worth (October 13, 1826 – March 10, 1895), is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today.[4][12] Although born in Bourne, Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry[1]. Revolutionizing how dressmaking had been previously perceived, Worth made it so the dressmaker became the artist of garnishment: a fashion designer. While he created one-of-a-kind designs to please some of his titled or wealthy customers, he is best known for preparing a portfolio of designs that were shown on live models at the House of Worth. Clients selected one model, specified colors and fabrics, and had a duplicate garment tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period." ]
[ "Charles Frederick Worth" ]
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Nyjah Huston
Nyjah Huston - wikipedia Nyjah Huston Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nyjah Imani Huston Full name Nyjah Imani Huston ( 1994 - 11 - 30 ) November 30 , 1994 ( age 22 ) Davis , California , United States ( U.S. ) Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Weight 145 lb ( 66 kg ) Sport Country United States Sport Skateboarding Medal record ( hide ) Summer X Games Representing United States 2011 Los Angeles Street 2013 Los Angeles Street 2013 Barcelona Street 2013 Foz do Iguaçu Street 2014 Austin Street 2015 Austin Street 2016 Oslo Street 2009 Los Angeles Street 2010 Los Angeles Street 2016 Austin Street 2012 Los Angeles Street Nyjah Imani Huston ( born November 30 , 1994 ) is an American professional skateboarder and was the overall champion at the Street League Skateboarding ( SLS ) competition series in 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 . He is also the highest paid skateboarder in the world . As of May 19 , 2013 , Huston has won more prize money than any other skateboarder in history . In 2014 , Huston ranked # 5 on FoxWeekly 's ' Top 15 Most Influential Skateboarders of All - Time ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Professional skateboarding 2.1 Sponsorship 3 Awards 4 Video game appearances 5 Let It Flow 6 Personal life 7 Contest history 7.1 2004 7.2 2005 7.3 2006 7.4 2007 7.5 2008 7.6 2009 7.7 2010 7.8 2011 7.9 2012 7.10 2013 7.11 2014 7.12 2015 7.13 2016 7.14 2017 8 Videography 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Huston was born in Davis , California . He was raised in San Lorenzo , Puerto Rico . Huston started skating when he was approximately four years old . Huston revealed in a 2006 interview that he had been raised by his father as a strict vegan from birth up until the time of the interview . In a 2012 interview , Huston stated that he had tried meat and dairy for the first time . As part of his strict Rastafarian upbringing , Huston was only permitted to listen to reggae music and was unable to cut his dreadlocks . Professional Skateboarding ( edit ) Huston first garnered attention when he signed a sponsorship deal with the Element company and joined the skateboard team . During his debut era with the company , Huston appeared in numerous Element video productions , such as both volumes of the Elementality series , and competed in high - profile contests , such as the Dew tour and the Vans Downtown Showdown . However , Huston eventually launched his own skateboard deck company `` I&I '' in 2009 after he parted ways with Element in 2008 ; Huston was an amateur skateboarder at the time of his departure . I&I was a short - lived company and operated for approximately two years with a team that consisted of Huston , Richard Jefferson , and Anthony Williams . During the period of the company 's existence , a number of magazine advertisements were published and an online promotional video that featured the three team members was released . The primary aesthetic influence of the brand was Rastafarinism and the I&I logo incorporated the pan-African colors of red , yellow , and green . Following the closure of I&I , Huston returned to Element and released a solo video production entitled Rise & Shine in 2011 -- the video was available for purchase on the iTunes website and later received the `` Best Video Part '' award from the Transworld Skateboarding magazine . During this stage of Huston 's career , the skateboarder also joined the DC Shoes company as a team rider , following a significant period of time without a shoe sponsor -- an unusual occurrence for a professional skateboarder with the degree of exposure that Huston had attracted . In response to the DC Shoes announcement , Huston explained that `` I think it was all a buildup of things over the past year . DC has always been my top choice for a shoe sponsor but I think it took this past year for them to see what I 've accomplished and how I did in the contests and my video part and all that for it to finally come through . '' Following Huston 's decision to skateboard for DC Shoes , other DC team riders expressed their perspectives in online promotional material produced by the shoe company . Long - term DC team rider Josh Kalis stated in the introductory video for Huston ( also featuring Mike Mo Capaldi ) , `` And then there 's this other dude out there , literally buying shoes from a skate shop . He could get shoes from anybody that he wanted , but he was buying DCs . '' Capaldi expressed his opinion on Huston in the same video , stating his belief that Huston is `` probably the best skateboarder that I 've ever seen -- he does everything in , like , two tries . '' After Huston 's gold medal victory at the 2013 X Games Street League contest in Barcelona , Spain in mid-May , Transworld SKATEboarding magazine announced that no other skateboarder has won a greater amount of prize money . On the final night of May 2013 , the DC Shoes Co. held a launch event for the first signature model skate shoe of Huston 's career at the Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles , California , U.S. , with Pete Rock in the role of DJ . The model is named the `` Nyjah Huston Signature Shoe '' and the promotional advertisement features Huston executing a trick at set of stairs at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles , U.S. An announcement on June 25 , 2013 , revealed that , due to a rib injury , Huston was unable to compete in the Street League contest at the Munich X Games in late June 2013 . Huston 's mother Kelle Huston reported that her son `` bruised and scraped the right side of his torso '' in a skateboarding accident , but an article from the Street League website stated that Huston would be fit to compete in the next contest round in July 2013 in Portland , Oregon . Huston was added to the competition lineup for the 2013 Kimberley Diamond Cup in South Africa , held from September 28 to 29 . During practice , Huston was filmed performing a 270 - degree `` kickflip lipslide '' on a rail , a trick that had never been filmed in the history of skateboarding prior to that occasion . Huston won the Kimberley Diamond Cup and the one million rand cash prize . Sponsorship ( edit ) As of January 2016 , Huston is sponsored by Diamond Supply Co. , Element , Ricta , MOB , Nike Skateboarding And Apparel , Monster Energy , Stance , CCS , Bolds Cracker great witches , Doritos , and Mountain Dew . Awards ( edit ) Huston won the inaugural `` Kentucky Unbridled Spirit Award for Action Sports '' in 2006 . At Transworld SKATEboarding magazine 's 2012 awards event , Huston 's performance was given the headline `` Nyjah Huston Cleans Up at Annual Transworld Skate Awards '' by the Yahoo ! Sports website . Huston won three awards at the event : `` Best Video Part '' ( for Huston 's Rise & Shine video release ) , `` New Era Readers ' Choice '' ( the only award chosen solely by the readers of the magazine and Transworld website ) , and `` Best Street '' . Alongside other professional skateboarders such as Ishod Wair and Brandon Westgate , Huston was nominated for Thrasher Magazine 's 2013 `` Skater Of The Year '' ( SOTY ) award in December 2013 . The publication summarized Huston 's 2013 performance in the following manner : `` If his stellar contest record , killer interviews and flood of NBDs was n't enough , Nyjah went and dump - trucked one of the heaviest video parts of all time on us - Fade to Black . '' Video Game appearances ( edit ) Huston is a featured character in the video games Tony Hawk 's Project 8 , Tony Hawk 's Proving Ground , Tony Hawk : Ride , Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater HD , and Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 . Let it Flow ( edit ) Together with his mother Kelle Huston , Huston founded the charity organization `` Let It Flow '' in 2008 with the aim of providing clean , safe , and accessible water to communities in need . Following their personal experiences in Puerto Rico , the pair started by selling reusable water bottles at a local farmers market and , as of December 2012 , the organization builds clean - water wells , fixes wells that are inoperable , and builds sanitation stations for people in urgent need of clean water . Let It Flow built its first sanitation station in Ethiopia . Personal life ( edit ) Following his return to Element , Huston revealed that his father 's controlling behavior had led to estrangement , further explaining that his father refused to return video footage of Huston 's skateboarding following the separation . Huston lived with his father in Puerto Rico for a period of time and , as of 2011 , owns a property in the territory . As of July 2013 , Huston resides in a home in Huntington Beach , California , U.S. , no longer adheres to a strict Rastafarian lifestyle , and has identified hip hop as his favorite musical style to listen to . In a July 2013 interview , Huston stated that due to his interest in cars and jewelry he is not yet the owner of a home ; however , he also confirmed an intention to purchase a home . Huston published photographs of a newly purchased home on his Instagram profile in September 2013 . According to an Orange County Register report , published on June 11 , 2014 ( updated on June 24 , 2014 ) , Huston is living in a home valued at US $2.7 million , located in San Juan Capistrano , California . Contest history ( edit ) Volcom Damn Am : 4th ( street ) Volcom Damn Am : Best Trick Small Rail ( street ) Volcom Damn Am : Best Trick Big Rail ( street ) 2005 ( edit ) Tampa Am : 1st ( street ) K.R. 3. A.M. AM 2005 ( street ) : 1st West 49 Canadian Open ( street ) : 4th Global Assault 2005 ( street ) : 2nd 2006 ( edit ) Dew Action Sports Tour Right Guard Open , Denver ( park ) : 2nd Dew Action Sports Tour Panasonic Open ( park ) : 2nd Dew Tour , overall standings : 4th ( park ) Dew Action Sports Tour Vans Invitational , Portland ( street ) : 4th X-Games 12 Street Finals : 8th Global Assault : 2nd ( street ) Vans Downtown Showdown : 2nd ( best trick - stair ) 2007 ( edit ) eS Game of SKATE Pro : 2nd etnies Goofy vs Regular ( Goofy Team ) : 2nd 2008 ( edit ) Maloof Money Cup ( street ) : 2nd 2009 ( edit ) Maloof Money Cup Pro ( street ) : 3rd X Games XV : 2nd ( street ) World Cup Skateboarding , Year End Ranking ( street ) : 4th Tampa Pro : 2nd Maloof Money Cup 2010 OC : 2nd ( street ) Street League Skateboarding 1st Series , 1st Stop ( Glendale , Arizona ) : 1st ( street ) Street League Skateboarding 1st Series Overall : 1st ( street ) X Games XVI : 2nd place ( street ) 2011 ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tampa Pro : 2nd Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 1st Stop ( Seattle , WA ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 2nd Stop ( Kansas City , MO ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 3rd Stop ( Glendale , AZ ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series , 4th Stop ( Newark , NJ ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding 2nd Series Overall : 2nd place X Games XVII : 1st place ( street ) 2012 ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 1st Stop ( Kansas City , MO ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 2nd Stop ( Ontario , CA ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 3rd Stop ( Glendale , AZ ) : 4th Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series , 4th Stop ( New Jersey ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding 3rd Series Overall : 1st place 2013 ( edit ) Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : 2nd place Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : Best Trick - 1st place X Games XIX ( Foz do Iguaçú ) : 1st place ( street ) X Games XIX ( Barcelona ) : 1st place ( street ) Street League Skateboarding ( Kansas City ) : 1st place X Games XIX ( Los Angeles ) : 1st place ( street ) Kimberley Diamond Cup ( South Africa ) : 1st place ( street ) 2014 ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding Pro Open ( Los Angeles ) : 1st X Games Austin 2014 Monster Energy Men 's Skateboard Street : 1st Street League Skateboarding ( Chicago ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding ( Los Angeles ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding Super Crown World Championship ( New Jersey ) : 1st 2015 ( edit ) Tampa Pro ( Tampa , FL ) : 2nd Street League Pro Open ( Barcelona ) : 1st X Games Skateboard Street ( Austin ) : Gold Street League Skateboarding ( Los Angeles ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding ( New Jersey ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding Super Crown World Championship ( Chicago ) : 2nd Kimberley Diamond Cup ( South Africa ) : 1st place ( street ) 2016 ( edit ) Tampa Pro 2016 : 4th X Games Skateboard Street ( Oslo ) : 1st Red Bull Hart Lines Contest ( Detroit ) : 1st Street League Pro Open ( Barcelona ) : 2nd X Games Austin 2016 Monster Energy Men 's Skateboard Street : 2nd Street League Skateboarding ( Munich ) : 3rd Street League Skateboarding ( Newark ) : 1st 2017 ( edit ) Tampa Pro 2017 : 5th Red Bull Hart Lines Contest ( Detroit ) : 1st Street League Pro Open ( Barcelona ) : 1st Dew Tour ( California ) : 2nd Street League Skateboarding ( Munich ) : 1st Street League Skateboarding Super Crown World Championship ( Los Angeles ) : 1st Videography ( edit ) Element Kids : Tricks ( 2005 ) Element : Elementality Volume 1 ( 2005 ) Element : Brent Atchley Pro Debut Video ( 2006 ) Globe : The Global Assault ( 2006 ) Element : Elementality Volume 2 ( 2006 ) eS : eSpecial ( 2007 ) Element : This Is My Element ( 2007 ) Silver : Silver In Barcelona ( 2008 ) Thrasher : Double Rock ( 2009 ) Element : Rise & Shine ( 2011 ) Rap Video by The Game ( featuring Chris Brown , Tyga , Wiz Khalifa , Lil Wayne ) : Celebration ( 2012 ) Cameo in Kid Ink ft . Chris Brown - Show Me ( 2014 ) DC Shoes : Nyjah - Fade to Black ( 2014 ) `` Thrasher '' : Nyjah Huston 's `` OMFG '' Part References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nyjah Huston ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston 's Campaign for Charity '' . Indiegogo . Indiegogo , Inc . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nyjah Huston Pro Skater '' . ESPN Action Sports . ESPN Internet Ventures . 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ StreetLeague.com ( 26 August 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston is the 2012 Street League Champion ! Full Results '' . StreetLeague.com . Street League , Inc . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TWS ( 19 May 2013 ) . `` NYJAH HUSTON WINS STREET LEAGUE BARCELONA '' . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Joey Betancourt ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Top 15 Most Influential Skateboarders Of All - Time '' . Sports Fox . Fox Weekly . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nyjah Huston Answers Your Questions ! '' . éS . éS. 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ RIDEChannel ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston & David Loy Talk Street Racing & Street League : Weekend Buzz ep. 3 '' . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Officialbeatsbydrdre ( 8 December 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Houston On Discovering Music '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I&I Skateboards '' . Skately . Skately , LLC. 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruben ' Studdard ' Najera ( 8 December 2008 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Off Element '' . 5ones . 5ones . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ TheFluidSkater ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` I&I Skateboards Team '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Nieratko ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston discusses move to DC '' . ESPN Action Sports . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ DCshoesFILM ( 31 December 2011 ) . `` DC SHOES : REDISCOVER DC - TEAM 2012 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ DCshoesFILM ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` DC SHOES : NYJAH HUSTON SIGNATURE SHOE - WITH IMPACT G TECHNOLOGY '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : NYJAH INJURED '' . Street League Skateboarding . Street League Skateboarding. 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ TWS ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` NYJAH , SILAS ADDED TO KIMBERLEY DIAMOND CUP SOUTH AFRICA '' . TransWorld Skateboarding . GrindMedia , Inc . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` NYJAH 'S 270 KICKFLIP LIPSLIDE IN SOUTH AFRICA '' . TransWorld Skateboarding . GrindMedia , Inc . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blair Alley ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Congrats Nyjah , Felipe , and Louie ! '' . TransWorld Skateboarding . GrindMedia , Inc . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . Nyjah . Nyjah Huston. 2014 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NYJAH 'S UNBRIDLED SPIRIT '' . AST Dew Tour . Dew Tour . 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Killeen Gonzalez ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Cleans Up at Annual TransWorld Skate Awards '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo ! - ABC News Network . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` 14th Annual TransWorld SKATEboarding Awards Presented By New Era , Winners Announced '' . Transworld Skateboarding . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 5 SOTY Finalists - VOTE ! '' . Thrasher Magazine . High Speed Productions . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nyjah Huston 0 : 00 '' ( Video upload ) . IGN . IGN Entertainment , Inc. 9 October 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ BroadbandGames ( 19 February 2011 ) . `` Tony Hawk 's Proving Ground Teaser '' . Dailymotion . Dailymotion . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFluidskater ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston : Tony Hawk Ride Interview '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater HD - Nyjah Huston Gameplay '' ( Video upload ) . Gamereactor UK . Gamez Publishing A / S. 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rob Brink ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Nyjah Huston 's ' Let It Flow ' '' . ESPN X Games . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Nieratko ( 2011 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Interview '' . Chris Nieratko . chrisnieratko.com . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ride Channel ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Pat `` Sinner '' Pasquale - Gary Rogers , LE , Scott Kane - Free Lunch ( Part 1 of 2 ) '' ( Video upload ) . Ride Channel on YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ride Channel ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Nyjah Huston - Jake Phelps , AYC , Favorite Girl Skater , Chase Webb , and More ! '' ( Video upload ) . Ride Channel on YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Nyjah Huston ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Loving the backyard of the new place ! # blessed 🙏 '' . Nyjah Huston on Instagram . Instagram . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ MEGHANN M. CUNIFF ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Skateboard star Nyjah Huston 's noisy parties irk San Juan neighbors '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nyjah Huston Skater Profile '' . Skatepark of Tampa . Skatepark of Tampa . 25 October 2004 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ WhosSexier ( 17 October 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Tampa Am 2005 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rob Meronek ( 17 July 2005 ) . `` K.R. 3. A.M. AM IN PUERTO RICO - NYJAH HUSTON WINS '' . SPoT Skate Shop . Skatepark of Tampa . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ simplejules ( 19 April 2007 ) . `` West49 Canadian Open 2005 - Toronto '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFluidSkater ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston - Dew Tour 2006 Panosonic Open ( INTERVIEW ) '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFluidskater ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Nyjah Huston Global Assault Finals 2006 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hatch86filmer ( 16 September 2007 ) . `` éS Game of SKATE 07 ' Finals ( Chris Cole , Nyjah Huston , Mike Mo ) '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ joboloba ( 11 October 2007 ) . `` nyjah gvr regular vs goofy '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nyjah Huston 2008 Maloof Money Cup Highlights '' ( Video upload ) . AlliSports . Alli , Alliance of Action Sports , LLC. 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ wojtekmullen ( 3 August 2009 ) . `` Summer X Games 15 : Skate Street 2nd Nyjah Huston '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Pro World Street Points Race '' . World Cup Skateboarding . World Cup Skateboarding. 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120327211842/http://streetleague.com/blog/2010/08/30/nyjah-huston-beats-out-a-five-way-battle-on-the-final-trick-in-stop-one-of-the-street-league-dc-pro-tour-fueled-by-monster-energy/ . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120327211904/http://streetleague.com/blog/2011/08/28/malto-stops-huston%E2%80%99s-winning-streak-and-becomes-2011-street-league-champion/ . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Colin Bane ( 31 July 2011 ) . `` HUSTON WINS SKATEBOARD STREET '' . ESPN X Games . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ EXPNVM ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` tampa pro 2013 nyjah huston 2nd place winning runs and highlights '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TAMPA PRO 2013 BEST TRICK '' ( Video upload ) . TransWorld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ TWS ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` NYJAH HUSTON WINS STREET LEAGUE KANSAS CITY '' . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nyjah Huston skate videos '' . Skatevideosite.com . Skatevideosite.com. 2005 -- 2013 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ The Game . `` Celebration '' . YouTube . YouTube . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Let It Flow official website Awards and achievements Preceded by Shaun White Best Male Action Sports Athlete ESPY Award 2013 Succeeded by Incumbent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyjah_Huston&oldid=801707874 '' Categories : 1994 births American skateboarders Living people People from Davis , California Sportspeople from California X Games athletes Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs BLP articles lacking sources from December 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages using Infobox sportsperson with unknown parameters BLP articles lacking sources from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Norsk Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 10 : 13 . 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who is the highest paid skateboarder in the world
[ "Nyjah Imani Huston (born November 30, 1994) is an American professional skateboarder and was the overall champion at the Street League Skateboarding (SLS) competition series in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. He is also the highest paid skateboarder in the world.[3] As of May 19, 2013, Huston has won more prize money than any other skateboarder in history.[4] In 2014, Huston ranked #5 on FoxWeekly's 'Top 15 Most Influential Skateboarders of All-Time'.[5]" ]
[ "Nyjah Imani Huston" ]
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Class conflict
Class conflict - wikipedia Class conflict Jump to : navigation , search `` Class struggle '' redirects here . For other uses , see Class Struggle . The Pyramid of Capitalist System is a simple visualization of class conflict . Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Communism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal Part of a series on Communism Concepts ( show ) Class struggle Class consciousness Classless society Collective leadership Common ownership Commune Communist society Free association From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs Gift economy Proletarian internationalism Stateless society Workers ' self - management World revolution Aspects ( show ) Communist state Communist party Communist revolution Communist symbolism History of communism Variants ( show ) Anarchist European Chinese Juche Leninist Marxist Marxist - Leninist Maoist Trotskyist Technicist Pre-Marxist Primitive Religious Christian Scientific National World List of communist parties Internationals ( show ) Communist League First Second Third Fourth People ( show ) Thomas More Henri Saint - Simon Charles Fourier Robert Owen Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Peter Kropotkin Vladimir Lenin Rosa Luxemburg Antonie Pannekoek Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky György Lukács Nikolai Bukharin Amadeo Bordiga Ho Chi Minh Antonio Gramsci Josip Broz Tito Farabundo Martí Mao Zedong José Carlos Mariátegui Deng Xiaoping Enver Hoxha Kim Il - sung Fidel Castro Che Guevara Enrico Berlinguer By region ( show ) Colombia Kerala Korea Peru Philippines Poland Russia Sumatra Vietnam Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Anti-capitalism Anti-communism Third - Worldism Mass killings under Communist regimes Cold War Communitarianism Criticisms of communist party rule Left - wing politics List of communist parties New Class New Left Red Scare Socialism Socialist mode of production Socialist economics Syndicalism Communism portal Class conflict , frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle , is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes . The view that the class struggle provides the lever for radical social change for the majority is central to the work of Karl Marx and the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin . Class conflict can take many different forms : direct violence , such as wars fought for resources and cheap labor ; indirect violence , such as deaths from poverty , starvation , illness or unsafe working conditions ; coercion , such as the threat of losing a job or the pulling of an important investment ; or ideologically , such as with books and articles . Additionally , political forms of class conflict exist ; legally or illegally lobbying or bribing government leaders for passage of desirable partisan legislation including labor laws , tax codes , consumer laws , acts of congress or other sanction , injunction or tariff . The conflict can be direct , as with a lockout aimed at destroying a labor union , or indirect , as with an informal slowdown in production protesting low wages by workers or unfair labor practices by capital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Pre-capitalist societies 1.2 21st - century United States 2 Capitalist societies 2.1 Thomas Jefferson , United States 2.2 Warren Buffett , United States 2.3 Noam Chomsky 2.4 Max Weber , Germany 2.5 Arab Spring 3 Socialism 3.1 Marxist perspectives 3.2 The Soviet Union and similar societies 3.3 Non-Marxist perspectives 4 Class vs. race struggle 5 Chronology 5.1 Classical antiquity 5.2 Middle Ages 5.3 Modern era 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Usage ( edit ) Teamsters wild - cat strike in Minneapolis , 1934 In the past the term Class conflict was a term used mostly by socialists , who define a class by its relationship to the means of production -- such as factories , land and machinery . From this point of view , the social control of production and labor is a contest between classes , and the division of these resources necessarily involves conflict and inflicts harm . It can involve ongoing low - level clashes , escalate into massive confrontations , and in some cases , lead to the overall defeat of one of the contending classes . However , in more contemporary times this term is striking chords and finding new definition amongst capitalistic societies in the United States and other Westernized countries . The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin argued that the class struggle of the working class , peasantry and poor had the potential to lead to a social revolution involving the overthrow of ruling elites , and the creation of libertarian socialism . This was only a potential , and class struggle was , he argued , not always the only or decisive factor in society , but it was central . By contrast , Marxists argue that class conflict always plays the decisive and pivotal role in the history of class - based hierarchical systems such as capitalism and feudalism . Marxists refer to its overt manifestations as class war , a struggle whose resolution in favor of the working class is viewed by them as inevitable under plutocratic capitalism . Pre-capitalist societies ( edit ) Where societies are socially divided based on status , wealth , or control of social production and distribution , class structures arise and are thus coeval with civilization itself . It is well documented since at least European Classical Antiquity ( Conflict of the Orders , Spartacus , etc . ) and the various popular uprisings in late medieval Europe and elsewhere . One of the earliest analysis of these conflicts is Friedrich Engels ' The Peasant War in Germany . One of the earliest analyses of the development of class as the development of conflicts between emergent classes is available in Peter Kropotkin 's Mutual Aid . In this work , Kropotkin analyzes the disposal of goods after death in pre-class or hunter - gatherer societies , and how inheritance produces early class divisions and conflict . 21st - century United states ( edit ) Billionaire and friend to Warren Buffett , George Soros addresses the pejorative use of the term by the conservative - right by stating , `` Speaking as a person who would be most hurt by this , I think my fellow hedge fund managers call this class warfare because they do n't like to pay more taxes . '' Bill Moyers , for example , gave a speech at Brennan Center for Justice in December 2013 which was titled `` The Great American Class War , '' referring to the current struggle between democracy and plutocracy in the U.S. Chris Hedges wrote a column for Truthdig called `` Let 's Get This Class War Started , '' which was a play on Pink 's song `` Let 's Get This Party Started . '' Historian Steve Fraser , author of The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power , asserts that class conflict is an inevitability if current political and economic conditions continue , noting that `` people are increasingly fed up ... their voices are not being heard . And I think that can only go on for so long without there being more and more outbreaks of what used to be called class struggle , class warfare . '' Capitalist societies ( edit ) The typical example of class conflict described is class conflict within capitalism . This class conflict is seen to occur primarily between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat , and takes the form of conflict over hours of work , value of wages , division of profits , cost of consumer goods , the culture at work , control over parliament or bureaucracy , and economic inequality . The particular implementation of government programs which may seem purely humanitarian , such as disaster relief , can actually be a form of class conflict . In the USA class conflict is often noted in labor / management disputes . As far back as 1933 representative Edward Hamilton of ALPA , the Airline Pilot 's Association , used the term `` class warfare '' to describe airline management 's opposition at the National Labor Board hearings in October of that year . Apart from these day - to - day forms of class conflict , during periods of crisis or revolution class conflict takes on a violent nature and involves repression , assault , restriction of civil liberties , and murderous violence such as assassinations or death squads . ( Zinn , People 's History ) Thomas Jefferson , United states ( edit ) Although Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ) led the United States as president from 1801 -- 1809 and is considered one of the founding fathers , he died with immense amounts of debt . Regarding the interaction between social classes , he wrote , I am convinced that those societies ( as the Indians ) which live without government enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments . Among the former , public opinion is in the place of law , & restrains morals as powerfully as laws ever did anywhere . Among the latter , under pretence of governing they have divided their nations into two classes , wolves & sheep . I do not exaggerate . This is a true picture of Europe . Cherish therefore the spirit of our people , and keep alive their attention . Do not be too severe upon their errors , but reclaim them by enlightening them . If once they become inattentive to the public affairs , you & I , & Congress & Assemblies , judges & governors shall all become wolves . It seems to be the law of our general nature , in spite of individual exceptions ; and experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his own kind , for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe , and to the general prey of the rich on the poor . -- Thomas Jefferson , Letter to Edward Carrington - January 16 , 1787 Warren Buffett , United states ( edit ) The investor , and billionaire , and philanthropist Warren Buffett , one of the 10 wealthiest persons in the world , voiced in 2005 and once more in 2006 his view that his class -- the `` rich class '' -- is waging class warfare on the rest of society . In 2005 Buffet said to CNN : `` It 's class warfare , my class is winning , but they should n't be . '' In a November 2006 interview in The New York Times , Buffett stated that `` ( t ) here 's class warfare all right , but it 's my class , the rich class , that 's making war , and we 're winning . '' Later Warren gave away more than half of his fortune to charitable causes through a program developed by himself and computer software tycoon Bill Gates . In 2011 Buffett called on government legislators to , `` ... stop coddling the super rich . '' Noam Chomsky ( edit ) Noam Chomsky , 2004 Noam Chomsky , American linguist , philosopher , and political activist has criticized class war in the United States : Well , there 's always a class war going on . The United States , to an unusual extent , is a business - run society , more so than others . The business classes are very class - conscious -- they 're constantly fighting a bitter class war to improve their power and diminish opposition . Occasionally this is recognized ... The enormous benefits given to the very wealthy , the privileges for the very wealthy here , are way beyond those of other comparable societies and are part of the ongoing class war . Take a look at CEO salaries ... -- Noam Chomsky in OCCUPY : Class War , Rebellion and Solidarity , Second Edition ( November 5 , 2013 ) Max Weber , Germany ( edit ) Max Weber ( 1864 -- 1920 ) agrees with the fundamental ideas of Karl Marx about the economy causing class conflict , but claims that class conflict can also stem from prestige and power . Weber argues that classes come from the different property locations . Different locations can largely affect one 's class by their education and the people they associate with . He also states that prestige results in different status groupings . This prestige is based upon the social status of one 's parents . Prestige is an attributed value and many times can not be changed . Weber states that power differences led to the formation of political parties . Weber disagrees with Marx about the formation of classes . While Marx believes that groups are similar due to their economic status , Weber argues that classes are largely formed by social status . Weber does not believe that communities are formed by economic standing , but by similar social prestige . Weber does recognize that there is a relationship between social status , social prestige and classes . Arab Spring ( edit ) Numerous factors have culminated in what 's known as the Arab Spring . Agenda behind the civil unrest , and the ultimate overthrow of authoritarian governments throughout the Middle - East included issues such as dictatorship or absolute monarchy , human rights violations , government corruption ( demonstrated by Wikileaks diplomatic cables ) , economic decline , unemployment , extreme poverty , and a number of demographic structural factors , such as a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the population . Also , some , like Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek attribute the 2009 Iranian protests as one of the reasons behind the Arab Spring . The catalysts for the revolts in all Northern African and Persian Gulf countries have been the concentration of wealth in the hands of autocrats in power for decades , insufficient transparency of its redistribution , corruption , and especially the refusal of the youth to accept the status quo . as they involve threats to food security worldwide and prices that approach levels of the 2007 -- 2008 world food price crisis . Amnesty International singled out Wikileaks ' release of US diplomatic cables as a catalyst for the revolts . Socialism ( edit ) Main article : Socialism Marxist perspectives ( edit ) Karl Marx , 1875 Karl Marx ( 1818 -- 1883 ) was a German born philosopher who lived the majority of his adult life in London , England . In The Communist Manifesto , Karl Marx argued that a class is formed when its members achieve class consciousness and solidarity . This largely happens when the members of a class become aware of their exploitation and the conflict with another class . A class will then realize their shared interests and a common identity . According to Marx , a class will then take action against those that are exploiting the lower classes . What Marx points out is that members of each of the two main classes have interests in common . These class or collective interests are in conflict with those of the other class as a whole . This in turn leads to conflict between individual members of different classes . Marxist analysis of society identifies two main social groups : Labour ( the proletariat or workers ) includes anyone who earns their livelihood by selling their labor power and being paid a wage or salary for their labor time . They have little choice but to work for capital , since they typically have no independent way to survive . Capital ( the bourgeoisie or capitalists ) includes anyone who gets their income not from labor as much as from the surplus value they appropriate from the workers who create wealth . The income of the capitalists , therefore , is based on their exploitation of the workers ( proletariat ) . Not all class struggle is violent or necessarily radical , as with strikes and lockouts . Class antagonism may instead be expressed as low worker morale , minor sabotage and pilferage , and individual workers ' abuse of petty authority and hoarding of information . It may also be expressed on a larger scale by support for socialist or populist parties . On the employers ' side , the use of union busting legal firms and the lobbying for anti-union laws are forms of class struggle . Not all class struggle is a threat to capitalism , or even to the authority of an individual capitalist . A narrow struggle for higher wages by a small sector of the working - class , what is often called `` economism '' , hardly threatens the status quo . In fact , by applying the craft - union tactics of excluding other workers from skilled trades , an economistic struggle may even weaken the working class as a whole by dividing it . Class struggle becomes more important in the historical process as it becomes more general , as industries are organized rather than crafts , as workers ' class consciousness rises , and as they self - organize away from political parties . Marx referred to this as the progress of the proletariat from being a class `` in itself '' , a position in the social structure , to being one `` for itself '' , an active and conscious force that could change the world . Marx largely focuses on the capital industrialist society as the source of social stratification , which ultimately results in class conflict . He states that capitalism creates a division between classes which can largely be seen in manufacturing factories . The proletariat , is separated from the bourgeoisie because production becomes a social enterprise . Contributing to their separation is the technology that is in factories . Technology de-skills and alienates workers as they are no longer viewed as having a specialized skill . Another effect of technology is a homogenous workforce that can be easily replaceable . Marx believed that this class conflict would result in the overthrow of the bourgeoisie and that the private property would be communally owned . The mode of production would remain , but communal ownership would eliminate class conflict . Even after a revolution , the two classes would struggle , but eventually the struggle would recede and the classes dissolve . As class boundaries broke down , the state apparatus would wither away . According to Marx , the main task of any state apparatus is to uphold the power of the ruling class ; but without any classes there would be no need for a state . That would lead to the classless , stateless communist society . The Soviet union and similar societies ( edit ) A variety of predominantly trotskyist and anarchist thinkers argue that class conflict existed in Soviet - style societies . Their arguments describe as a class the bureaucratic stratum formed by the ruling political party ( known as the Nomenklatura in the Soviet Union ) -- sometimes termed a `` new class ''. -- that controls and guides the means of production . This ruling class is viewed to be in opposition to the remainder of society , generally considered the proletariat . This type of system is referred by them as state socialism , state capitalism , bureaucratic collectivism or new class societies . ( Cliff ; Ðilas 1957 ) Marxism was such a predominate ideological power in what became the Soviet Union since a Marxist group known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was formed in the country , prior to 1917 . This party soon divided into two main factions ; the Bolsheviks , who were led by Vladimir Lenin , and the Mensheviks , who were led by Julius Martov . However many Marxist argue that unlike in Capitalism , the Soviet elites did n't own the Means of production , or generated surplus value for their personal wealth like in capitalism , as the generated profit from the economy was equally distributed into Soviet society . Even some trotskyist like Ernest Mandel criticized the concept of a new ruling class as an oxymoron . He said : `` The hypothesis of the bureaucracy 's being a new ruling class leads to the conclusion that , for the first time in history , we are confronted with a `` ruling class '' which does not exist as a class before it actually rules . '' Non-marxist perspectives ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) Social commentators , historians and socialist theorists had commented on class struggle for some time before Marx , as well as the connection between class struggle , property , and law : Augustin Thierry , François Guizot , François - Auguste Mignet and Adolphe Thiers . The Physiocrats , David Ricardo , and after Marx , Henry George noted the inelastic supply of land and argued that this created certain privileges ( economic rent ) for landowners . According to the historian Arnold Toynbee , stratification along lines of class appears only within civilizations , and furthermore only appears during the process of a civilization 's decline while not characterizing the growth phase of a civilization . Proudhon , in What is Property ? ( 1840 ) states that `` certain classes do not relish investigation into the pretended titles to property , and its fabulous and perhaps scandalous history . '' While Proudhon saw the solution as the lower classes forming an alternative , solidarity economy centered on cooperatives and self - managed workplaces , which would slowly undermine and replace capitalist class society , the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin while influenced by Proudhon , insisted that a massive class struggle , by the working class , peasantry and poor , was essential to the creation of libertarian socialism . This would require a ( final ) showdown in the form of a social revolution . Fascists have often opposed class struggle and instead have attempted to appeal to the working class while promising to preserve the existing social classes and have proposed an alternative concept known as class collaboration . Class vs. race struggle ( edit ) Main article : False consciousness Jobless Black workers in the heat of the Philadelphia summer , United States , 1973 Consistent with its internationalist perspective , Orthodox Marxism , and most left tendencies , reject racism , sexism , etc. as struggles within the capitalist order which are distractions from class struggle , the real conflict , which prevent the purported antagonists from acting in their common class interest . According to Michel Foucault , in the 19th century the essentialist notion of the `` race '' was incorporated by racists , biologists , and eugenicists , who gave it the modern sense of `` biological race '' which was then integrated to `` state racism '' . On the other hand , Foucault claims that when Marxists developed their concept of `` class struggle '' , they were partly inspired by the older , non-biological notions of the `` race '' and the `` race struggle '' . In a letter to Friedrich Engels in 1882 Karl Marx wrote : You know very well where we found our idea of class struggle ; we found it in the work of the French historians who talked about the race struggle . For Foucault , the theme of social war provides the overriding principle that connects class and race struggle . Moses Hess , an important theoretician and labor zionist of the early socialist movement , in his `` Epilogue '' to `` Rome and Jerusalem '' argued that `` the race struggle is primary , the class struggle secondary ... With the cessation of race antagonism , the class struggle will also come to a standstill . The equalization of all classes of society will necessarily follow the emancipation of all the races , for it will ultimately become a scientific question of social economics . '' In modern times , emerging schools of thought in the U.S. and other countries hold the opposite to be true . They argue that the race struggle is less important , because the primary struggle is that of class since labor of all races face the same problems and injustices . Chronology ( edit ) Riots with a basically nationalist background are not included . Classical antiquity ( edit ) Conflict of the Orders Roman Servile Wars Middle Ages ( edit ) Ciompi in Florence 1378 Peasants ' Revolt in England 1381 Jacquerie - France 14th century Modern era ( edit ) The rebellion of György Dózsa in 1514 spread like lightning in the Kingdom of Hungary where hundreds of manor - houses and castles were burnt and thousands of the gentry killed . German Peasants ' War since 1524 English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) ( Diggers ) French Revolution since 1789 Canut revolts in Lyon since 1831 - often considered as the beginning of the modern labor movement Revolutions of 1848 France ( et al . ) Paris Commune 1871 Donghak Peasant Revolution in Korea 1893 / 94 1905 Russian Revolution 1907 Romanian Peasants ' Revolt Mexican Revolution since 1910 October Revolution in 1917 Spartacist uprising in Germany 1919 Seattle General Strike of 1919 in Seattle General Strike of 1919 in Spain Winnipeg General Strike 1919 Ruhr Uprising in Germany 1920 Kronstadt rebellion 1921 Hamburg Uprising 1923 1926 United Kingdom general strike 1934 West Coast waterfront strike Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939 Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong 1947 - 1950 Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Telangana Rebellion Cuban Revolution 1953 - 1959 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 - foundation of worker 's councils Poznań 1956 protests Mai 68 in France Battle of Valle Giulia 1968 Italy Wild cats in Western Germany in 1969 Several strikes by coal miners in the UK : 1969 1972 1974 1984 - 85 Winter of Discontent 1978 / 79 1993 Russian constitutional crisis 2006 Oaxaca protests in Mexico 2008 Greek riots Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Egyptian Revolution of 2011 2011 England riots World Social Forum World Economic Forum See also ( edit ) Class consciousness Classicide Classism Class collaboration Classless society Conflict of the Orders Deformed workers state Degenerated workers state Economic inequality Economic stratification Exploitation Green Mountain Anarchist Collective Johnson County War Labor union No War But The Class War Occupy movement Popular revolt in late medieval Europe Propaganda of the deed Revolution Sharecropping Slave rebellion Social class Socialist Harmonious Society Taxation The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective , NEFAC - VT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ; et al. ( 1848 ) . The Communist Manifesto. ( 1 ) : www.marxists.org . Jump up ^ The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World G.E.M. DE Ste . Croix Cornell University Press 1981 ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9597 - 0 Jump up ^ Frederick Engels , The Peasant War in Germany , marxists.org Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Soros : Why I Support the Buffett Rule '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill ( 12 December 2013 ) . The Great American Class War . Brennan Center for Justice . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Pathology of the Rich - Chris Hedges on Reality Asserts Itself pt1 The Real News . 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hedges , Chris ( 20 October 2013 ) . Let 's Get This Class War Started . Truthdig . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Full Show : The New Robber Barons . Moyers & Company . December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg Palast , Burn baby burn http://www.gregpalast.com/burn-baby-burnthe-california-celebrity-fires/ Jump up ^ Kaps , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Air Transport Labor Relations . Section 3 : Major Collective Bargaining Legislation : Southern Illinois Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 1776 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . `` Letter to Edward Carrington - January 16 , 1787 '' . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/ Jump up ^ Buffett : ' There are lots of loose nukes around the world ' CNN.com Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( Nov 26 , 2006 ) . `` In Class Warfare , Guess Which Class is Winning '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Warren Buffett Gives Away Fortune '' . Huffington Post . 4 / 12 / 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( Nov 2011 ) . `` Stop Coddling the Super Rich '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 2013 ) , OCCUPY : Class War , Rebellion and Solidarity , Second Edition ( November 5 , 2013 ) , Zuccotti Park Press , retrieved October 14 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Blackwell Reference Online. ( 2 ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cockburn , Alexander ( 18 -- 20 February 2011 ) . `` The Tweet and Revolution '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Korotayev A , Zinkina J ( 2011 ) . `` Egyptian Revolution : A Demographic Structural Analysis '' . Entelequia . Revista Interdisciplinar. 13 : 139 -- 165 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics of the Arab League , computed by Wolfram Alpha '' . Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad row with Khamenei intensifies '' . Al Jazeera. 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ecker , Al - Riffai , Perrihan . `` Economics of the Arab awakening '' . International Food Policy Research Institute . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Other Arab Spring April 7 , 2012 Thomas L. Friedman New York Times Op Ed Jump up ^ Javid , Salman Ansari ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` Arab dictatorships inundated by food price protests '' . Tehran Times . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Walker Amnesty International hails WikiLeaks and Guardian as Arab spring ' catalysts ' , in The Guardian , Friday 13 May 2011 Jump up ^ Đilas , Milovan ( 1983 , 1957 ) . The New Class : An Analysis of the Communist System ( paperback ed . ) . San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 665489 - X . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Harpal , Brar ( October 1993 ) . Trotskyism or Leninism ? . London . p. 647 . ISBN 1874613036 . Jump up ^ Ernest , Mandel . `` Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class ( 1979 ) '' . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Augustin Thierry : Recueil des monuments inédits de l'histoire du Tiers état Jump up ^ Toynbee , Arnold ( 1947 ) . `` The Nature of Disintegration '' . In Dorothea Grace Somervell . A Study of History : Abridgment of Volumes I - VI . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 365 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505081 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pierre Proudhon , What is Property ? , chapter 2 , remark 2 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Society Must be Defended by Michel Foucault ( trans . David Macey ) , London : Allen Lane , Penguin Press ( 1976 , 2003 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler , Race and the Education of Desire : Foucault 's `` History of Sexuality '' and the Colonial Order of Things , Duke University Press ( 1995 ) , p. 71 - 72 Jump up ^ quoted in Prophecy and Politics : Socialism , Nationalism , and the Russian Jews by Jonathan Frankel , Cambridge University Press ( 1981 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , John H. ( 1995 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Ye Are the Salt of the Earth '' . The Wonder of Grace . Shippensburg , Pennsylvania : Companion Press . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 56043 - 572 - 0 . The system that was supposed to treat all men equally actually created a class society . Jump up ^ see Daniel Guérin , Class Struggle in the First French Republic , Pluto Press 1977 Further reading ( edit ) Class & Class Conflict in Industrial Society , Ralf Dahrendorf , Stanford University Press , 1959 , trade paperback , 336 pages , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0561 - 5 ( also available in hardback as ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0560 - 7 and ISBN 1 - 131 - 15573 - 4 ) . The Global Class War : How America 's Bipartisan Elite Lost Our Future and What It Will Take to Win It Back Jeff Faux , John Wiley and Sons . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 69761 - 9 Li Yi. 2005 . The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification . University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3331 - 5 The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest : 1500 to the Present , ed. by Immanuel Ness , Malden , MA ( etc . ) : Wiley & Sons , 2009 . Louis Adamic , Dynamite : The story of class violence in America , Revised Edition ( 1934 ) Leo Zeilig ( Editor ) , Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa , New Clarion Press , 2002 . Gerson Antell / Walter Harris , `` Economics For Everybody '' , Amsco School Publications , 2007 Mathew Maavak , `` Class Warfare , Anarchy and the Future Society '' , Journal of Futures Studies , December 2012 , 17 ( 2 ) : 15 - 36 The Black Bloc Papers : An Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1988 - 2005 , by Xavier Massot & David Van Deusen of the Green Mountain Anarchist Collective ( NEFAC - VT ) , Breaking Glass Press , 2010 . A Communiqué on Tactics and Organization to the Black Bloc , from within the Black Bloc , by The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective ( NEFAC - VT ) & Columbus Anti-Racist Action , Black Clover Press , 2001 . Neither Washington Nor Stowe : Common Sense For The Working Vermonter , by David Van Deusen and the Green Mountain Anarchist Collective ( NEFAC - VT ) , Catamount Tavern Press , 2004 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Class conflict 2008 - 2010 Study : CEOs Who Fired Most Workers Earned Highest Pay - video report by Democracy Now ! Blair Community Center and Museum to help preserve and understand the largest labor uprising in US history -- the Battle of Blair Mountain . Let 's Get This Class War Started . Chris Hedges , Truthdig . GND : 4130866 - 9 NDL : 00564602 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Class_conflict&oldid=808646517 '' Categories : Socialism Political science Social classes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2014 Articles to be expanded from November 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 05 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who argued that class struggles were what led to historical progress and development
[ "The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin argued that the class struggle of the working class, peasantry and poor had the potential to lead to a social revolution involving the overthrow of ruling elites, and the creation of libertarian socialism. This was only a potential, and class struggle was, he argued, not always the only or decisive factor in society, but it was central. By contrast, Marxists argue that class conflict always plays the decisive and pivotal role in the history of class-based hierarchical systems such as capitalism and feudalism.[1] Marxists refer to its overt manifestations as class war, a struggle whose resolution in favor of the working class is viewed by them as inevitable under plutocratic capitalism." ]
[ "Mikhail Bakunin" ]
-7944650015949195415
She Walks in Beauty
She walks in beauty - wikipedia She walks in beauty Jump to : navigation , search She Walks in Beauty She walks in beauty , like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies ; And all that 's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes : Thus mellow 'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies . One shade the more , one ray the less , Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress , Or softly lightens o'er her face ; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure , how dear their dwelling - place . And on that cheek , and o'er that brow , So soft , so calm , yet eloquent , The smiles that win , the tints that glow , But tell of days in goodness spent , A mind at peace with all below , A heart whose love is innocent ! `` She Walks in Beauty '' is a short lyrical poem in iambic tetrameter written in 1813 by Lord Byron , and is one of his most famous works . It is said to have been inspired by an event in Byron 's life ; while at a ball , Byron saw Mrs. Anne Beatrix Wilmot , the wife of his cousin , Robert Wilmot . He was struck by her unusual beauty , and the next morning the poem was written . It is thought that she was the first inspiration for his unfinished epic poem about Goethe , a personal hero of his . In this unpublished work , which Byron referred to in his letters as his magnum opus , he switches the gender of Goethe and gives him the same description of his cousin . This idea would have truly put Byron on the avant - garde . Cultural references ( edit ) Literature The first two verses are cited in the novel The Philadelphian by Richard P. Powell . The poem is also referenced in a House of Night book , where Nathan , in his reminiscences of Byron , suggests ( without any justification ) that the subject of the poem may have been Byron 's half - sister , Augusta Leigh . Musical settings The poem has inspired various composers over time , including Roger Quilter , Gerald Finzi , Isaac Nathan , Nicolas Flagello , Connor J. Koppin and Chanticleer Men 's Chorus Conductor / Composer Eric Barnum . The first line of British rock band Suede 's song ' Heroine ' is ' She walks in beauty , like the night . ' Television The first four lines of the poem are recited by Major Charles Winchester , played by David Ogden Stiers , in the 1979 M * A * S * H episode Ai n't Love Grand . Also in an episode of The Cosby Show when mother , Clair Huxtable recites the poem to her former professor of Hillman College . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cummings , Michael J. ( 2008 ) `` Byron 's She Walks in Beauty '' at Cummings Study Guides . Accessed 10 July 2014 Jump up ^ The complete works of Lord Byron , A. and W. Galignani , 1841 , p. 254 Jump up ^ `` Suede - Heroine Lyrics SongMeanings '' . SongMeanings . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Works related to She walks in beauty at Wikisource Lord Byron Topics Barony of Byron The Byronic hero Early life Newstead Abbey Timeline of Lord Byron People Anne Isabella , Lady Byron ( wife ) Ada Lovelace ( daughter ) Allegra Byron ( daughter ) John Byron ( father ) Claire Clairmont Nicolo Giraud Contessa Guiccioli Jane Harley John Cam Hobhouse Lady Caroline Lamb Augusta Leigh ( maternal half - sister ) Medora Leigh Thomas Moore John William Polidori Walter Scott Mary Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley Edward John Trelawny Longer poetry Hours of Idleness ( 1807 ) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers ( 1809 ) The Giaour ( 1813 ) The Bride of Abydos ( 1813 ) The Corsair ( 1814 ) Lara , A Tale ( 1814 ) Hebrew Melodies ( 1815 ) The Siege of Corinth ( 1816 ) Parisina ( 1816 ) The Prisoner of Chillon ( 1816 ) The Dream ( 1816 ) Prometheus ( 1816 ) `` Darkness '' ( 1816 ) The Lament of Tasso ( 1817 ) Beppo ( 1818 ) Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ( 1812 - 1818 ) Don Juan ( 1819 -- 1824 ; incomplete upon Byron 's death in 1824 ) Mazeppa ( 1819 ) The Prophecy of Dante ( 1819 ) The Vision of Judgment ( 1821 ) The Age of Bronze ( 1823 ) The Island ( 1823 ) Plays Manfred ( 1817 ) Marino Faliero ( 1820 ) Sardanapalus ( 1821 ) The Two Foscari ( 1821 ) Cain ( 1821 ) Heaven and Earth ( 1821 ) Werner ( 1822 ) The Deformed Transformed ( 1822 ) Shorter poetry `` The First Kiss of Love '' ( 1806 ) `` Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination '' ( 1806 ) `` To a Beautiful Quaker '' ( 1807 ) `` The Cornelian '' ( 1807 ) `` Lines Addressed to a Young Lady '' ( 1807 ) `` Lachin y Gair '' ( 1807 ) `` Epitaph to a Dog '' ( 1808 ) `` Maid of Athens , ere we part '' ( 1810 ) `` She Walks in Beauty '' ( 1814 ) `` My Soul is Dark '' ( 1815 ) `` The Destruction of Sennacherib '' ( 1815 ) `` Fare Thee Well '' ( 1816 ) `` When We Two Parted '' ( 1817 ) `` Love 's Last Adieu '' `` So , we 'll go no more a roving '' ( 1830 ) Prose Fragment of a Novel ( 1819 ) Letters Related Byron ( 1908 play ) Lord Byron ( 1972 opera ) Childe Byron ( 1977 play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Walks_in_Beauty&oldid=828024068 '' Categories : Poetry by Lord Byron 1814 poems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Talk About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 02 : 57 . About Wikipedia
when did lord byron write she walks in beauty
[ "\"She Walks in Beauty\" is a short lyrical poem in iambic tetrameter written in 1813 by Lord Byron, and is one of his most famous works." ]
[ "in 1813" ]
1723955144604806110
Area code 575
Area code 575 - wikipedia Area code 575 Jump to : navigation , search Map of area codes for the state of New Mexico and bordering regions . Area code 575 is an area code in the U.S. state of New Mexico . It serves the remainder of the state outside the Albuquerque , Santa Fe , Farmington , and Gallup metropolitan and micropolitan areas , which remain in area code 505 . The new code became effective on October 7 , 2007 , splitting from area code 505 . Since October 2007 , it is the last area code in the United States introduced by a split from a previously existing code . All new area codes added in the U.S. since the introduction of 575 have been overlays , in which the new code serves the same geographic area as the previous code . Since the same above date , there are no splits currently proposed or being considered , with the cancellation of the proposed splits of area code 814 and area code 270 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Planning Letter 358 : 505 NPA ; 2 - way Split , Creating 575 NPA -- New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . North American Numbering Plan Administration . December 21 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PSC Selects Overlay for New Area Code in Western Kentucky '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Kentucky Public Service Commission . December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) NANPA Area Code Map of New Mexico List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com , 575 Area Code New Mexico area codes : 505 , 575 North : 505 , 719 , 970 West : 505 , 520 , 928 area code 575 East : 432 , 580 , 806 South : 432 , 915 , country code + 52 in Mexico Arizona area codes : 480 , 520 , 602 , 623 , 928 Colorado area codes : 303 , 719 , 720 , 970 Oklahoma area codes : 405 , 580 , 918 / 539 Texas area codes : 210 , 214 , 254 , 281 , 325 , 346 , 361 , 409 , 430 , 432 , 469 , 512 , 682 , 713 , 737 , 806 , 817 , 830 , 832 , 903 , 915 , 936 , 940 , 956 , 972 , 979 Coordinates : 45 ° 30 ′ N 123 ° 00 ′ W  /  45.500 ° N 123.000 ° W  / 45.500 ; - 123.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_code_575&oldid=789666596 '' Categories : Area codes in the United States Area codes in New Mexico Talk About Wikipedia Français Hrvatski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2017 , at 19 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the area code 575 located in
[ "Area code 575 is an area code in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It serves the remainder of the state outside the Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Farmington, and Gallup metropolitan and micropolitan areas, which remain in area code 505. The new code became effective on October 7, 2007, splitting from area code 505.[1]" ]
[ "New Mexico" ]
-7835770966066552128
Great Allegheny Passage
Great Allegheny Passage - wikipedia Great Allegheny Passage It has been suggested that Youghiogheny River Trail be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2018 . Great Allegheny Passage Length 150 mi ( 241 km ) Location Western Pennsylvania and Maryland Designation National Recreation Trail USBR 50 Trailheads Cumberland , Maryland 39 ° 38 ′ 55 '' N 78 ° 45 ′ 44 '' W  /  39.64863 ° N 78.76210 ° W  / 39.64863 ; - 78.76210 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 40 ° 26 ′ 06 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.43504 ° N 79.99611 ° W  / 40.43504 ; - 79.99611 Use Hiking , cycling Elevation Elevation change western : 1,066 feet ( 325 m ) ; eastern 1,786 feet ( 544 m ) Highest point Eastern Continental Divide just east of Deal , Pennsylvania , 2,392 ft ( 729 m ) Lowest point east end : 606 feet ( 185 m ) at Cumberland , Maryland ; west end : 720 feet ( 220 m ) at Point State Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Grade 2 % maximum Hiking details Hazards Severe weather , Traffic ( Pittsburgh ) Surface Crushed limestone Right of way Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Union Railroad Western Maryland Railway Frostburg trailhead , from top of access trail The Great Allegheny Passage ( GAP ) is a rail trail in Maryland and Pennsylvania -- the central trail of a network of long - distance hiker - biker trails throughout the Allegheny region of the Appalachian Mountains , connecting Washington , D.C. to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The GAP 's first 9 - mile ( 14 km ) section near Ohiopyle , Pennsylvania , opened in 1986 . The 9 - mile ( 14 km ) section between Woodcock Hollow and Cumberland opened on December 13 , 2006 . In June 2013 , thirty - five years after construction first began , the final GAP section was completed ( from West Homestead to Pittsburgh ) at an overall cost of $80 million and gave Pennsylvania the `` most open trail miles in the nation '' ( 900 miles , with 1,110 miles under development ) . The completion project was titled The Point Made , because it was now possible to reach Point State Park in Pittsburgh from Washington , D.C. Celebrations took place on June 15 , 2013 . The multi-use trail , suitable for biking and walking , uses defunct corridors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad , Union Railroad and the Western Maryland Railway -- extending 150 miles ( 240 km ) from Cumberland , Maryland to Point State Park in downtown Pittsburgh ( currently using Second Avenue in Pittsburgh , with plans underway to create an independent trail ) , and includes the 52 - mile ( 84 km ) branch ( Montour Trail ) to the Pittsburgh International Airport . Completing a continuous , non-motorized corridor from Point State Park 335 miles ( 539 km ) to Washington , D.C. , the GAP connects with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath trail , which runs 184.5 miles ( 296.9 km ) between Cumberland and Washington , D.C. The Allegheny Trail Alliance ( ATA ) -- a coalition of seven trail organizations related to the GAP ( Friends of the Riverfront , Steel Valley Trail , Regional Trail Corporation , Ohiopyle State Park , and Mountains Maryland ) maintains the 150 -- mile GAP , which is also a segment of the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail , one of eight nationally designated scenic trails . The trail 's formal name , the Great Allegheny Passage , was selected in 2001 by the ATA `` after six years and more than 100 proposals '' as `` a name evocative of the geography and historical heritage '' of the trail , having been suggested by Bill Metzger , editor of the ATA newsletter . The trail used a temporary name , the `` Cumberland and Pittsburgh Trail '' , before its official name was adopted . The second runner - up title for the trail was the `` Allegheny Frontier Trail '' . Contents 1 Landmarks 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Landmarks ( edit ) The route is traversed by `` through - travelers '' including hikers , backpackers and cyclists -- in portion or entirety . Notable landmarks along the trail include : Point State Park in downtown Pittsburgh , where the Allegheny River meets the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River Carrie Furnace , part of the Steel Valley Heritage Trail , along the Monongahela River . Kennywood amusement park near Duquesne , Pennsylvania ; this section of the trail was restricted during September 2013 due to a landslide . Dead Man 's Hollow , former site of the Union Sewer Pipe Company located outside of McKeesport , Pennsylvania , now a 440 - acre nature preserve and spur trail Dravo Cemetery , originally the Seneca tribe 's village known as Cyrie , later the home of the Dravo Methodist Church and Cemetery . Now a popular camping area and rest spot near Buena Vista , Pennsylvania . Connellsville trestles , 2 long bridges near Connellsville , PA Ohiopyle State Park , bisected by the Youghiogheny , the most popular whitewater destination on the east coast . Fallingwater , a national architectural landmark designed by Frank Lloyd Wright . Located very close to the trail , but not accessible from it . Pinkerton Trestles and Tunnel , a trestle , 849 feet ( 259 m ) long tunnel ( unlighted ; reopened in 2015 ) and trestle between the Markleton and Fort Hill trailheads Salisbury Viaduct , 1,908 feet ( 0.4 mi ; 0.6 km ) , up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) high across the Casselman River valley Meyersdale , Pennsylvania Museum Bollman Truss Bridge in Meyersdale , one of the two surviving cast - iron truss bridges in North America the Eastern Continental Divide , the highest point of the trail , passes through a short tunnel with murals of the area 's history and a map of the trail 's elevation contours . Big Savage Tunnel , 3,295 feet ( 0.6 mi ; 1.0 km ) , the lit tunnel , carries the trail through Big Savage Mountain two miles east of the Eastern Continental Divide with a scenic vista just east of the tunnel -- closed December 1 to April 1 in protection from seasonal snow and ice . Mason -- Dixon line : the border where the trail crosses between Pennsylvania and Maryland Borden Tunnel : 957 feet ( 292 m ) long , unlighted . Western Maryland Scenic Railroad , a working steam railroad operating next to the trail from Cumberland , Maryland to the college town of Frostburg , Maryland ( and return ) , along the original trackage of the Western Maryland Railway . Brush Tunnel : 914 feet ( 279 m ) long , lighted ; the trail and the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad share this tunnel and pass through it side - by - side . Cumberland Bone Cave : ( two or three miles west of Cumberland , Maryland : an archeological site containing bones of saber - toothed cats and other extinct animals , discovered during construction of the railroad . Canal Place , the head of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ( C&O ) in Cumberland , Maryland , where the C&O meets the former Western Maryland Railway ( WM ) and rail - trail . Main article : Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Allegheny Mountains along the trail route See also ( edit ) Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Montour Trail Ohio River Trail Three Rivers Heritage Trail Erie to Pittsburgh Trail Youghiogheny River Trail List of rail trails References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meeting Minutes for October 17 , 2013 , and Report to SCOH October 18 , 2013 ( Addendum October 28 , 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Denver , Colorado : Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering , American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://bicycletimesmag.com/pennsylvania-becomes-25th-state-to-join-u-s-bicycle-route-system/ Jump up ^ Thomson , Candus ( 2006 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Trail 's opening eyed as path to prosperity '' . The Baltimore Sun . p. 2 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New bike path portion open for business in Maryland '' . The Washington Times . 2006 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jones , Diana Nelson ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` Riders hit trail as last link in Great Allegheny Passage opens '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Jones , Diana Nelson ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Bicyclists celebrate reaching end of Great Allegheny Passage trail '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Hopey , Don ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` 150 - mile bike trail dubbed the Great Allegheny Passage '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail '' . National Park Service . 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-south/repairs-to-begin-monday-at-trail-landslide-near-kennywood-703479/ Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/outdoors/2015/08/29/Biking-1/stories/201508290061 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Allegheny Passage . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Allegheny Trail Alliance - comprehensive GAP web site Youghiogheny River Trail Pennsylvania DCNR Trail web page U.S. National Park Service , C&O Canal Towpath web page GAP Graphic Identity and Sign Guidelines Manual Hiking trails in Maryland Allegheny Highlands American Discovery Anacostia Tributaries Appalachian B&A Billy Goat Borden Tunnel BWI Capital Crescent Catoctin C&O Canal College Park Trolley Cross Island Dalecarlia Tunnel East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental GAP Great Eastern Grist Mill Gwynns Falls Jones Falls Ma and Pa Mason - Dixon Metropolitan Branch North Bethesda Patuxent Branch Potomac Heritage Rachel Carson Savage Mill Short Line Sligo Creek Torrey C. Brown ( Northern Central ) Trolley Line # 9 Tuscarora WB&A WMRT Hiking trails in Pennsylvania Allegheny Front Appalachian Baker Black Forest Brandywine Bucktail Path Chester Valley Chuck Keiper Conestoga Cresheim Cross County Darlington Donut Hole Evansburg Forbes Road GAP GET Glacier Ridge Golden Eagle Horse - Shoe John P. Saylor Laurel Highlands Liberty Bell Lost Turkey Lower Loyalsock Mason - Dixon Mid State Mill Creek Montour North Country Old Loggers Path Panhandle Pennypack Perkiomen Pinchot Pine Creek Potomac Heritage Power Line Quebec Run Quehanna Rachel Carson Rock Run Schuylkill East Schuylkill River Standing Stone Struble Susquehannock Tanbark Terrace Mountain Thunder Swamp Tuscarora US 202 Parkway Valley Forge Warrior West Rim Wissahickon Youghiogheny River Rail trails in Pennsylvania Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike Beaver River Chester Valley Conewago Recreation Trail Cumberland County Cumberland Valley Cynwyd Heritage D&L Trail East Coast Greenway Erie to Pittsburgh Five Star Ghost Town Great Allegheny Passage Great Shamokin Greene River Indian Creek Valley Ironton Ivy Ridge Jonathan Eshenour Memorial Lackawanna River Heritage Lebanon Valley Lehigh Gorge LeTort Spring Run Liberty Bell Lower Montour Northwest River Ohio River Palmer Panhandle Pennypack Perkiomen Pine Creek Plainfield Township Radnor Saucon Schuylkill River Sheepskin Stony Valley Struble Susquehanna Warrior Swatara State Park Switchback Three Rivers Heritage Westmoreland Heritage West Penn York County Heritage Youghiogheny River City of Pittsburgh History Timeline Dialect Media List of people from Pittsburgh Skyscrapers Government Airport Conventions City Hall Courthouse Mayor Council Events InterGov Police D.A. 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where does the great allegheny passage start in pittsburgh
[ "The GAP's first 9-mile (14 km) section near Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania, opened in 1986.[3] The 9-mile (14 km) section between Woodcock Hollow and Cumberland opened on December 13, 2006.[4] In June 2013, thirty-five years after construction first began, the final GAP section was completed (from West Homestead to Pittsburgh) at an overall cost of $80 million[5] and gave Pennsylvania the \"most open trail miles in the nation\"[6] (900 miles, with 1,110 miles under development).[7] The completion project was titled The Point Made, because it was now possible to reach Point State Park in Pittsburgh from Washington, D.C. Celebrations took place on June 15, 2013.\n" ]
[ "Point State Park in Pittsburgh" ]
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The Andy Griffith Show
The Andy Griffith show - wikipedia The Andy Griffith show For other uses , see Andy Griffith ( disambiguation ) . The Andy Griffith Show Play media Opening sequence including `` The Fishin ' Hole '' Genre Sitcom Created by Sheldon Leonard Starring Andy Griffith Ronny Howard Don Knotts Frances Bavier Narrated by Colin Male ( 1960 -- 64 ) Theme music composer Earle Hagen and Herbert W. Spencer Opening theme `` The Fishin ' Hole '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 249 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sheldon Leonard Danny Thomas Production location ( s ) Desilu Culver ( 1960 -- 67 ) Paramount Studios ( 1967 -- 68 ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 26 minutes Production company ( s ) Danny Thomas Enterprises Mayberry Enterprises Distributor Viacom Enterprises ( 1971 -- 1994 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1994 -- 2006 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Picture format Black - and - white ( 1960 -- 65 ) Color ( 1965 -- 68 ) 35 mm film Original broadcast : 4 : 3 480i ( SDTV ) Remastered : 4 : 3 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Monaural Original release October 3 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 03 ) -- April 1 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 01 ) Chronology Followed by Mayberry R.F.D. Related shows The Danny Thomas Show Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. The Andy Griffith Show is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from October 3 , 1960 , to April 1 , 1968 , with a total of 249 half - hour episodes spanning over eight seasons -- 159 in black and white and 90 in color . The series partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show . The show originally starred Andy Griffith in the role of Andy Taylor , the widowed sheriff of the fictional small community of Mayberry , North Carolina . Other major characters include Andy 's inept but well - meaning deputy , Barney Fife ( Don Knotts ) ; Andy 's spinster aunt and housekeeper , Bee Taylor ( Frances Bavier ) , and Andy 's precocious young son , Opie ( Ron Howard ) . Eccentric townspeople and temperamental girlfriends complete the cast . Regarding the tone of the show , Griffith said that despite a contemporary setting , the show evoked nostalgia , saying in a Today Show interview : `` Well , though we never said it , and though it was shot in the ' 60s , it had a feeling of the ' 30s . It was , when we were doing it , of a time gone by . '' The show also avoided unfavorable cultural aspects of this period , such as racism and segregation , by simply avoiding these topics with the all - white cast never encountering such situations . Black actors and actresses were only seen as background characters , and only one ( Rockne Tarkington ) ever had a speaking role on the show . The series never placed lower than seventh in the Nielsen ratings and ended its final season at number one . On separate occasions , it has been ranked by TV Guide as the 9th - best and 13th - best show in American television history . Though neither Griffith nor the show won awards during its 8 - season run , co-stars Knotts and Bavier accumulated a combined total of six Emmy Awards . The series spawned its own spin - off , Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. ( 1964 ) and a reunion telemovie , Return to Mayberry ( 1986 ) . After the eighth season , when Andy Griffith became one of the original cast members to leave the show , it was retitled Mayberry , R.F.D. , with Ken Berry and Buddy Foster replacing Andy Griffith and Ron Howard in new roles . In the new format , it ran an additional three seasons and 78 episodes , ending in 1971 . Reruns of the show are often aired to TV Land , MeTV and SundanceTV , while the complete series is available on DVD . The sitcom has also been made available on streaming video services such as Netflix . An annual festival celebrating the sitcom , Mayberry Days , is held each year in Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina . Contents 1 Origin 2 Production 2.1 Griffith 's development of Andy Taylor 3 Plot and characters 4 Episodes 5 Reruns , spinoffs , and reunions 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 6.2. 1 Emmys 6.2. 2 TV Land Awards 7 Merchandise and pop culture 8 Home media 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Origin ( edit ) Sheldon Leonard , producer of The Danny Thomas Show , and Danny Thomas hired veteran comedy writer Arthur Stander ( who had written many of the `` Danny Thomas '' episodes ) to create a pilot show for Andy Griffith , featuring him as justice of the peace and newspaper editor in a small town . At the time , Broadway , film , and radio star Griffith was interested in attempting a television role , and the William Morris Agency told Leonard that Griffith 's rural background and previous rustic characterizations were suited to the part . After conferences between Leonard and Griffith in New York , Griffith flew to Los Angeles and filmed the episode . On February 15 , 1960 , The Danny Thomas Show episode `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' aired . In the episode Griffith played fictional Sheriff Andy Taylor of Mayberry , North Carolina , who arrests Danny Williams ( Thomas 's character ) for running a stop sign . Future players in The Andy Griffith Show , Frances Bavier and Ron Howard , appeared in the episode as townspeople Henrietta Perkins and Opie Taylor ( the sheriff 's son ) . General Foods , sponsor of The Danny Thomas Show , had first access to the spin - off and committed to it immediately . On October 3 , 1960 , at 9 : 30 pm , The Andy Griffith Show made its debut . Production ( edit ) Knotts and Griffith as their characters in a still taken from the October 7 , 1965 one - hour variety special The Andy Griffith , Don Knotts , and Jim Nabors Show The sitcom 's production team included producers Aaron Ruben ( 1960 -- 65 ) and Bob Ross ( 1965 -- 68 ) . First - season writers ( many of whom worked in pairs ) included Jack Elinson , Charles Stewart , Arthur Stander and Frank Tarloff ( as `` David Adler '' ) , Benedict Freedman and John Fenton Murray , Leo Solomon and Ben Gershman , and Jim Fritzell and Everett Greenbaum . During season six , Greenbaum and Fritzell left the show and Ruben departed for Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. , a show which he owned in part . Writer Harvey Bullock left after season six . Bob Sweeney directed the first three seasons save the premiere . The show was filmed at Desilu Studios , with exteriors filmed at Forty Acres in Culver City , California . Woodsy locales were filmed north of Beverly Hills at Franklin Canyon . Don Knotts , who knew Griffith professionally and had seen The Danny Thomas Show episode , called Griffith during the developmental stages of the show and suggested the Sheriff character needed a deputy . Griffith agreed . Knotts auditioned for the show 's creator and executive producer , Sheldon Leonard , and was offered a five - year contract playing Barney Fife . The show 's theme music , `` The Fishin ' Hole '' , was composed by Earle Hagen and Herbert Spencer , with lyrics written by Everett Sloane , who also guest starred as Jubal Foster in the episode `` The Keeper of the Flame '' ( 1962 ) . Whistling in the opening sequence , as well as the closing credits sequence , was performed by Earle Hagen . One of the show 's tunes , `` The Mayberry March '' , was reworked a number of times in different tempo , styles and orchestrations as background music . The show 's sole sponsor was General Foods , with promotional consideration paid for ( in the form of cars ) by Ford Motor Company ( mentioned in the credits ) . Griffith 's development of Andy Taylor ( edit ) Initially , Griffith played Taylor as a heavy - handed country bumpkin , grinning from ear to ear and speaking in a hesitant , frantic manner . The style recalled that used in the delivery of his popular monologues such as `` What It Was , Was Football '' . He gradually abandoned the `` rustic Taylor '' and developed a serious and thoughtful characterization . Producer Aaron Ruben recalled : He was being that marvelously funny character from No Time for Sergeants , Will Stockdale ( a role Griffith played on stage and in film ) ... One day he said , `` My God , I just realized that I 'm the straight man . I 'm playing straight to all these kooks around me . '' He did n't like himself ( in first year reruns ) ... and in the next season he changed , becoming this Lincolnesque character . As Griffith stopped portraying some of the sheriff 's more unsophisticated character traits and mannerisms , it was impossible for him to create his own problems and troubles in the manner of other central sitcom characters such as Lucy in I Love Lucy or Archie Bunker in All in the Family , whose problems were the result of their temperaments , philosophies and attitudes . Consequently , the characters around Taylor were employed to create the problems and troubles , with rock - solid Taylor stepping in as problem solver , mediator , advisor , disciplinarian and counselor . Plot and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of The Andy Griffith Show characters and List of The Andy Griffith Show guest stars From left : Deputy Barney Fife ( Don Knotts ) , Opie Taylor ( Ron Howard ) , Sheriff Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) , and Aunt Bee ( Frances Bavier ) In the episode `` Andy Saves Barney 's Morale '' ( 1961 ) , Andy goes out of town and leaves Barney in charge . Upon returning , he finds that Barney took his job so seriously , he has put the entire population of Mayberry in jail for petty crimes . The series plot revolves around Sheriff Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) and his life in sleepy , slow - paced fictional Mayberry , North Carolina . Sheriff Taylor 's level - headed approach to law enforcement makes him the scourge of local moonshiners and out - of - town criminals , while his abilities to settle community problems with common - sense advice , mediation , and conciliation make him popular with his fellow citizens . His professional life , however , is complicated by the repeated gaffes of his inept deputy , Barney Fife ( Don Knotts ) . Barney is Andy 's cousin , but that is only mentioned in a few early episodes . Andy socializes with male friends in the Main Street barber shop and dates various ladies until a schoolteacher becomes his steady interest in season three . At home , Andy enjoys fishing trips with his son , Opie ( Ronny Howard ) , and quiet evenings on the front porch with his maiden aunt and housekeeper , Aunt Bee ( Frances Bavier ) . Opie tests his father 's parenting skills season after season , and Aunt Bee 's ill - considered romances and adventures cause her nephew concern . Andy 's friends and neighbors include , at various times , barber Floyd Lawson ( Howard McNear -- but played by Walter Baldwin in the 1960 episode `` Stranger in Town '' ) , service station attendants and cousins Gomer Pyle ( Jim Nabors ) and Goober Pyle ( George Lindsey ) , and local drunkard Otis Campbell ( Hal Smith ) . There were two mayors : Mayor Pike , who was more relaxed , and Mayor Stoner , who had a more assertive personality . On the distaff side , townswoman Clara Edwards ( Hope Summers ) , Barney 's sweetheart Thelma Lou ( Betty Lynn ) and Andy 's schoolteacher sweetheart Helen Crump ( Aneta Corsaut ) become semi-regulars . Ellie Walker ( Elinor Donahue ) is Andy 's girlfriend in the first season , while Peggy McMillan ( Joanna Moore ) is a nurse who becomes his girlfriend in season 3 . Ernest T. Bass ( Howard Morris ) made his first appearance in Episode # 94 ( `` Mountain Wedding '' ) . In the color seasons , County Clerk Howard Sprague ( Jack Dodson ) and handyman Emmett Clark ( Paul Hartman ) appear regularly , while Barney 's replacement deputy Warren Ferguson ( Jack Burns ) appears in about half of season six . Unseen characters such as telephone operator Sarah , and Barney 's love interest , local diner waitress Juanita Beasley , as mentioned in the first season , are often referenced . The show 's announcer for the first five seasons , Colin Male , portrayed a game warden in Episode # 140 ( `` Andy and Helen Have Their Day '' ) . In the series ' last few episodes , farmer Sam Jones ( Ken Berry ) debuts , and later becomes the lead of the retitled show , Mayberry R.F.D. . Don Knotts , Aneta Corsaut , Jack Dodson , and Betty Lynn also appeared on Andy Griffith 's later show Matlock . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Andy Griffith Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Intro February 15 , 1960 ( 1960 - 02 - 15 ) N / A N / A 32 October 3 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 1961 ( 1961 - 05 - 22 ) 27.8 31 October 2 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 02 ) May 7 , 1962 ( 1962 - 05 - 07 ) 7 27.0 32 October 1 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 01 ) May 6 , 1963 ( 1963 - 05 - 06 ) 6 29.7 32 September 30 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 30 ) May 18 , 1964 ( 1964 - 05 - 18 ) 5 29.4 5 32 September 21 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 21 ) May 3 , 1965 ( 1965 - 05 - 03 ) 28.3 6 30 September 13 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 13 ) April 11 , 1966 ( 1966 - 04 - 11 ) 6 26.9 7 30 September 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 12 ) April 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 10 ) 27.4 8 30 September 11 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 11 ) April 1 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 01 ) 27.6 The show comprises eight full seasons and 249 episodes -- 159 episodes in black and white ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) and 90 in color ( seasons 6 -- 8 ) . Griffith appears in all 249 episodes with Howard appearing in 209 . Only Griffith , Howard , Bavier , Knotts , and Hope Summers appeared in all eight seasons . Knotts left the show at the end of season five to pursue a career in films ( on the show it is told that he takes a job as a detective with the State Police in Raleigh ) but returned to make five guest appearances as Barney in seasons six through eight . His last appearance in the final season in a story about a summit meeting with Russian dignitaries `` ranked eleventh among single comedy programs most watched in television between 1960 and 1984 , with an audience of thirty - three and a half million . '' Reruns , spinoffs , and reunions ( edit ) Sam Jones ( Ken Berry ) and his son Mike ( Buddy Foster ) were recurring characters in the final season of The Andy Griffith Show , setting up the sequel series Mayberry R.F.D. . In 1964 , daytime reruns began airing . The show was retitled Andy of Mayberry to distinguish the repeat episodes from the new episodes airing in prime time . As of 2018 , the show has been seen in syndication for 54 years . At the end of season four ( May 1964 ) , the backdoor pilot `` Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. '' aired , and the following September , the spinoff series Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. debuted with Jim Nabors in the role of Gomer and Frank Sutton as drill instructor Sergeant Vince Carter . In the last episodes of the eighth season , as Andy Griffith was preparing to leave , the character Sam Jones , played by Ken Berry , was introduced as the new star , and the series was retitled Mayberry R.F.D. . Most of the cast members continued their original roles , with Bavier becoming Sam 's housekeeper . To create a smooth transition , Andy and Helen were married in the first episode with the new title and remained for a few additional episodes before leaving with a move to Raleigh , effectively ending their appearances . After RFD 's cancellation in 1971 , George Lindsey played Goober for many years on the popular country - variety show Hee Haw . Goober , Barney and Emmett all made appearances in the series premiere of The New Andy Griffith Show , which starred Griffith as a similar but canonically different character , Mayor Andy Sawyer . All three characters treated Sawyer as if he were Andy Taylor . The series as a whole only lasted ten episodes . In 1986 , the reunion telemovie Return to Mayberry was broadcast with several cast members reprising their original roles . Absent , however , was Frances Bavier . She was living in Siler City , North Carolina , in ill health , and declined to participate . In the TV movie , Aunt Bee is portrayed as deceased ( and in fact Bavier did die three years later ) , with Andy visiting her grave . Also absent were Howard McNear , Paul Hartman , Jack Burns , and the cast members who were featured only in the Mayberry RFD seasons . Griffith and Howard reprised their roles a final time for a Funny or Die skit supporting the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama . In 1993 , The Andy Griffith Show had a Reunion Special which featured Andy Griffith , Don Knotts , Ron Howard , Jim Nabors , George Lindsey and Jack Dodson . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The Andy Griffith Show consistently placed in the top ten during its run . A Nielsen study conducted during the show 's final season ( 1967 -- 68 ) indicated the show ranked number one among blue collar workers followed by The Lucy Show and Gunsmoke . Among white collar workers , the show ranked number three following Saturday Movies and The Dean Martin Show . The Andy Griffith Show is one of only three shows to have its final season be the number one ranked show on television , the other two being I Love Lucy and Seinfeld . In 1998 , more than five million people a day watched the show 's reruns on 120 stations . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmys ( edit ) 1961 Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor or Actress in a Series : Don Knotts -- Won Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Humor -- Nominated ( Winner : The Jack Benny Program ) 1962 Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor : Don Knotts -- Won Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Humor -- Nominated ( Winner : The Bob Newhart Show ) 1963 Outstanding Performance in a Supporting Role by an Actor : Don Knotts -- Won 1966 Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy : Don Knotts for `` The Return of Barney Fife '' -- Won 1967 Outstanding Comedy Series -- Nominated ( Winner : The Monkees ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy : Don Knotts for `` Barney Comes to Mayberry '' -- Won Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy : Frances Bavier -- Won TV Land Awards ( edit ) Favorite Second Banana : Don Knotts -- Won ( 2003 ) Single Dad of the Year : Andy Griffith -- Won ( 2003 ) Legend Award -- Won ( 2004 ) Merchandise and pop Culture ( edit ) Dell Comics published two The Andy Griffith Show comic books during the show 's first run , with art work by Henry Scarpelli . In 2004 , copies in near - mint condition were priced in excess of $500 each . The show 's enduring popularity has spawned considerable merchandise since its first run , including board games , bobblehead dolls , kitchenware , books , and other items . In 2007 , a line of canned foods inspired by the series was made available in grocery stores across America . Griffith 's hometown of Mount Airy , North Carolina annually hosts a week - long `` Mayberry Days '' celebration featuring concerts , parades , and appearances by the show 's players . In 1997 , the episode `` Opie the Birdman '' was ranked No. 24 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked The Andy Griffith Show ninth on its list of the 50 Best Shows of All Time . Bravo ranked Andy Taylor 63rd on their list of the 100 greatest TV characters . In 2003 , the country band Rascal Flatts released the song Mayberry and many of the lyrics pay tribute to the show . The cable television network TV Land erected bronze statues of Andy and Opie in Mount Airy and Raleigh , North Carolina ( see : Pullen Park ) . The Taylor Home Inn in Clear Lake , Wisconsin , is a bed - and - breakfast modeled after the Taylor Home . The Mayberry Cafe in Danville , Indiana , features Aunt Bee 's Fried Chicken and a replica of Andy 's Ford Galaxie police car . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Andy Griffith Show # 15 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time . Home media ( edit ) In the late 1980s , Premier Promotions released various episodes on VHS . Most tapes had either two or four episodes . In the early to mid-1990s , United American Video released VHS tapes of various episodes . They either had two or three episodes . These compilations were culled from episodes early in the show 's run that had lapsed into the public domain ; these episodes continue to be circulated on unofficial video releases . Between 2004 and 2006 , Paramount Home Entertainment and later in 2006 , CBS DVD released all eight seasons as single - season packages on Region 1 DVD . The Andy Griffith Show : The Complete Series was first released as a 40 - disc boxed set in 2007 . In addition to all 249 episodes of the series , its bonus features included the episode `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' from The Danny Thomas Show which served as the pilot , the episode `` Opie Joins the Marines '' from Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. which featured Ron Howard and the 95 - minute , made - for - television comedy film Return to Mayberry . In 2016 , The Andy Griffith Show : The Complete Series was repackaged and released again as a 39 - disc set that featured all 249 episodes of the series but did not include the bonus feature disc . Sixteen episodes from the season three , which lapsed into the public domain after CBS neglected to file copyright renewals on the episodes in 1989 , are available on discount DVDs . The 2007 lawsuit CBS Operations Inc v. Reel Funds International Inc. ruled that the episodes in question were derivative works based on the copyrighted episodes even though the episodes themselves were not under copyright and granted CBS indirect copyright over the public domain episodes ; the ruling enjoined Reel Funds International , a public domain distributor , from selling DVDs with those episodes within the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The First Season 32 November 16 , 2004 The Second Season 31 May 24 , 2005 The Third Season 32 August 16 , 2005 The Fourth Season 32 November 22 , 2005 The Fifth Season 32 February 14 , 2006 The Sixth Season 30 May 9 , 2006 The Seventh Season 30 August 29 , 2006 The Final Season 30 December 12 , 2006 The Complete Series 249 May 29 , 2007 The Complete Series 249 February 16 , 2016 Note : The Region 1 release of The Third Season contains two episodes edited for syndication : `` The Darlings Are Coming '' , which had several scenes cut , and `` Barney Mends a Broken Heart '' , which had its epilogue cut . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Andy Griffith & Don Knotts on The Today Show '' . NBC Today Show . March 4 , 1996 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , K. & Clark J. , `` The Andy Griffith Show Book : From Miracle Salve , to Kerosene Cucumbers , the Complete Guide to One of Television 's Best - Loved Shows '' , St. Martin 's Griffin ; 3rd edition ( September 14 , 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Associated Press . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 -- 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mayberry Days '' . The Surry Arts Council Presents Mayberry Days . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Richard . The Andy Griffith Show . Blair , 1981 . Jump up ^ Beck , Ken , and Jim Clark . The Andy Griffith Show Book . St. Martin 's Griffin , 1995 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1682 - 1685 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 Through 2007 . McFarland . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3305 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Katherine ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Inside Ron Howard 's Obama Video Endorsement -- EXCLUSIVE '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Hits : TV Ratings '' . Jump up ^ Ted Rueter ( January 22 , 1998 ) . `` What Andy , Opie , and Barney Fife Mean to Americans '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/scarpelli_henry.htm Jump up ^ Overstreet , Robert M ... Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide . 34th edition . House of Collectibles , Random House Information Group , May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals toss paint on statue of Andy and Opie in N.C. ( Front ) '' . Associated Press . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` A little touch of Mayberry : B&B recreates Andy Griffith 's TV show home '' . Associated Press . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winston.com '' . winston.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Operations Inc v. Reel Funds International Inc '' . gpo.gov . Further reading ( edit ) Beck , Ken ; Clark , Jim ( 1985 ) . The Andy Griffith Show Book ( trade paperback ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 03654 - X . Beck , Ken , and Clark , Jim . Mayberry Memories . Rutledge Hill Press , 2000 . Fann , Joey . The Way Back to Mayberry . Broadman and Holman , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8054 - 2420 - 2 . Kelly , Richard . The Andy Griffith Show ( John F. Blair , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 89587 - 043 - 6 . McElroy , Kathleen . `` Remembering Mayberry in White and Black : The Andy Griffith Show 's Construction of the South , '' Memory Studies , 8 ( Oct. 2015 ) , 440 -- 53 . Pérez Firmat , Gustavo . A Cuban in Mayberry : Looking Back at America 's Hometown . Austin : The University of Texas Press , 2014 . Vaughn , Don Rodney ( November 1 , 2004 ) . `` Why `` The Andy Griffith Show '' is Important to Popular Culture `` . Journal of Popular Culture . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Andy Griffith Show Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Andy Griffith Show . The Andy Griffith Show at TV.com The Andy Griffith Show at TV Guide Watch full episodes of The Andy Griffith Show on TVLand.com Public domain episodes of The Andy Griffith Show The Andy Griffith Show on IMDb The Andy Griffith Show at epguides.com Behind The Scenes of The Andy Griffith Show The Andy Griffith Show at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television The Andy Griffith Show Characters Episodes Guest stars Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Mayberry R.F.D. Return to Mayberry Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Andy_Griffith_Show&oldid=865295121 '' Categories : American television spin - offs The Andy Griffith Show characters 1960s American sitcoms 1960 American television series debuts 1968 American television series endings Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Nielsen ratings winners North Carolina culture Police comedies Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in North Carolina Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into comics Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles prone to spam from December 2015 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2015 The Interviews title ID not in Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 00 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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how many seasons of andy griffith show are there
[ "The Andy Griffith Show is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from October 3, 1960, to April 1, 1968, with a total of 249 half-hour episodes spanning over eight seasons—159 in black and white and 90 in color. The series partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show.\n" ]
[ "eight" ]
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Age of consent reform
Age of consent reform - wikipedia Age of consent reform Jump to : navigation , search Sex and the law Social issues Age of consent Antisexualism Censorship Circumcision Deviant sexual intercourse Ethics Homophobia Intersex Miscegenation ( interracial relations ) Norms Objectification Pornography Public morality Red - light district Reproductive rights Same - sex marriage Survival sex Specific offences ( May vary according to jurisdiction ) Adultery Bestiality Buggery Child grooming Child pornography Child prostitution Criminal transmission of HIV Female genital mutilation Fornication Incest Pimping Prostitution forced Public indecency Rape statutory marital Seduction Sexting Sexual abuse child Sexual assault Sexual harassment Slavery Sodomy UK Section 63 ( 2008 ) Violence Voyeurism Sex offender registration Sex offender registry Sex offender registries in the United States Portals Sexuality Criminal justice Law Age of consent reform is efforts to change age of consent laws . Proposed reforms typically include raising , lowering , or abolishing the age of consent , applying ( or not applying ) close - in - age exemptions , changing penalties , or changing how cases are examined in court . A related issue is whether or not to apply ages of consent to homosexual relationships that are different from those applied to heterosexual relationships . Organized efforts have ranged from academic discussions to political petitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Initiatives to change the age of consent 1.1 United Kingdom 1.2 Russia 1.3 India 1.4 United States 1.4. 1 Alabama 1.4. 2 Hawaii 1.4. 3 Georgia 1.4. 4 Kentucky 1.4. 5 Missouri 1.4. 6 South Carolina 1.4. 7 Wisconsin 1.5 Canada 1.6 Netherlands 1.7 Peru 1.8 France 1.9 Pedophile advocacy 2 Close - in - age exemptions 3 See also 4 References Initiatives to change the age of consent ( edit ) There have been many initiatives to raise the age of consent . Gratian , a canon lawyer in the 12th century , stated that consent could not take place before 7 years of age . The English government eventually decided on age of 12 for women as their limitation . At that time , the age was about 12 in most countries . Today it is usually set between 15 and 18 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Age of consent reform ( UK ) In 1275 , the age of consent in England was set at 12 ( Westminster 1 statute ) , the first time an age of consent had been set in England . However , in 1875 the Offence Against the Persons Act raised it to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland . The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16 . In 1917 a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote . In Northern Ireland in 1950 the legislature of Northern Ireland passed a law called Children and Young Persons Act in 1950 that raised the age of consent from 16 to 17 . The male homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was set at 21 in the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 , lowered to 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 , and then finally lowered equally to 16 in England and Wales and Scotland in the Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act of 2000 . According to sociologist Matthew Waites , in the 1970s , a number of grassroots political actions took place in Britain in favor of lowering the age of consent , which he described as based on claims of children 's rights , gay liberation , or as a way to avoid unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted infections . In May 1974 , the Campaign for Homosexual Equality suggested a basic age of consent of 16 , but 12 `` in cases where a defendant could prove the existence of meaningful consent '' . In September 1974 , the Sexual Law Reform Society proposed lowering the age of consent to 14 , with the requirement that below the age of 18 the burden of proof that consent for sexual activities between the parties existed would be the responsibility of the older participant . In 1976 , the British political advocacy group the National Council for Civil Liberties ( now known as Liberty ) published a proposal advocating reducing the age of consent laws to 10 years of age , only when both individuals are younger than 14 , with a close - in - age exemption of two years if one of the involved individuals is older than 14 but younger than 16 . The report was signed by Harriet Harman , who later went on to become a prominent figure in government and deputy leader of the Labour Party and the focus of media attention due to her affiliations with the NCCL . The Communist Party of Great Britain ( Provisional Central Committee ) lists abolition of age of consent laws among its immediate demands , with the added provision that there be alternate legal methods to protect children from sexual abuse . Russia ( edit ) Russia in 1998 lowered the age of consent from 16 to 14 , but in 2002 raised the age of consent from 14 back to 16 . Since then penalties have also generally increased . Vladimir Putin said that a party advocating lowering the age of consent can not be legally registered ( hence , be a legal party ) in Russia . India ( edit ) In January 2004 , a Division bench of the Kerala 's High Court in Southern India suggested that the age of consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state . Justice R. Basant said he considered `` illogic ( al ) '' that a legal system in which an age of 18 is used for other purposes -- like the Indian Majority Act , the Contract Act , the Juvenile Justice Act , the Child Marriage Restraint Act and the Representation of People Act -- has a different approach in the case of sexual consent . The age of consent in India was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . United states ( edit ) Over the course of American history , the most commonly observed age of consent was 10 years . In 1880 , 37 states had an age of consent of 10 years while 10 states kept an age of consent at 12 , and Delaware maintained its age of consent at seven years , having lowered it from 10 in 1871 . In the late - 19th century , a `` social purity movement '' composed of Christian feminist reform groups began advocating a raise in the age of consent to 16 , with the goal of raising it ultimately to 18 , and by 1920 almost all states had raised their age of consent to 16 or 18 . By the mid-1970s , there was widespread sympathy among homosexual activist groups for lowering the age of consent for all sexual activities ( partially due to the disparate ages of consent for same - sex and opposite - sex sexual activity ) , with many gay publications freely discussing lowering it for boys . These tensions and antagonisms continued among activist circles until the 1980s ; however , since the 1970s , gay liberationist groups promoting frontline advocacy against the age of consent were falling into decline . A small number of voices continued into the 2000s among self - declared pedophiles on certain internet websites and chatrooms . Two final states legislating their ages of consent into the 15 - 18 range were Georgia and Hawaii , from 14 , raised in 1995 and 2001 , respectively . Alabama ( edit ) In Alabama in 2012 State Representative Mac McCutcheon sponsored a bill to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 in the state legislature . The bill is still being discussed . Hawaii ( edit ) In 2001 , the legislature in Hawaii voted to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 . Georgia ( edit ) In June 2005 , a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia ( USA ) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 . The bill failed , however . The Georgia age of consent was 14 from the Progressive era until 1995 , when a bill proposed by state Senator Steve Langford to make 16 the age of consent passed . In 2006 , following the infamous case of Genarlow Wilson ( Wilson v. State ) , aggravated child molestation was reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum of one year in prison if the offender was under 19 , the victim was either 14 or 15 years old , and the offender is no more than 48 months older than the victim . ( Georgia penal code , 16 - 6 - 4 ) . Previously aggravated child molestation ( at any age ) carried 10 -- 20 years imprisonment regardless of the age difference between the victim and offender . Kentucky ( edit ) In 2007 in Kentucky Representative JR Gray sponsored legislation in the state legislature that passed making it a felony for a teacher to have sex with a student under the age of 18 . He also discussed the possibility of raising the age of consent from 16 to 18 but a bill was not produced for that . Missouri ( edit ) In 2008 a bill was proposed in the Missouri legislature to raise the age of consent from 17 to 18 . It was sponsored by Representative Stanley Cox . South Carolina ( edit ) In South Carolina in 2007 a bill was proposed before the legislature to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 . It did not succeed . Wisconsin ( edit ) Prior to 1981 Wisconsin had an exception to the law that allowed adults who were guilty of sex with minors 15 or older to use as a defense that the victim understood the nature of the sexual act , but there was a rebuttable presumption in Wisconsin that minors under the age of 18 were not capable of informed consent to sex , but as stated , this could be argued against by the defendant in the court of law if the minor was 15 years of age or older . In 1981 the age of consent was lowered from 18 to 16 in Wisconsin , but at the same time it was made an automatic felony to have sex with anyone under 16 , informed consent for a 15 - year - old was no longer a defense an adult defendant could use in court . In 1983 the age of consent in Wisconsin was raised from 16 to 18 , under the new law sex with a minor 16 or older carried the lesser penalty of a class a misdemeanor . A marital exception was included in the law for an adult who was married to a minor 16 or older , but no close - in - age exception was . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Age of consent reform in Canada In June 2006 , the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 ( in 1890 , it was raised from 12 to 14 ) , while creating a near - age exemption for sex between 14 - to 15 - year - olds and partners less than 5 years older , and keeping an existing near - age clause for sex between 12 -- 13 year olds and partners less than 2 years older . The initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already existing marriages of minors 14 and 15 years old to adults , but forbids new marriages like these in the future . The law took effect 1 May 2008 . Netherlands ( edit ) Between 1990 and 2002 , the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12 , subject to qualifications . The relevant law , passed in November , 1990 , permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16 , but allowed a challenge by parents based on erosion of parental authority or child exploitation , which would be heard by a Council for the Protection of Children . In 1979 , the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party supported an unsuccessful petition to lower the age of consent to 12 . Peru ( edit ) The age of consent in Peru was increased from 14 to 18 in 2006 as elections approached , but in 2007 , Peru 's new Congress voted to return the age to 14 regardless of gender and / or sexual orientation . However , after strong public opposition , the law was raised back to 18 on June 27 , 2007 , by a vote of 74 to zero ( 22 abstentions ) . It was returned to 14 in January 2013 . France ( edit ) In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament , a petition to decriminalize all consented relations between adults and minors below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law . In 1978 the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program `` Dialogues '' , with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault . The participants , including Foucault , play - writer / actor Jean Danet and novelist / gay activist Guy Hocquenghem had all signed the petition . Pedophile advocacy ( edit ) Some pedophiles have called to abolish the age of consent to allow adults to have sex freely with prepubescent children , arguing they can consent . Groups advocating pedophilia and the abolishment of age of consent laws include NAMBLA in the United States and Vereniging Martijn in the Netherlands . Several organisations in them have been involved with pro-pedophile activism in the past ; only a few of these still exist today . Close - in - age exemptions ( edit ) Main article : Romeo and Juliet laws In the United States , many states have adopted close - in - age exemptions . These laws , known as `` Romeo and Juliet laws '' provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older , generally four years or less . Some Romeo and Juliet laws ( such as the law in Michigan and Florida ) do not make it legal for a person below the age of consent to have sex with a slightly older person , but may exempt the older partner from sex offender registration . Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana . In Indiana , a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a `` dating relationship '' with an age difference of four years or less and other states have adopted other reforms . Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011 . These reforms have not been uncontroversial . In Texas , Governor Rick Perry vetoed Romeo and Juliet laws that had been passed by the legislature in 2009 , but signed one in 2011 to go into effect in September of that year . A 2011 Romeo and Juliet bill failed to pass in the Illinois legislature . In the State v. Limon case , Kansas 's Romeo and Juliet law was found to be unconstitutional because it excluded same - sex sexual conduct . Some countries other than the United States also have Romeo and Juliet laws . Ireland 's 2006 law has been contested because it treats girls differently from boys . See also ( edit ) Law portal 1891 Age of Consent Act Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in South America Age of consent in Brazil Half your age plus seven Sex education Comprehensive sex education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent -- Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society '' . Faqs.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Ages of Consent '' . Avert.org. 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen . `` Age of Consent Laws '' . Children and Youth in History . Sydney , Australia : University of Sydney . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary E. Odem ( 1995 ) . Delinquent Daughters : Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States , 1885 - 1920 ( Gender and American Culture ) . Univ of North Carolina Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4528 - 8 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Swarbrick . `` Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 ( - ) '' . swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Age of Consent a Response to the consultation on the sexual offenses ( Northern Ireland ) order 2007 Christian 378 Woodstock Road Belfast February 2008 Jump up ^ `` Draft Sexual Offenses ( Northern Ireland ) Order 2008 '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gay consent at 16 becomes law '' . BBC News . November 20 , 2000 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ the age of consent is 17 in Northern Ireland Jump up ^ Matthew Waites ( 15 August 2009 ) . The Age of Consent : Young People , Sexuality and Citizenship . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 23718 - 6 . ( Google books link ) Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , pp. 132 and 243 , Note 6.6 ) Jump up ^ Gay News , no . 46 , 9 May 1974 , p. 3 -- ' CHE Report angers reformers ' . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , op. cit. , p. 132 ) . Jump up ^ Waites , Matthew ( 2005 , p. 135 - 136 ) . The age of consent -- Young people , Sexuality and Citizenship . New York / London : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 4 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 2173 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beckford , Martin ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Harriet Harman under attack over bid to water down child pornography law '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Communist Party Draft Programme : 3 . Immediate demands '' . Weekly Worker . Communist Party of Great Britain ( Provisional Central Committee ) . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Abolish age - of - consent laws . We recognise the right of individuals to enter into the sexual relations they choose provided this does not conflict with the rights of others . Alternative legislation to protect children from sexual abuse . Jump up ^ `` 25 июня 1998 года N 92 - ФЗ '' . Jump up ^ `` 8 декабря 2003 года N 162 - ФЗ '' . Jump up ^ Peter Graff ( June 28 -- 29 , 2002 ) . `` Russia -- Age of Consent '' . Reuters ( via Age of Consent ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia '' . Age of Consent . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala , Raise age - limit for giving consent for sexual intercourse to 18 -- South Asia '' . Asian Sex Gazette. 2004 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament clears bill against child abuse '' . The Times Of India . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PURITY CONGRESS MEETS ; A Great Gathering for Moral Work in the City of Baltimore . AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE MOVEMENT Determined to Prevent State Regulation of Vice and to Rescue Fallen Men and Fallen Women . '' . The New York Times . BALTIMORE , Oct. 14 . October 15 , 1895 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent Laws ( Table ) '' . Children and Youth in History . Annotated by Stephen Robertson . Center for History and New Media and the University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . compiled from the following sources : Hirschfeld , Magnus . The Homosexuality of Men and Women . Translated by Michael Lombardi - Nash . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books , 2000 ; Killias , Martin . `` The Emergence of a New Taboo : The Desexualization of Youth in Western Societies Since 1800 . '' European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8 ( 2000 ) : 466 ; Odem , Mary . Delinquent Daughters : Policing and Protecting Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States , 1885 - 1920 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1995 ; `` Worldwide Ages of Consent , '' AVERTing HIV and Aids , www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm ( accessed November 29 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Campaign to Raise the Age of Consent 1885 -- 1914 '' . Women and Social Movements in the United States , 1600 -- 2000 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Warner ( 2002 ) . Never Going Back : A History of Queer Activism in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8460 - 6 . Jump up ^ University , Philip Jenkins Distinguished Professor of History and Religious Studies Pennsylvania State ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . Decade of Nightmares : The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 120 . ISBN 9780198039723 . Jump up ^ Eichenwald , Kurt ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) . `` On the Web , Pedophiles Extend Their Reach '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://whnt.com/2012/04/30/lawmaker-pushes-bill-to-raise-age-of-consent-in-alabama/ Jump up ^ Far East and Australasia 2003 -- Eur . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` hb722. html '' . Legis.state.ga.us. 2005 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Assembly -- HB 722 '' . Legis.ga.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19950207&id=gU5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CRUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2408,2396348 Jump up ^ Tanner , Robert ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` States target sexual misconduct in schools '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/x212127249/Missouri-House-bill-would-raise-age-of-consent-to-18 Jump up ^ http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/5431721.html Jump up ^ Owzsewski , DJ Statutory Rape in Wisconsin 2006 Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent FAQ '' . CTV.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Bernstein , Laurie Schaffner . Regulating Sex : The politics of Intimacy and Identity . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Evans , David T. ( 1993 ) . Sexual Citizenship : The Material Construction of Sexualities . London : Routledge . p. 208 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05799 - X. ( link is to the 2013 edition ) Jump up ^ Brongersma , Edward ( 1988 ) . `` Schutzalter 12 Jahre ? -- Sex mit Kindern in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung '' ( Age of Consent 12 years ? Dutch legislation on sex with children ) . In Leopardi , Angelo . Der pädosexuelle Komplex ( On the topic of pedosexuality ) ( in German ) . Frankfurt / Main , Germany : Foerster Verlag . p. 214 . ISBN 3 - 922257 - 66 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Peru Lowers Age Of Consent To 14 '' . CBS News . 22 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 Jan 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pleno Reconsidero Exoneracion de Sedunda Votacion a Proyecto Sobre Libertad Sexual '' ( House Reconsidered and Excluded Second Vote for Project on Sexual Freedom ) ( in Spanish ) . El Heraldo. 2007 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Demanda de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por diez mil seiscientos nueve ciudadanos contra el artículo 1 ° de la Ley N ° 28704 que modifica el artículo 173 ° , inciso 3 ° del Código Penal , sobre delito de violación sexual contra víctima entre 14 y 18 años de edad '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . 2013 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Foucault , Michel ( 1988 ) . Krizman , Lawrence D. , ed . Politics , Philosophy , Culture : Interviews and Other Writings 1977 -- 1984 . New York / London : Routledge . pp. 272 -- 273 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90082 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Philip ( 2006 ) . Decade of Nightmares : The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America . Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517866 - 1 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josef ( 2003 ) . Sexual Abuse of Males : The Sam Model of Theory and Practice . Routledge . pp. 5 , p9 . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 403 - 1 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` What Is a Romeo and Juliet Law '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Statutory rape laws and ages of consent in the U.S. '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : John Gramlich ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` New laws take ' Romeo ' into account '' . Stateline.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MCL 28.728 c . Petition to discontinue registration '' . Michigan Legislature . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Statutes , Sec . 943.04354 . Removal of the requirement to register as a sexual offender or sexual predator in special circumstances . '' . Florida Senate . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Noël ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Understanding the Romeo & Juliet Law '' . Upper Michigan 's Source . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grissom , Brandi ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Gov. Rick Perry vetoes bill lifting sex offenders 21 , younger from registry '' . Austin Bureau . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrea Lucia ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Romeo And Juliet ' Law Changes Statutory Rape Definition '' . CBS DFW . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hannah Hess ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` '' Romeo and Juliet '' law fails in Illinois House `` . STL Today . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Romeo and Juliet ' laws contested '' . Irish Times . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Court urged to change ' Romeo and Juliet ' laws '' . RTÉ News . April 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . ( hide ) Sexual ethics Human sexuality Adolescent sexuality Rainbow party Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex Child sexuality Child marriage Child pornography law Child prostitution Child sex tourism Sexual abuse Child - on - child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Harassment Rape law Age of consent ( reform ) Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America List of topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_consent_reform&oldid=802050384 '' Categories : Age of consent Minimum ages Reform Pedophile activism Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 17 : 33 . About Wikipedia
what is the legal age of consent in sc
[ "In South Carolina in 2007 a bill was proposed before the legislature to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18.[36] It did not succeed." ]
[ "16 to 18" ]
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Don't Cha
Do n't Cha - wikipedia Do n't Cha Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Cha '' Single by The Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes from the album PCD Released April 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 19 ) Format CD single digital download 12 '' Genre R&B dance - pop Length 4 : 47 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Anthony Ray Thomas Callaway Trevor Smith Producer ( s ) Cee - Lo Green The Pussycat Dolls singles chronology `` Sway '' ( 2004 ) `` Do n't Cha '' ( 2005 ) `` Stickwitu '' ( 2005 ) `` Sway '' ( 2004 ) `` Do n't Cha '' ( 2005 ) `` Stickwitu '' ( 2005 ) Busta Rhymes singles chronology `` What 's Happenin ' '' ( 2004 ) What 's Happenin'2004 `` Do n't Cha '' ( 2005 ) Do n't Cha2005 `` Touch It '' ( 2005 ) Touch It 2005 `` Do n't Cha '' is a song by American girl group The Pussycat Dolls from their debut studio album PCD ( 2005 ) . The song features rapper Busta Rhymes who co-wrote the song with its producer , CeeLo Green . The song contains an interpolation of `` Swass '' which is written and performed by Sir Mix - a-Lot . It is an R&B song . `` Do n't Cha '' was originally recorded by Tori Alamaze who released the song as her first single ; however , after minor success and dissatisfaction with her label she gave up her rights to the song . Universal Music Group gave it to the Pussycat Dolls as the label was trying to reinvent the girl group . `` Do n't Cha '' received positive reviews from music critics , many of whom highlighted it as a stand - out ; however , some of them criticized Busta Rhymes ' appearance . The song was a commercial success , peaking at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play and Pop 100 charts . The song reached number - one in fifteen other countries including Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . A music video for the song was directed by Paul Hunter features the group in various activities including jumping on a trampoline and drag racing in Jeeps ; additionally choreographed routines were performed at the chorus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Background 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Recognition 6 Legacy 7 Usage in media and cover versions 8 Live performances 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 11.4 Century charts 12 Certifications 13 Radio and release history 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Background ( edit ) In January 2004 , Cee Lo Green finished writing and producing the song `` Do n't Cha '' which it 's chorus reprises the hook from Sir Mix - a-Lot 's `` Swass '' taken from album of the same name in a basement studio in Atlanta , Georgia . The song was originally written for Tori Alamaze , a former backing vocalist for the hip hop duo OutKast . In November , Alamaze signed with Universal Records and decided to release the song as her first single from her debut album which was due to release that same year . However , months later , Alamaze decided to part ways with the label as she was `` unhappy '' and felt that she `` got caught up in the middle of egos and favors . '' Thus she agreed to give up her rights to the song to get out of her contract . The song was still playing on radio while copies were available at stores . Her version of the song received minor success reaching number 53 on Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . Meanwhile , Intersope Records signed the Pussycat Dolls , a sextet spun off from the burlesque group which was created by Robin Antin . After Universal Records dropped Almaze , the label was still very much interested in `` Do n't Cha '' . Doug Morris -- then chairman of Universal Music Group -- suggested that `` Do n't Cha '' should be given to the Pussycat Dolls as the label was trying to reinvent the girl group . Initially Green was skeptical saying , `` I did n't know too much about them ( ... ) , but when I found out that ( Universal - owned ) Interscope Records was involved , that was an alliance I did n't hesitate to make . '' The Pussycat Dolls version was recorded around March adding two verses from rapper Busta Rhymes . Lead singer Nicole Scherzinger admitted that two records sounded identical . `` I had ( Alamaze 's ) version as a guide . But ours is just a bit fresher . '' This song was initially offered to both Sugababes and Paris Hilton , but both declined . In 2006 , Hilton claimed that she was presented with the track , but was not impressed with it , commenting . `` I think I did hear the song , but not in the format that we all came to know and love . If I 'd heard that , of course I 'd have jumped at the chance '' . Composition ( edit ) Sample of `` Do n't Cha '' A 30 - second sample of the Pussycat Dolls ' version of `` Do n't Cha '' from PCD featuring the hook `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me ? '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Do n't Cha '' is a R&B song that lasts four minutes and thirty - two seconds . The song was written by Thomas Callaway , Anthony Ray and Trevor Smith and produced by Callaway . According to the sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , `` Do n't Cha '' was composed using common time in the key of B ♭ minor , and set in a moderate hip hop tempo of 120 beats per minute . Naomi West described Busta Rhymes rap as `` garrulous '' . Speaking of their collaboration , Scherzinger said , `` He is so much fun . He 's so humble and he just makes you feel good . We are so grateful that ( Busta ) did it and was a part of it with us . We feel blessed . '' The song 's lyrics is about `` taunting a hapless man with the lyrics , `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me / Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was a freak like me '' . The chorus of the song is based on Sir Mix A Lot 's song `` Swass '' ( 1988 ) . Maeve McDermott distinguished `` Do n't Cha '' from other girl group songs like `` Wannabe '' , `` Independent Women '' and `` No Scrubs '' which promote female camaraderie . Marisa Meltzer of The Daily Beast felt that the song 's lyrics `` put forward the belief that a woman 's worth lies solely in her appearance and sexual permissiveness and just furthers the notion that women are in competition with one another over men . '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Do n't Cha '' received mainly positive reviews . Sal Cinquemani of described the song as `` brassy and sassy '' adding that , `` the Pussycat Dolls have certainly carved a niche for themselves in 21st century pop history . Stephen Thomas Erlewine also favored the song saying `` there has never been a sex song quite as knowingly ironic yet undeniably sexy as this . '' Writing for musicOMH John Murphy described `` Do n't Cha '' as `` a silky , sexy little number that will become ubiquitous by the end of the month . '' However , he added that Busta Rhymes is annoying . `` It 's a shame that Busta Rhymes is as typically annoying as ever , but he does n't spoil the song too much . '' Spence D. from IGN wrote that the track 's `` sultry swagger - n - shuffle is the type of stuff that nasty boys and girls might enjoy grinding to . '' A reviewer from Contactmusic.com gave the song 4 out 5 stars favoring the `` serious dose of high energy and raunchy message , '' while criticized the song for not having `` any vocal talent . '' Lisa Haines from BBC described the track as `` memorable '' . She continued saying `` ( it 's ) a groovy R&B duet with Busta Rhymes , is easily the best . '' Isaac McCalla from About.com praised the song . `` This single is a serious dose of high energy , wickedly fun and slammin ' house music . '' Azeem Ahmad also from musicOMH in a separate review commented , `` strangely enough ' Do n't Cha ' is n't purely eye candy . '' However , he was critical stating : `` not even Busta Rhymes ' cameo appearance can prevent Do n't Cha from seeming like nothing more than a promo for some generic product aimed at young males . '' Chuck Arnold and Ralph Novak of People magazine wrote that the group is `` responsible for ( 2005 ) guiltiest pleasure . '' Billboard named the song # 30 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated for Top Selling Single of the Year at the 2005 Billboard Music Awards . At the 2006 Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Awards the song won the award in the category for Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Sales . At the 21st International Dance Music Awards , the song was nominated in the Best R&B / Urban Dance Track and Best Pop Dance Track categories , winning for Best R&B / Urban Dance Track . In May and August the song was listed as one of the recipients of the Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) Pop Awards and Urban Awards . The same year , the song was nominated for Best R&B / Soul Single , Group , Band or Duo at the 2006 Soul Train Music Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) Mariah Carey ( pictured ) blocked `` Do n't Cha '' from the top position in the US with `` We Belong Together '' ( 2005 ) . In the United States , `` Do n't Cha '' debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated May 7 , 2005 . In its tenth week , `` Do n't Cha '' entered the top ten at number eight . The track reached number two in its sixteenth week , becoming their highest charting single in the country . The song stayed there for three consecutive weeks , being held off the top spot by Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' , which spent a total of 14 non-consecutive weeks at number one . Despite the song not reaching the top position on the Billboard Hot 100 , it reached number one spot on the Hot Dance Club Play and Pop 100 and charts for three and seven consecutive weeks respectively . `` Do n't Cha '' is the second longest - charting song on the Hot Digital Songs chart spending 68 weeks behind Kelly Clarkson 's `` Since U Been Gone '' and Usher 's `` Yeah ! '' which both spent 74 weeks . `` Do n't Cha '' took three - and - a-half years to reach the two million mark in paid downloads , and by May 2011 the song has sold three million copies according to Nielsen Soundscan . The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipment of a million copies of the single . In the United Kingdom , before officially being released as a single , `` Do n't Cha '' debuted at number 44 only on import . Following its single release , the track peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart becoming the first all - American female group to top the singles chart since Destiny 's Child 's `` Survivor '' in 2001 selling 85,021 copies . The track spent three weeks atop and present within top 10 and 40 of the chart for 10 and 23 weeks respectively . By September 2015 the song sold 336,130 digital downloads , 284,200 physical copies and was streamed 2.11 million times . It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 600,000 copies . According to the Official Charts Company `` Do n't Cha '' is the 147th best - selling single of the 21st century . In Ireland , the song debuted at number one on the Irish Singles Chart and stayed for four consecutive weeks . The song has also reached the peak in a number of European countries including Belgium ( Flanders ) , Germany , Norway and Switzerland . Across Oceania , the song topped the charts in its first week in both Australia and New Zealand . `` Do n't Cha '' spent 7 non-consecutive weeks at number one in Australia , where it also remained on the chart for 23 total weeks . It was certified two - times platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . In New Zealand , the song reached number one in its first week and spent more than half of its time on the chart in the top ten . It was certified gold , selling over 7,500 copies , according to the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . Music video ( edit ) The Pussycat Dolls dancing around American rapper Busta Rhymes . Background ( edit ) An accompanying music video for `` Do n't Cha '' was directed by Paul Hunter during the week of April 11 , 2005 . Nicole Scherzinger told MTV News that the video was all about having fun . `` Busta Rhymes is pretty phat , man . He is so much fun . He 's so humble and he just makes you feel good . When you 're around him , you feel magical . The lyrics are , ' Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me . ' ... But if you see the video , it 's all about being who you are , having fun and being confident -- and feeling hot . It 's not so much about looking hot ... although looking hot is important . '' Synopsis ( edit ) The opening sequence of the video features the Pussycat Dolls riding in jeeps and Busta Rhymes rapping his verse , simultaneously . The video continues to switch back and forth from Scherzinger singing her parts separately and the other Pussycat Dolls singing along . Scherzinger is seen throughout the video wearing the infamous `` do n't cha '' hoodie that features the first line of the chorus ( `` Do n't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me '' ) on the top part of her sweater . Once the chorus kicks in , the group is seen performing a dance routine surrounded by walls with graffiti printed on each side . Then , the group is seen at an underground party where each member is jumping from a ground trampoline . The Pussycat Dolls are seen surrounded by party guests as they strut down a case of stairs . Once the girls are on the ground , another dance routine is performed . Busta Rhymes is featured in the next scene where he raps his final verse . The scene continues to switch between Scherzinger and Busta Rhymes together and Scherzinger with the group until chorus starts again and Scherzinger is in the center of the group and then lifts herself and kicks two chairs in front of her . The Pussycat Dolls continue to dance and sing until the video ends . Robin Antin and Cee - Lo Green make appearances in the video towards the end . Recognition ( edit ) Brandee J. Tecson of MTV commented , `` leave it to the Pussycat Dolls to cast someone in their music video who can actually steal attention away from six gyrating half - naked chicks . '' Billy Johnson , Jr. of Yahoo ! Music said , `` front and center , the stunning Nicole Scherzinger , surrounded by good company , pranced around in tank tops and short shorts while drag racing in convertible jeeps . They raised the bar . '' VH1 listed `` Do n't Cha '' at number fourteen on its Top 40 Videos of 2005 . The music video was nominated for Best Dance Video at the 2006 International Dance Music Awards . It was also nominated for the Best R&B video at the 2006 MTV Australia Video Music Awards but lost to Chris Brown 's Run It ! . Billboard described the music video for the song as `` iconic '' for girl groups . Andrew Unterberger of Billboard said , `` It was inevitable that the song and video would become massive , and become massive they did , with the song heating up the Hot 100 chart and the video establishing the group as mainstays on MTV for many subsequent ( though not quite as memorable ) videos to come . '' Legacy ( edit ) In September 2011 , VH1 ranked `` Do n't Cha '' number 96 on its list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s . Billboard ranked `` Do n't Cha '' third best song of the Summer of 2005 . To acknowledge the most popular films , television shows , celebrities and music of the 2000s decade , `` Do n't Cha '' was featured in VH1 's I Love the 2000s . Billboard also ranked the song number 29 on the list of Top 40 Girl Group Songs Of All Time , and third on the Favorite Girl Group Single poll the same week . `` Do n't Cha '' has appeared on multiple Fuse countdowns including number 41 on Girls Who Run The World , number 51 on Top 100 Pop Breakthroughs , number 14 on Top 100 Sexy Beats. and number 17 on 4Music 's Biggest R&B Hits of the Naughties . Usage in Media and cover versions ( edit ) The song is featured in Disney 's 2009 animation movie G - Force , Date Movie , and Norbit . It was also used in the 2010 comedy film Easy A . The song was used in a 2007 commercial for Heineken beer . In the United Kingdom , the song for was featured as a background music for a 2015 television commercial for Moneysupermarket.com ; it stars Sharon Osbourne . The song was featured in the King of the Hill episode Death Picks Cotton in a scene where Bobby was dancing . Several artists have recorded cover versions of `` Do n't Cha '' . In 2006 , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included the song in his polka medley `` Polkarama ! '' from his 2006 album , Straight Outta Lynwood . In 2006 , the song was performed by Westlife on their Greatest Hits Tour . In 2007 , Dan le Sac Vs Scroobius Pip sampled the song on their song `` Thou Shalt Always Kill '' . Richard Cheese covered the song on his 2009 album Viva La Vodka . The Baseballs also covered the song on their 2009 debut album Strike ! . Garbage gave the impression that their song `` Betcha '' was a cover version of `` Do n't Cha '' ; however , the song alluded to it in the lyrics : Thomas Callaway , Anthony Ray and Trever Smith , the writers of `` Do n't Cha '' are not given any songwriting credit for `` Betcha '' . Colbie Caillat covered the song which she performed for Pepsi . A group auditioning for X Factor ( French TV series ) called Creme de la Femme , covered the song for the audition process . Rylan Clark performed the song during the bootcamp stages on The X Factor in 2012 . A contestant on The Voice named Domo , covered the song during the blind auditions stages of the show in 2012 . Myrtle Sarrosa performed the song in the seventh week of the second season of the Philippine edition of Your Face Sounds Familiar , impersonating Nicole Scherzinger . Live Performances ( edit ) The Pussycat Dolls were the last performers of KIIS - FM 's Wango Tango music festival which was held in Los Angeles , on May 14 , 2005 . Prior the performance Scherzinger said , `` We are so psyched ( to play tonight ) . We ca n't wait . It 's going to be amazing . '' While closing their set with `` Do n't Cha '' , MTV 's Brandee J. Tecson commented , `` Like a lot of the day 's performers , the Dolls were newcomers to the Wango stage , but ended the night like veterans . '' On August 14 , 2005 The Pussycat Dolls performed `` Do n't Cha '' at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards . On December 2005 the group performed for the annual KIIS - FM Jingle Ball wearing `` festive candy - cane - striped belly shirts and red - and - green capri pants . '' The set list included `` Do n't Cha '' , ' Stickwitu '' and `` Wait a Minute '' . On June 30 , 2006 , The Pussycat Dolls performed on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series along with `` Buttons '' and `` Stickwitu '' . On July 7 , 2007 , The Pussycat Dolls together with other artists performed at the Live Earth Concerts , which were held to raise awareness of global warming . They performed `` Do n't Cha '' , `` Stickwitu '' , and `` Buttons '' . The group then performed the song at the Walmart Soundcheck , along with `` I Hate This Part '' , `` Buttons '' , `` When I Grow Up '' and `` Takin ' Over the World '' . The Pussycat Dolls also performed `` Do n't Cha '' at the Doll Domination Tour ( 2009 ) . Maureen Ellis of the Evening Times said that the `` high - energy encore of ' Do n't Cha ' and ' When I Grow Up ' ensured the Dolls reigned supreme . '' Track listing ( edit ) Australian , German and UK CD maxi single `` Do n't Cha '' ( Main Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Cha '' ( More Booty Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 48 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Video ) German and UK CD single `` Do n't Cha '' ( Main Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 US CD single / US 12 '' vinyl `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 3 : 40 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 US CD single ( Remixes ) `` Do n't Cha '' ( Ralphi 's Hot Freak Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 17 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Kaskade Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 34 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Ralphi 's Hot Freak 12 '' Vox Mix ) -- 9 : 52 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Kaskade Club Mix ) -- 6 : 48 `` Do n't Cha '' ( DJ Dan 's Sqweegee Dub ) -- 8 : 20 UK 12 '' vinyl `` Do n't Cha '' ( Main Mix ) featuring Busta Rhymes -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 02 `` Do n't Cha '' ( Instrumental ) -- 4 : 43 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of PCD . Sample Contains interpolations of `` Swass '' performed by Sir Mix - a-Lot . Personnel Songwriting -- Anthony Ray , Thomas Callaway , Trevor Smith Production -- Cee - Lo Green Engineering -- Ethan Mates Mixng -- Steve Baughman Trumpet / Horn contractor -- Chris Tedesco Trumpet -- Bill Churchville Trombone -- Nick Lane Saxophone -- Ray Herrmann Guitar -- John Goux Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 -- 06 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Club Tracks ( ARIA ) 11 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canadian Singles Chart ( Nielsen ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 6 Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 22 European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 56 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 90 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 73 Century charts ( edit ) Chart ( 21st Century ) Position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 147 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 630,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 3,000,000 Ringtone United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Radio and release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States April 19 , 2005 Contemporary hit radio A&M Interscope Rhythmic radio April 26 , 2005 CD maxi single 12 '' July 19 , 2005 Digital download -- Remixes EP Asia September 5 , 2005 CD maxi single 12 '' Universal Australia Europe A&M Interscope See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Australia ) List of best - selling singles of the 2000s in Australia List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Ultratop 50 ) List of European number - one hits of 2005 List of number - one hits of 2005 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one hits of 2005 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one dance singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( UK ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2005 List of number - one dance airplay hits of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of top 10 singles in 2005 ( UK ) List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sherburne , Philip ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Do n't Cha Blink '' . 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Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( The Pussycat Dolls ; ' Do n't Cha ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Pussycat Dolls -- Do n't Cha '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Enter Do n't Cha in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Girlbands vs Boybands -- their biggest songs of the century revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- The Pussycat Dolls -- Do n't Cha '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Arbitron Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Pussycat Dolls Featuring Busta Rhymes - Do n't Cha '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music -- Do n't Cha ( Remixes ) - EP by The Pussycat Dolls '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . Apple . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pussycat Dolls * Featuring Busta Rhymes - Do n't Cha '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Cha '' music video on YouTube The Pussycat Dolls Nicole Scherzinger Carmit Bachar Jessica Sutta Kimberly Wyatt Ashley Roberts Melody Thornton Kaya Jones PCD `` Do n't Cha '' `` Beep '' `` Wait a Minute '' `` Stickwitu '' `` Buttons '' `` I Do n't Need a Man '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Right Now '' `` Sway '' Doll Domination `` When I Grow Up '' `` Bottle Pop '' `` Whatcha Think About That '' `` I Hate This Part '' `` Out of This Club '' `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' `` Top of the World '' Extended plays Doll Domination -- The Mini Collection Live albums Live from London Television Pussycat Dolls Present The Search for the Next Doll Girlicious Concert tours PCD World Tour Doll Domination Tour Related topics Discography Awards and nominations Songs Robin Antin Asia Nitollano `` Bad Girl '' Book Busta Rhymes Discography Albums The Coming When Disaster Strikes ... E.L.E. ( Extinction Level Event ) : The Final World Front Anarchy Genesis It Ai n't Safe No More ... The Big Bang Back on My B.S. Year of the Dragon L.O.N.S. albums A Future Without a Past ... T.I.M.E. ( The Inner Mind 's Eye ) Flipmode albums The Imperial Compilations Total Devastation : The Best of Busta Rhymes Turn It Up ! The Very Best of Busta Rhymes The Artist Collection : Busta Rhymes Rich Gang ( with YMCMB ) Singles `` Woo Hah ! ! Got You All in Check '' `` It 's a Party '' `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' `` Dangerous '' `` Turn It Up ( Remix ) / Fire It Up '' `` Gimme Some More '' `` What 's It Gonna Be ? ! '' `` Break Ya Neck '' `` Make It Clap '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` Where 's Your Money ? '' `` Touch It '' `` I Love My Bitch '' `` New York Shit '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Do n't Get Carried Away '' `` Do n't Touch Me ( Throw da Water on ' em ) '' `` We Made It '' `` Arab Money '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Respect My Conglomerate '' `` World Go Round '' `` Why Stop Now '' `` Twerk It '' `` Thank You '' `` Calm Down '' L.O.N.S. singles `` Case of the P.T.A. '' `` Sobb Story '' `` The International Zone Coaster '' `` Scenario '' `` What 's Next '' `` Classic Material '' Flipmode singles `` Everybody on the Line Outside '' `` Cha Cha Cha '' Featured singles `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Victory '' `` Fire '' `` What 's Happenin ' '' `` Do n't Cha '' `` Hurt '' `` Run the Show '' `` Peace Sign / Index Down '' `` Rotate '' `` C'mon ( Catch ' em by Surprise ) '' `` Look at Me Now '' `` Welcome to My Hood ( remix ) '' `` Worldwide Choppers '' `` The Woman You Love '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Take You There '' Other songs `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Related articles Native Tongues Conglomerate Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Cha&oldid=797374777 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2005 singles The Pussycat Dolls songs Busta Rhymes songs Songs written by CeeLo Green Songs written by Busta Rhymes Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Number - one singles in Australia Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from September 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 17 : 28 . 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who sings dont you wish your girlfriend was hot like me
[ "The opening sequence of the video features the Pussycat Dolls riding in jeeps and Busta Rhymes rapping his verse, simultaneously. The video continues to switch back and forth from Scherzinger singing her parts separately and the other Pussycat Dolls singing along. Scherzinger is seen throughout the video wearing the infamous \"don't cha\" hoodie that features the first line of the chorus (\"Don't cha wish your girlfriend was hot like me\") on the top part of her sweater. Once the chorus kicks in, the group is seen performing a dance routine surrounded by walls with graffiti printed on each side. Then, the group is seen at an underground party where each member is jumping from a ground trampoline. The Pussycat Dolls are seen surrounded by party guests as they strut down a case of stairs. Once the girls are on the ground, another dance routine is performed. Busta Rhymes is featured in the next scene where he raps his final verse. The scene continues to switch between Scherzinger and Busta Rhymes together and Scherzinger with the group until chorus starts again and Scherzinger is in the center of the group and then lifts herself and kicks two chairs in front of her. The Pussycat Dolls continue to dance and sing until the video ends. Robin Antin and Cee-Lo Green make appearances in the video towards the end." ]
[ "The Pussycat Dolls" ]
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List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters
List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters - Wikipedia List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters in Jeff Kinney 's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid as well as the film versions of the first , second , and third book . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of graphic novels written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney . The books are written as the journals of the main character named Greg Heffley . Diary of a Wimpy Kid is also a series of films based on the books . Jeff Kinney was an executive producer . Like the books , the movies are the journals of Greg Heffley , played by Zachary Gordon in Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days , and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules , and Jason Drucker in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul . Contents 1 Greg Heffley 2 Rowley Jefferson 3 Frank Heffley 4 Susan Heffley 5 Manny Heffley 6 Rodrick Heffley 7 Greg 's relatives and other family 7.1 Gramma 7.2 Grandpa Heffley 7.3 Joe Heffley 7.4 Joe Heffley 's Wife 7.5 Joe Heffley 's Children 7.6 Charlie Heffley 7.7 Uncle Cecil 7.8 Loretta Heffley 7.9 Aunt Veronica 7.10 Terrence Heffley 7.11 Gammie Heffley 7.12 Reba Heffley 7.13 Gary Heffley 7.13. 1 First wife : Linda 7.13. 2 Second wife : Charlene 7.13. 3 Third wife : Lydia 7.13. 4 Fourth wife : Sonja 7.14 Aunt Dorothy 7.15 Arthur Heffley 7.16 Great Uncle Bruce 7.17 Byron Heffley 7.18 Nana Heffley 7.19 Aunt Cakey 7.20 Aunt Audra 7.21 Aunt Gretchen 7.22 Malvin and Malcolm 7.23 Meemaw and Peepaw 7.24 Gramma 's sisters 7.25 Lawrence Heffley 7.26 Chester `` Remus '' Heffley 7.27 Georgia 7.28 Benjy Heffley 7.29 Tony and Patricia Heffley 7.30 Uncle Larry 7.31 Martina 7.32 Gerald 8 Rowley 's family 8.1 Mr. Jefferson 8.2 Mrs. Jefferson 8.3 Rowley 's grandfather 9 Other characters 9.1 Fregley 9.2 Preston Mudd 9.3 Christopher Brownfield 9.4 Holly Elizabeth Hills 9.5 Chirag Gupta 9.6 Patty Farrell 9.7 Heather Hills 9.8 Albert Sandy 9.9 Mr. Ira 9.10 The Snellas 9.11 Scotty Douglas 9.12 Mr. Underwood 9.13 Bill Walter 9.14 Dr. Salazar Kagan 9.15 Lenwood Heath 9.16 Taylor Pringle 9.17 Jordan Jury 9.18 Angie Steadman 9.19 Pete Hosey 9.20 The Warrens 9.21 The Beardos 9.22 Joshie 9.23 Maddox Selsam 10 Pets and Other Animals 10.1 Dogs 10.1. 1 Sweetie 10.1. 2 Nutty 10.1. 3 Killer 10.1. 4 Rudy 10.1. 5 Henry 10.1. 6 Rebel 10.2 Other pets 10.2. 1 Greg 's Fish 10.2. 2 Rodrick 's Fish 10.2. 3 Aunt Gretchen 's pets 10.2. 4 Squirm 10.2. 5 The Pig 11 References Greg Heffley ( edit ) Main article : Greg Heffley Self - drawing of Greg Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley is 12 years old in the first novel . Greg 's actions can however be antagonistic at times , including terrorizing kids , trying to steal money from a church collection basket , lying in confession , picking on other students , playing pranks on his best friend , selling falsely advertised fitness water and even praying for bad stuff to happen to others . However , he can also be a kind hearted character . He helps his brother with his homework , gets his friend a date for a dance , helps out , and forgives his friends . Greg is portrayed by Zachary Gordon and Jason Drucker in the movie series . He ca n't stop flirting with girls . But after all , he is a funny kid . Rowley Jefferson ( edit ) Rowley as drawn by Greg Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's best friend . In the first book , Rowley is an antagonist in Greg 's point of view while technically in a third - person view , Greg is the antagonist and Rowley is the protagonist . In Dog Days , they separate after Rowley damages Greg 's chances of winning a video game championship , but they get back together at the end of The Ugly Truth . At the end of The Third Wheel , Rowley begins dating Abigail Brown , a girl who was originally Greg 's date for the Valentine 's Day dance . This plot continues in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Hard Luck , where he ditches Greg for his new girlfriend Abigail . At the end of the book , the couple break up and he becomes friends with Greg again . Rowley has what Greg considers strange interests for his age and gender , such as liking a singer for `` six - year - old girls '' named Joshie and action figures Greg believes are for younger kids . Rowley is also the owner of the comic strip Zoo Wee Mama . Rowley claims that Greg had nothing to do with the comic strip in the first book , a rare antagonistic move from him . In the movie series , Rowley is portrayed by Robert Capron & Owen Asztalos . Rowley 's shortest appearance was in The Long Haul , where he is only mentioned on one page . Frank Heffley ( edit ) Francis `` Frank '' Heffley is Greg 's overreactive but well - meaning father . He is interested in U.S. history , and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series . Frank is edgy around Rowley , does not appreciate Greg 's skill at video games , loathes heavy metal , and adolescents . In Rodrick Rules , during Thanksgiving dinner , Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave . He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw , although ultimately this does not come to fruition , much to Greg 's relief . However , Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days . Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is played by Tom Everett Scott . Susan Heffley ( edit ) Susan Heffley is Greg 's mother . Though she is loving and motherly , she sometimes seems naive , absent - minded , embarrassing , and overprotective , apparently thinking she knows about what kids Greg 's age are into when in fact , she does n't . She does n't like technology causing her to have the family to have their differences . She believes that technology is distant to her family . She also wants to become a good mother in front of her peers . She and her husband pays far more attention to Manny than their other two sons . She is portrayed by Rachael Harris in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series . In Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , she is portrayed by Alicia Silverstone . In the online version of the first book , Susan was known as Ann Heffley . Manny Heffley ( edit ) Manny as drawn by Greg Manfred `` Manny '' Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's younger brother . He is an annoying , spoiled child who is constantly doted on by his mother . He makes a great number of demands and throws temper tantrums if they are not fulfilled . Among Manny 's most well - known characteristics are his refusal to be toilet - trained and his complete inability to remain in nursery school . He frequently damages Greg 's property , and uses his age as an excuse for doing so . Whenever they go on vacations , Manny ends up ruining it and gets away with it . The excessive coddling he receives from his parents infuriates Greg . He also takes advantage of his overindulgence . It is revealed in The Third Wheel that Manny has imaginary friends , whom he blames for his misbehavior . Despite his very young age and spoiled attitude , Manny shows signs of actually possessing more intelligence than he appears to have . He surprises his family by his ability to speak Spanish in The Long Haul , but plays this to his advantage by persuading some Mexican men to take them to retrieve their pet pig . He is his grandmother 's favorite , although she denies this . In the three movies based on the first four books , Manny is portrayed by Connor and Owen Fielding . In the movie , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , he is portrayed by Wyatt and Dylan Walters . Manny has similar traits to those of Farley Drexel `` Fudge '' Hatcher . Rodrick Heffley ( edit ) Rodrick is Greg 's formerly aggressive older brother . He is the drummer in a garage band called `` Löded Diper '' ( loaded diaper ) , noted for their substandard heavy metal concerts and limited musical abilities . Rodrick is not an exception to Frank 's notorious distrust of all teenagers . Rodrick is infamous for his stereotypical rebellious nature , feigning illness in Rodrick Rules so as to be allowed to remain at home to throw a chaotic house party during his parents ' absence , only for the evidence to appear in newly developed photographs that are quickly discovered by the boys ' parents . He bullies Greg a lot and pulls awful pranks that ruins Greg 's and his family 's life . Rodrick also possesses incompetent tendencies , as his school assignments are notoriously crude and idiotic . He assumes that Abraham Lincoln was the author of To Kill a Mockingbird and , with Greg 's aid , bases a science presentation around the hypothesis of whether or not plants sneeze . His spelling abilities are also poor , and he devotes a lot of time to tormenting Greg . In the books , Rodrick owns and drives a white van , which sports his band 's name written in large black letters , on either side of it and lacks any back seats , the reason being that Rodrick needs room for his band equipment . In the movie series , the van is revealed to be a 1996 Chevrolet Astro AWD van , which also sports a diaper 's pin drawn on the rear doors . In Rodrick Rules , Greg is haunted by the fact that Rodrick knows about his most mortifying experience during the summertime . This haunts him when he returns to school . However , his fears are quickly eased after the story becomes distorted to Greg 's advantage due to it being passed around by so many people ( à la Chinese Whispers ) , temporarily boosting his popularity . By the end of the film adaptation of Rodrick Rules , he is much closer to Greg , and his actions to him becomes much less aggressive . This is also shown in the film adaptation of Dog Days when Rodrick thanks Greg for getting him a gig at Heather Hills ' Sweet 16 . In the film series based on the books , Rodrick is played by Devon Bostick . In the film , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , Rodrick is played by Charlie Wright . Greg 's relatives and other family ( edit ) Gramma ( edit ) Gramma is Susan 's mother and Greg 's maternal grandmother . Gramma is known to drive a car like the Heffleys ' . Greg often calls her to his home as a way to avoid his dad 's scoldings , since his dad will not do this when she is around . When she is about to leave , Greg quickly goes to accompany her . Grandpa Heffley ( edit ) Greg 's paternal grandfather is a typical unpredictable grandfather who is asked to babysit Rodrick and his brother in Rodrick Rules . He lives in a care home called Leisure Towers and enjoys playing games such as `` Gutbusters '' , which the two boys find boring . Grandpa is a smoker . He has his television tuned to the CCTV in the care home lobby , which he spends his time watching . In Old School , he moves out of Leisure Towers because the rent is too high and moves in with the Heffleys . Grandpa has a girlfriend named Darlene in the book `` Hard Luck '' and broke up with her in the book `` Old School '' . Grandpa dates online . Greg is his favorite . Grandpa is known for making an awful dish named `` Watercress Salad '' which is just cucumber and floating beans in a pool of vinegar . This dish is hated by Greg but Rodrick makes him have more . It 's stated that Grandpa never spent much time with Frank when he was a boy . Joe Heffley ( edit ) Joe Heffley is Frank 's brother and Greg 's uncle . Frank has a sibling rivalry with Joe due to his actions . When Manny started potty training , Uncle Joe insisted that there was a `` potty monster '' that was about to get him , causing him to fear using the bathroom , forcing Frank to change his diapers for a longer time . Greg says that he could hear Frank cursing Joe under his breath every time he changed Manny 's diapers because of this . Uncle Joe 's children call their uncle `` Aunt Fwank '' , which Frank swears he told them to do on purpose ; Susan thinks it 's cute . In Dog Days , Greg mentions that he tried to make Uncle Joe convince Frank to get a dog , but that did not work out . He also mentions that Joe 's dog , Killer ate most of his birthday cake . Joe Heffley 's wife ( edit ) Joe Heffley 's wife is a dark - haired woman and Greg 's aunt . She appears rarely in the books . Joe Heffley 's children ( edit ) Joe Heffley has at least 3 children , who appear to be a bit older than Manny , and are Greg 's cousins . They all call Frank `` Aunt Fwank . '' Charlie Heffley ( edit ) Charlie Heffley is Nana Heffley 's brother and Greg 's great uncle . He is also Greg 's `` secret weapon '' at Christmas , as he asks him to buy him presents that his parents have forbidden him from receiving . However , this backfires as he is usually given the wrong thing . For example , Greg wanted to use a Barbie dollhouse as a fort for his soldier action figures , but Charlie gave him a Barbie doll instead , and Greg got a shoe stuck in his nose . Also , when it was brought up at a family meeting that Greg was into superheroes , he received Wonder Woman underwear . Charlie is a bachelor and spends his spare money well . Greg says he wants to follow in his footsteps . in the first book , Greg thought Charlie got him Twisted Wizard because of the size of the box , but it was just an 8x10 picture of Charlie . In The Last Straw , Charlie got Greg a laundry hoop , hinting that he is tired of being Greg 's secret weapon at Christmas , as the events that transpired meant that Greg effectively got a chore for Christmas . Uncle cecil ( edit ) Cecil is the boys ' uncle but is only 3 or 4 years old . He sits at the grown - ups table at family gatherings because Greg 's Great Aunt Marcie adopted him and since he 's her son , he 's allowed to sit at the grown - ups ' table . He only appears in Hard Luck . Loretta Heffley ( edit ) Loretta Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt and the sister of Grandpa , Arthur and Reba . She got a thank you note for some pants she gave Greg at Christmas . She appeared mainly in Rodrick Rules at the Thanksgiving dinner . She also appeared a couple of times in the Do It Yourself Book and The Ugly Truth . It is implied that Greg and Rodrick dislike her , as they fight over who has to greet her first when she visits . Aunt Veronica ( edit ) Aunt Veronica is Greg 's aunt and Susan 's sister . Greg states that she has never been seen in person since he was 2 or 3 years old , but calls his family members on video chat . When Greg was sitting on the toilet playing games on his brand new phone ( which was actually a hand - me - down from his mother ) , she started a video chat with him . This startled him , leading to him dropping the phone into the toilet ... She appears in Hard Luck multiple times - often in person - but on other occasions by video conference on a tablet and the used phone that Susan gave to Greg . Terrence Heffley ( edit ) Terrence , who has a mustache and glasses , is Frank 's second cousin . It is implied that Greg thinks he is stupid This was suggested when he was explaining that when Terrence was his age , he looked exactly like him , which is true . Greg then mentions he better start saving up for plastic surgery . Gammie Heffley ( edit ) Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother , and the unofficial head of the Heffley family . She only appears in The Ugly Truth , as a minor character . She also has Legos that Susan bought so that her kids had something to do at her house . Gammie glued them together to make one whole brick because of the mess the blocks make . Gammie is a trickster and knows a lot because of `` experience '' . When someone in the family is about 12 or 13 years old she gives them The Talk , which is about how kids should not be hurrying to grow up . Gammie loves having visitors for dinner . One day she bought a scratch ticket , and matched up two pictures and told all her family members that she had won a lot of money . Everyone was in a very big rush to visit her . When they all arrived Frank told Gammie that to win you had to match up three pictures . When she found this out , she did not really care . She pulled a roast right out of the oven , and Greg figures she got what she really wanted anyway . Gammie is the mother of Grandpa , Arthur , Reba , and Loretta Heffley . Gammie is briefly mentioned by Greg in Cabin Fever when he says she gave a miniature carousel that held spoons from all over the world to Greg 's family five or six years before . Reba Heffley ( edit ) Reba Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt . Gammie forgot to give her an invitation at Christmas , but she came anyway . She made everyone feel guilty . She only appears in The Ugly Truth . She is stubborn . She and Loretta are identical twins . Reba is the sister of Grandpa , Loretta , and Arthur Heffley . Gary Heffley ( edit ) Garrison `` Gary '' Heffeley is Greg 's uncle and has been married four times . In The Ugly Truth it is revealed that all of his wives divorced him as soon as they found out about his financial situation and job . In The Third Wheel he comes to live with Greg 's family after he discovers his job selling shirts in Boston was a ripoff - `` Boston '' was spelled `` Botson '' . Later in the book he is chosen to be the DJ at Greg 's Valentine 's Day dance . In Double Down , Gary cut down a big branch hanging over his driveway and ended up breaking his collarbone . First wife : Linda ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Job unappealing for her ( Gary was working as a mascot at children 's parties ) . Second wife : charlene ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Financial miscommunication ( He had $45 in his bank instead of $45,000 . ) Third wife : Lydia ( edit ) Reason for divorce : Unknown , possibly because of a tattoo that used to read `` Lydia '' ( and was later modified to read `` I am not in love with Lydia anymore '' ) . Fourth wife : Sonja ( edit ) Reason for likely divorce : He was only engaged to her by accident when a plane with a banner saying `` MARRY ME SONJA '' flew over the baseball game where he was going to break up with her because he wanted to start dating her sister . Apparently , there was another Sonja at the baseball stadium . Before Gary could say anything , Sonja turned around and said `` YES , YES ! '' When they divorced , it was after their wedding when Gary 's friend included the story in his speech . Aunt Dorothy ( edit ) Dorothy is Greg 's great aunt who always kisses him on the lips . Greg 's mom , Susan , says it is rude to wipe off the kisses Dorothy gives him . She is overweight and sometimes passes gas loudly , much to Greg 's dismay . She appears on the `` Have You Ever '' page in the Do - It - Yourself Book when Greg asks : `` Have you ever been kissed full on the lips by a relative who 's older than seventy ? '' This probably means she is older than 70 years old , and that she is actually his great - aunt . Arthur Heffley ( edit ) Arthur Heffley is Greg 's great - uncle . He only speaks in grunts or makes random sounds . He never has an actual conversation with anybody , but sometimes Greg tries to respond to him just in case he is trying to communicate . For example , once when he said `` Rrup ? '' , Greg replied `` Umm ... No thank you '' . He wears glasses and a neck tie . Arthur is the brother of Reba , Grandpa , and Loretta Heffley . Great uncle Bruce ( edit ) Great Uncle Bruce is a deceased character who is mentioned in Cabin Fever and The Third Wheel . Greg is presented with a rather luxurious blanket as a Christmas gift , only to be repelled by it upon learning that it had formerly belonged to Great Uncle Bruce before his death . This leads him to give it to an unsuspecting Rodrick as a birthday present . In The Third Wheel , Greg uses Great Uncle Bruce 's old cologne on Valentine 's Day , which ends up attracting some old ladies . Byron Heffley ( edit ) Byron is Frank 's cousin whom Greg is not excited to see because at Gammie 's last meeting , he was sent out to get milk , but hit a pothole halfway home , and got a flat tire . Greg had to get him . He needed supplies , so Greg returned to Gammie 's . Because of his muddy shoes the ladies needed to warn him since he was about to track mud into the house . Unfortunately , he forgot about Byron 's tire , and he was not happy when he got to Gammie 's . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Nana Heffley ( edit ) Not much is known about Nana , but according to a young Greg , she smells like asparagus . She is Greg , Rodrick , and Manny 's paternal grandmother , mother to Frank , Joe and Gary , and Mother - in - law to Susan . She is Grandpa 's wife . It is revealed in Double Down she died when Greg was younger and it makes him uncomfortable to think she is `` watching '' him from heaven . Her first appearance was in Double Down . Aunt Cakey ( edit ) Aunt Cakey is Susan 's oldest sister and does not like kids . She used to have a dog . She despises kids , and Susan now never trusts her to babysit Greg . Aunt Audra ( edit ) Aunt Audra is one of Susan 's sisters . She believed in crystal balls and took Greg along with her to see her fortuneteller a few times . Susan think Audra is wasting her money , but the fortuneteller once told Greg , `` A dark haired woman will try to plant a seed of doubt in your mind . '' The fortuneteller also told Audra that Meemaw 's ring was inside a photo album . It turned out the fortuneteller did not mean it literally . Aunt Gretchen ( edit ) Aunt Gretchen is Susan 's youngest sister . She has two out - of - control twin sons , Malvin and Malcolm . Aunt Gretchen has at least thirty pets . In Hard Luck , her rabbit ( which everyone thought was a male but was actually female ) has a litter of bunnies , angering Frank . Once they played throw and catch with a strong sharp piece of concrete . Malvin had to go to the emergency room to get stitches in his forehead . Malvin and Malcolm ( edit ) Malvin and Malcolm are Gretchen 's two sons . They are out - of control kids , playing catch with rocks and cement chunks . Malcolm is the wilder . He once got hold of Frank 's shaving kit and shaved himself . He also called the police to report Greg 's family for running out of ketchup . This results in Frank angrily making them leave . Meemaw and Peepaw ( edit ) Meemaw and Peepaw are the parents of Gramma and her two sisters , and are the grandparents of Susan . Their first appearance was in Hard Luck . Peepaw is portrayed as old and batty . Meemaw is dead , while Peepaw is still alive . Meemaw was in charge of putting prizes in the Easter eggs , and wore a diamond ring , which was extremely valuable because it had been in her family for three generations . Before she died , she accidentally put her ring in an Easter egg that was found by Greg at the end of the book . Meemaw appears in the film adaption of the Long Haul played by Mimi Gould . Meemaw 's birthday results in Susan 's `` great Heffley road trip '' . Gramma 's sisters ( edit ) Gramma 's sisters are the great - aunts of Rodrick , Greg , and Manny . They are the aunt 's of Susan Heffley and her sisters . Lawrence Heffley ( edit ) Lawrence Heffley is Greg 's uncle who is always traveling , and therefore is unable to make it to family events . He did , however , appear at Great - Grandpa Chester 's funeral by webcam . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Chester `` Remus '' Heffley ( edit ) Chester Heffley was Greg 's great - grandfather and Gammie Heffley 's husband . It was revealed that he died in The Ugly Truth . Greg referred to him as Remus in The Do it Yourself Book . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia is Greg 's cousin who has an extremely loose tooth that she does not want to pull out . She only appears in Hard Luck . Benjy Heffley ( edit ) Benjy Heffley is Greg 's cousin . He can read chapter books and speak in full sentences . However , he still is n't potty trained . He only appears in The Ugly Truth . Tony and Patricia Heffley ( edit ) Tony and Patricia Heffley are Greg 's aunt and uncle and the parents of Benjy Heffley . Uncle Larry ( edit ) Uncle Larry is supposedly Greg 's uncle . Greg is not sure if he is an actual relative , and he thinks someone invited him to a family gathering at some point and that he has been coming ever since . When Audra 's fortuneteller told her Meemaw 's ring was in a photo album , Larry helped realize that the ring was in a plastic egg . This was proved to be true , as it was found in a plastic egg by Greg later on . Martina ( edit ) Martina is Susan 's cousin who smashed her collarbone at a buffet in Las Vegas , and ended up suing the hotel . She possibly owns a Porsche . Gerald ( edit ) Gerald is Susan 's cousin who lives in California . He lived with Greg 's family a few months after Greg was born , and even used to change his diapers . Rowley 's family ( edit ) Mr. Jefferson ( edit ) Mr. Jefferson is Rowley 's father , and is far more shrill than Mr. Heffley . He is extremely rude and paranoid , and does not accept any criticism from anyone of himself or his property . He is the strictest father in the series so far . He will not let Rowley play any video game with the slightest bit of violence or fighting in it , as he thinks doing this could change Rowley into a different person . Mr. Jefferson thinks Greg is a `` bad influence '' on his son . It is also shown that Mr. Jefferson had a close bond with Rowley . He shows little interest in sports until Dog Days , where he is found playing tennis with Rowley and golf with a caddy . In Rodrick Rules , Greg and Rowley say in their secret language : `` Your - pa dad - pa smells - pa like - pa a woman - pa ! '' Greg is then sent home early , and questions how Mr. Jefferson cracked the code . In Dog Days , it is revealed that Mr. Jefferson 's first name is Robert . When Susan emailed him because of the note Greg sent her , it had Mr. Jefferson 's first name on it . In `` Old School '' , he is stuck chaperoning the group of extra kids ( which includes Rowley and Greg ) , much to Greg 's dismay . Later , Rowley adds poison ivy to a fire started by him and he has problems breathing on the next morning , which means he and Rowley ( Who had spots on his body ) would be going back home . In the film series , Mr. Jefferson has not spoken until the third film , implying that he is a man of a few words . Mrs. Jefferson ( edit ) Mrs. Jefferson is Rowley 's mother . She often seems to be concerned about Rowley such as the time he broke his big toe after Greg put one of his dad 's dumbbells under a pillow that Rowley kept kicking at Greg 's sleepover . She also had Greg apologize to her for what he did to Rowley . Despite this , Mrs. Jefferson always enjoys Greg 's company with Rowley . Although Mrs. Jefferson loves Greg , she does not let him come over because her husband dislikes him . In day 24 of the online version , it is revealed that her first name is Linda from Greg 's The Boy Whose Family Thinks He 's a DOG comic . In the first film , Rowley 's mother is portrayed by Kaye Capron , Robert Capron 's real life mother ; in Dog Days she is portrayed by Bronwen Smith . Rowley 's grandfather ( edit ) Rowley 's grandfather only appears in Rodrick Rules . It is his birthday and he asks for a chocolate cake for his next birthday . Because of his no lying policy Greg replies : `` If you 're even alive next year '' . He is 90 years old in Rodrick Rules . He is an antagonist . Other characters ( edit ) Fregley ( edit ) Fregley is Greg 's firm and impeccably graspable acquaintance and neighbor noted for his unexplained lot of odd or disgusting eccentricities . He has been known to perplex others with his behavior , and does not have any known friends . Greg has been forced to hang around with Fregley on several occasions , to his chagrin or aggravation . It has been mentioned that Fregley is prohibited from eating sugar by his parents , and the consumption of it in large quantities will send him into hysterical , uncontrollable frenzies . Fregley won the `` Student of the Week '' award in `` Cabin Fever '' for not biting anyone for five days . In the film adaptions of the books , Fregley is played by Grayson Russell . Preston Mudd ( edit ) Preston Francis Mudd is the name of one of Greg 's classmates . He is said to have been the best player in the basketball unit of gym class during sixth grade at Westmore Middle School . Christopher Brownfield ( edit ) Christopher Brownfield is one of Greg 's friends and is shown to have been a great mosquito magnet while hanging out with Greg in the summer . Holly Elizabeth Hills ( edit ) Holly Elizabeth Hills is the name of one of Greg 's classmates ; an older girl who primarily serves as Greg 's unrequited romantic interest and also Heather Hills ' younger sister . She is the youngest daughter of Mr. Hills and Mrs. Hills . A minor character , she earns a prominent role in The Last Straw as the object of Greg 's most recent infatuation . He is continuously motivated to impress her to no avail . Virtually oblivious to Greg 's existence or identity ( Greg stops trying to impress her after she mistakes him for Fregley ) , she appears to take an interest in Rowley 's sweetness , judging by an enthusiastic message which she had signed in his yearbook ( as opposed to the note that she had written for the envious Greg ) . She seldom appears afterwards . Greg 's interest in her is seemingly damaged by events such as this and he starts showing an interest in other girls , including Holly 's older sister Heather . Whereas her personality is hardly explored in the books , Holly 's role was increased in film adaptions , debuting in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules as a newcomer to Greg 's middle school with whom he is instantly besotted . She is depicted as being friendly and good - natured . The relationship she shares with Greg and Rowley is emphasized and exaggerated in the film portrayals , to the extent it can be assumed that the feelings Greg has for her may be mutual . She reappears in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Her family is portrayed as being wealthy and her sister shown to be tyrannical , spoiled , and selfish . Holly seems to enjoy the boys ' companionship , and shows gratitude for Rodrick Heffley 's unintentional blunders that wind up destroying the undeserving Heather 's birthday party . The party ends with Holly slipping her hand into Greg 's , implying that she likes him as well , and she , Greg and Rowley had a pool party not long after . Holly is portrayed by Peyton R. List . Chirag Gupta ( edit ) Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's schoolmates and a minor character in the books . He is characterized by his short stature . Although he and Greg are well - acquainted and generally amiable to one another , Greg started the `` Invisible Chirag '' prank in Rodrick Rules . During the summer the Gupta family were to move away but an unexplained alteration in their plans changed this . As a result , Chirag 's classmates teasingly ignore his existence or presence for days on end , which aggravates and shocks him . Though Chirag has apparently forgiven Greg and his fellow schoolmates for concocting the prank , it is mentioned in one book that he takes advantage of his family 's non-observance of the Christmas holiday , and no obligation to behave for Santa Claus , to pick on Greg . In the movie adaptions , Chirag 's role is enhanced and he is a close friend of Greg and Rowley . He also plays a considerably more prominent role in these films , appearing in adaptions of books in which he is absent or hardly mentioned . He is depicted as being Indian - American . He is portrayed by Karan Brar . Patty Farrell ( edit ) Patricia `` Patty '' Farrell is a minor character who shares an intense rivalry with Greg , which is showcased on a few occasions . It is implied she is a hardworking but sanctimonious and domineering student . She earns Greg 's animosity after she suggests a map of the United States displayed in the classroom be covered during a geography quiz . Greg had planned to cheat using the map and this causes great difficulties for him , and makes him agitated . Motivated by his lust for revenge , he volunteers to play a tree in the school 's upcoming production of `` The Wizard of Oz '' after viewing the movie adaption for the first time . He believes the role entails having to bombard the character of Dorothy Gale ( whom Patty would be portraying in the play ) with apples , only to learn that this scene was deleted for the school production . He winds up re-enacting this scene , despite the script , sending his parents into a rage . She has yet to play quite as significant a role in the book series again . She has become something of a minor recurring character whose appearances are rare . In the film adaptions of the books , Patty 's role is enhanced slightly . She is depicted as being monstrously demanding . Her parents are involved with the school board in this portrayal . The motivation given for her hatred of Greg is his recital of an offensive playground chant poking fun at her that sent her bursting into tears in elementary school . She appears in the film adaptions of all three films Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Diary of a Wimpy Kid ; Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . Alterations made to the books include her talent for both wrestling and playing tennis . She snatches any opportunity to assault Greg somehow while engaged in either sport with him . She is played by Laine MacNeil . Heather Hills ( edit ) Heather Hills is the attractive elder sister of Holly Elizabeth Hills , with whom Rodrick is infatuated . A minor character in the books , but the main antagonist in the third film , Heather is only featured in several books as the object of Greg 's unrequited infatuation . However , she seems oblivious to this . A student attending Westmore High School with Rodrick , she has had several minor occupations throughout the course of the books , during each of which Rodrick fecklessly attempts to grab her attention or to impress her . Little insight into her personality is provided in the book series . Similar to her younger sister , Holly , Heather 's personality and role is further enhanced in the only film adaption in which she has appeared , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days . In a modification of the events of the books , she is depicted as the oldest daughter of the Hills family . She is spoiled , obnoxious , rude , ignorant , selfish , conceited , ungrateful , unforgiving , cold - hearted , demanding , mistreating her family and acquaintances . Plus , she proves to be even worse than Rodrick . Lovelorn , Rodrick Heffley and his band are hired to perform at Heather 's ostentatious upcoming sixteenth birthday party , and , in an attempt to earn her admiration , Rodrick winds up messing up the celebration and decorations during a boisterous , and substandard performance of Justin Bieber 's `` Baby '' , which makes Heather very upset and the party ends in disaster . She is portrayed by Melissa Roxburgh . Heather has a slight reference to the behavior of the Carnotaur from Disney 's `` Dinosaur ( film ) '' . Albert Sandy ( edit ) Albert Sandy is a minor character , who talks often about rumors he has heard . The validity of his statements are unconfirmed . One of the statement which was not confirmed by Greg was when Albert told him that `` it was medically impossible for a girl to fart '' . Greg knew that it was not true because when his mom hugged Aunt Dorothy on Christmas Eve she farted . Albert has appeared in The Last Straw , The Ugly Truth , Old School , and Double Down . Mr. Ira ( edit ) Only appearing in Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Mr. Ira is a teacher at Greg 's middle school who is on the school newspaper adult staff , and enlists a replacement comic strip for the newspaper . He was made fun of in a comic strip entitled Dumb Teachers , and later bowdlerises Greg 's Creighton the Cretin comic . He does not do the same with Rowley 's Zoo - Wee Mama strip , much to Greg 's chagrin . The Snellas ( edit ) First appearing in The Last Straw , The Snellas are a family that lives in the Heffleys ' neighborhood . They have a lot of children , all of whom are male , with names beginning with the letter S. Five of the children 's names are revealed , and they are ( from oldest to youngest ) : Shawn , Shane , Sam , Scott , and Seth . In The Last Straw , it is revealed that each Snella child has a half birthday party at which the adults perform funny stunts , to attempt to make the babies laugh . According to Greg , however , no baby has laughed once . Mr. Snella records the action on his camcorder . Mr. Snella then sends the videos to America 's Funniest Families , a spoof and parody of America 's Funniest Home Videos , and has never won anything ( though after Greg is filmed wearing Wonder Woman underoos hanging off a tree with his trousers below his ankles at the end of The Last Straw , the footage is sent , and it is never explained if Mr Snella won with it ) . Their most recent appearance was in The Ugly Truth , when they move to another house because of a strange smell they can not get rid of in their home . The smell was deviled eggs , which Greg hates and threw into one of their plant pots when he was having dinner at their house . Despite trying to find the cause of the smell , the Snellas can not figure it out and eventually just move . Greg feels guilty when he sees that they are taking the plant pot with them , but he resolves to try to find a way to sneak deviled eggs into Fregley 's house . In Cabin Fever , it is revealed a man named Mr. Alexander moved into the Snellas ' house . Scotty douglas ( edit ) Scotty is a first grader from Rowley 's karate class . In Rodrick Rules , Scotty was going to do a magic act in the Talent Show with Rowley as his assistant . But after Greg breaks Rowley 's big toe , he has to fill in for Rowley . Greg complains about being a magician 's assistant to Scotty , but Susan tells Scotty 's mother that Greg would be happy to replace Rowley . In the tryouts , Greg messes up the act so badly they are the only ones not to make the auditions . Scotty has a remarkably similar appearance to Greg 's comic character , Creighton The Cretin , except Creighton 's eyes are wide open and Scotty 's eyes are beady just like all the other characters that do not wear glasses . In The Ugly Truth , he becomes the new Peachy Breeze kid , yet can not say the slogan right . Between Rodrick Rules and The Ugly Truth it appears that Scotty has two siblings - an unnamed baby sister and an older brother ( who is supposed to be ugly ) . In The Third Wheel , when Greg and Rowley become private investigators Greg looks through the window at his house to find him playing one of Greg 's video games with Rowley . Mr. Underwood ( edit ) Mr. Underwood is Greg 's Phys Ed coach . In the film series , he is named Coach Malone . Bill Walter ( edit ) Bill Walter is a 35 - year - old high school drop out , and professional singer , who has a rude attitude . Rodrick idolizes him and his lifestyle . In the novel Rodrick Rules , he was voted `` Most Likely to Be a Rock Star '' which influenced Rodrick to persuade him to join the band . Frank Heffley strongly dislikes Bill because he disapproves of his lifestyle , and is afraid Rodrick will follow in his footsteps . In the movie version of Rodrick Rules he is portrayed by Fran Kranz and is an antagonist . He agrees to join Rodrick 's rock band Loded Diper and later attempts to kick him out for an unknown reason . After performing the song Exploded Diper , Rodrick retaliates and kicks him out . He also makes an appearance with Rodrick at the beginning at the roller rink . In the book Greg describes him as unemployed and still living with his parents even though he is 35 years old . Also , in Rodrick Rules Bill appears to be a slob , as he `` slorks '' pot roast . Dr. salazar Kagan ( edit ) Dr. Kagan , Frank 's dentist , makes his debut in The Ugly Truth . Frank takes Greg to Dr. Kagan instead of his usual dentist , a pretty woman named Rachel on whom Greg has a crush . Greg bites Dr. Kagan 's finger when his teeth are being checked . In what Greg believes to be an act of revenge , Dr. Kagan tells Frank that Greg needs headgear to correct his overbite . Greg says Dr. Kagan is scary and evil and that he never fools around . He has sharp metal tools and never smiles -- not even when his picture is taken . He also has billboards on the highway with ads that freak Greg out . His motto is , `` Bad oral health is nothing to smile about . '' Dr. Kagan makes a brief appearance in Double Down when Greg compares him to a book he read called Spineticklers # 67 : My Dentist is The Devil . Lenwood Heath ( edit ) Lenwood Heath only appears in The Last Straw . He is a rebellious teenager , who was Greg 's father 's arch - enemy for about three months before he was sent to military academy . This resulted in him becoming a fine young man who works at the movie theater . In the Dog Days film , he is portrayed by Tom Stevens , and is seen working as a lifeguard at the pool the Heffleys are attending . Taylor Pringle ( edit ) Taylor Pringle is a minor character who only appears in the films , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days and does not appear in the books . She is a girl who is very rude and unforgiving , and is first seen at the end of the opening scene in Rodrick Rules in which during her birthday party at the roller rink , Rodrick embarrasses Greg , prompting Greg to try and tackle him , but he misses and lands in Taylor 's birthday cake , destroying it . As a result of this , Taylor gets angry and she and her friends begin beating up Greg as the intro begins . She appears again in Dog Days , at the country club 's pool , in which she simply asks Heather what time the snack bar closes and Heather rudely states `` What do you think I am , a guide book ? Come back to me when you 're drowning . '' . Later , when Greg attempts to impress Holly by jumping off the high diving board , he becomes nervous , due to it being very high above the water . Taylor then comes up behind Greg and states that he is talking to himself , due to being scared . When Greg gives Taylor a brush - off that he is not scared and that she is `` just a little kid '' , she pressures him to jump . When Greg jumps , he loses his swimsuit on the board , and Taylor chucks it onto a nearby fence to get back at Greg for berating her . As a result , Greg is forced to borrow a girl 's swimsuit that reads Holly on it until he goes to the fence to retrieve his own swimsuit , and as he does so , he gets taunted by Patty . Taylor is portrayed by Dalila Bela . Jordan Jury ( edit ) Only appearing in The Ugly Truth , Jordan Jury is the popular boy in the grade above Greg , who 's known for always throwing huge boy - girl parties that have little to no adult - supervision . Greg is amazed when he discovers that he has been given a textbook that used to belong to him . Jordan invites Greg and Rowley to his latest party , but Greg can not not go because of his Uncle Gary 's fourth wedding . But at the end of the book , Greg discovers that it 's actually a good thing he did n't go to the party -- as it would seem , the only reason Jordan invited the kids in Greg and Rowley 's grade to his party was to basically use them as servants . Angie Steadman ( edit ) Angie Steadman only appears as an additional character in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film . She is in seventh grade , has a pink streak of hair , works for the school newspaper , and hates middle school , calling it an `` intellectual wasteland . '' In the film , Greg and Rowley meet her under the bleachers during a game of `` Gladiator '' . She gets along with Rowley , but starts a rocky relationship with Greg after he egotistically declines her offer to join the school newspaper . Greg later tells the whole school he ate the cheese instead of Rowley and she compliments and accepts him when she sees that Greg is learning the errors of his ways . In the film , she is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz . Pete Hosey ( edit ) Pete Hosey is the leader of the teenagers who attacked Greg and Rowley on Halloween . He is an antagonist in the first film . He is unnamed in the first book and he is replaced by Herbie Reamer in the online version . After hassling Greg and Rowley on Halloween , Greg yells that he will call the cops , and they chase him to Greg 's grandmother 's house . In the book , Greg and Rowley sneak back home , but in the movie , they try to intimidate Pete and his friends with a weed hacker , before Pete scratches his car and they are chased into the woods . In both the book and the movie , the teens hold a vendetta against Greg and Rowley . Near the end they corner them on the school field and decide to force them to eat the moldy cheese . Rowley is forced to eat the cheese , but Greg avoids it by saying he 's lactose intolerant . In the movie they are chased off by the coach . The Warrens ( edit ) Although his family is vaguely referenced in the books , the Warren 's are what got Frank thinking of making Greg more manly . Frank is deeply jealous of the Warrens . In stark contrast to Greg , the Warrens ' children are shown to be athletic and sporty . In the third film , Stan , the father of the family , is shown to be a neighbor of the Heffley 's . He had a childhood rivalry with Frank , that they appear to have gotten over as adults . Greg finds out that Stan has been making fun of his father behind his back and comes up with an elaborate prank to get back at him . In the movie , Mr Warren is the troop master of the Wilderness Explorers , and invites everyone over for an Independence Day party . They only appear in Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . The Beardos ( edit ) Only appearing in The Long Haul , the Beardos are the main antagonists of the book . They are a couple with three sons . The Heffleys indirectly met them during their road trip , though only Greg knows who they are . Their first encounter is at a motel , where Greg angrily berates one of the Beardo children , who then tells his father on him , causing Greg to fear running into them again . Greg and his family are convinced that the Beardos have stolen their luggage and belongings at a place they both attended called `` Soak Central . '' They try to track them down though it was revealed at the end that Greg actually had the key to their locker in Soak Central , and that he got the number wrong . Their belongings were actually there . The Beardos were known for driving a purple van , similar to the Heffleys ' minivan . The family 's real surname is unknown , as Greg himself does not who they are . It is likely he dubbed them this because of the patriarch 's noticeably long beard . In the film adaption of The Long Haul , Mr. and Mrs. Beardo are portrayed by Chris Coppola and Kimberli Lincoln , and have a daughter named Brandi and two sons named Brandon and Brent . Joshie ( edit ) Joshie is a singer who is famous in Europe and is Rowley 's favorite singer and idol . Greg believes that Joshie is for six - year old girls , but Rowley ignores him , saying that Greg is jealous because he was the one who `` discovered '' Joshie . Maddox Selsam ( edit ) Maddox Selsam is a boy who lives in the middle of the woods . He is not allowed to have any screen time , and does not have a TV at his house . He enjoys playing with his Legos and practicing his violin . He met Greg in Double Down when he found Greg 's balloon for the Balloon Brigade at his school . Pets and other animals ( edit ) Dogs ( edit ) Sweetie ( edit ) Sweetie is a dog that first appeared in Dog Days . Greg 's dad buys him after discovering that his father lied about accidentally killing his childhood dog , Nutty . Sweetie wreaks havoc in the Heffley household and is given to Gramma at the end of the book . Sweetie undergoes drastic weight gain at Gramma 's house because he is fed lots of table scraps . Eventually Gramma dresses him up in a suit and tie like a little human . Greg and Rodrick like playing with him by going up behind him and making flatulence sounds . He will then sniff his rear end until he goes to sleep . Nutty ( edit ) Nutty is Frank 's old dog which he had when he was around Greg 's age . Grandpa accidentally ran over and killed Nutty with his station wagon when he backed out of the driveway . Grandpa covered the truth by saying that Nutty ran away to a butterfly farm . Frank is very angry when he finds out the truth during a Father 's Day brunch . Killer ( edit ) Killer is Joe Heffley 's family dog . In Dog Days , he wreaks havoc by eating part of Greg 's birthday cake . Rudy ( edit ) Rudy was Aunt Cakey 's dog . He was usually oblivious to what was going on around him , opting to stare straight ahead doing nothing . It is not known how Rudy died . Henry ( edit ) Henry is Gramma 's dog who died around the time of the dog days of summer . Rebel ( edit ) Rebel is a Rottweiler that used to chase Greg and Rowley on their way to school before his owner installed an electric fence around the front yard . He only appears in Hard Luck . Other pets ( edit ) Greg 's fish ( edit ) In Dog Days , Greg buys an angel fish from a pet store . He also buys a journal to log the actions of his fish but later realizes he can not put much in it . Greg 's fish was later made to share a tank with Rodrick 's fish , who ate it while Greg and his family were at the water park on Father 's Day . Rodrick 's fish ( edit ) Rodrick 's fish is a piranha - type fish that was picked out the fish at a pet store in Dog Days , because it was described as aggressive . Due to Rodrick 's neglect at cleaning the tank it was made to share a tank with Greg 's fish , which it ate . The fish has not appeared since Dog Days , with no further mention of its eventual fate . Aunt Gretchen 's pets ( edit ) Aunt Gretchen has about thirty pets that the Heffleys pet - sit in Hard Luck , while she is sightseeing . Her pets include three dogs , two cats , a mouse , a parakeet , a turtle , a snake , a lizard , and a litter of bunnies that her rabbit gave birth to while Gretchen is away . Squirm ( edit ) Squirm was an inchworm Greg found and took care of when he was nine . It was stood on and squashed by Manny when he began learning how to walk . The pig ( edit ) The Heffley 's pet pig has appeared in all books except The Getaway since The Long Haul , in which Manny Heffley won it at a country fair for correctly guessing the weight of a hog . To the annoyance of Greg , the pig exhibits extraordinary intelligence and gains human characteristics . One running gag is that despite not having opposable thumbs , the pig opens objects such as soda cans or a jar full of candy corn . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCarron , Heather ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Nothing ' Wimpy ' about local author 's success '' . Milford Daily News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Sequel to Bow Next March . Moviefone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ All about Jeff Kinney ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2009 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 7068 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Jeff ( 2010 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeff ( 2011 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . hide The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway The Meltdown Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_characters&oldid=856129188 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2012 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2012 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 02 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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what is the dad name in diary of a wimpy kid
[ " Francis \"Frank\" Heffley is Greg's overreactive but well-meaning father. He is interested in U.S. history, and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series.[5] Frank is edgy around Rowley,[5] does not appreciate Greg's skill at video games, loathes heavy metal,[4] and adolescents.[6] In Rodrick Rules, during Thanksgiving dinner, Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave. He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw, although ultimately this does not come to fruition, much to Greg's relief.[6] However, Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days. Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, he is played by Tom Everett Scott.\n" ]
[ "Francis \"Frank\" Heffley" ]
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U.S. Route 66
US Route 66 - wikipedia US Route 66 Jump to : navigation , search U.S. Route 66 Will Rogers Memorial Highway Route information Length : 2,448 mi ( 3,940 km ) Existed : November 26 , 1926 ( 1926 - 11 - 26 ) -- June 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 26 ) Tourist routes : Historic Route 66 Major intersections ( in 1947 ) West end : US 101 Alt. in Santa Monica , Cal . US 6 / US 99 / US 101 in Los Angeles , Cal . US 91 / US 395 in San Bernardino , Cal . US 89 from Ash Fork to Flagstaff , Ariz . US 85 in Albuquerque , N.M. US 60 / US 87 / US 287 in Amarillo , Tex . US - 81 in El Reno , Okla . US - 64 in Tulsa , Okla . US 71 from Joplin to Carthage , Mo . US 40 / US 50 / US 61 in St. Louis , Mo . US 51 in Normal , Ill . East end : US 41 / US 54 in Chicago , Ill . Location States : California , Arizona , New Mexico , Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Illinois Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced U.S. Route 66 ( US 66 or Route 66 ) , also known as the Will Rogers Highway , the Main Street of America or the Mother Road , was one of the original highways within the U.S. Highway System . US 66 was established on November 11 , 1926 , with road signs erected the following year . The highway , which became one of the most famous roads in the United States , originally ran from Chicago , Illinois , through Missouri , Kansas , Oklahoma , Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona before ending at Santa Monica , California , covering a total of 2,448 miles ( 3,940 km ) . It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' and the Route 66 television show in the 1960s . US 66 served as a major path for those who migrated west , especially during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s , and the road supported the economies of the communities through which it passed . People doing business along the route became prosperous due to the growing popularity of the highway , and those same people later fought to keep the highway alive in the face of the growing threat of being bypassed by the new Interstate Highway System . US 66 underwent many improvements and realignments over its lifetime , and it was officially removed from the United States Highway System in 1985 , after it had been replaced in its entirety by segments of the Interstate Highway System . Portions of the road that passed through Illinois , Missouri , New Mexico , and Arizona have been designated a National Scenic Byway of the name `` Historic Route 66 '' , which is returning to some maps . Several states have adopted significant bypassed sections of the former US 66 into the state road network as State Route 66 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the U.S. Highway System 1.2 Birthplace and rise of US 66 1.3 Changes in routing 1.4 Decline 1.5 After decertification 1.6 Revival 1.7 National Museum of American History 1.8 Autry National Center 2 Route description 2.1 California 2.2 Arizona 2.3 New Mexico 2.4 Texas 2.5 Oklahoma and Kansas 2.6 Missouri 2.7 Illinois 3 Special routes 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Works cited 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lengths ( 1926 alignment ) mi km California 314 505 Arizona 401 645 New Mexico 487 784 Texas 186 299 Oklahoma 432 695 Kansas 13 21 Missouri 317 510 Illinois 301 484 Total 2,448 3,940 Before the US highway system ( edit ) A remnant of an original state right - of - way marker serves as a reminder of the early days of the road 's construction . This was part of the 1927 construction of US 66 . In 1857 , Lt. Edward Fitzgerald Beale , a Naval officer in the service of the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers , was ordered by the War Department to build a government - funded wagon road along the 35th Parallel . His secondary orders were to test the feasibility of the use of camels as pack animals in the southwestern desert . This road became part of US 66 . Parts of the original Route 66 from 1913 , prior to its official naming and commissioning , can still be seen north of the Cajon Pass . The paved road becomes a dirt road , south of Cajon , which was also the original Route 66 . Before a nationwide network of numbered highways was adopted by the states , named auto trails were marked by private organizations . The route that would become US 66 was covered by three highways . The Lone Star Route passed through St. Louis on its way from Chicago to Cameron , Louisiana , though US 66 would take a shorter route through Bloomington rather than Peoria . The transcontinental National Old Trails Road led via St. Louis to Los Angeles , but was not followed until New Mexico ; instead US 66 used one of the main routes of the Ozark Trails system , which ended at the National Old Trails Road just south of Las Vegas , New Mexico . Again , a shorter route was taken , here following the Postal Highway between Oklahoma City and Amarillo . Finally , the National Old Trails Road became the rest of the route to Los Angeles . While legislation for public highways first appeared in 1916 , with revisions in 1921 , it was not until Congress enacted an even more comprehensive version of the act in 1925 that the government executed its plan for national highway construction . The original inspiration for a roadway between Chicago and Los Angeles was planned by entrepreneurs Cyrus Avery of Tulsa , Oklahoma and John Woodruff of Springfield , Missouri . The pair lobbied the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) for the creation of a route following the 1925 plans . From the outset , public road planners intended US 66 to connect the main streets of rural and urban communities along its course for the most practical of reasons : most small towns had no prior access to a major national thoroughfare . Birthplace and rise of US 66 ( edit ) The route sign from 1926 to 1948 The numerical designation 66 was assigned to the Chicago - to - Los Angeles route on April 30 , 1926 in Springfield , Missouri . A placard in Park Central Square was dedicated to the city by the Route 66 Association of Missouri , and traces of the `` Mother Road '' are still visible in downtown Springfield along Kearney Street , Glenstone Avenue , College , and St. Louis streets and on Route 266 to Halltown , Missouri . Championed by Avery when the first talks about a national highway system began , US 66 was first signed into law in 1927 as one of the original U.S. Highways , although it was not completely paved until 1938 . Avery was adamant that the highway have a round number and had proposed number 60 to identify it . A controversy erupted over the number 60 , largely from delegates from Kentucky who wanted a Virginia Beach -- Los Angeles highway to be US 60 and US 62 between Chicago and Springfield , Missouri . Arguments and counterarguments continued throughout February , including a proposal to split the proposed route through Kentucky into Route 60 North ( to Chicago ) and Route 60 South ( to Newport News ) . The final conclusion was to have US 60 run between Virginia Beach , Virginia , and Springfield , Missouri , and the Chicago -- L.A. route be US 62 . Avery and highway engineer John Page settled on `` 66 , '' which was unassigned , because he thought the double - digit number would be easy to remember as well as pleasant to say and hear . Both Avery and Page also appreciated the number 66 's use in numerology as a master number bringing material pleasure and success . The state of Missouri released its 1926 state highway map with the highway labeled as US 60 . After the new federal highway system was officially created , Cyrus Avery called for the establishment of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to promote the complete paving of the highway from end to end and to promote travel down the highway . In 1927 , in Tulsa , the association was officially established with John T. Woodruff of Springfield , Missouri , elected the first president . In 1928 , the association made its first attempt at publicity , the `` Bunion Derby , '' a footrace from Los Angeles to New York City , of which the path from Los Angeles to Chicago would be on US 66 . The publicity worked : several dignitaries , including Will Rogers , greeted the runners at certain points on the route . The race ended in Madison Square Garden , where the $25,000 first prize ( equal to $348,692 in 2016 ) was awarded to Andy Hartley Payne , a Cherokee runner from Oklahoma . The U.S. Highway 66 Association also placed its first advertisement in the July 16 , 1932 , issue of the Saturday Evening Post . The ad invited Americans to take US 66 to the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . A U.S. Highway 66 Association office in Oklahoma received hundreds of requests for information after the ad was published . The association went on to serve as a voice for businesses along the highway until it disbanded in 1976 . Traffic grew on the highway because of the geography through which it passed . Much of the highway was essentially flat and this made the highway a popular truck route . The Dust Bowl of the 1930s saw many farming families , mainly from Oklahoma , Arkansas , Kansas , and Texas , heading west for agricultural jobs in California . US 66 became the main road of travel for these people , often derogatorily called `` Okies '' or `` Arkies . '' During the Depression , it gave some relief to communities located on the highway . The route passed through numerous small towns and , with the growing traffic on the highway , helped create the rise of mom - and - pop businesses , such as service stations , restaurants , and motor courts , all readily accessible to passing motorists . The Chain of Rocks Bridge across the Mississippi River was built to carry the growing traffic of US 66 around the city of St. Louis Restored Magnolia gasoline station museum on Route 66 in Shamrock in Wheeler County , TX Much of the early highway , like all the other early highways , was gravel or graded dirt . Due to the efforts of the U.S. Highway 66 Association , US 66 became the first highway to be completely paved in 1938 . Several places were dangerous : more than one part of the highway was nicknamed `` Bloody 66 '' and gradually work was done to realign these segments to remove dangerous curves . However , one section through the Black Mountains outside Oatman , Arizona , was fraught with hairpin turns and was the steepest along the entire route , so much so that some early travelers , too frightened at the prospect of driving such a potentially dangerous road , hired locals to navigate the winding grade . The section remained as US 66 until 1953 and is still open to traffic today as the Oatman Highway . Despite such hazards in some areas , US 66 continued to be a popular route . Notable buildings include the art deco -- styled U-Drop Inn , constructed in 1936 in Shamrock , in Wheeler County east of Amarillo , Texas , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . A restored Magnolia fuel station is also located in Shamrock as well as Vega , in Oldham County , west of Amarillo . During World War II , more migration west occurred because of war - related industries in California . US 66 , already popular and fully paved , became one of the main routes and also served for moving military equipment . Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri was located near the highway , which was locally upgraded quickly to a divided highway to help with military traffic . When Richard Feynman was working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , he used to travel nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) to visit his wife , who was dying of tuberculosis , in a sanatorium located on US 66 in Albuquerque . In the 1950s , US 66 became the main highway for vacationers heading to Los Angeles . The road passed through the Painted Desert and near the Grand Canyon . Meteor Crater in Arizona was another popular stop . This sharp increase in tourism in turn gave rise to a burgeoning trade in all manner of roadside attractions , including teepee - shaped motels , frozen custard stands , Indian curio shops , and reptile farms . Meramec Caverns near St. Louis , began advertising on barns , billing itself as the `` Jesse James hideout . '' The Big Texan advertised a free 72 - ounce ( 2.0 kg ) steak dinner to anyone who could consume the entire meal in one hour . It also marked the birth of the fast - food industry : Red 's Giant Hamburg in Springfield , Missouri , site of the first drive - through restaurant , and the first McDonald 's in San Bernardino , California . Changes like these to the landscape further cemented 66 's reputation as a near - perfect microcosm of the culture of America , now linked by the automobile . Changes in routing ( edit ) Modern - day sign in New Mexico , along a section of Route 66 named a National Scenic Byway Many sections of US 66 underwent major realignments . In 1930 , between the Illinois cities of Springfield and East St. Louis , US 66 was shifted farther east to what is now roughly Interstate 55 ( I - 55 ) . The original alignment followed the current Illinois Route 4 ( IL 4 ) . From downtown St. Louis to Gray Summit , Missouri , US 66 originally went down Market Street and Manchester Road , which is largely Route 100 . In 1932 , this route was changed and the original alignment never viewed as anything more than temporary . The planned route was down Watson Road , which is now Route 366 but Watson Road had not been completed yet . In Oklahoma , from west of El Reno to Bridgeport , US 66 turned north to Calumet and then west to Geary , then southwest across the South Canadian River over a suspension toll bridge into Bridgeport . In 1933 , a straighter cut - off route was completed from west of El Reno to one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Bridgeport , crossing over a 38 - span steel pony truss bridge over the South Canadian River , bypassing Calumet and Geary by several miles . From west of Santa Rosa , New Mexico , to north of Los Lunas , New Mexico , the road originally turned north from current I - 40 along much of what is now US 84 to near Las Vegas , New Mexico , followed ( roughly ) I - 25 -- then the decertified US 85 through Santa Fe and Albuquerque to Los Lunas and then turned northwest along the present New Mexico State Road 6 ( NM 6 ) alignment to a point near Laguna . In 1937 , a straight - line route was completed from west of Santa Rosa through Moriarty and east -- west through Albuquerque and west to Laguna . This newer routing saved travelers as much as four hours of travel through New Mexico . According to legend , the rerouting was done at the behest of Democratic Governor Arthur T. Hannett to punish the Republican Santa Fe Ring , which had long dominated New Mexico out of Santa Fe . In 1940 , the first freeway in Los Angeles was incorporated into US 66 ; this was the Arroyo Seco Parkway , later known as the Pasadena Freeway ; now again known as Arroyo Seco Parkway . Route 66 between Oatman and Kingman In 1953 , the Oatman Highway through the Black Mountains was completely bypassed by a new route between Kingman , Arizona , and Needles , California ; by the 1960s , Oatman , Arizona , was virtually abandoned as a ghost town . Since the 1950s , as Interstates were being constructed , sections of US 66 not only saw the traffic drain to them , but often the route number itself was moved to the faster means of travel . In some cases , such as to the east of St. Louis , this was done as soon as the Interstate was finished to the next exit . The displacement of US 66 signage to the new freeways , combined with restrictions in the 1965 Highway Beautification Act that often denied merchants on the old road access to signage on the freeway , became factors in the closure of many established US 66 businesses as travelers could no longer easily find or reach them . In 1936 , US 66 was extended from downtown Los Angeles to Santa Monica to end at US 101 Alt. , today the intersection of Olympic and Lincoln Boulevards . Even though there is a plaque dedicating US 66 as the Will Rogers Highway placed at the intersection of Ocean Boulevard and Santa Monica Boulevard , the highway never terminated there . US 66 was rerouted around several larger cities via bypass or beltline routes to permit travelers to avoid city traffic congestion . Some of those cities included Springfield , Illinois ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Rolla , Missouri ; Springfield , Missouri ; Joplin , Missouri ; and Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The route was also a foundation for many chain stores back in the 1920s , sprouting up next to it to increase business and sales . Decline ( edit ) Abandoned , fire - damaged Whiting Brothers gas station . All along the route , preservation efforts are under way to preserve original buildings such as this . An abandoned early US 66 alignment in central Illinois , 2006 The ghost town of Two Guns , Arizona , once featured a zoo , gift shop , restaurant , campground , gas station , and `` death cave '' . The beginning of the decline for US 66 came in 1956 with the signing of the Interstate Highway Act by President Dwight D. Eisenhower who was influenced by his experiences in 1919 as a young Army officer crossing the country in a truck convoy ( following the route of the Lincoln Highway ) , and his appreciation of the autobahn network as a necessary component of a national defense system . During its nearly 60 - year existence , US 66 was under constant change . As highway engineering became more sophisticated , engineers constantly sought more direct routes between cities and towns . Increased traffic led to a number of major and minor realignments of US 66 through the years , particularly in the years immediately following World War II when Illinois began widening US 66 to four lanes through virtually the entire state from Chicago to the Mississippi River just east of St. Louis , and included bypasses around virtually all of the towns . By the early to mid-1950s , Missouri also upgraded its sections of US 66 to four lanes complete with bypasses . Most of the newer four - lane 66 paving in both states was upgraded to freeway status in later years . One of the remnants of US 66 is the highway now known as Veterans Parkway , east and south of Normal , Illinois , and Bloomington , Illinois . The two sweeping curves on the southeast and southwest of the cities originally were intended to easily handle traffic at speeds up to 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) , as part of an effort to make Illinois 66 an Autobahn equivalent for military transport . In 1953 , the first major bypassing of US 66 occurred in Oklahoma with the opening of the Turner Turnpike between Tulsa and Oklahoma City . The new 88 - mile ( 142 km ) toll road paralleled US 66 for its entire length and bypassed each of the towns along 66 . The Turner Turnpike was joined in 1957 by the new Will Rogers Turnpike , which connected Tulsa with the Oklahoma - Missouri border west of Joplin , Missouri , again paralleling US 66 and bypassing the towns in northeastern Oklahoma in addition to its entire stretch through Kansas . Both Oklahoma turnpikes were soon designated as I - 44 , along with the US 66 bypass at Tulsa that connected the city with both turnpikes . In some cases , such as many areas in Illinois , the new interstate highway not only paralleled the old US 66 , it actually incorporated much of it . A typical approach was to build one new set of lanes , then move one direction of traffic to it , while retaining the original road for traffic flowing in the opposite direction . Then a second set of lanes for traffic flowing in the other direction would be constructed , finally followed by abandoning the other old set of lanes or converting them into a frontage road . The same scenario was used in western Oklahoma when US 66 was initially upgraded to a four - lane highway such as from Sayre through Erick to the Texas border at Texola in 1957 and 1958 where the old paving was retained for westbound traffic and a new parallel lane built for eastbound traffic ( much of this section was entirely bypassed by I - 40 in 1975 ) , and on two other sections ; from Canute to Elk City in 1959 and Hydro to Weatherford in 1960 , both of which were upgraded with the construction of a new westbound lane in 1966 to bring the highway up to full interstate standards and demoting the old US 66 paving to frontage road status . In the initial process of constructing I - 40 across western Oklahoma , the state also included projects to upgrade the through routes in El Reno , Weatherford , Clinton , Canute , Elk City , Sayre , Erick , and Texola to four - lane highways not only to provide seamless transitions from the rural sections of I - 40 from both ends of town but also to provide easy access to those cities in later years after the I - 40 bypasses were completed . The leaning water tower , east of Groom , TX , along I - 40 ( old US 66 ) In New Mexico , as in most other states , rural sections of I - 40 were to be constructed first with bypasses around cities to come later . However , some business and civic leaders in cities along US 66 were completely opposed to bypassing fearing loss of business and tax revenues . In 1963 , the New Mexico Legislature enacted legislation that banned the construction of interstate bypasses around cities by local request . This legislation was short - lived , however , due to pressures from Washington and threat of loss of federal highway funds so it was rescinded by 1965 . In 1964 , Tucumcari and San Jon became the first cities in New Mexico to work out an agreement with state and federal officials in determining the locations of their I - 40 bypasses as close to their business areas as possible in order to permit easy access for highway travelers to their localities . Other cities soon fell in line including Santa Rosa , Moriarty , Grants and Gallup although it was n't until well into the 1970s that most of those cities would be bypassed by I - 40 . Old Route 66 near Amboy , CA By the late 1960s , most of the rural sections of US 66 had been replaced by I - 40 across New Mexico with the most notable exception being the 40 - mile ( 64 km ) strip from the Texas border at Glenrio west through San Jon to Tucumcari , which was becoming increasingly treacherous due to heavier and heavier traffic on the narrow two - lane highway . During 1968 and 1969 , this section of US 66 was often referred to by locals and travelers as `` Slaughter Lane '' due to numerous injury and fatal accidents on this stretch . Local and area business and civic leaders and news media called upon state and federal highway officials to get I - 40 built through the area ; however , disputes over proposed highway routing in the vicinity of San Jon held up construction plans for several years as federal officials proposed that I - 40 run some five to six miles ( 8 to 10 km ) north of that city while local and state officials insisted on following a proposed route that touched the northern city limits of San Jon . In November 1969 , a truce was reached when federal highway officials agreed to build the I - 40 route just outside the city , therefore providing local businesses dependent on highway traffic easy access to and from the expressway via the north -- south highway that crossed old US 66 in San Jon . I - 40 was completed from Glenrio to the east side of San Jon in 1976 and extended west to Tucumcari in 1981 , including the bypasses around both cities . US 66 , going to Oatman , AZ in 2007 Originally , highway officials planned for the last section of US 66 to be bypassed by interstates in Texas , but as was the case in many places , lawsuits held up construction of the new interstates . The US Highway 66 Association had become a voice for the people who feared the loss of their businesses . Since the interstates only provided access via ramps at interchanges , travellers could not pull directly off a highway into a business . At first , plans were laid out to allow mainly national chains to be placed in interstate medians . Such lawsuits effectively prevented this on all but toll roads . Some towns in Missouri threatened to sue the state if the US 66 designation was removed from the road , though lawsuits never materialized . Several businesses were well known to be on US 66 , and fear of losing the number resulted in the state of Missouri officially requesting the designation `` Interstate 66 '' for the St. Louis to Oklahoma City section of the route , but it was denied . In 1984 , Arizona also saw its final stretch of highway decommissioned with the completion of I - 40 just north of Williams , Arizona . Finally , with decertification of the highway by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials the following year , US 66 officially ceased to exist . With the decommissioning of US 66 , no single interstate route was designated to replace it . I - 55 covered the section from Chicago to St. Louis ; I - 44 carried the traffic on to Oklahoma City ; I - 40 took the largest chunk , replacing 66 to Barstow , California ; I - 15 took over for the route to San Bernardino ; and I - 210 and State Route 2 ( SR 2 ) or I - 10 carried the traffic of US 66 across the Los Angeles metropolitan area to Santa Monica , and the seashore . After decertification ( edit ) `` Sidewalk highway '' section of US 66 near Miami , OK When the highway was decommissioned , sections of the road were disposed of in various ways . Within many cities , the route became a `` business loop '' for the interstate . Some sections became state roads , local roads , private drives , or were abandoned completely . Although it is no longer possible to drive US 66 uninterrupted all the way from Chicago to Los Angeles , much of the original route and alternate alignments are still drivable with careful planning . Some stretches are quite well preserved , including one between Springfield , Missouri , and Tulsa , Oklahoma . Some sections of US 66 still retain their historic 9 - foot - wide ( 2.7 m ) `` sidewalk highway '' form , never having been resurfaced to make them into full - width highways . These old sections have a single , paved lane , concrete curbs to mark the edge of the lane , and gravel shoulders for passing . Some states have kept the 66 designation for parts of the highway , albeit as state roads . In Missouri , Routes 366 , 266 , and 66 are all original sections of the highway . State Highway 66 ( SH - 66 ) in Oklahoma remains as the alternate `` free '' route near its turnpikes . `` Historic Route 66 '' runs for a significant distance in and near Flagstaff , Arizona . Farther west , a long segment of US 66 in Arizona runs significantly north of I - 40 , and much of it is designated as State Route 66 ( SR 66 ) . This runs from Seligman to Kingman , Arizona , via Peach Springs . A surface street stretch between San Bernardino and La Verne ( known as Foothill Boulevard ) to the east of Los Angeles retains its number as SR 66 . Several county roads and city streets at various places along the old route have also retained the `` 66 '' number . Revival ( edit ) Restored service station in Mt Olive , IL The first Route 66 associations were founded in Arizona in 1987 and Missouri in 1989 ( incorporated in 1990 ) . Other groups in the other US 66 states soon followed . In 1990 , the state of Missouri declared US 66 in that state a `` State Historic Route '' . The first `` Historic Route 66 '' marker in Missouri was erected on Kearney Street at Glenstone Avenue in Springfield , Missouri ( now replaced -- the original sign has been placed at Route 66 State Park near Eureka ) . Other historic markers now line -- at times sporadically -- the entire 2,400 - mile ( 3,900 km ) length of road . In many communities , local groups have painted or stencilled the `` 66 '' and U.S. Route shield or outline directly onto the road surface , along with the state 's name . This is common in areas where conventional signage for `` Historic Route 66 '' is a target of repeated theft by souvenir hunters . Delgadillo 's Snow Cap Drive - In in Seligman , AZ . The eatery is still a popular tourist stop . Various sections of the road itself have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Arroyo Seco Parkway in the Los Angeles Area and US 66 in New Mexico have been made into National Scenic Byways . Williams Historic Business District and Urban Route 66 , Williams were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 and 1989 , respectively . In 2005 , the State of Missouri made the road a state scenic byway from Illinois to Kansas . In the cities of Rancho Cucamonga , Rialto , and San Bernardino in California , there are US 66 signs erected along Foothill Boulevard , and also on Huntington Drive in the city of Arcadia . `` Historic Route 66 '' signs may be found along the old route on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena , San Dimas , LaVerne , and along Foothill Boulevard in Claremont , California . The city of Glendora , California , renamed Alosta Avenue , its section of US 66 , by calling it `` Route 66 '' . Flagstaff , Arizona , renamed all but a few blocks of Sante Fe Avenue as `` Route 66 '' . Until 2017 , when it was moved to the nearby Millennium Park , the annual June Chicago Blues Festival was held each year in Grant Park and included a `` Route 66 Roadhouse '' stage on Columbus Avenue , a few yards north of old US 66 / Jackson Boulevard ( both closed to traffic for the festival ) , and a block west of the route 's former eastern terminus at US 41 Lake Shore Drive . Since 2001 , Springfield , Illinois has annually held its `` International Route 66 Mother Road Festival '' in its downtown district surrounding the Old State Capitol . Many preservation groups have tried to save and even landmark the old motels and neon signs along the road in different states . In 1999 , President Bill Clinton signed a National Route 66 Preservation Bill that provided for $10 million in matching fund grants for preserving and restoring the historic features along the route . In 2008 , the World Monuments Fund added US 66 to the World Monuments Watch as sites along the route such as gas stations , motels , cafés , trading posts and drive - in movie theaters are threatened by development in urban areas and by abandonment and decay in rural areas . The National Park Service developed a Route 66 Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary describing over one hundred individual historic sites . As the popularity and mythical stature of US 66 has continued to grow , demands have begun to mount to improve signage , return US 66 to road atlases and revive its status as a continuous routing . The U.S. Route 66 Recommissioning Initiative is a group that seeks to recertify US 66 as a US Highway along a combination of historic and modern alignments . The group 's redesignation proposal does not enjoy universal support , as requirements the route to meet modern US Highway system specifications could force upgrades that compromise its historic integrity or require US 66 signage be moved to Interstate highways for some portions of the route . US 66 has been a fixture in popular culture . Pixar 's 2006 animated film Cars describes the decline of a once - booming Radiator Springs , nearly a ghost town once its mother road , US 66 , was bypassed by Interstate 40 . Pixar 's creative director John Lasseter , inspired by what he saw during a cross-country road trip with his family in 2000 , contacted road historian Michael Wallis who led the creative team down the still - drivable parts of the route as research for the film . The fictional Radiator Springs is based on multiple real places visited on the five - state research trip through Peach Springs , Arizona , Baxter Springs , Kansas , and countless small towns along the way . The movie 's success generated a resurgence of public interest in US 66 . National Museum of American History ( edit ) The National Museum of American History in Washington , D.C. has a section on US 66 in its `` America on the Move '' exhibition . In the exhibit is a portion of pavement of the route taken from Bridgeport , Oklahoma and a restored car and truck of the type that would have been driven on the road in the 1930s . Also on display is a `` Hamons Court '' neon sign that hung at a gas station and tourist cabins near Hydro , Oklahoma , a `` CABINS '' neon sign that pointed to Ring 's Rest tourist cabins in Muirkirk , Maryland , as well as several post cards a traveler sent back to his future wife while touring the route . Autry National Center ( edit ) The Autry National Center in Los Angeles opened an exhibition about the fact and fiction of US 66 on June 8 , 2014 , which ran through January 4 , 2015 . The exhibit includes the original manuscript of Jack Kerouac 's `` On The Road , '' the original scribbled song lyrics for `` Route 66 '' by Bobby Troup ( and multiple versions of the song itself ) , a neon motel sign , maps , the `` Green Book for Negro Travelers , '' Woody Guthrie 's Martin guitar ( and recordings of his dust - bowl - era songs ) , and many other interesting artifacts . Route Description ( edit ) Over the years , US 66 received many nicknames . Right after US 66 was commissioned , it was known as `` The Great Diagonal Way '' because the Chicago - to - Oklahoma City stretch ran northeast to southwest . Later , US 66 was advertised by the U.S. Highway 66 Association as `` The Main Street of America '' . The title had also been claimed by supporters of US 40 , but the US 66 group was more successful . In the John Steinbeck novel The Grapes of Wrath , the highway is called `` The Mother Road '' , its prevailing title today . Lastly , US 66 was unofficially named `` The Will Rogers Highway '' by the U.S. Highway 66 Association in 1952 , although a sign along the road with that name appeared in the John Ford film , The Grapes of Wrath , which was released in 1940 , twelve years before the association gave the road that name . A plaque dedicating the highway to Will Rogers is still located in Santa Monica , California . There are more plaques like this ; one can be found in Galena , Kansas . It was originally located on the Kansas - Missouri state line , but moved to the Howard Litch Memorial Park in 2001 . California ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in California The sign of US 66 's western terminus at the Santa Monica Pier US 66 had its western terminus in California , and covered 315 miles ( 507 km ) in the state . The terminus was located at the Pacific Coast Highway , then US 101 Alternate and now SR 1 , in Santa Monica , California . The highway ran through major cities such as Santa Monica , Los Angeles , and San Bernardino . San Bernardino also contains one of the two surviving Wigwam Motels along US 66 . The highway had major intersections with US 101 in Hollywood , I - 5 in Los Angeles , I - 15 , and I - 40 in Barstow , and US 95 in Needles . It also ran concurrent to I - 40 at California 's very eastern end . Arizona ( edit ) US 66 marker on the corner of Navajo Boulevard and Hopi Drive in Holbrook , AZ Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Arizona In Arizona , the highway originally covered 401 miles ( 645 km ) in the state . Along much of the way , US 66 paralleled I - 40 . It entered across the Topock Gorge , passing through the ghost town of Oatman along the way to Kingman . Between Kingman and Seligman , the route is still signed as SR 66 . Notably , just between Seligman and Flagstaff , Williams was the last point on US 66 to be bypassed by an Interstate . Holbrook also contains one of the two surviving Wigwam Motels on the route . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in New Mexico US 66 covered 380 miles ( 610 km ) in the state and passed through many Indian reservations in the western half of New Mexico . East of those reservations , the highway passed through Albuquerque , Santa Fe , and Las Vegas . As in Arizona , in New Mexico , U.S. 66 paralleled I - 40 . Texas ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Texas The Midpoint Café in Adrian , TX , at the midpoint of the route US 66 covered 178 miles ( 286 km ) in the Texas Panhandle , travelling in an east -- west line between Glenrio , New Mexico and Texas and Texola , Oklahoma . Adrian , in the western Panhandle , was notable as the midpoint of the route . East of there , the highway passed through Amarillo , famous for the Cadillac Ranch , Conway , Groom , and Shamrock . Oklahoma and Kansas ( edit ) Main articles : U.S. Route 66 in Oklahoma and U.S. Route 66 in Kansas The highway covered 267 miles ( 430 km ) in Oklahoma . Today , it is marked by I - 40 west of Oklahoma City , and SH - 66 east of there . After entering at Texola , US 66 passed through Sayre , and Elk City before entering Oklahoma City . Beyond Oklahoma City , the highway passed through Edmond on its way to Tulsa . Past there , US 66 passed through northeastern Oklahoma before entering Kansas where it covered only 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) . Only three towns are located on the route in Kansas : Galena , Riverton and Baxter Springs . Missouri ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Missouri US 66 covered 292 miles ( 470 km ) in Missouri . Upon entering from Galena , Kansas , the highway passed through Joplin . From there , it passed through Carthage , Springfield , where Red 's Giant Hamburg , the world 's first drive - thru stands , Waynesville , Devils Elbow , and Rolla before passing through St. Louis . Illinois ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 66 in Illinois US 66 sign , Adams Street , Chicago US 66 covered 301 miles ( 484 km ) in Illinois . It entered Illinois in East St. Louis after crossing the Mississippi River . Near there , it passed by Cahokia Mounds , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The highway then passed through Hamel , Springfield , passing by the Illinois State Capitol , Pontiac , and Gardner . It then entered the Chicago area . After passing through the suburbs , U.S. 66 entered Chicago itself , where it terminated at Lake Shore Drive . Special routes ( edit ) Main article : Special routes of U.S. Route 66 Several alternate alignments of US 66 occurred because of traffic issues . Business routes ( BUS ) , bypass routes ( BYP ) , alternate routes ( ALT ) , and `` optional routes '' ( OPT ) ( an early designation for alternate routes ) came into being . U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Bolingbrook -- Gardner , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Towanda -- Bloomington , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Lincoln , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Springfield , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : Mitchell -- East St. Louis , Illinois U.S. Route 66 Business : St. Louis -- Sunset Hills , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Optional : Venice , Illinois -- St. Louis , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Bypass : Mitchell , Illinois -- Sunset Hills , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Springfield , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Bypass : Springfield , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Alternate Business : Springfield , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Carthage , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Carterville -- Webb City , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Webb City -- Joplin , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Joplin , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Bypass : Joplin , Missouri U.S. Route 66 Business : Tulsa , Oklahoma U.S. Route 66 Business : Oklahoma City , Oklahoma U.S. Route 66 Business : Clinton , Oklahoma U.S. Route 66 Business : Amarillo , Texas U.S. Route 66 Business : San Bernardino , California U.S. Route 66 Alternate : Pasadena -- Los Angeles , California In popular culture ( edit ) American pop - culture artists publicized US 66 and the experience , through song and television . Bobby Troup wrote `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' , and the highway lent its name to a TV series in the 1960s . Other appearances in popular culture include : Billy Connolly 's Route 66 , a documentary covering a road trip along the highway by Scottish personality Billy Connolly . Cars , the Disney Pixar film , is set in large part in Radiator Springs , a composite of multiple real towns located on US 66 . Part of the film 's storyline revolves around how the once vibrant town fell into decline after the town was bypassed when US 66 was superseded by the new Interstate . The Grapes of Wrath ( novel ) and The Grapes of Wrath ( film ) , in which the Joad family is evicted from their small farm in Oklahoma and travels to California on US 66 . Songs of the Heart , by rock band Daniel Amos , tracked an elderly couple traveling along US 66 throughout the concept album . See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal National Register of Historic Places portal Book : U.S. Route 66 Phillips 66 , a petroleum company named for the route National Old Trails Highway , precursor to western portion of US 66 Southern Transcon railroad equivalent , runs parallel to US 66 for significant portions of its length Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino , named after US 66 Tulsa 66ers , named after US 66 References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials ( November 11 , 1926 ) . United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( Map ) . 1 : 7,000,000 . Washington , DC : United States Geological Survey . OCLC 32889555 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 -- via Wikimedia Commons . ^ Jump up to : Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering ( June 26 , 1985 ) . `` Route Numbering Committee Agenda '' ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Duluth , MN : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 -- via Wikimedia Commons . Jump up ^ Rand McNally & Company ( 1947 ) . Road and Reference Atlas ( Map ) . Chicago : Rand McNally & Company . pp. 20 -- 21 , 25 , 38 -- 39 , 54 -- 55 , 72 -- 73 , 80 , 104 , 107 , 110 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 Timeline '' . Legends of America . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Table of Mileposts for the Original US 66 Alignment of 1926 '' . Route 66 Web & Atlas . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Illinois Department of Transportation ( 2007 ) . Illinois Highway Map ( Map ) ( 2007 -- 08 ed . ) . ( 1 : 762,500 ) . Springfield : Illinois Department of Transportation . OCLC 244286974 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 -- via Illinois Digital Archives . Jump up ^ Google ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` Bloomington , IL '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 : Description '' . Historic66.com . Swa Frantzen . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2014 ) . `` Beale 's Wagon Road from New Mexico to California '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cajon Pass '' . BackRoadsWest.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Old Spanish Trail Association . Map of the Ozark Trails ( Map ) . Old Spanish Trail Association . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rand McNally ( 1926 ) . Auto Road Atlas ( Map ) . Chicago : Rand McNally . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 -- via Broer Maps Online . ^ Jump up to : Tremeear ( 2013 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 Birthplace Festival Set for Springfield , Missouri '' . Hemmings Motor News . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Then , Now and In Between '' . Springfield , Missouri , Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exactly Where Is Route 66 '' . Route66 Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2014 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Weingroff , Richard F. ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` From Names to Numbers : The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System '' . Highway History . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2014 ) , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Missouri State Highway Commission ( 1926 ) . Road Map of Missouri ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Jefferson City : Missouri State Highway Commission . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Foot Race '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dedek ( 2007 ) , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route 66 History '' . Route 66 World . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Station '' . Texas Historic Sites Atlas . Texas Historical Commission . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( n.d. ) . `` Texas : Wheeler County '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vega , Texas '' . TheRoadWanderer.net . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ; Feynman , Richard ( 1997 ) . A Life in Science . p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( n.d. ) . `` Route 66 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe , Pre 1938 Rt. 66 Alignment '' . Shadows of Old Route 66 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Route 66 in Arizona Multiple Property Submission '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . April 5 , 1989 . pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Petroski , Henry ( 2006 ) . `` On the Road '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 5 ) : 396 -- 399 . ISSN 0003 - 0996 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.61. 396 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 Sidewalk Highway '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Nathan ( May 3 , 1992 ) . `` Searching for Route 66 '' . Boston Globe . p. 18 -- via ProQuest Archiver . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 Association of Missouri website '' . Missouri66.org. April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sonderman , Joe . `` A Bit of Missouri 66 History '' . 66Postcards.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Your Way on Route 66 '' . Route-66.tv . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthews , David ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago Blues Festival 2017 Lineup , New Location Revealed '' . DNAinfo . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whiteis , David ; Dahl , Bill ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` 20th Annual Chicago Blues Festival : The Reader 's Guide '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual International Route 66 Mother Road Festival & Car Show '' . Route66fest.com . The Promotion Company . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Juozapavicius , Justin ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Route 66 Motels an Endangered Species '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Kevin ( July 1 , 1999 ) . `` House OKs Route 66 Bill '' . Amarillo Globe - News . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 '' . World Monuments Fund . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( n.d. ) . `` List of Sites '' . Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary : Route 66 . National Park Service . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Fred M. `` The Plan '' . Route 66 Recommissioning Initiative . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ drmcreif ; paladin - 64 ; preshusbane ( 2014 ) . `` Synopsis for Cars ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Amazon . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warnick , Ron ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` Pixar 's Route 66 Inspirations '' . Route66News.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Historic Route 66 Association '' . KSHistoricRoute66.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Peoples Highway '' . America on the Move . National Museum of American History . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Autry 's ' Route 66 ' Exhibition Looks for Its Funding Kicks Online '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClure , Rosemary ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Get Your Kicks on Route 66 -- and 499 Other Great Highways '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Keith . `` Historic Route 66 : Galena , Kansas '' . KansasTravel.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 California '' . Road Trip USA . Avalon Travel . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2010 ) . `` About California Route 66 - Info & History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Old Route 66 : Oatman '' . Road Trip USA . Avalon Travel . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holbrook : Wigwam Village '' . Road Trip USA . Avalon Travel . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 '' . AmericanSouthwest.net . John Crossley . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Route 66 History '' . Albuquerque Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2011 ) . `` About Texas Route 6 : L Info & History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2013 ) . `` Route 66 Through Oklahoma '' . Legends of America . p. 2 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Route 66 Main Page '' . Legends of America . 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Kathy ( 2012 ) . `` About Missouri Route 66 : Info & History '' . Legends of America . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Route 66 : Illinois '' . Historic66.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Illinois Division of Highways ( April 1 , 1955 ) . Illinois Official Highway Map ( Map ) . 1 : 805,000 . Springfield : Illinois Division of Highways . Chicago and Vicinity inset . OCLC 713840599 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 -- via Illinois Digital Collections . Jump up ^ Snyder , Tom ( 2000 ) . Welcome to the Old Road . New York : St Martin 's Press . p. xii . Jump up ^ James , Clive ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Clive James on ... Billy Connolly 's Route 66 , Sandhurst and Downton Abbey '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( January 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Real Route 66 Inspirations Behind Disney 's Cars Land '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Grapes of Wrath Revisited : Same Road , Same Grim Story , Same Sense of Optimism '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Amos : Then & Now '' . CCMclassic.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Works cited ( edit ) Arizona Highways . Phoenix : Arizona Department of Transportation . July 1981 . ISSN 0004 - 1521 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Entire issue about Route 66 . Dedek , Peter B. ( 2007 ) . Hip to the Trip : A Cultural History of Route 66 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 9780826341945 . Freeth , Nick ( 2001 ) . Route 66 . St. Paul , MN : MBI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0864 - 0 . Kelly , Susan Croce ( 2014 ) . Father of Route 66 : The Story of Cy Avery . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 806 - 14778 - 9 . Krim , Arthur ; Wood , Denis ( 2005 ) . Route 66 : Iconography of the American Highway ( 1st ed . ) . Sante Fe , NM : Center for American Places . ISBN 9781930066359 . Mahar , Lisa ( 2002 ) . American Signs : Form and Meaning on Route 66 . New York : Monacelli Press . ISBN 9781580931199 . Rittenhouse , Jack D. ( 1989 ) ( 1946 ) . A Guide Book to Highway 66 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1148 - 2 . Schneider , Jill ( 1991 ) . Route 66 Across New Mexico : A Wanderer 's Guide . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1280 - 2 . Scott , Quinta ; Kelly , Susan Croce ( 1988 ) . Route 66 : A Highway and Its People . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2291 - 9 . Tremeear , Janice ( 2013 ) . Illinois ' Haunted Route 66 . History Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 626 - 19252 - 2 . Wallis , Michael ( 2001 ) . Route 66 : The Mother Road . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28167 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , T. Lindsay . Portrait of Route 66 : Images from the Curt Teich Postcard Archives . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806153414 . OCLC 932618601 . Bischoff , Matt D. ( 2005 ) . Life in the Past Lane the Route 66 Experience : Historic Management Contexts for the Route 66 Corridor in California . Statistical Research , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1879442887 . OCLC 68569034 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 66 . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for U.S. Route 66 . Route 66 at DMOZ Route 66 : In the beginning why was it named 66 , 1928 maps , details of the daughters of Route 66 Route 66 Guide Route 66 World , a website dedicated to the preservation of Route 66 as well as educating travelers of the continuous growth and popularity of Route 66 . Route 66 Motor Cycle : Guide , History , Directions , Maps , Message Board New Zealand travel experts explain Route 66 Route 66 News , a blog about recent events of Route 66 and inspirations thereof , including the television show Route 66 Route 66 : The Allure of the Road on YouTube , Dan Rice , Past President , California Historic Route 66 Association route66map , map of US 66 routings Endpoints of U.S. Highway 66 United States Numbered Highway System 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system . Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system . U.S. Routes related to US 66 US 166 Special US 266 US 366 1927 -- 1932 1932 -- 1939 US 466 US 566 US 666 Special Italics denotes former route VIAF : 315527102 LCCN : sh88002477 BNF : cb125515150 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_66&oldid=803192024 '' Categories : U.S. Route 66 Former U.S. Highways All - American Roads National Scenic Byways History of Springfield , Missouri Scenic highways in Arizona 1926 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Accuracy disputes from June 2016 Use mdy dates from April 2015 Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages with citations lacking titles Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does route 66 start on the east coast
[ "U.S. Route 66 (US 66 or Route 66), also known as the Will Rogers Highway, the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, was one of the original highways within the U.S. Highway System. US 66 was established on November 11, 1926, with road signs erected the following year.[4] The highway, which became one of the most famous roads in the United States, originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona before ending at Santa Monica, California, covering a total of 2,448 miles (3,940 km).[5] It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" and the Route 66 television show in the 1960s." ]
[ "Chicago" ]
-2815151456271794532
2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament - wikipedia 2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Classification Division I Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 14 Site Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Champions Michigan ( 1st title ) Winning coach John Beilein ( 1st title ) MVP Derrick Walton Jr . ( Michigan ) Television BTN , ESPN / 2 , CBS Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2016 2018 → 2016 -- 17 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 15 Purdue 14 -- . 778 27 -- 8 . 771 No. 25 Wisconsin 12 -- 6 . 667 27 -- 10 . 730 Maryland 12 -- 6 . 667 24 -- 9 . 727 Minnesota 11 -- 7 . 611 24 -- 10 . 706 No. 23 Michigan † 10 -- 8 . 556 26 -- 12 . 684 Northwestern 10 -- 8 . 556 24 -- 12 . 667 Michigan State 10 -- 8 . 556 20 -- 15 . 571 Iowa 10 -- 8 . 556 19 -- 15 . 559 Illinois 8 -- 10 . 444 20 -- 15 . 571 Ohio State 7 -- 11 . 389 17 -- 15 . 531 Indiana 7 -- 11 . 389 18 -- 16 . 529 Penn State 6 -- 12 . 333 15 -- 18 . 455 Nebraska 6 -- 12 . 333 12 -- 19 . 387 Rutgers -- 15 . 167 15 -- 18 . 455 † 2017 Big Ten Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2017 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men 's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 8 through March 12 , 2017 at the Verizon Center in Washington , D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament held outside the conference 's traditional heartland in the Midwest . The championship was won by Michigan , which defeated Wisconsin in the championship game . As a result , Michigan received the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . The championship was Michigan 's first ( after having their win of the inaugural tournament vacated ) and they became the lowest - seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Game summaries 3.1 First round 3.2 Second round 3.3 Quarterfinals 3.4 Semifinals 3.5 Championship 4 Bracket 5 All - Tournament Team 6 References 7 External links Seeds ( edit ) All 14 Big Ten schools participated in the tournament . Teams were seeded by conference record , with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records . The top 10 teams received a first round bye and the top four teams received a double bye . Tiebreaking procedures remained unchanged from the 2016 Tournament . Seed School Conf . Tiebreaker Purdue 14 -- 4 Wisconsin 12 -- 6 1 -- 0 vs Maryland Maryland 12 -- 6 0 -- 1 vs Wisconsin Minnesota 11 -- 7 5 Michigan State 10 -- 8 3 -- 1 vs Northwestern , Iowa , Michigan 6 Northwestern 10 -- 8 2 -- 1 vs Michigan State , Iowa , Michigan 7 Iowa 10 -- 8 1 -- 2 vs Michigan State , Northwestern , Michigan 8 Michigan 10 -- 8 1 -- 3 vs Michigan State , Northwestern , Iowa 9 Illinois 8 -- 10 10 Indiana 7 -- 11 1 -- 0 vs Ohio State 11 Ohio State 7 -- 11 0 -- 1 vs Indiana 12 Nebraska 6 -- 12 1 -- 0 vs Penn State 13 Penn State 6 -- 12 0 -- 1 vs Nebraska 14 Rutgers 3 -- 15 Schedule ( edit ) Session Game Time * Matchup Score Television Attendance First round -- Wednesday , March 8 4 : 30 pm No. 13 Penn State vs. No. 12 Nebraska 76 -- 67 ESPN2 7 : 00 pm No. 14 Rutgers vs. No. 11 Ohio State 66 -- 57 BTN Second round -- Thursday , March 9 12 : 00 pm No. 9 Illinois vs. No. 8 Michigan 55 -- 75 BTN 12,189 2 : 45 pm No. 13 Penn State vs. No. 5 Michigan State 51 -- 78 5 6 : 30 pm No. 10 Indiana vs. No. 7 Iowa 95 -- 73 ESPN2 12,408 6 9 : 00 pm No. 14 Rutgers vs. No. 6 Northwestern 61 -- 83 Quarterfinals -- Friday , March 10 7 12 : 00 pm No. 8 Michigan vs. No. 1 Purdue 74 -- 70 ESPN 12,334 8 2 : 30 pm No. 5 Michigan State vs. No. 4 Minnesota 58 -- 63 5 9 6 : 30 pm No. 10 Indiana vs. No. 2 Wisconsin 60 -- 70 BTN 15,624 10 9 : 00 pm No. 6 Northwestern vs. No. 3 Maryland 72 -- 64 Semifinals -- Saturday , March 11 6 11 1 : 00 pm No. 8 Michigan vs. No. 4 Minnesota 84 -- 77 CBS 13,984 12 3 : 30 pm No 6 Northwestern vs. No. 2 Wisconsin 48 - 76 Championship -- Sunday , March 12 7 13 3 : 00 pm No. 8 Michigan vs. No. 2 Wisconsin 71 -- 56 CBS 12,902 * Game times in Eastern Time . Rankings denote tournament seed Jump up ^ The United States began Daylight saving time at 2 : 00 am on Sunday , March 12 . As a result , times through the semifinal games are in Eastern Standard Time while the Championship game time is in Eastern Daylight Time . Game summaries ( edit ) First round ( edit ) ESPN2 Mar 8 4 : 30 pm Recap No. 12 Nebraska 67 , No. 13 Penn State 76 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 33 -- 38 , 27 -- 22 Overtime : 7 -- 16 Pts : E. Taylor 15 Rebs : E. Morrow Jr. 10 Asts : G. Watson Jr. / T. Webster 3 Pts : M. Watkins 18 Rebs : M. Watkins 11 Asts : T. Carr 6 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Referees : Lamont Simpson , Terry Oglesby , Rob Riley BTN Mar 8 7 : 00 pm Recap No. 11 Ohio State 57 , No. 14 Rutgers 66 Scoring by half : 32 -- 29 , 25 -- 37 Pts : J. Tate 18 Rebs : T. Thompson 11 Asts : C.J. Jackson 6 Pts : N. Johnson 21 Rebs : M. Wiliams 9 Asts : C. Sanders 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Referees : Gene Steratore , Paul Szelc , Steve McJunkins Second round ( edit ) BTN Mar 9 Noon Recap No. 8 Michigan 75 , No. 9 Illinois 55 Scoring by half : 40 -- 29 , 35 -- 26 Pts : D. Walton Jr. 19 Rebs : Z . Irvin 7 Asts : D. Walton Jr. 5 Pts : T. Abrams 23 Rebs : M. Finke 7 Asts : T. Lucas 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Chris Beaver , Kelly Pfeifer BTN Mar 9 2 : 45 pm Recap No. 5 Michigan State 78 , No. 13 Penn State 51 Scoring by half : 45 -- 27 , 33 -- 24 Pts : M. Bridges / N. Ward 15 Rebs : M. Bridges / N. Ward 9 Asts : L. Nairn Jr. 9 Pts : T. Carr / L. Stevens 16 Rebs : S. Garner 7 Asts : T. Carr 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : Terry Wymer , Larry Scirotto , Paul Szelc ESPN2 Mar 9 6 : 30 pm Recap No. 7 Iowa 73 , No. 10 Indiana 95 Scoring by half : 40 -- 43 , 33 -- 52 Pts : J. Bohannon 24 Rebs : C. Pemsl 11 Asts : J. Bohannon 10 Pts : J. Blackmon Jr. 23 Rebs : J. Blackmon Jr. / J. Morgan 8 Asts : J. Blackmon Jr. / R. Johnson 4 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,408 Referees : D.J. Carstensen , Bo Boroski , Steve McJunkins ESPN2 Mar 9 9 : 00 pm Recap No. 6 Northwestern 83 , No. 14 Rutgers 61 Scoring by half : 42 -- 24 , 41 -- 37 Pts : V. Law / S. Lindsey 16 Rebs : D. Pardon 8 Asts : V. Law / S. Lindsey 4 Pts : N. Johnson 21 Rebs : D. Freeman / C.J. Gettys 5 Asts : C. Sanders 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,408 Referees : Lamont Simpson , Rob Riley , Donnie Eppley Quarterfinals ( edit ) ESPN Mar 10 Noon Recap No. 1 Purdue 70 , No. 8 Michigan 74 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 37 -- 38 , 29 -- 28 Overtime : 4 -- 8 Pts : C. Edwards / I. Haas 17 Rebs : C. Swanigan 13 Asts : C. Swanigan 5 Pts : D.J. Wilson 26 Rebs : D.J. Wilson 8 Asts : D. Walton Jr. 4 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : D.J. Carstensen , Paul Szelc , Rob Riley ESPN Mar 10 2 : 25 pm Recap No. 4 Minnesota 63 , No. 5 Michigan State 58 Scoring by half : 28 -- 26 , 35 -- 32 Pts : R. Lynch 16 Rebs : J. Murphy 13 Asts : N. Mason 3 Pts : M. Bridges 20 Rebs : N. Ward 11 Asts : K. Goins 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,189 Referees : Terry Wymer , Larry Scirotto , Paul Szelc BTN Mar 10 6 : 30 pm Recap No. 2 Wisconsin 70 , No. 10 Indiana 60 Scoring by half : 33 -- 27 , 37 -- 33 Pts : B. Koenig 16 Rebs : E. Happ 12 Asts : B. Koenig 5 Pts : J. Blackmon Jr. 17 Rebs : J. Blackmon Jr. 8 Asts : J. Newkirk 3 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 15,624 Referees : Lamont Simpson , Larry Scirotto , Lewis Garrison BTN Mar 10 8 : 55 pm Recap No. 3 Maryland 64 , No. 6 Northwestern 72 Scoring by half : 36 -- 34 , 28 -- 38 Pts : M. Trimble 20 Rebs : M. Trimble 6 Asts : K. Huerter / M. Trimble 4 Pts : V. Law / S. Lindsey 17 Rebs : D. Pardon 8 Asts : B. McIntosh 6 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 15,624 Referees : Terry Wymer , Terry Oglesby , Kelly Pfeifer Semifinals ( edit ) CBS Mar 11 1 : 00 pm Recap No. 4 Minnesota 77 , No. 8 Michigan 84 Scoring by half : 36 -- 47 , 41 -- 37 Pts : N. Mason 23 Rebs : J. Murphy 9 Asts : A. Coffey / N. Mason 4 Pts : D. Walton Jr. 29 Rebs : Z . Irvin / D. Walton Jr. 5 Asts : D. Walton Jr. 9 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 13,984 Referees : Gene Steratore , Paul Szelc , Rob Riley CBS Mar 11 3 : 30 pm Recap No. 2 Wisconsin 76 , No. 6 Northwestern 48 Scoring by half : 38 -- 21 , 38 -- 27 Pts : N. Hayes 18 Rebs : N. Hayes 10 Asts : D. Trice 3 Pts : S. Lindsey 16 Rebs : D. Pardon 7 Asts : J. Ash / I. Brown / V. Law / B. McIntosh / N. Taphorn 1 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 13,984 Referees : Terry Wymer , Terry Oglesby , Larry Scirotto Championship ( edit ) CBS Mar 12 3 : 00 pm Recap No. 2 Wisconsin 56 , No. 8 Michigan 71 Scoring by half : 32 -- 33 , 24 -- 38 Pts : B. Koenig 15 Rebs : N. Hayes / E. Happ 11 Asts : E. Happ / D. Trice 3 Pts : D. Walton , Jr. 22 Rebs : Z . Irvin 7 Asts : D. Walton , Jr. 7 Verizon Center Washington , D.C. Attendance : 12,902 Referees : D.J. Carstensen , Lamont Simpson , Bo Boroski Bracket ( edit ) First round Wednesday , March 8 ESPN2 / BTN Second round Thursday , March 9 ESPN2 / BTN Quarterfinals Friday , March 10 ESPN / BTN Semifinals Saturday , March 11 CBS Championship Sunday , March 12 CBS Purdue 70 8 Michigan 74 * 8 Michigan 75 9 Illinois 55 8 Michigan 84 Minnesota 77 Minnesota 63 5 Michigan State 58 5 Michigan State 78 13 Penn State 51 12 Nebraska 67 13 Penn State 76 * 8 Michigan 71 Wisconsin 56 Wisconsin 70 10 Indiana 60 7 Iowa 73 10 Indiana 95 Wisconsin 76 6 Northwestern 48 Maryland 64 6 Northwestern 72 6 Northwestern 83 14 Rutgers 61 11 Ohio State 57 14 Rutgers 66 * denotes overtime period All - Tournament Team ( edit ) Derrick Walton , Michigan -- Most Outstanding Player Zak Irvin , Michigan Ethan Happ , Wisconsin Nigel Hayes , Wisconsin Bronson Koenig , Wisconsin References ( edit ) College basketball portal Jump up ^ Hawkins , James ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Eighth wonders ! Low - seed UM trounces Wisconsin , wins Big Ten title '' . Detroit News . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Big Ten Men 's Basketball Tournament Tiebreaking Procedures '' . Big Ten Conference . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Big Ten Men 's Basketball Tournament Tiebreaking Procedures Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . www.bigten.org . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Big Ten Men 's Basketball All - Tournament Team '' . BigTen.org . CBS Interactive . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 Big Ten Men 's Basketball Tournament at BigTen.org Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 1998 2017 2018 Broadcasters 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Big_Ten_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=835735283 '' Categories : Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2016 -- 17 Big Ten Conference men 's basketball season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 13 : 18 . About Wikipedia
who won the big ten basketball championship in 2017
[ "The 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 8 through March 12, 2017 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament held outside the conference's traditional heartland in the Midwest. The championship was won by Michigan, which defeated Wisconsin in the championship game. As a result, Michigan received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The championship was Michigan's first (after having their win of the inaugural tournament vacated) and they became the lowest-seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament.[1]" ]
[ "by Michigan" ]
1428079314427098302
G.I. Joe
G.I. Joe - wikipedia G.I. Joe Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see G.I. Joe ( disambiguation ) . G.I. Joe Created by Hasbro Donald Levine Original work America 's movable fighting man Print publications Comics G.I. Joe comics Films and television Film ( s ) The Rise of Cobra Retaliation Animated series 1985 series 1989 series Extreme Sigma 6 Resolute Renegades Games Video game ( s ) List of video games Miscellaneous Toys List of toy series Related franchises Transformers Action Force G.I. Joe is a line of action figures produced and owned by the toy company Hasbro . The initial product offering represented four of the branches of the U.S. armed forces with the Action Soldier ( U.S. Army ) , Action Sailor ( U.S. Navy ) , Action Pilot ( Air Force ) , Action Marine ( Marine Corps ) and later on , the Action Nurse . The name derived from the usage of `` G.I. Joe '' for the generic U.S. soldier , itself derived from the more general term `` G.I. '' . The development of G.I. Joe led to the coining of the term `` action figure '' . G.I. Joe 's appeal to children has made it an American icon among toys . The G.I. Joe trademark has been used by Hasbro for several different toy lines , although only two have been successful . The original 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) line introduced on February 2 , 1964 centered on realistic action figures . In the United Kingdom , this line was licensed to Palitoy and known as Action Man . In 1982 the line was relaunched in a 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale complete with vehicles , playsets , and a complex background story involving an ongoing struggle between the G.I. Joe Team and the evil Cobra Command which seeks to take over the Free World through terrorism . As the American line evolved into the Real American Hero series , Action Man also changed , by using the same molds and being renamed as Action Force . Although the members of the G.I. Joe team are not superheroes , they all had expertise in areas such as martial arts , weapons , and explosives . G.I. Joe was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester , New York , in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) figures 1.1 Stan Weston 's original design ( 1963 ) 1.2 America 's movable fighting man ( 1964 -- 1969 ) 1.3 Adventure Team ( 1970 -- 1976 ) 1.4 International G.I. Joe licensees 1.5 Hall of Fame ( 1991 -- 1994 ) 1.6 Classic Collection ( 1995 -- 2004 ) 1.7 Masterpiece ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 1.8 Timeless Collection ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 2 History of the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures 2.1 A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) 2.2 Stars & Stripes Forever -- TRU Exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 2.3 A Real American Hero Collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 2.4 G.I. Joe vs Cobra ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 2.5 Direct to Consumer ( DTC ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 2.6 25th Anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2.7 The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) 2.8 The Pursuit of Cobra ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2.9 30th Anniversary ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 2.10 Retaliation ( 2013 ) 2.11 50th Anniversary ( 2014 -- present ) 3 Other licensees 3.1 Super Joe ( 1977 -- 1978 ) 3.2 Short - lived lines ( 1994 -- 1997 ) 3.3 Sigma 6 ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 3.4 Sideshow Collectibles ( 2009 -- present ) 3.5 Real people honored with G.I. Joe figures 4 In other media 4.1 Book & Record Sets 4.2 Film 4.3 Comics 4.4 Television 4.5 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Official sites History of the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) figures ( edit ) Original G.I. Joe lineup . Stan Weston 's original design ( 1963 ) ( edit ) The original idea for the action figure that would become G.I. Joe was developed in 1963 by Stan Weston , a Manhattan licensing agent . Weston made rudimentary prototypes of the figure and basic marketing materials that showed the sales potential of a military action figure . When he showed these materials to Donald Levine , a Hasbro executive , Levine told Weston `` You will make a fortune with these . '' Weston subsequently licensed the entire concept to Hasbro for $100000 USD . America 's movable fighting Man ( 1964 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : America 's Movable Fighting Man The conventional marketing wisdom of the early 1960s was that boys would not play with dolls , thus the word `` doll '' was never used by Hasbro or anyone involved in the development or marketing of G.I. Joe . `` Action figure '' was the only acceptable term , and has since become the generic description for any poseable doll intended for boys . `` America 's movable fighting man '' is a registered trademark of Hasbro , and was prominently displayed on every boxed figure package . The Hasbro prototypes were originally named `` Rocky '' ( marine / soldier ) `` Skip '' ( sailor ) and `` Ace '' ( pilot ) , before the more universal name G.I. Joe was adopted . One of the prototypes would later sell in a Heritage auction in 2003 for $200,001 . Aside from the obvious trademarking on the right buttock , other aspects of the figure were copyrighted features that allowed Hasbro to successfully pursue cases against producers of cheap imitations , since the human figure itself can not be copyrighted or trademarked . The scar on the right cheek was one ; another , unintentional at first , was the placement of the right thumbnail on the underside of the thumb . Early trademarking , with `` G.I. Joe TM '' , was used through some point in 1965 ; the markings changed once G.I. Joe was a registered trademark ; `` G.I. Joe ® '' now appears on the first line . Subsequently , the stamped trademarking was altered after the patent was granted ( in late 1966 ) , and assigned a number ; 3,277,602 . Figures with this marking would have entered the retail market during 1967 . Adventure Team ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe Adventure Team By the late 1960s , in the wake of the Vietnam War , Hasbro sought to downplay the war theme that had initially defined `` G.I. Joe '' . The line became known as `` The Adventures of G.I. Joe '' . In 1970 , Hasbro settled on the name `` Adventure Team '' . Highlights of the line included : To coincide with the new direction , `` Life - Like '' flocked hair and beard , an innovation developed in England by Palitoy for their licensed version of Joe , Action Man , is introduced in 1970 . A retooled African American Adventurer was also introduced , which came in two versions as did the others in the series , bearded or shaven . In 1974 , named after the increasingly popular martial art , Hasbro introduced `` Kung - Fu Grip '' to the G.I. Joe line . This was another innovation that had been developed in the UK for Action Man . The hands were molded in a softer plastic that allowed the fingers to grip objects in a more lifelike fashion . In 1976 , G.I. Joe was given eagle eye vision ; a movable eye mechanism to allow the toy to appear to be looking around when a lever in the back of the head was moved . This would be the last major innovation for the original line of 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) figures . Mike Power , Atomic Man A shift in play patterns For its first ten years , G.I. Joe was a generic soldier / adventurer with only the slightest hints of a team concept existing . In 1975 , after a failed bid to purchase the toy rights to the Six Million Dollar Man , Hasbro issued a bionic warrior figure : Mike Power , Atomic Man . One million units were sold . Also added to the Adventure Team was a superhero , Bullet Man . This character had recurring enemies , The Intruders -- Strongmen from Another World . Comics included with figures at the time featured `` Eagle Eye '' Joe , Atomic Man , and Bullet Man operating together ; the Adventure Team was finally an actual team . The original 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe line ended in America in 1976 . At this time , Hasbro released a line of inexpensive , rotationally molded mannequins in the G.I. Joe style called The Defenders . International G.I. Joe licensees ( edit ) Main articles : Action Man and Action Force From 1966 through 1984 , Palitoy Ltd. produced a British version of the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe line , under the Action Man name for the UK market . Initially , these were exactly the same designs as the American figures , and at first the same military theme which included figures from World War II . The line later expanded the line to include all men of action , like football players and other sports figures . In the early 1980s , Palitoy responded to falling sales of Action Man by launching `` Action Force '' , a new range of smaller military - themed figures in the style of the then - popular Star Wars line from Kenner . Later , when the U.S. Real American Hero line was released in the UK , they were released under the ' Action Force ' title , since the term `` G.I. '' is not in common use in Britain . The figures had the same appearance and code names as the American G.I. Joes , but their identities and histories were international rather than purely American or British . The range was later renamed G.I. Joe to bring it into line with international markets ; however , the Action Man line retained its original name when it was revived in the early 1990s . The G.I. Joe line was also licensed to Germany under the Action Team name . In Spain , Geyperman was the Hasbro license , although the products were more based on Palitoy 's line , down to the logo design . In France the name was Action Joe , in Japan , Takara and Tsukuda licensed the figures under the names `` G.I. Joe '' and `` Combat Man '' . In Italy , Polistil licensed the figures under the Action Team name ( same as they were called in Germany ) . In Australia , the line was released as `` G.I. Joe '' by Kenbrite ; Palitoy also licensed their `` ActionMan '' line to TolToys , now Hasbro is producing G.I. Joe figures in Australia under the name `` Falcon '' and the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures under the name `` Comandos em Ação '' . In Brazil , it was licensed to Brinquedos Estrela ; the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) line was called `` Falcon '' and the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures were called `` Comandos em Ação '' ( `` Action Commandos '' ) . In Argentina , the G.I. Joe figures were licensed by Veri - li enterprises under the name `` Joe Super Temerario '' , and `` Los Temerarios '' . The G.I. Joe toy line was produced in India under the Funskool brand . Hall of Fame ( 1991 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Hall of Fame Hasbro began releasing new 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe figures in 1991 . The first figure , Duke , was marketed exclusively to Target retail stores . Based on the Real American Hero toyline , the Hall of Fame series featured Mission Gear Outfits , vehicles , and featured popular characters like Snake - Eyes , Stalker , Gung - Ho , Cobra Commander , Destro , and Storm Shadow among others . This was followed by an anniversary series based on the 1960s line -- and was followed by the Hall of Fame Limited Editions , also based on 60s releases . Classic collection ( 1995 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe Classic Collection G.I. Janes were introduced in a series called the Classic Collection , the first 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) female dolls in the G.I. Joe line - up since 1967 ; this doll was a helicopter pilot . The Classic Collection hearkened back to the original all military theme of G.I. Joe with fairly realistic uniforms and gear . Soldiers from Australia , Britain , and other nations , as well as United States forces were featured . The line also presented an all - new articulated G.I. Joe figure that formed the basis of many offerings until the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) line was discontinued in the new millennium . In 2000 , a Navajo Code Talker was introduced , one of only two 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe talking figures ( until this time ) since the 1970s . In 2001 , G.I. Joe honored the events of the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by releasing a line of Pearl Harbor figures . In 2003 Hasbro announced the release of the 40th Anniversary G.I. Joe line . This line featured reproductions of the earliest G.I. Joe figures and accessories originally made in 1964 . In November 2006 a reproduction Land Adventurer G.I. Joe figure was released as an exclusive to Hot Topic stores . The figure was a reproduction of the Land Adventurer with the Kung - Fu Grip and came in the `` Coffin '' style box . A reproduction Talking Adventure Team Commander was also released in a limited run of 1,970 issues . Masterpiece ( 1996 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Masterpiece Edition In 1997 , the original G.I. Joe figure returned via the G.I. Joe Masterpiece Edition , a unique book - and - figure product created by Chronicle Books with assistance from Don Levine , former creative director of Hasbro Toys and the driving force behind the original Joe concept . Timeless collection ( 1998 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Timeless Collection During the late 1990s Hasbro built on the renewed interest in authentic reproductions of G.I. Joe established by the Masterpiece Edition reproduction book / figure set ; they bought the rights to the ME figure and released a range of store exclusive reproduction figure sets , with the character of the sixties G.I. Joe boxed sets . History of the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures ( edit ) A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero The year 1982 saw the highly successful relaunch of the G.I. Joe product line in a smaller , 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale . The scale was the same scale used by the Kenner 's Star Wars figures , but with many more points of articulation much like the 1970s Mego 's Micronauts toy line which itself was licensed directly from Takara 's Microman toy line . This relaunch pioneered several tactics in toy marketing , combining traditional advertising with an animated television mini-series and an ongoing comic book . The decision to use a smaller 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale for the figures also made it possible for Hasbro to produce a variety of matching vehicles and playsets that further expanded the appeal and commercial potential of the line . G.I. Joe 's increasing popularity supported an array of spin - off merchandising that included posters , t - shirts , video games , board games , and kites . In 1985 , both Toy & Lamp and Hobby World magazines ranked G.I. Joe as the top - selling American toy . The 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) line was canceled at the end of 1994 . This was also the 30th Anniversary of G.I. Joe and accordingly , Hasbro released a series of 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) and 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) figures based on the Original Action Team figures from 1964 . Stars & stripes forever -- tru exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) A select assortment of figures from the `` Real American Hero '' line were released as Toys `` R '' Us exclusives to celebrate the 15th anniversary . A second assortment followed in 1998 . A Real American Hero collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) In 2000 , Hasbro re-released a selection of 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) G.I. Joe figures and vehicles . This line lasted until 2002 . The figures were sold in packs of two and consisted of repainted versions of figures from the Real American Hero line . Some of these repainted figures were assigned new identities : for example , the Baroness figure was repainted and sold as a new character called Chameleon , described on the packaging as `` the illegitimate half sister of Baroness '' . G.I. Joe vs. Cobra ( 2002 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Beginning in 2002 , newly designed collections of 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) G.I. Joe figures and vehicles were released . Each collection centered on a storyline or theme , such as `` Spy Troops '' and `` Valor vs. Venom '' . Direct - to - DVD features were animated for both the G.I. Joe : Spy Troops and G.I. Joe : Valor vs. Venom collections , as well as a new trading card game based on the G.I. Joe vs. Cobra storyline . Both the 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) and 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) lines were put on hiatus prior to the release of the Sigma 6 line in 2005 . Direct to consumer ( dtc ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) The 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) line was reintroduced after a very brief hiatus via Hasbro 's direct - to - consumer website HasbroToyShop.com and various online retailers . As a result of the line 's success , some figures also became available at certain retailers , such as Toys `` R '' Us . 25th Anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 25th Anniversary 2007 marked the 25th anniversary of the `` Real American Hero '' line . To commemorate the event , Hasbro released a `` 25th Anniversary '' collection of newly sculpted 4 - inch ( 10 cm ) figures ( as opposed to the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) scale of the RAH line ) based on classic and new designs of many of the line 's best known and most popular characters . The 25th - anniversary figures replaced the classic O - ring construction with a swivel chest feature and increased points of articulation beyond the standard shoulder , elbow and knees to swivel wrists , ankles and double - hinged knees . The 25th - anniversary figures also include `` Specialist Trakker '' , otherwise known as Matt Trakker the leader of M.A.S.K. Originally planned to consist of only two sets of five figures each ( one G.I. Joe and one Cobra ) , the `` 25th Anniversary '' collection was well received by retailers and collectors and has since been expanded by Hasbro into a full - fledged toyline that ran through 2009 . The most recent releases in this line do not include the `` 25th Anniversary '' branding , but in all other respects constitute a continuation of the `` 25th Anniversary '' collection . Other waves released in 2009 include the Resolute figures , which were introduced in wave 13 , and had an animated feature premiere in April 2009 . The `` 25th Anniversary '' line was later canceled , in favor of releasing figures for the upcoming live - action movie . Some of the planned figures from canceled waves , totaling 14 figures , were instead released as two 7 - figure exclusive packs . Entitled `` Defense and Attack of Cobra Island , '' each set contained figures from one opposing side . The canceled future waves included Night Force Falcon , the Python Patrol Trooper and Tele - Viper , and an Iron Klaw / Resolute Crimson Guard Trooper Comic Pack . The Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) ( edit ) In July 2009 , a series of figures based on the G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra movie was released in the United States and Australia . The line was a mixture of the Rise of Cobra movie designs , some G.I. Joe vs Cobra designs , some 25th Anniversary figure molds and new molds . The pursuit of Cobra ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) In 2010 , a new series of figures was released , based on four battlegrounds : Desert , City , Jungle and Arctic . The packaging was an update to the 25th Anniversary design . 30th Anniversary ( 2011 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) In 2011 , a new series of figures has been released , including characters from both G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero and the G.I. Joe : Renegades cartoon series . This series was continued through 2012 . Retaliation ( 2013 ) ( edit ) A series of figures based on the movie G.I. Joe : Retaliation was confirmed by Hasbro in February 2012 . Despite the movie 's release being moved from June 2012 to March 2013 , the initial assortments of figures , vehicles , and role - play items were shipped to retailers , and appeared on store shelves in May 2012 . A Variety article was published stating that the already released figures had been pulled from the shelves and recalled by Hasbro , although the companies official statement indicated that existing product would be sold through . New product shipments were halted by Hasbro , but existing Retaliation figures were available in Target , Wal - Mart , and Toys R Us as late as December 2012 . The toyline was re-released in the United States in February 2013 . 50th Anniversary ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2014 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of G.I. Joe , a new line of figures was released , using characters from the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero cartoon series . This series continues in 2015 . Other licensees ( edit ) Super Joe ( 1977 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) In 1977 , Hasbro released the Super Joe Adventure Team , and took the battle between good and evil to the stars . The figures were scaled down to 81⁄2 inches , similar in size to Mego 's Superheroes line of action figures . The line was a hybrid of superhero and space action figures with new features incorporated such as battery powered back - pack lights and motorized accessories . The hero Super Joe characters , Super Joe Commander ( Caucasian / African American ) and Super Joe ( Caucasian / African American ) had a `` One - Two Punch '' that could be activated by pressing panels on the figure 's back . The majority of these figures used Kung - Fu grip style plastic in the joints and hands . Unfortunately , with age , the material degrades , leaving even unopened figures missing limbs and hands . Unlike the original G.I. Joe collection , the Super Joe collection was developed from the start with a play - pattern of Good vs Evil . Super Joe Commander and the Adventure Team ( Man of Action , and Adventurer ) with their alien comrades `` The Night Fighters , '' Luminos and The Shield , fight against the evil Gor , King of the Terrons , Terron , The Beast from Beyond , and his orange - eyed ally Darkon , the half - man half - monster . Super Joe was discontinued by the end of 1978 . The same basic body molds were used later by a subsidiary of Hasbro to produce a line of action figures based on the TV series Space Academy . Short - lived lines ( 1994 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) As a follow - up to the Real American Hero toyline , Sgt . Savage and his Screaming Eagles figures debuted in late 1994 . It was canceled after only two waves of figures were released , due to a combination of scarce marketing and , therefore , low sales . In 1995 , G.I. Joe Extreme figures were introduced by Kenner Toys ( who had merged with Hasbro in late 1994 , taking over their boys toys production ) . Along with the release of toys , G.I. Joe Extreme featured a comic book , published by Dark Horse Comics , and a Gunther - Wahl - produced cartoon series which ran for two seasons . Sigma 6 ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 2005 saw the introduction of a new line called G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 , consisting initially of an 8 '' scale selection of action figures distinguished by their extensive articulation and accessories . Sigma 6 combined entirely new characters with already familiar characters from the 3.75 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) `` Real American Hero '' line . Its release was accompanied by a television series produced by the Japanese animation studio GONZO , and a comic book mini-series published by Devil 's Due . Hasbro also expanded the Sigma 6 line to include a 21⁄2 '' scale selection of vehicles , play sets , and figurines with limited articulation . 2007 saw the re-branding of the 8 '' line . The Sigma Six branding was dropped in the spring of 2007 . Subsequent 8 '' figures were branded simply as `` G.I. Joe '' action figures and divided into differently packaged sub-groups such as Combat Squad , Commandos , and Adventure Team . The entire 8 '' product line was canceled by the end of 2007 , although Hasbro considers the 8 '' figures a success and may revisit the scale in the future . Sideshow Collectibles ( 2009 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2009 , Sideshow Collectibles began releasing its own line of G.I. Joe figures under license from Hasbro . These highly detailed figures offer new looks at key characters . In addition , Sideshow also created `` Figure Environments '' , which were small diorama pieces intended to enhance the display of their figures . A line of figures was featured at Comic - Con 2012 . Real people honored with G.I. Joe figures ( edit ) Main article : List of real people honored with G.I. Joe figures The G.I. Joe brand has made promotional action figures based on real - life persons , both military and civilian , that the company deems Real American Heroes . In other Media ( edit ) Book & record sets ( edit ) In the 1960s , Hanna - Barbera released a record titled `` The Story of the Green Beret '' as a G.I. Joe tie - in . Later , four Book and Record 45 rpm sets were released by Peter Pan Records , which tied into accessory packages . Three of these were combined into a LP . The art of the original Peter Pan book and record sets was created by Carl Pfeufer . The same recordings were also repackaged as material for G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero . Film ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe ( film series ) See also : G.I. Joe ( disambiguation ) § Films Many movies have been made based upon G.I. Joe and the toy lines that developed from the action figure . The G.I. Joe : Real American Hero cartoon series was followed up by G.I. Joe : The Movie . The film had been released direct - to - video in 1987 because of the perceived box office failure of another animated movie -- The Transformers : The Movie . Inspired by viewers ' reaction to Optimus Prime 's death , G.I. Joe : The Movie was re-dubbed , cutting out the death of one of the main characters , Duke . Instead , he falls into a coma and recovers ( unseen ) at the movie 's end . Also , the main villain , Cobra Commander , met his own demise when he was turned into a living snake by mutant spores created by a new enemy , Cobra - La . A direct to video animated series was created for the Sgt . Savage line , packaged with an exclusive Sgt . Savage figure in 1994 . Next in the G.I. Joe - based line of movies was the 2003 release of Spy Troops : The Movie , Hasbro 's first computer animated feature which coincided with the release of its `` Spy Troops '' header line . Next followed Valor vs. Venom ( 2004 ) , in response to sales from `` Spy Troops '' . This was Hasbro 's second commissioned feature using computer graphics to coincide with the line of the same name . By 2005 , Hasbro had entered into an exclusive agreement with Paramount Pictures to have them distribute any future , features based on the `` Real American Heroes '' line , but by the time a third movie was to be created , this time called , Attack of the BATS , Hasbro 's sales on the `` Real American Heroes '' line had once again slumped , and the project was scrapped . In 2009 Stephen Sommers directed a big budget Hollywood live - action movie based on G.I. Joe . The first film in what is intended to be a franchise , is G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra , stars Channing Tatum in the role of Duke , Ray Park in the role of Snake - Eyes , Jonathan Pryce in the role of The President of the United States , and Joseph Gordon - Levitt in the role of Cobra Commander . Tatum describes the film as being a cross between X-Men , Transformers and Mission Impossible : `` It 's a huge $170 million movie . It 's just a big kid sort of driven film . '' The movie showcased the main members of G.I. Joe and Cobra . While some characters held true to the cartoon adaptations , others differed markedly in significant respects . As well , the storyline gave a different foundation for the battle between G.I. Joe and Cobra . The movie is based in present time ( however at the beginning of the movie it states `` In the not too distant future '' ) and shows glimpses of each character 's history . In the movie , Cobra sets out to cause destruction using high tech weapons and sell them to ruthless terrorists . The G.I. Joe members join together to stop Cobra from becoming a global terrorist organization . To promote the film , G.I. Joe : The Invasion of Cobra Island was produced as a viral campaign . The short animated two - parter used stop motion and puppet animation utilizing Hasbro 's toy line , and was produced by R.M. Productions Ltd . The sequel G.I. Joe : Retaliation was scheduled to be released in June 2012 but was delayed until March 2013 . In the film , the Joes are framed as traitors by Zartan , who is still impersonating the President of the United States , and Cobra Commander now has all the world leaders under Cobra 's control , with their advanced warheads aimed at innocent populaces around the world . Outnumbered and out gunned , the Joes form a plan with the original G.I. Joe General Joseph Colton to overthrow the Cobra Commander and his allies Zartan , Storm Shadow and Firefly . Comics ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe ( comics ) G.I. Joe originated from a comic strip in the 1940s called `` Private Breger '' . G.I. Joe re-appeared in the 1980s as a promotional comic book , produced by Marvel Comics . The success of the main title led Marvel Comics to produce a secondary title , G.I. Joe : Special Missions which lasted 28 issues . The main series released its final issue # 155 in December 1994 , coinciding with the end of the Real American Hero toy line . In July 2001 , Devil 's Due Publishing acquired the rights to G.I. Joe and released a four - issue limited series entitled G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Reinstated ) . The new series picked up seven years after the end of the Marvel Comics series , and also used elements from the animated TV series . Strong sales led to Reinstated being upgraded to ongoing , and DDP also published other G.I. Joe titles outside the existing continuity . DDP 's license with Hasbro expired in 2008 and was not renewed . In 2009 , IDW Publishing began to publish the series again . IDW 's G.I. Joe series is a complete reboot of the property , ignoring the continuity from the Marvel and Devil 's Due incarnations of the comic . However , the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero series originally published by Marvel Comics in the 1980s and 1990s was revived as an ongoing series in May 2010 with a special # 155 1⁄2 issue , and followed by # 156 onwards in July 2010 . The series directly picks up from the end of the Marvel Comics series and ignores the Devil 's Due continuity completely . Television ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe ( disambiguation ) § Television The premise of the 1985 cartoon series was `` good vs. evil '' . The show 's opening theme song included the narration : `` G.I. Joe is the code name for America 's daring , highly trained special mission force . Its purpose : to defend human freedom against Cobra , a ruthless terrorist organization determined to rule the world . '' The show featured physical fighting and high - tech weapons as a way to compensate for toned - down violence and lack of bullets in what was intended to be a children 's program . The show also featured public service announcements placed at the end of each show . These PSAs ended with the phrase : `` Now I know ! '' `` And knowing is half the battle . '' The series ran for a total of 95 episodes , from 1985 to 1986 . The animated series was canceled after the release of G.I. Joe : The Movie , but made a significant return in 1989 , with the animation company DiC taking over where Sunbow / Marvel left off . That year , DiC released a 5 - part mini-series entitled `` Operation : Dragonfire '' , in which the Joes faced off once again against Cobra as they tried to take control of an energy source known only as ' dragonfire . ' In this mini-series , Cobra Commander was also returned to a semi-human state by the energy itself while Serpentor , the Cobra emperor , was turned into an iguana by the dragonfire . The animated series proved to be a bit of a success as DIC made 2 more seasons ( 1990 -- 91 ) ; however , the series ended after 1991 . Following the `` Operation : Dragonfire '' series was the `` G.I. Joe Extreme '' series in 1995 created by Sunbow Productions . This new animated series was based upon the G.I. Joe Extreme toy line . This series was canceled after 2 seasons ( 1995 -- 97 ) , along with the toy line . G.I. Joe had no series on the air until its resurgence in the 2000s which accompanied a new interest in the Real American Hero toy line , and new lines including Spy Troops ( 2003 ) , Valor vs. Venom ( 2004 ) , and Sigma 6 ( 2005 - 2007 ) . This short - lived series was followed by G.I. Joe : Resolute ( 2008 ) , which was originally released as mini webisodes , with the full series later broadcast on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim . This new series was more realistic and contained graphic violence and dark themes , with Cobra portrayed as a serious threat , which was different from the original and preceding series . In 2010 , The Hub launched G.I. Joe : Renegades , in which the Joes became fugitives seeking to clear their names and Cobra worked towards world domination under the guise of a pharmaceutical company . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of G.I. Joe video games There were several video game adaptations of G.I. Joe , including G.I. Joe : Cobra Strike by Parker Brothers for the Atari 2600 and Intellivision ( 1983 ) , G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero by Epyx for the Apple II and the Commodore 64 ( 1985 ) , Action Force by Virgin Games for the Commodore 64 ( 1987 ) , a G.I. Joe video game by Taxan for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1991 ) , a G.I. Joe arcade game by Konami for arcades ( 1992 ) , and G.I. Joe : The Atlantis Factor by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1992 ) . A game for Wii , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 2 , PSP and Nintendo DS was released to coincide with the first live - action G.I. Joe film , G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . See also ( edit ) Toys portal 1 : 6 Scale Modeling , a.k.a. Playscale Miniaturism Action Figure Action Force Action Man Big Jim , a similar action figure series made by Mattel Eagle Force G.I. Joe 's , a former sports store unrelated to the series closed in 2009 Donald Levine , a Hasbro executive credited as the `` father '' of G.I. Joe List of G.I. Joe series The Story of G.I. Joe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Father of G.I. Joe Donald Levine Dead at 86 '' . Haaretz.com . Jump up ^ `` Donald Levine , toy exec who developed G.I. Joe , dies at 86 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Dan ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` A BRIEF HISTORY OF G.I. Joe '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( 1994 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Boys and Their Toys '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do We Say `` g.i. '' ? `` . Jump up ^ `` Gi Define Gi at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com. 1999 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wordorigins.org '' . Wordorigins.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Gittleson , Kim ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) . `` BBC News - How did GI Joe become the world 's most successful boys ' toy ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` February 2 , 1964 : G.I. Joe Released '' . Day in Tech History - Daily Tech History Podcast & Blog 365 Days a Year . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Larry Hama relaunches his ' 80s ' G.I. Joe ' series '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Stan Weston , 84 , Dies ; Sent G.I. Joe Marching Into Childhoods of Millions '' . Retrieved 27 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Jackson ; Jamie E. Moshin ( 2013 ) . Communicating Marginalized Masculinities : Identity Politics in TV , Film , and New Media . Routledge . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 62307 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tim Walsh ( 1 October 2005 ) . Timeless Toys : Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them . Andrews McMeel Publishing . pp. 196 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5571 - 2 . Jump up ^ Janice Jorgensen ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands : Durable goods . St. James Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55862 - 338 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe -- Original Prototype ( Hasbro , 1964 ) . Ten - HUT ! Stand at attention for the five - star general of G.I. Joe collectibles . Th ... Memorabilia : Miscellaneous '' . Comics.ha.com. 2003 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The life and time of G.I. Joe '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 129 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes '' . Fullyarticulated.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ A History of G.I. Joe Releases , p. 6 , http://www.halfbattle.com/history6.html , accessed 30 June 2014 Jump up ^ YoJoe.com , http://www.yojoe.com/action/98/ accessed 30 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe Toys , Action Figures , Vehicles , and more at '' . Hasbrotoyshop.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ G.I. Joe Action Figure and Toy Collecting News - A Real American Hero ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Hasbro Reveals G.I. Joe : Retaliation Lineup '' . Arealamericanhero.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ( 2012 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Yanking G.I. Joe toys with retailers '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Target Toy Clearance Haul '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` GI JOE Retaliation : 2012 Movie Line '' . Hasbro.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Collectibles Sideshow Collectibles '' . Sideshowtoy.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Nikole Zivalich ( 2012 - 07 - 25 ) . `` G.I. Joe Collectibles From Sideshow At Comic - Con 2012 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Book & Record Sets '' . Vintage3DJoes . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Channing Tatum : Fighting '' . SuicideGirls.com. 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ; Boucher , Geoff ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` Paramount delays ' G.I. Joe : Retaliation ' release until 2013 '' . Latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` MTV Grills Channing Tatum About His `` Death '' In GI Joe Retaliation - GI Joe News `` . Hisstank.com. 2012 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Vosloo Returns As Zartan In GI Joe II Retaliation - GI Joe News '' . Hisstank.com. 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe A Real American Hero : Season Two '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Aug 7 , 2009 @ 03 : 13 PM ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` All 28 original G.I. Joe cartoon PSAs '' . Gametrailers.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Games '' . Yojoe.Com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : G.I. Joe YoJoe.com - The Comprehensive G.I. Joe Database G.I. Joe and the Action Figure Official sites ( edit ) Official G.I. Joe Hasbro site The Official G.I. Joe Collectors ' Club -- Licensed by Hasbro The Official G.I. Joe Collectors ' Convention -- Licensed by Hasbro The Official Canadian G.I. Joe Convention - Approved by Hasbro Canada G.I. Joe Characters G.I. Joe Team General Joseph Colton Ace Airborne Airtight Alpine Barbecue Bazooka Beach Head Blowtorch Breaker Chuckles Claymore Clutch Cover Girl Crankcase Crazylegs Cross-Country Cutter Deep Six Dial - Tone Doc Duke Dusty Falcon Flash Flint Footloose Frostbite General Flagg Grand Slam Grunt Gung - Ho Hawk Heavy Duty Heavy Metal Iceberg Jinx Kamakura Billy Kessler Lady Jaye Law & Order Leatherneck Lifeline Lift - Ticket Long Range Low - Light Mainframe Mercer Mutt Outback Psyche - Out Quick Kick Recondo Rip Cord Roadblock Rock ' n Roll Scarlett Sci - Fi Sgt . Slaughter Shipwreck Shockwave Short - Fuze Slip Stream Snake Eyes Snow Job Spirit Stalker Steeler Stone Thunder Torpedo Tripwire Tunnel Rat Wet Suit Wild Bill Zap Sub-Teams Battleforce 2000 Ninja Force Star Brigade Troopers Greenshirts Cobra Command Cobra Commander Destro Serpentor Baroness Copperhead Croc Master Doctor Mindbender Doctor Venom Firefly Fred VII Major Bludd Overkill Scrap - Iron Slice Storm Shadow Tomax and Xamot Wild Weasel Troopers B.A.T.s Cobra Troopers Crimson Guard Night Creepers Python Patrol Dreadnoks Zartan Zandar Zarana Buzzer Gnawgahyde Monkeywrench Ripper Road Pig Thrasher Torch Zanzibar Iron Grenadiers Metal - Head Voltar Oktober Guard Red Star Media Toyline America 's Movable Fighting Man Adventure Team A Real American Hero Hall of Fame Sgt . Savage and his Screaming Eagles Classic Collection Masterpiece Edition Extreme Timeless Collection G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Sigma 6 25th Anniversary Vehicles A.W.E. Striker Defiant Rattler Thunder Machine USS Flagg V.A.M.P. Comics Marvel Comics series G.I. Joe and the Transformers Devil 's Due series G.I. Joe : America 's Elite `` World War III '' IDW Publishing series G.I. Joe : Cobra Infestation Infestation 2 Revolution First Strike Animated series Sunbow series episodes DiC series episodes Extreme episodes Sigma 6 Resolute Renegades characters Films Animated G.I. Joe : The Movie Spy Troops Valor vs. Venom Ninja Battles Live action The Rise of Cobra Retaliation Video games Cobra Strikes A Real American Hero Action Force G.I. Joe NES video game The Atlantis Factor G.I. Joe arcade game The Rise of Cobra Factions G.I. Joe Team Cobra - La Cobra Command Dreadnoks Iron Grenadiers Oktober Guard Red Shadows Lists Characters A -- C D -- G H -- L M -- R S -- Z Cobra Toylines Locations Playsets Real people Vehicles Related articles Action Force Arashikage Brainwave Scanner Built to Rule Cobra Island Larry Hama Synthoid Terror Drome The Pit The Ballad of G.I. Joe `` G.I. Jeff '' ( Community episode ) Book : G.I. Joe Action Force Toyline Action Force AF Action Man G.I. Joe Comics Battle Action Force First Strike Action Force Units Z Force Q Force Space Force SAS Action Force Villains Baron Ironblood The Black Major Red Laser Red Jackal Cobra Commander Destro Baroness Zartan Storm Shadow Firefly Factions Red Shadows Cobra G.I. Joe Team Video Games Action Force Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Baby Alive Blythe Easy - Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe Glo Worm Jem Koosh Kre - O Lite - Brite Littlest Pet Shop Mighty Muggs Mr. Potato Head My Little Pony Nerf Play - Doh Pound Puppies Rubik 's Cube Sit ' n Spin Spirograph Stickle Bricks Super Soaker Tinkertoy Tonka Transformers Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo ! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect 4 Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer 's World Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who ? Hi Ho ! Cherry - O Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag Life Magic : The Gathering Mall Madness Milton Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Nerf Blaster Operation Ouija Parcheesi Perfection Pictionary Pit Risk Rook Scattergories Scrabble ( U.S. and Canada ) Simon Sorry ! Stratego Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Upwords Yahtzee Distributed worldwide by Hasbro Beyblade ( except Japan and parts of Asia ) CirKis ( except U.S. , UK , France and Germany ) FurReal Friends ( except Japan ) iDog ( except Japan ) Yo - kai Watch ( except Asia ) Licensed products Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.I._Joe&oldid=809502591 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 1964 Action figures G.I. Joe Playscale figures 1960s toys Hasbro brands 1970s toys 1980s toys 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 15 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did gi joe action figure come out
[ "The G.I. Joe trademark has been used by Hasbro for several different toy lines, although only two have been successful. The original 12-inch (30 cm) line introduced on February 2, 1964 centered on realistic action figures.[9] In the United Kingdom, this line was licensed to Palitoy and known as Action Man. In 1982 the line was relaunched in a 3.75-inch (9.5 cm) scale complete with vehicles, playsets, and a complex background story involving an ongoing struggle between the G.I. Joe Team and the evil Cobra Command which seeks to take over the Free World through terrorism. As the American line evolved into the Real American Hero series, Action Man also changed, by using the same molds and being renamed as Action Force. Although the members of the G.I. Joe team are not superheroes, they all had expertise in areas such as martial arts, weapons, and explosives.[10]" ]
[ "February 2, 1964" ]
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Mace Windu
Mace Windu - wikipedia Mace Windu `` Windu '' redirects here . For the cycle of 8 lunar years , see Javanese calendar . Mace Windu Star Wars character Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu . First appearance The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Last appearance The Clone Wars : Legacy -- `` Dark Disciple '' ( 2016 , novel ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson Voiced by Terrence C. Carson ( most media ) Samuel L. Jackson ( The Clone Wars ) Kevin Michael Richardson ( Jedi Power Battles , Obi - Wan and Jedi Starfighter ) Donald Glover ( Robot Chicken ) Adrian Holmes ( The Yoda Chronicles and Droid Tales ) Information Species Human Gender Male Occupation Jedi Padawan ( former ) Jedi Master Jedi General in the Grand Army of the Republic Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Homeworld Haruun Kal Mace Windu is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by actor Samuel L. Jackson in the prequel films and voiced by voice - actor Terrence C. Carson in other projects . He appears as a human male , Master of the Jedi High Council and one of the last members of the order 's upper echelons before the Galactic Republic 's fall . He is the Council 's primary liaison , although the Clone Wars caused him to question his most firmly held beliefs . Contents 1 Character conception and overview 2 Appearances 2.1 Film 2.2 Animated series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) 2.3 Comics 2.4 Legends 2.4. 1 Clone Wars ( 2003 ) 2.4. 2 Novels and comics 3 Merchandising 4 Reception 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Character conception and overview ( edit ) Several early incarnations of the character who would become Mace Windu were developed in the original Star Wars drafts as the narrator , Princess Leia 's brother and Luke Skywalker 's friend . Through the process of redrafting and copyediting , his character was removed from the original trilogy ( Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back , and Return of the Jedi ) but was reintroduced in 1994 when series creator George Lucas began writing the prequel trilogy . According to an interview on the Late Show with David Letterman on May 13 , 2005 , the character 's purple lightsaber was a personal request from Jackson to Lucas as a quid pro quo for appearing in the films , as well as a way of making the character unique and easily distinguishable . Appearances ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Mace Windu 's Jedi robes from Episode III Introduced in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Windu appears as the Master of the Jedi High Council . The maverick Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn comes before the Council and offers to train Anakin Skywalker , believing that the boy is the Chosen One of Jedi prophecy . Windu and the other Council members refuse , deeming Anakin too old and dangerously full of fear and anger . After the corrupt Trade Federation is defeated and Obi - Wan Kenobi apparently defeats Darth Maul , who also kills Qui - Gon Jinn , Windu realizes that the Sith have returned , and he and the Council reluctantly allow Obi - Wan to train Anakin in Qui - Gon 's stead . In Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , Windu initially refuses to believe that the assassination attempt on Padmé Amidala on Coruscant was authorized by former Jedi master Count Dooku . Having learned of Obi - Wan 's whereabouts on Geonosis , Windu arrives to save Obi - Wan , Padmé and Anakin from their death sentence in the stadium . At the Battle of Geonosis , Windu kills the bounty hunter Jango Fett . With his fellow Jedi and the clone army for the Galactic Republic attacking the planet , Dooku flees . At the end of the film , Windu resolves to keep a closer eye on the increasingly corrupt Galactic Senate . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Windu and the other members of the Jedi Council are concerned that Palpatine may not relinquish his emergency powers when the Clone Wars end . Their suspicions only grow when the Senate grants Palpatine a vote on the Jedi Council by appointing Anakin a personal representative . The Council grants Anakin a seat , but denies him the rank of Jedi Master and orders him to spy on Palpatine , causing Anakin 's faith in the Jedi to diminish significantly . After Obi - Wan kills General Grievous , Anakin informs Windu of Palpatine 's true identity as the Sith Lord Darth Sidious . Acting swiftly on this revelation , Windu and three other Jedi Masters attempt to arrest him , but Palpatine mercilessly kills Windu 's companions and fights the Jedi Master . Windu subdues Palpatine by knocking away his lightsaber and deflecting the Sith Lord 's Force lightning back into his face just as Anakin arrives , causing Palpatine 's face to become disfigured as it was in the original trilogy . Ignoring Anakin 's objections not to kill Palpatine , Windu counters that Palpatine has control of both the Senate and the courts , and is therefore too dangerous to be left alive . However , Anakin intervenes on Palpatine 's behalf , severing Windu 's lightsaber hand and leaving him helpless . Palpatine then uses his Force lightning to send Windu plummeting out a large window to his death . In his fourth film appearance ; in the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Mace Windu has a supporting role . During the early development of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Jackson expressed interest to reprise his role as Windu as a Force ghost , due the fact that Windu was killed half - way through the last film . Animated series ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith ) , Mace Windu has a supporting role . Comics ( edit ) In 2017 , Marvel released Star Wars : Jedi of the Republic -- Mace Windu , a 5 - issue series centered around Mace Windu during the early days of the Clone Wars . He leads a small team of Jedi on a mission to the planet Hissrich , to find out what the Separatists are doing there . During the mission , Windu 's faith in the Jedi path is tested by his interactions with two new characters : AD - W4 , a mercenary droid with a thirst for murdering Jedi ; and Prosset Dibs , a literally blind Jedi Master who becomes disillusioned with the Jedi Order and turns on Windu . Ultimately , Windu ends up besting both adversaries in single combat , respectively , and his faith in the Jedi way is strengthened by the experience . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Windu appears extensively in the Star Wars Legends of novels and comic books . Clone Wars ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Mace Windu is a supporting character in Genndy Tartakovsky 's Star Wars : Clone Wars micro-series , which is set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . The character 's likeness in the series is based on that in The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . In the first chapters , he defends the grasslands planet Dantooine against a large hovering `` fortress '' , and over the course , he loses his lightsaber , forcing him to instead use a lethal form of unarmed combat powered by the Force . In final chapters , he and fellow Jedi Master Yoda help defend the planet Coruscant from an attack by General Grievous . In the midst of the battle , he realizes that the attack is a ruse to distract the Jedi from Grievous 's true objective : to `` kidnap '' Palpatine . Despite being too late to save the Supreme Chancellor , the Jedi Master uses the Force to crush Grievous 's chest , inflicting upon the cyborg general a wheezing , asthmatic cough , setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith . Novels and comics ( edit ) Windu is the central character of Matthew Stover 's novel Shatterpoint , in which he is called to his home planet of Haruun Kal to defeat his former apprentice Depa Billaba who has turned to the dark side of the Force . The novel establishes that Windu has the unique talent of seeing `` shatterpoints '' , or faultlines in the Force that could affect the destinies of certain individuals and indeed the galaxy itself . Mace 's `` shatterpoint '' ability also enables him to see people 's weaknesses , allowing him to exploit their flaws and defeat them . It also explains that Windu is the creator and sole master of a style of lightsaber combat called Vaapad ( Form VII ) , in which the user skirts dangerously close to the dark side -- without giving into it -- by actually enjoying the fight and the thrill of victory . All others who attempted to master the form either gave in to the dark side or were unable to properly master the technique . Stover also referenced these abilities in his Revenge of the Sith novelization . It was said that without his unique style only Yoda and Dooku could match him . However , with the use of Vaapad he was the greatest swordsman of his time , able to defeat Darth Sidious in lightsaber combat which even Yoda could not achieve . He was also able to overwhelm Dooku in lightsaber combat during the battle of Boz Pity which took place between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . Besides Shatterpoint , Windu has appeared in other Expanded Universe novels , such as Cloak of Deception , Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter , Rogue Planet , Outbound Flight , The Cestus Deception , Jedi Trial , Yoda : Dark Rendezvous and Labyrinth of Evil . Merchandising ( edit ) A Mace Windu action figure was added to the Star Wars Transformers toy line in 2006 . It was a remold of the toy first used for Obi - Wan Kenobi . He becomes an Eta - 2 Actis - class light interceptor starfighter with Astromech droid R4 - M6 . Reception ( edit ) IGN reported Mace Windu as the 27th top Star Wars character , stating that he is an important component of the series . Further reading ( edit ) Star Wars portal Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 Shatterpoint ( novel ) , 1st edition , 2003 . Matthew Woodring Stover , ISBN 0 - 345 - 45573 - 8 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Revised Core Rulebook ( Star Wars Roleplaying Game ) , 1st edition , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , Steve Sansweet , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Power of the Jedi Sourcebook , hardcover , 2002 . Michael Mikaelian , Jeff Grubb , Owen K.C. Stephens , James Maliszewski , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2781 - X Star Wars Galaxy Guide 7 : Mos Eisley , softcover , 1993 . Martin Wixted , ISBN 0 - 87431 - 187 - X References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ James Whitlark , Ph. D. `` Stage Eight in The Star Wars and Harry Potter Series ? '' . whitlarks.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film Jump up ^ `` Samuel L. Jackson '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 1999 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2002 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ `` Mace Windu '' . StarWars.com . LucasFilm . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode III : Attack of the Clones ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2005 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel L. Jackson Wants To Play Mace Windu For Star Wars : Episode VII '' . 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Mace Windu in the StarWars.com Databank Mace Windu on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Portals Access related topics 1990s portal Fictional characters portal Star Wars portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mace_Windu&oldid=853198264 '' Categories : Star Wars characters Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional generals Fictional amputees Fictional black people Fictional telekinetics Jedi Male characters in comics Male characters in film Male characters in television Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 02 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who did samuel l jackson play in star wars
[ "Mace Windu is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by actor Samuel L. Jackson in the prequel films and voiced by voice-actor Terrence C. Carson in other projects. He appears as a human male, Master of the Jedi High Council and one of the last members of the order's upper echelons before the Galactic Republic's fall. He is the Council's primary liaison, although the Clone Wars caused him to question his most firmly held beliefs.[1]\n" ]
[ "Mace Windu" ]
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Railroad engineer
Railroad engineer - wikipedia Railroad engineer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the operator of a train . For the professional engineer who designs railway systems , see Railway engineering . The cab of a New South Wales Xplorer diesel multiple unit A railroad engineer 's workplace on a German ICE train An engineer ( American and Canadian ) , engine driver , train driver , loco pilot , motorman , train operator ( British and Commonwealth English ) , is a person who operates a train . The driver is in charge of , and responsible for driving the engine , as well as the mechanical operation of the train , train speed , and all train handling . The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer . For many American railroads , the following career progression is typical : assistant conductor ( brakeman ) , conductor and finally driver . In the US , drivers are required to be certified and re-certified every two to three years . In American English a hostler moves engines around train yards , but does not take them out on the normal tracks . In India , a driver starts as a diesel assistant or electrical assistant ( in case of electric locomotives ) . They then get promoted on a scale : goods , passenger , Mail / Express and Rajdhani / Shatabdi / Duronto . In the United States and Canada , train drivers are historically known as `` locomotive engineers '' , or `` handelers '' . In the United Kingdom , South Africa , New Zealand , and Australia they are known as `` train drivers '' , `` engine drivers '' , `` locomotive drivers '' , or `` locomotive operators '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable railroad engineers 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Notable Railroad engineers ( edit ) Ben Chifley , former Prime Minister of Australia Casey Jones , American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30 , 1900 was immortalized in verse and music . The United Kingdom ( UK ) - based transport historian Christian Wolmar stated in October 2013 that train operators employed by the Rio Tinto Group to transport iron ore across the Australian outback are most likely the highest - paid members of the occupation in the world at that time . See also ( edit ) Fireman ( steam engine ) Motorman Stormy Kromer cap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 CFR Title 49 , Volume 4 ; Part 240 : Qualification and Certification of Locomotive Engineers '' . Code of Federal Regulations . United States National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Train Crew '' . FAQ : Railway Operations . Indian Railways Fan Club . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Waterson , D.B. `` Chifley , Joseph Benedict ( Ben ) ( 1885 -- 1951 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Behrmann ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` Rio Replacing Train Drivers Paid Like U.S. Surgeons '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Huibregtse , Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal , 1919 - 1935 ( University Press of Florida ; 2010 ; 172 pages ) Licht , Walter . Working for the Railroad : the organization of work in the nineteenth century ( 1983 ) Orr , John W. Set Up Running : The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman , 1904 - 1949 ( 2001 ) Tuck , Joseph Hugh . `` Canadian Railways and the International Brotherhoods : Labour Organizations in the Railway Running Trades in Canada , 1865 - 1914 '' Dissertation Abstracts International , 1977 , Vol. 37 Issue 10 , p6681 - 6681 White , John H. , Jr . `` Oh , To Be a Locomotive Engineer , '' Railroad History , Dec 2003 , Issue 189 , pp12 -- 33 , and Summer 2004 , Issue 190 , pp 56 -- 76 ; Examines the role of the railroad engineer 1890 to 1919 , discussing qualifications for becoming an engineer and typical experiences on the job . External links ( edit ) Media related to Locomotive drivers at Wikimedia Commons A detailed explanation of what train driving involves , and becoming a train driver in the UK Run - A-Locomotive . Link to a site that offers an engineer experience program at a museum in California . Train Conductor Job Information How to become a train driver guide The Center Of A Future Train Conductor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railroad_engineer&oldid=835410034 '' Categories : Railroad engineers Railway occupations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 15 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
a person that drives a train is called what
[ "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer.", "An engineer (American and Canadian), engine driver, train driver, loco pilot, motorman, train operator (British and Commonwealth English), is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the mechanical operation of the train, train speed, and all train handling. The use of the term engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer." ]
[ "engineer", "engine driver", "train driver", "loco pilot", "motorman", "train operator" ]
8685075217881826119
Self-cleaning oven
Self - cleaning oven - wikipedia Self - cleaning oven Jump to : navigation , search A self - cleaning oven is an oven which uses high temperature ( approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit ) to burn off leftovers from baking , without the use of any chemical agents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 2 Alternative technologies 3 See also 4 References Process ( edit ) Self - cleaning ovens have a pyrolytic ground coat , which reduces foodstuffs to ash with exposure to temperature around 500 ° C ( 932 ° F ) . The oven walls are coated with heat - and acid - resistant porcelain enamel . A self - cleaning oven is designed to stay locked until the high temperature process is completed . A mechanical interlock is used to keep the oven door locked and closed during and immediately after the high - temperature cleaning cycle , which lasts approximately three hours , to prevent possible burn injuries . Usually , the door can be opened after the temperature cools to approximately 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) . Self - cleaning ovens usually have more insulation than standard ovens to reduce the possibility of fire . The insulation also reduces the amount of energy needed for normal cooking . Self - cleaning ovens are considered more convenient and time saving , and therefore more cost effective . However , because of the high temperatures of burning , they produce smoke and odors . In some cases , this may set off a fire alarm . According to most professionals , this can be avoided by regular usage of the self - cleaning program . Alternative technologies ( edit ) Two alternative types of self - cleaning oven are available : Non-self - cleaning ground coat Catalytic continuous clean enamels The former requires aggressive cleaners to remove soils . The latter relies on high - metals , porous enamels to catalyze the reduction of soils to ash at normal cooking temperatures . The walls of catalytic self - cleaning ovens are coated with materials acting as oxidation catalysts , usually in the form of catalyst particles in a binder matrix . Cerium ( IV ) oxide is one of the common materials used . Other possibilities are copper , vanadium , bismuth , molybdenum , manganese , iron , nickel , tin , niobium , chromium , tungsten , rhenium , platinum , cobalt , and their oxides , either alone or in mixtures . Highly active coatings typically contain a copper oxide , manganese oxide or cobalt oxide , and copper and manganese oxides are often used together . The binder may be a fluoropolymer or an enamel frit . In the 1990s , SRI International performed a study for Whirlpool Corporation , and changed the composition and application of the porcelain enamel surface found in ovens to one with low ionic content , and a film that makes fat into water - soluble esters . Another alternative to self cleaning ovens is steam cleaning ovens . It uses water with lower temperatures to clean the oven . See also ( edit ) List of cooking appliances Steam cleaning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Patent # US20120034472 : Enamel coating , coated article and method of coating an article '' . www.freepatentsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` How do self - cleaning ovens work ? '' . www.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kelly , John . `` How Self - cleaning Ovens Work '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . As a bonus , pyrolytic ovens save energy during normal baking because of the extra insulation that 's added to contain the high heat . Jump up ^ `` Pros & Cons of Self - Cleaning Ovens '' . homeguides.sfgate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patent # 3988514 : Catalytic Material '' . www.freepatentsonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nielson , Donald ( 2006 ) . A Heritage of Innovation : SRI 's First Half Century . Menlo Park , California : SRI International . p. 11 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 0974520810 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Cleaning Ovens VS Steam Cleaning Ovens Allen & Petersen Appliance Blog '' . www.aphome.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-cleaning_oven&oldid=773741035 '' Categories : Ovens Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2017 , at 03 : 05 . About Wikipedia
how hot is an oven on self clean
[ "A self-cleaning oven is an oven which uses high temperature (approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit) to burn off leftovers from baking, without the use of any chemical agents." ]
[ "approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit" ]
-6311637879774397360
Will Poulter
Will Poulter - wikipedia Will Poulter Jump to : navigation , search Will Poulter Poulter at the Paris premiere of The Revenant in January 2016 . William Jack Poulter ( 1993 - 01 - 28 ) 28 January 1993 ( age 24 ) Hammersmith , London , England , United Kingdom Nationality English Occupation Actor Years active 2007 -- present William Jack Poulter ( born 28 January 1993 ) is an English actor known for his work in the films The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) , Son of Rambow , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) , We 're the Millers ( 2013 ) , The Revenant ( 2015 ) , and Detroit ( 2017 ) . For his work in We 're the Millers , Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Poulter was born in Hammersmith , London , the son of Caroline ( Barrah ) , a former nurse , and Neil Poulter , a professor of cardiology . His mother was raised in an Anglo family in Kenya , where her father was a game warden . Poulter studied at Harrodian School . Career ( edit ) Poulter played various acting roles before landing the role of Lee Carter in the 2007 movie Son of Rambow , which was released to positive reviews , and praise for the performances of Poulter and his co-star Bill Milner . He also performed with other young comedic actors in School of Comedy , which aired its pilot on Channel 4 's Comedy Lab on 21 August 2008 . School of Comedy was then commissioned for a full series by Channel 4 , which began airing on 2 October 2009 . The programme finished after a second series . In 2009 , he was selected to play the role of Eustace Scrubb in the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( filmed in Queensland , Australia ) , and was accompanied by some members of his family . The movie was first screened on 10 December 2010 . The film opened to mixed reviews , but Poulter 's performance was well received . In 2010 , he appeared in the BBC Three pilot The Fades , a 60 - minute supernatural thriller written by Skins writer , Jack Thorne . The pilot has been commissioned to be written as six - part series with almost entirely a new cast . Poulter began filming a small British independent film called Wild Bill , directed by Dexter Fletcher , at the end of 2010 . It centres around Bill Hayward , played by Charlie Creed - Miles , who , on parole after spending eight years in prison , finds his two sons , Dean ( Poulter ) and Jimmy ( Sammy Williams ) , living alone abandoned by their mother . With the attention of social services now focused on the boys , Bill struggles to play good dad while keeping out of jail as Jimmy gets in trouble with some dangerous acquaintances of Bill 's past . The film was released on 23 March 2012 to extremely positive reviews , with praise for Poulter 's performance . In 2011 , Poulter appeared with the popular British blogger and his School of Comedy co-star Jack Harries on his YouTube channel by the name of JacksGap in a video called Jack and Will . Poulter at the London premiere of We 're the Millers in August 2013 In 2013 , he played Kenny in We 're the Millers , starring Jennifer Aniston and Jason Sudeikis . While the film opened to mixed reviews , the performances of the cast were well - received , especially Poulter . He also appeared as a caretaker in the music video for Rizzle Kicks ' song `` Skip to the Good Bit '' . In 2014 , he played Fordy in the crime film Plastic , directed by Julian Gilbey and starring Ed Speleers , Alfie Allen , Sebastian De Souza and Emma Rigby . The film was critically panned on release . The same year , he played Gally in the film adaptation , The Maze Runner , alongside Dylan O'Brien and Kaya Scodelario . The film was a critical and commercial success , with the performances of the cast being praised . In 2015 , Poulter starred as Shane in the Irish indie film Glassland , directed by Gerard Barrett and co-starring Jack Reynor and Toni Collette . The film was a critical success , with many reviewers praising Poulter 's performance in particular as being his most diverse role to date . In an interview with BBC Radio 1 , Poulter stated the film was `` the proudest I 've been to be a part of a movie '' . In 2014 , Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award , voted for by the public . Other actors nominated for the award were Lupita Nyong'o , George MacKay , Léa Seydoux and Dane DeHaan . The same year , he also won the MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss ( shared with his co-stars Jennifer Aniston and Emma Roberts ) for his performance in We 're the Millers . In 2014 , Poulter was chosen as one of 23 upcoming actors to feature in July 's issue of Vanity Fair , with all actors being named `` Hollywood 's Next Wave '' . Other actors featured included Dylan O'Brien ( Poulter 's co-star in The Maze Runner ) , Jack Reynor ( Poulter 's co-star in Glassland ) , and Tye Sheridan ( Poulter 's co-star in The Yellow Birds ) . Poulter played Jim Bridger in the revenge - thriller The Revenant , directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu , and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy . The film centers on an 1820s frontiersman on a path of vengeance against those who left him for dead after a bear mauling . In 2017 , he played a police officer in the film Detroit , about the 1967 Detroit riots . Poulter was initially cast as Pennywise the Clown in the 2017 remake of the Stephen King miniseries It . However , it was announced in June 2016 that Bill Skarsgård was cast instead , since Poulter was forced to drop out , due both to scheduling conflicts ( the film was set to shoot at the same time as Poulter was set to begin work on Detroit ) , as well as the departure of its initial director , Cary Fukunaga . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2007 Son of Rambow Lee Carter The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Eustace Scrubb 2012 Wild Bill Dean 2013 We 're the Millers Kenny Rossmore 2014 Plastic Fordy The Maze Runner Gally A Plea for Grimsby Jone Short film Glassland Shane 2015 The Revenant Jim Bridger 2016 Kids in Love Jack 2017 War Machine Rick Ortega Detroit Philip Krauss 2018 Maze Runner : The Death Cure Gally Post-production The Little Stranger Roderick Ayres Filming Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 Comedy : Shuffle Find Your Folks Presenter 2008 Comedy Lab Various Lead Balloon Sweet Throwing Boy 2009 -- 2010 School of Comedy Various The Fades Mac Pilot Voice Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Incredible True Story Christopher Smith Album Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2008 British Independent Film Awards Most Promising Newcomer Son of Rambow Nominated 2009 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in an International Feature Film -- Leading Young Performers Shared with Bill Milner Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role -- Male The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Shared with Georgie Henley and Skandar Keynes Nominated Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Young British Performer of the Year Nominated 2013 Wild Bill Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Liplock Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston We 're the Millers Nominated MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Won Best Kiss Shared with Emma Roberts and Jennifer Aniston Won Best Musical Moment Nominated British Academy Film Awards EE Rising Star Award Won Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Nominated 2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( shared with Dylan O'Brien ) The Maze Runner Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of winners '' . BBC . 16 February 2014 ^ Jump up to : Son of Rambow : ready for action at www.telegraph.co.uk ( accessed 22 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ Hello . `` Scotland '' . Scotsman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lee , Robin ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` School of Comedy '' . The List . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Labs on Channel 4 '' . Jump up ^ Will Poulter Cast as Eustace Scrubb at www.narniaweb.com ( accessed 22 June 2008 ) Jump up ^ It 's luvverly Cockney sparra Keira at www.dailymail.co.uk ( accessed 22 June 2008 Jump up ^ Will Poulter Cast in Narnia 3 at www.comingsoon.net ( accessed 22 June 2008 Jump up ^ `` ScreenTerrier : The Fades '' . Screenterrier.blogspot.com. 2010 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sibayan , Genevieve . `` Touch -- A new supernatural drama series for BBC3 ( TV ) '' . Frost Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Narnia stars switch on London 's Christmas lights ! '' . The Hollywood News . 2010 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://wildbillthefilm.com/ Jump up ^ `` Approximate Release Date for Wild Bill -- The Unofficial Will Poulter Fansite '' . Willpoulterfans.webs.com. 2011 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of winners '' . BBC . 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ; Harris , Jamie ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` BAFTA Film Awards 2014 - nominations in full '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will Poulter , Emma Roberts & Jennifer Aniston Win MTV Best Kiss '' . Hollywood life . 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Krista ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Hollywood 's Next Wave '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` We 're the Millers '' Will Poulter Joins Leonardo DiCaprio in ' The Revenant ' ( Exclusive ) `` . Variety . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Adaptation Finds Its Pennywise the Clown ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Will Poulter on IMDb Awards for Will Poulter BAFTA Rising Star Award 2006 -- present James McAvoy ( 2006 ) Eva Green ( 2007 ) Shia LaBeouf ( 2008 ) Noel Clarke ( 2009 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2010 ) Tom Hardy ( 2011 ) Adam Deacon ( 2012 ) Juno Temple ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2015 ) John Boyega ( 2016 ) Tom Holland ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Next Generation Best Breakthrough Performance Edward Furlong ( 1992 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 1995 ) George Clooney ( 1996 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 1997 ) Heather Graham ( 1998 ) James Van Der Beek & Katie Holmes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment & Julia Stiles ( 2000 ) Sean Patrick Thomas & Erika Christensen ( 2001 ) Orlando Bloom & Mandy Moore ( 2002 ) Eminem & Jennifer Garner ( 2003 ) Shawn Ashmore & Lindsay Lohan ( 2004 ) Jon Heder & Rachel McAdams ( 2005 ) Isla Fisher ( 2006 ) Jaden Smith ( 2007 ) Zac Efron ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Ashley Tisdale ( 2009 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Rebel Wilson ( 2013 ) Will Poulter ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien ( 2015 ) Daisy Ridley ( 2016 ) Best Breakout Star Anna Kendrick ( 2010 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2011 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts , Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) VIAF : 100950963 LCCN : no2008133277 ISNI : 0000 0000 7246 3558 GND : 138413762 BIBSYS : 9019900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Poulter&oldid=802059703 '' Categories : 1993 births 21st - century English male actors English male child actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors BAFTA winners ( people ) Male actors from London People educated at The Harrodian School People from Hammersmith Living people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Arpetan Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bislama Brezhoneg Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 한국어 Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Picard Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played kenny in we're the millers
[ "William Jack Poulter (born 28 January 1993) is an English actor known for his work in the films The Maze Runner (2014), Son of Rambow, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010), We're the Millers (2013), The Revenant (2015), and Detroit (2017). For his work in We're the Millers, Poulter won the BAFTA Rising Star Award.[1]" ]
[ "William Jack Poulter" ]
6394964137488458959
New Girl (season 7)
New Girl ( season 7 ) - wikipedia New Girl ( season 7 ) New Girl ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network Fox Original release April 10 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) -- May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of New Girl episodes The seventh and final season of the American comedy series New Girl premiered April 10 , 2018 on Fox at 9 : 30 pm ( Eastern ) . Developed by Elizabeth Meriwether under the working title Chicks & Dicks , the series revolves around offbeat teacher Jess ( Zooey Deschanel ) after her moving into an LA loft with three men , Nick ( Jake Johnson ) , Schmidt ( Max Greenfield ) , and Winston ( Lamorne Morris ) ; Jess 's best friend Cece ( Hannah Simone ) also appears regularly . The characters , who are in their thirties , deal with maturing relationships and career choices . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Zooey Deschanel as Jessica `` Jess '' Day Jake Johnson as Nick Miller Max Greenfield as Schmidt Lamorne Morris as Winston Bishop Hannah Simone as Cece Danielle Rockoff and Rhiannon Rockoff as Ruth Special guest ( edit ) Damon Wayans , Jr. as Coach Recurring ( edit ) Brian Huskey as Merle Streep Dermot Mulroney as Russell Nasim Pedrad as Aly Rob Reiner as Bob Day Guest ( edit ) David Neher as Benjamin Nelson Franklin as Robby David Walton as Sam Sam Richardson as Dunston Steve Agee as Outside Dave Ayden Mayeri as Leslie Gillian Vigman as Kim JB Smoove as Van Bishop Sarah Baker as Judith Quinta Brunson as Annabelle Rebecca Reid as Nadia Jamie Lee Curtis as Joan Ralph Ahn as Tran June Diane Raphael as Sadie Brian Posehn as Bio Teacher Curtis Armstrong as Principal Foster Zoe Lister Jones as Fawn Moscato Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of New Girl episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 139 `` About Three Years Later '' Erin O'Malley Berkley Johnson April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 7ATM01 1.83 Three years after the events of the season six finale , Jess and Nick return to Los Angeles after a worldwide tour promoting Nick 's latest Pepperwood Chronicles novel . Within that time Jess and Nick are still not married which worries Jess ' father Bob . Schmidt and Cece celebrate their daughter Ruth 's third birthday , however their house party soon goes out of control . Schmidt has also grown a mustache , which bothers Nick . Winston and Aly are expecting their first child , but Aly gets stressed when Winston wants her to decide on their pregnancy glamour photo . 140 `` Tuesday Meeting '' Josh Greenbaum Sarah Tapscott April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 7ATM02 1.58 Jess feels neglected at work ; after getting advice from a drunk and caffeinated Cece , she confronts her boss Russell about it . When Nick 's draft on a new Pepperwood Chronicles novel is turned down by his editor Merle , Nick gets writer 's block , so Schmidt and Winston try to help him with ideas . When Ruth and Schmidt visit Nick at the loft , Winston sees correlations between the lives of the three former roommates and the Three Men and a Baby films . 141 `` Lillypads '' Trent O'Donnell J.J. Philbin April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 7ATM03 1.51 Schmidt and Cece ask Jess to help Ruth prepare for her audition for a prestigious pre-school ; however , Schmidt disagrees with and constantly intrudes on Jess 's teaching process . Nick must write a twenty - page draft on his new book , while also helping Winston , who has been promoted to detective , get over his stage fright in testifying in a court case . 142 `` Where the Road Goes '' Michael Schultz Noah Garfinkel May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 7ATM04 1.33 The gang celebrates the one - year anniversary of Furguson 's death , and everyone is worried that Winston has not had his `` big cry '' over the cat . Sensing animosity between Nick and their former roommate Coach , Jess asks Nick to open up , and learns that Coach had borrowed a large amount of money from Nick , and reveals she might have contributed to Furguson 's death . Meanwhile , Schmidt gets worried about what Cece would do if she were widowed . 143 5 `` Godparents '' Lamorne Morris Lamar Woods May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 7ATM05 1.32 Winston and Aly select Jess to be their baby 's godparent . Schmidt returns to work and finds that the company has changed . Cece , who has to deal with Ruth that day , forgets her phone which has the gate code to enter the preschool , and asks Nick , who thinks he is a godparent by relationship to Jess , to retrieve it . Meanwhile , Jess surprises Winston by finding his missing father Van ( JB Smoove ) , but Aly later tells Jess that she made a mistake . 144 6 `` Mario '' Jay Chandrasekhar Joe Wengert May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 7ATM06 1.32 Schmidt and Cece plan a sex date by hiring a babysitter and going out , but Cece mentions that she is ovulating and is ready to have another baby . Winston tries out some glasses that allow him to see color for the first time . Nick has been planning a dinner date leading to the marriage proposal , but Jess surprises Nick by preparing the apartment for a home visit in order to adopt a dog . 145 7 `` The Curse of the Pirate Bride '' Josh Greenbaum Ann Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 7ATM07 1.47 Following their rehearsal dinner , Nick and Jess ignore the superstition about sleeping together the night before the wedding being bad luck . However , the next day , Jess injures her eye and has to wear an eyepatch , while Nick loses his book deal . Aly experiences labor pains , and Russell takes an opportunity to be alone with Jess to woo her one more time . 146 8 `` Engram Pattersky '' Erin O'Malley Story by : Dave Finkel & Brett Baer Teleplay by : Elizabeth Meriwether May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 7ATM08 1.47 One month after getting married , Nick and Jess call Cece , Schmidt and Winston to inform them that they 're being evicted by `` Engram Pattersky '' , along with everyone else on the building . Jess tries to make everyone express their feelings about leaving the loft forever . Although the others have already let go , they see how much it means to Jess , so they go along with her activity , nostalgically going through old items and also trying things they have never done at the loft before . They then play True American : Packing Edition , during which a flash - forward is shown of them and their kids playing the game . After the truck is loaded , Winston reveals that the eviction was an elaborate hoax : `` Engram Pattersky '' is an anagram for `` My Greatest Prank '' . Nick and Jess decide to move anyway , and the group drive off . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 6.78 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` After seven years of friendship , New Girl signs off with a thoughtful , funny final season that bids a proper adieu to its colorful cast of characters . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne , The Middle , Lethal Weapon adjust up , Black - ish down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Girl : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) New Girl episode listings at The Futon Critic New Girl Awards and nominations Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Normal '' `` Prince '' 5 6 7 Characters Jessica Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Girl_(season_7)&oldid=848479132 '' Categories : New Girl 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 04 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
new girl season 7 will have how many episodes
[ "New Girl (season 7) \nPromotional posterCountry of origin\nUnited StatesNo. of episodes\n8ReleaseOriginal network\nFoxOriginal release\nApril 10 (2018-04-10) – May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)Season chronology\n← PreviousSeason 6 \nList of New Girl episodes" ]
[ "8" ]
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Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve System - Wikipedia Federal Reserve System This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 August 2018 . `` The Fed '' redirects here . For the Welsh trade union , see South Wales Miners ' Federation . For other uses , see The Fed ( disambiguation ) . Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve System Flag of the Federal Reserve System Headquarters Eccles Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Established December 23 , 1913 ( 104 years ago ) ( 1913 - 12 - 23 ) Chairman Jerome Powell Central bank of United States Currency United States dollar USD ( ISO 4217 ) Reserve requirements 0 to 10 % Bank rate 2.25 % Interest rate target 1.75 % to 2.00 % Interest on reserves 1.95 % Interest paid on excess reserves ? Yes Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment and transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment United States portal The Federal Reserve System ( also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed ) is the central banking system of the United States of America . It was created on December 23 , 1913 , with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , after a series of financial panics ( particularly the panic of 1907 ) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises . Over the years , events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System . The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act : maximizing employment , stabilizing prices , and moderating long - term interest rates . The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate . Its duties have expanded over the years , and currently also include supervising and regulating banks , maintaining the stability of the financial system , and providing financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions . The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications , such as the Beige Book and the FRED database . The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers . It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board ( FRB ) . Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , located in cities throughout the nation , regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks . Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in , and can elect some of the board members of , the Federal Reserve Bank of their region . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) sets monetary policy . It consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents , though only five bank presidents vote at a time ( the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year voting terms ) . There are also various advisory councils . Thus , the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components . It has a structure unique among central banks , and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury , an entity outside of the central bank , prints the currency used . The federal government sets the salaries of the board 's seven governors . The federal government receives all the system 's annual profits , after a statutory dividend of 6 % on member banks ' capital investment is paid , and an account surplus is maintained . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve earned net income of $100.2 billion and transferred $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . Although an instrument of the US Government , the Federal Reserve System considers itself `` an independent central bank because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government , it does not receive funding appropriated by the Congress , and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms . '' Contents 1 Purpose 1.1 Addressing the problem of bank panics 1.1. 1 Check clearing system 1.1. 2 Lender of last resort 1.1. 3 Fluctuations 1.2 Central bank 1.2. 1 Federal funds 1.3 Bank regulation 1.3. 1 Government regulation and supervision 1.3. 1.1 Regulatory and oversight responsibilities 1.4 National payments system 2 Structure 2.1 Board of Governors 2.1. 1 List of members of the Board of Governors 2.1. 2 Nominations , confirmations and resignations 2.2 Federal Open Market Committee 2.3 Federal Advisory Council 2.4 Federal Reserve Banks 2.4. 1 Legal status of regional Federal Reserve Banks 2.5 Member banks 2.6 Accountability 3 Monetary policy 3.1 Interbank lending 3.2 Tools 3.2. 1 Federal funds rate and open market operations 3.2. 1.1 Repurchase agreements 3.2. 2 Discount rate 3.2. 3 Reserve requirements 3.2. 4 New facilities 3.2. 4.1 Term auction facility 3.2. 4.2 Term securities lending facility 3.2. 4.3 Primary dealer credit facility 3.2. 4.4 Interest on reserves 3.2. 4.5 Term deposit facility 3.2. 4.6 Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility 3.2. 4.7 Commercial Paper Funding Facility 3.2. 5 Quantitative policy 4 History 4.1 Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 4.1. 1 First Central Bank , 1791 and Second Central Bank , 1816 4.1. 2 Creation of Third Central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 4.1. 2.1 Federal Reserve Act , 1913 4.2 Federal Reserve era , 1913 -- present 5 Measurement of economic variables 5.1 Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations 5.2 Money supply 5.3 Personal consumption expenditures price index 5.3. 1 Inflation and the economy 5.4 Unemployment rate 6 Budget 7 Net worth 7.1 Balance sheet 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Recent 11.2 Historical 12 External links Purpose ( edit ) The Eccles Building in Washington , D.C. , which serves as the Federal Reserve System 's headquarters The primary motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics . Other purposes are stated in the Federal Reserve Act , such as `` to furnish an elastic currency , to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper , to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States , and for other purposes '' . Before the founding of the Federal Reserve System , the United States underwent several financial crises . A particularly severe crisis in 1907 led Congress to enact the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 . Today the Federal Reserve System has responsibilities in addition to ensuring the stability of the financial system . Current functions of the Federal Reserve System include : To address the problem of banking panics To serve as the central bank for the United States To strike a balance between private interests of banks and the centralized responsibility of government To supervise and regulate banking institutions To protect the credit rights of consumers To manage the nation 's money supply through monetary policy to achieve the sometimes - conflicting goals of maximum employment stable prices , including prevention of either inflation or deflation moderate long - term interest rates To maintain the stability of the financial system and contain systemic risk in financial markets To provide financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions , including playing a major role in operating the nation 's payments system To facilitate the exchange of payments among regions To respond to local liquidity needs To strengthen U.S. standing in the world economy Addressing the problem of Bank panics ( edit ) Further information : Bank run and Fractional - reserve banking Banking institutions in the United States are required to hold reserves‍ -- ‌amounts of currency and deposits in other banks‍ -- ‌equal to only a fraction of the amount of the bank 's deposit liabilities owed to customers . This practice is called fractional - reserve banking . As a result , banks usually invest the majority of the funds received from depositors . On rare occasions , too many of the bank 's customers will withdraw their savings and the bank will need help from another institution to continue operating ; this is called a bank run . Bank runs can lead to a multitude of social and economic problems . The Federal Reserve System was designed as an attempt to prevent or minimize the occurrence of bank runs , and possibly act as a lender of last resort when a bank run does occur . Many economists , following Milton Friedman , believe that the Federal Reserve inappropriately refused to lend money to small banks during the bank runs of 1929 . Check clearing System ( edit ) Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain other banks during times of economic uncertainty , a check - clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve System . It is briefly described in The Federal Reserve System‍ -- ‌Purposes and Functions as follows : By creating the Federal Reserve System , Congress intended to eliminate the severe financial crises that had periodically swept the nation , especially the sort of financial panic that occurred in 1907 . During that episode , payments were disrupted throughout the country because many banks and clearinghouses refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks , a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks . To address these problems , Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check - clearing system . The System , then , was to provide not only an elastic currency‍ -- ‌that is , a currency that would expand or shrink in amount as economic conditions warranted‍ -- ‌but also an efficient and equitable check - collection system . Lender of last resort ( edit ) In the United States , the Federal Reserve serves as the lender of last resort to those institutions that can not obtain credit elsewhere and the collapse of which would have serious implications for the economy . It took over this role from the private sector `` clearing houses '' which operated during the Free Banking Era ; whether public or private , the availability of liquidity was intended to prevent bank runs . Fluctuations ( edit ) Through its discount window and credit operations , Reserve Banks provide liquidity to banks to meet short - term needs stemming from seasonal fluctuations in deposits or unexpected withdrawals . Longer term liquidity may also be provided in exceptional circumstances . The rate the Fed charges banks for these loans is called the discount rate ( officially the primary credit rate ) . By making these loans , the Fed serves as a buffer against unexpected day - to - day fluctuations in reserve demand and supply . This contributes to the effective functioning of the banking system , alleviates pressure in the reserves market and reduces the extent of unexpected movements in the interest rates . For example , on September 16 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve Board authorized an $85 billion loan to stave off the bankruptcy of international insurance giant American International Group ( AIG ) . Central Bank ( edit ) Further information : Central bank Obverse of a Federal Reserve $1 note issued in 2009 In its role as the central bank of the United States , the Fed serves as a banker 's bank and as the government 's bank . As the banker 's bank , it helps to assure the safety and efficiency of the payments system . As the government 's bank or fiscal agent , the Fed processes a variety of financial transactions involving trillions of dollars . Just as an individual might keep an account at a bank , the U.S. Treasury keeps a checking account with the Federal Reserve , through which incoming federal tax deposits and outgoing government payments are handled . As part of this service relationship , the Fed sells and redeems U.S. government securities such as savings bonds and Treasury bills , notes and bonds . It also issues the nation 's coin and paper currency . The U.S. Treasury , through its Bureau of the Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing , actually produces the nation 's cash supply and , in effect , sells the paper currency to the Federal Reserve Banks at manufacturing cost , and the coins at face value . The Federal Reserve Banks then distribute it to other financial institutions in various ways . During the Fiscal Year 2013 , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing delivered 6.6 billion notes at an average cost of 5.0 cents per note . Federal funds ( edit ) Main article : Federal funds Federal funds are the reserve balances ( also called Federal Reserve Deposits ) that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank . These balances are the namesake reserves of the Federal Reserve System . The purpose of keeping funds at a Federal Reserve Bank is to have a mechanism for private banks to lend funds to one another . This market for funds plays an important role in the Federal Reserve System as it is what inspired the name of the system and it is what is used as the basis for monetary policy . Monetary policy is put into effect partly by influencing how much interest the private banks charge each other for the lending of these funds . Federal reserve accounts contain federal reserve credit , which can be converted into federal reserve notes . Private banks maintain their bank reserves in federal reserve accounts . Bank regulation ( edit ) The Federal Reserve regulates private banks . The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation . In 2006 Donald L. Kohn , vice chairman of the Board of Governors , summarized the history of this compromise : Agrarian and progressive interests , led by William Jennings Bryan , favored a central bank under public , rather than banker , control . But the vast majority of the nation 's bankers , concerned about government intervention in the banking business , opposed a central bank structure directed by political appointees . The legislation that Congress ultimately adopted in 1913 reflected a hard - fought battle to balance these two competing views and created the hybrid public - private , centralized - decentralized structure that we have today . The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system . Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the Board of Governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . Government regulation and supervision ( edit ) Ben Bernanke ( lower - right ) , Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors , at a House Financial Services Committee hearing on February 10 , 2009 . Members of the Board frequently testify before congressional committees such as this one . The Senate equivalent of the House Financial Services Committee is the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . The Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95 - 320 and 31 U.S.C. section 714 establish that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve banks may be audited by the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . The GAO has authority to audit check - processing , currency storage and shipments , and some regulatory and bank examination functions , however , there are restrictions to what the GAO may audit . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , 31 U.S.C. section 714 ( b ) , audits of the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve banks do not include ( 1 ) transactions for or with a foreign central bank or government or non-private international financing organization ; ( 2 ) deliberations , decisions , or actions on monetary policy matters ; ( 3 ) transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee ; or ( 4 ) a part of a discussion or communication among or between members of the Board of Governors and officers and employees of the Federal Reserve System related to items ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , or ( 3 ) . See Federal Reserve System Audits : Restrictions on GAO 's Access ( GAO / T - GGD - 94 - 44 ) , statement of Charles A. Bowsher . The Board of Governors in the Federal Reserve System has a number of supervisory and regulatory responsibilities in the U.S. banking system , but not complete responsibility . A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U.S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve : The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system . It has supervisory responsibilities for state - chartered banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System , bank holding companies ( companies that control banks ) , the foreign activities of member banks , the U.S. activities of foreign banks , and Edge Act and `` agreement corporations '' ( limited - purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business ) . The Board and , under delegated authority , the Federal Reserve Banks , supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies . Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks ; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System . Some regulations issued by the Board apply to the entire banking industry , whereas others apply only to member banks , that is , state banks that have chosen to join the Federal Reserve System and national banks , which by law must be members of the System . The Board also issues regulations to carry out major federal laws governing consumer credit protection , such as the Truth in Lending , Equal Credit Opportunity , and Home Mortgage Disclosure Acts . Many of these consumer protection regulations apply to various lenders outside the banking industry as well as to banks . Members of the Board of Governors are in continual contact with other policy makers in government . They frequently testify before congressional committees on the economy , monetary policy , banking supervision and regulation , consumer credit protection , financial markets , and other matters . The Board has regular contact with members of the President 's Council of Economic Advisers and other key economic officials . The Chair also meets from time to time with the President of the United States and has regular meetings with the Secretary of the Treasury . The Chair has formal responsibilities in the international arena as well . Regulatory and oversight responsibilities ( edit ) The board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank District also has regulatory and supervisory responsibilities . If the board of directors of a district bank has judged that a member bank is performing or behaving poorly , it will report this to the Board of Governors . This policy is described in United States Code : Each Federal reserve bank shall keep itself informed of the general character and amount of the loans and investments of its member banks with a view to ascertaining whether undue use is being made of bank credit for the speculative carrying of or trading in securities , real estate , or commodities , or for any other purpose inconsistent with the maintenance of sound credit conditions ; and , in determining whether to grant or refuse advances , rediscounts , or other credit accommodations , the Federal reserve bank shall give consideration to such information . The chairman of the Federal reserve bank shall report to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System any such undue use of bank credit by any member bank , together with his recommendation . Whenever , in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , any member bank is making such undue use of bank credit , the Board may , in its discretion , after reasonable notice and an opportunity for a hearing , suspend such bank from the use of the credit facilities of the Federal Reserve System and may terminate such suspension or may renew it from time to time . National payments System ( edit ) The Federal Reserve plays a role in the U.S. payments system . The twelve Federal Reserve Banks provide banking services to depository institutions and to the federal government . For depository institutions , they maintain accounts and provide various payment services , including collecting checks , electronically transferring funds , and distributing and receiving currency and coin . For the federal government , the Reserve Banks act as fiscal agents , paying Treasury checks ; processing electronic payments ; and issuing , transferring , and redeeming U.S. government securities . In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 , Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system . The act subjects all depository institutions , not just member commercial banks , to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services . The Federal Reserve plays a role in the nation 's retail and wholesale payments systems by providing financial services to depository institutions . Retail payments are generally for relatively small - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's retail clients‍ -- ‌individuals and smaller businesses . The Reserve Banks ' retail services include distributing currency and coin , collecting checks , and electronically transferring funds through the automated clearinghouse system . By contrast , wholesale payments are generally for large - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's large corporate customers or counterparties , including other financial institutions . The Reserve Banks ' wholesale services include electronically transferring funds through the Fedwire Funds Service and transferring securities issued by the U.S. government , its agencies , and certain other entities through the Fedwire Securities Service . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the Federal Reserve System Organization of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System has a `` unique structure that is both public and private '' and is described as `` independent within the government '' rather than `` independent of government '' . The System does not require public funding , and derives its authority and purpose from the Federal Reserve Act , which was passed by Congress in 1913 and is subject to Congressional modification or repeal . The four main components of the Federal Reserve System are ( 1 ) the Board of Governors , ( 2 ) the Federal Open Market Committee , ( 3 ) the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , and ( 4 ) the member banks throughout the country . District # Letter Federal Reserve Bank Branches Website President Boston http://www.bos.frb.org Eric S. Rosengren New York City Buffalo , New York ( closed as of October 31 , 2008 ) http://www.newyorkfed.org William C. Dudley Philadelphia http://www.philadelphiafed.org Patrick T. Harker Cleveland Cincinnati , Ohio Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania http://www.clevelandfed.org Loretta J. Mester 5 Richmond Baltimore , Maryland Charlotte , North Carolina http://www.richmondfed.org Thomas Barkin 6 Atlanta Birmingham , Alabama Jacksonville , Florida Miami , Florida Nashville , Tennessee New Orleans , Louisiana http://www.frbatlanta.org Raphael Bostic 7 Chicago Detroit , Michigan Des Moines , Iowa http://www.chicagofed.org Charles L. Evans 8 St Louis Little Rock , Arkansas Louisville , Kentucky Memphis , Tennessee http://www.stlouisfed.org James B. Bullard 9 Minneapolis Helena , Montana https://www.minneapolisfed.org Neel Kashkari 10 Kansas City Denver , Colorado Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Omaha , Nebraska http://www.kansascityfed.org Esther George 11 Dallas El Paso , Texas Houston , Texas San Antonio , Texas http://www.dallasfed.org Robert Steven Kaplan 12 San Francisco Los Angeles , California Portland , Oregon Salt Lake City , Utah Seattle , Washington http://www.frbsf.org John C. Williams Board of Governors ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Board of Governors The seven - member Board of Governors is a federal agency . It is charged with the overseeing of the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy . It also supervises and regulates the U.S. banking system in general . Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14 - year terms . One term begins every two years , on February 1 of even - numbered years , and members serving a full term can not be renominated for a second term . `` ( U ) pon the expiration of their terms of office , members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified . '' The law provides for the removal of a member of the board by the President `` for cause '' . The board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . They both serve a four - year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses , until their terms on the Board of Governors expire . According to US Code 12 - 241 the Chair and Vice Chair may be chosen either from among the sitting Governors or outsiders , the law does not specify a preferred choice . List of members of the Board of Governors ( edit ) Board of Governors in 2018 . As of 2018 four of the seven seats are vacant The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows : Photo Governor Political Party Entered office Term expires Jerome Powell ( Chairman ) Republican February 5 , 2018 ( as Chairman ) May 25 , 2012 ( as Governor ) June 16 , 2014 ( new term ) February 5 , 2022 ( as Chairman ) January 31 , 2028 ( as Governor ) Richard Clarida ( Vice Chairman ) Republican TBD ( as Vice Chairman ) TBD N / A ( as Vice Chairman ) January 31 , 2022 ( as Governor ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chairman for Supervision ) Republican October 13 , 2017 ( as Vice Chairman for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 October 13 , 2021 ( as Vice Chairman for Supervision ) January 31 , 2032 ( as Governor ) Lael Brainard Democratic June 16 , 2014 January 31 , 2026 Vacant January 31 , 2020 Vacant January 31 , 2024 Vacant January 31 , 2030 Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position . Nominations , confirmations and resignations ( edit ) In late December 2011 , President Barack Obama nominated Jeremy C. Stein , a Harvard University finance professor and a Democrat , and Jerome Powell , formerly of Dillon Read , Bankers Trust and The Carlyle Group and a Republican . Both candidates also have Treasury Department experience in the Obama and George H.W. Bush administrations respectively . `` Obama administration officials ( had ) regrouped to identify Fed candidates after Peter Diamond , a Nobel Prize - winning economist , withdrew his nomination to the board in June ( 2011 ) in the face of Republican opposition . Richard Clarida , a potential nominee who was a Treasury official under George W. Bush , pulled out of consideration in August ( 2011 ) '' , one account of the December nominations noted . The two other Obama nominees in 2011 , Janet Yellen and Sarah Bloom Raskin , were confirmed in September . One of the vacancies was created in 2011 with the resignation of Kevin Warsh , who took office in 2006 to fill the unexpired term ending January 31 , 2018 , and resigned his position effective March 31 , 2011 . In March 2012 , U.S. Senator David Vitter ( R , LA ) said he would oppose Obama 's Stein and Powell nominations , dampening near - term hopes for approval . However , Senate leaders reached a deal , paving the way for affirmative votes on the two nominees in May 2012 and bringing the board to full strength for the first time since 2006 with Duke 's service after term end . Later , on January 6 , 2014 , the United States Senate confirmed Yellen 's nomination to be Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors ; she is slated to be the first woman to hold the position and will become Chair on February 1 , 2014 . Subsequently , President Obama nominated Stanley Fischer to replace Yellen as the Vice Chair . In April 2014 , Stein announced he was leaving to return to Harvard May 28 with four years remaining on his term . At the time of the announcement , the FOMC `` already is down three members as it awaits the Senate confirmation of ... Fischer and Lael Brainard , and as ( President ) Obama has yet to name a replacement for ... Duke ... Powell is still serving as he awaits his confirmation for a second term . '' Allan R. Landon , former president and CEO of the Bank of Hawaii , was nominated in early 2015 by President Obama to the board . In July 2015 , President Obama nominated University of Michigan economist Kathryn M. Dominguez to fill the second vacancy on the board . The Senate had not yet acted on Landon 's confirmation by the time of the second nomination . Daniel Tarullo submitted his resignation from the board on February 10 , 2017 , effective on or around April 5 , 2017 . Federal open market Committee ( edit ) Main article : Federal Open Market Committee The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) consists of 12 members , seven from the Board of Governors and 5 of the regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents . The FOMC oversees and sets policy on open market operations , the principal tool of national monetary policy . These operations affect the amount of Federal Reserve balances available to depository institutions , thereby influencing overall monetary and credit conditions . The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve in foreign exchange markets . The FOMC must reach consensus on all decisions . The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent member of the FOMC ; the presidents of the other banks rotate membership at two - and three - year intervals . All Regional Reserve Bank presidents contribute to the committee 's assessment of the economy and of policy options , but only the five presidents who are then members of the FOMC vote on policy decisions . The FOMC determines its own internal organization and , by tradition , elects the Chair of the Board of Governors as its chair and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as its vice chair . Formal meetings typically are held eight times each year in Washington , D.C. Nonvoting Reserve Bank presidents also participate in Committee deliberations and discussion . The FOMC generally meets eight times a year in telephone consultations and other meetings are held when needed . Federal advisory Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Advisory Council The Federal Advisory Council , composed of twelve representatives of the banking industry , advises the board on all matters within its jurisdiction . Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Bank Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts , with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares , and all Branches within each district ( 24 total ) marked as red circles . The Washington DC Headquarters is marked with a star . ( Also , a 25th branch in Buffalo , NY had been closed in 2008 . ) The twelve Reserve Banks buildings in 1936 There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks , each of which is responsible for member banks located in its district . They are located in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Richmond , Atlanta , Chicago , St. Louis , Minneapolis , Kansas City , Dallas , and San Francisco . The size of each district was set based upon the population distribution of the United States when the Federal Reserve Act was passed . The charter and organization of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and can not be altered by the member banks . Member banks , do however , elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks ' boards of directors . Each regional Bank has a president , who is the chief executive officer of their Bank . Each regional Reserve Bank 's president is nominated by their Bank 's board of directors , but the nomination is contingent upon approval by the Board of Governors . Presidents serve five - year terms and may be reappointed . Each regional Bank 's board consists of nine members . Members are broken down into three classes : A , B , and C. There are three board members in each class . Class A members are chosen by the regional Bank 's shareholders , and are intended to represent member banks ' interests . Member banks are divided into three categories : large , medium , and small . Each category elects one of the three class A board members . Class B board members are also nominated by the region 's member banks , but class B board members are supposed to represent the interests of the public . Lastly , class C board members are appointed by the Board of Governors , and are also intended to represent the interests of the public . Legal status of regional Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status , with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies . The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax - exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government , but this interest is not proprietary . In Lewis v. United States , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that : `` The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA ( the Federal Tort Claims Act ) , but are independent , privately owned and locally controlled corporations . '' The opinion went on to say , however , that : `` The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes . '' Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks , which are federally created instrumentalities , and the Board of Governors , which is a federal agency . Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial ( member ) banks , political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that : ... the `` ownership '' of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic ; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share , beyond the statutory dividend , in Reserve Bank `` profits . '' ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance , despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates . Plaque marking a bank as a member Member banks ( edit ) A member bank is a private institution and owns stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank . All nationally chartered banks hold stock in one of the Federal Reserve Banks . State chartered banks may choose to be members ( and hold stock in their regional Federal Reserve bank ) upon meeting certain standards . The amount of stock a member bank must own is equal to 3 % of its combined capital and surplus . However , holding stock in a Federal Reserve bank is not like owning stock in a publicly traded company . These stocks can not be sold or traded , and member banks do not control the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of owning this stock . From the profits of the Regional Bank of which it is a member , a member bank receives a dividend equal to 6 % of its purchased stock . The remainder of the regional Federal Reserve Banks ' profits is given over to the United States Treasury Department . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve Banks made a profit of $100.2 billion and distributed $2.5 billion in dividends to member banks as well as returning $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . About 38 % of U.S. banks are members of their regional Federal Reserve Bank . Accountability ( edit ) The GAO and an outside auditor regularly audit the Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve banks , and individual member banks . Audits do not cover `` most of the Fed 's monetary policy actions or decisions , including discount window lending ( direct loans to financial institutions ) , open - market operations and any other transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee '' ... ( nor may the GAO audit ) `` dealings with foreign governments and other central banks . '' As of August 27 , 2012 , the Federal Reserve Board has been publishing unaudited financial reports for the Federal Reserve banks every quarter . November 7 , 2008 , Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Bloomberg , L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed 's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court . The data was released on March 31 , 2011 . Monetary policy ( edit ) Further information : Monetary policy of the United States The term `` monetary policy '' refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank , such as the Federal Reserve , to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals . What happens to money and credit affects interest rates ( the cost of credit ) and the performance of an economy . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States . Interbank lending ( edit ) The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the federal funds rate , which is the rate of interbank lending of excess reserves . The rate that banks charge each other for these loans is determined in the interbank market and the Federal Reserve influences this rate through the three `` tools '' of monetary policy described in the Tools section below . The federal funds rate is a short - term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on , which affects the longer - term interest rates throughout the economy . The Federal Reserve summarized its monetary policy in 2005 : The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks ... By conducting open market operations , imposing reserve requirements , permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances , and extending credit through its discount window facility , the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate . Through its control of the federal funds rate , the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives . Effects on the quantity of reserves that banks used to make loans influence the economy . Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money , credit , and the economy . Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction . The Fed 's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit , avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth . Tools ( edit ) There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks : Tool Description Open market operations Purchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities‍ -- ‌the Federal Reserve 's principal tool for implementing monetary policy . The Federal Reserve 's objective for open market operations has varied over the years . During the 1980s , the focus gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate ( the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed ) , a process that was largely complete by the end of the decade . Discount rate The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank 's lending facility‍ -- ‌the discount window . Reserve requirements The amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities . Federal funds rate and open market operations ( edit ) Further information : Open market operations , money creation , and federal funds rate The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate . This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed . This rate is actually determined by the market and is not explicitly mandated by the Fed . The Fed therefore tries to align the effective federal funds rate with the targeted rate by adding or subtracting from the money supply through open market operations . The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25 % or 0.50 % at a time . Open market operations allow the Federal Reserve to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system as necessary to balance the Federal Reserve 's dual mandates . Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security , sometimes called `` Treasury bills '' or more informally `` T - bills '' or `` Treasuries '' . The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary dealers . The purchase of these securities affects the federal funds rate , because primary dealers have accounts at depository institutions . The Federal Reserve education website describes open market operations as follows : Open market operations involve the buying and selling of U.S. government securities ( federal agency and mortgage - backed ) . The term ' open market ' means that the Fed does n't decide on its own which securities dealers it will do business with on a particular day . Rather , the choice emerges from an ' open market ' in which the various securities dealers that the Fed does business with‍ -- ‌the primary dealers‍ -- ‌compete on the basis of price . Open market operations are flexible and thus , the most frequently used tool of monetary policy . Open market operations are the primary tool used to regulate the supply of bank reserves . This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments , usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , Federal agencies and government - sponsored enterprises . Open market operations are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York under direction from the FOMC . The transactions are undertaken with primary dealers . The Fed 's goal in trading the securities is to affect the federal funds rate , the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other . When the Fed wants to increase reserves , it buys securities and pays for them by making a deposit to the account maintained at the Fed by the primary dealer 's bank . When the Fed wants to reduce reserves , it sells securities and collects from those accounts . Most days , the Fed does not want to increase or decrease reserves permanently so it usually engages in transactions reversed within a day or two . That means that a reserve injection today could be withdrawn tomorrow morning , only to be renewed at some level several hours later . These short - term transactions are called repurchase agreements ( repos ) ‍ -- ‌the dealer sells the Fed a security and agrees to buy it back at a later date . Repurchase agreements ( edit ) Further information : Repurchase agreement To smooth temporary or cyclical changes in the money supply , the desk engages in repurchase agreements ( repos ) with its primary dealers . Repos are essentially secured , short - term lending by the Fed . On the day of the transaction , the Fed deposits money in a primary dealer 's reserve account , and receives the promised securities as collateral . When the transaction matures , the process unwinds : the Fed returns the collateral and charges the primary dealer 's reserve account for the principal and accrued interest . The term of the repo ( the time between settlement and maturity ) can vary from 1 day ( called an overnight repo ) to 65 days . Discount rate ( edit ) Further information : Discount window The Federal Reserve System also directly sets the `` discount rate '' , which is the interest rate for `` discount window lending '' , overnight loans that member banks borrow directly from the Fed . This rate is generally set at a rate close to 100 basis points above the target federal funds rate . The idea is to encourage banks to seek alternative funding before using the `` discount rate '' option . The equivalent operation by the European Central Bank is referred to as the `` marginal lending facility '' . Both the discount rate and the federal funds rate influence the prime rate , which is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the federal funds rate . Reserve requirements ( edit ) Another instrument of monetary policy adjustment employed by the Federal Reserve System is the fractional reserve requirement , also known as the required reserve ratio . The required reserve ratio sets the balance that the Federal Reserve System requires a depository institution to hold in the Federal Reserve Banks , which depository institutions trade in the federal funds market discussed above . The required reserve ratio is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The reserve requirements have changed over time and some history of these changes is published by the Federal Reserve . Reserve Requirements in the U.S. Federal Reserve System Liability Type Requirement Percentage of liabilities Effective date Net transaction accounts $0 to $11.5 million 0 December 29 , 2011 More than $11.5 million to $71 million December 29 , 2011 More than $71 million 10 December 29 , 2011 Nonpersonal time deposits 0 December 27 , 1990 Eurocurrency liabilities 0 December 27 , 1990 As a response to the financial crisis of 2008 , the Federal Reserve now makes interest payments on depository institutions ' required and excess reserve balances . The payment of interest on excess reserves gives the central bank greater opportunity to address credit market conditions while maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target rate set by the FOMC . New facilities ( edit ) In order to address problems related to the subprime mortgage crisis and United States housing bubble , several new tools have been created . The first new tool , called the Term Auction Facility , was added on December 12 , 2007 . It was first announced as a temporary tool but there have been suggestions that this new tool may remain in place for a prolonged period of time . Creation of the second new tool , called the Term Securities Lending Facility , was announced on March 11 , 2008 . The main difference between these two facilities is that the Term Auction Facility is used to inject cash into the banking system whereas the Term Securities Lending Facility is used to inject treasury securities into the banking system . Creation of the third tool , called the Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) , was announced on March 16 , 2008 . The PDCF was a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now the Fed is able to lend directly to primary dealers , which was previously against Fed policy . The differences between these three new facilities is described by the Federal Reserve : The Term Auction Facility program offers term funding to depository institutions via a bi-weekly auction , for fixed amounts of credit . The Term Securities Lending Facility will be an auction for a fixed amount of lending of Treasury general collateral in exchange for OMO - eligible and AAA / Aaa rated private - label residential mortgage - backed securities . The Primary Dealer Credit Facility now allows eligible primary dealers to borrow at the existing Discount Rate for up to 120 days . Some measures taken by the Federal Reserve to address this mortgage crisis have not been used since the Great Depression . The Federal Reserve gives a brief summary of these new facilities : As the economy has slowed in the last nine months and credit markets have become unstable , the Federal Reserve has taken a number of steps to help address the situation . These steps have included the use of traditional monetary policy tools at the macroeconomic level as well as measures at the level of specific markets to provide additional liquidity . The Federal Reserve 's response has continued to evolve since pressure on credit markets began to surface last summer , but all these measures derive from the Fed 's traditional open market operations and discount window tools by extending the term of transactions , the type of collateral , or eligible borrowers . A fourth facility , the Term Deposit Facility , was announced December 9 , 2009 , and approved April 30 , 2010 , with an effective date of June 4 , 2010 . The Term Deposit Facility allows Reserve Banks to offer term deposits to institutions that are eligible to receive earnings on their balances at Reserve Banks . Term deposits are intended to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy by providing a tool by which the Federal Reserve can manage the aggregate quantity of reserve balances held by depository institutions . Funds placed in term deposits are removed from the accounts of participating institutions for the life of the term deposit and thus drain reserve balances from the banking system . Term Auction Facility ( edit ) Further information : Term auction facility The Term Auction Facility is a program in which the Federal Reserve auctions term funds to depository institutions . The creation of this facility was announced by the Federal Reserve on December 12 , 2007 , and was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets . The reason it was created is that banks were not lending funds to one another and banks in need of funds were refusing to go to the discount window . Banks were not lending money to each other because there was a fear that the loans would not be paid back . Banks refused to go to the discount window because it is usually associated with the stigma of bank failure . Under the Term Auction Facility , the identity of the banks in need of funds is protected in order to avoid the stigma of bank failure . Foreign exchange swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were opened so the banks in Europe could have access to U.S. dollars . Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke briefly described this facility to the U.S. House of Representatives on January 17 , 2008 : the Federal Reserve recently unveiled a term auction facility , or TAF , through which prespecified amounts of discount window credit can be auctioned to eligible borrowers . The goal of the TAF is to reduce the incentive for banks to hoard cash and increase their willingness to provide credit to households and firms ... TAF auctions will continue as long as necessary to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets , and we will continue to work closely and cooperatively with other central banks to address market strains that could hamper the achievement of our broader economic objectives . It is also described in the Term Auction Facility FAQ The TAF is a credit facility that allows a depository institution to place a bid for an advance from its local Federal Reserve Bank at an interest rate that is determined as the result of an auction . By allowing the Federal Reserve to inject term funds through a broader range of counterparties and against a broader range of collateral than open market operations , this facility could help ensure that liquidity provisions can be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress . In short , the TAF will auction term funds of approximately one - month maturity . All depository institutions that are judged to be in sound financial condition by their local Reserve Bank and that are eligible to borrow at the discount window are also eligible to participate in TAF auctions . All TAF credit must be fully collateralized . Depositories may pledge the broad range of collateral that is accepted for other Federal Reserve lending programs to secure TAF credit . The same collateral values and margins applicable for other Federal Reserve lending programs will also apply for the TAF . Term securities lending Facility ( edit ) The Term Securities Lending Facility is a 28 - day facility that will offer Treasury general collateral to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 's primary dealers in exchange for other program - eligible collateral . It is intended to promote liquidity in the financing markets for Treasury and other collateral and thus to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . Like the Term Auction Facility , the TSLF was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank . The resource allows dealers to switch debt that is less liquid for U.S. government securities that are easily tradable . The currency swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were increased . Primary dealer credit Facility ( edit ) The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited . Interest on reserves ( edit ) Main article : Interest on excess reserves in the United States As of October 2008 , the Federal Reserve banks will pay interest on reserve balances ( required and excess ) held by depository institutions . The rate is set at the lowest federal funds rate during the reserve maintenance period of an institution , less 75 bp . As of October 23 , 2008 , the Fed has lowered the spread to a mere 35 bp . Term deposit Facility ( edit ) The Term Deposit Facility is a program through which the Federal Reserve Banks will offer interest - bearing term deposits to eligible institutions . By removing `` excess deposits '' from participating banks , the overall level of reserves available for lending is reduced , which should result in increased market interest rates , acting as a brake on economic activity and inflation . The Federal Reserve has stated that : Term deposits will be one of several tools that the Federal Reserve could employ to drain reserves when policymakers judge that it is appropriate to begin moving to a less accommodative stance of monetary policy . The development of the TDF is a matter of prudent planning and has no implication for the near - term conduct of monetary policy . The Federal Reserve initially authorized up to five `` small - value offerings are designed to ensure the effectiveness of TDF operations and to provide eligible institutions with an opportunity to gain familiarity with term deposit procedures . '' After three of the offering auctions were successfully completed , it was announced that small - value auctions would continue on an ongoing basis . The Term Deposit Facility is essentially a tool available to reverse the efforts that have been employed to provide liquidity to the financial markets and to reduce the amount of capital available to the economy . As stated in Bloomberg News : Policy makers led by Chairman Ben S. Bernanke are preparing for the day when they will have to start siphoning off more than $1 trillion in excess reserves from the banking system to contain inflation . The Fed is charting an eventual return to normal monetary policy , even as a weakening near - term outlook has raised the possibility it may expand its balance sheet . Chairman Ben S. Bernanke , testifying before House Committee on Financial Services , described the Term Deposit Facility and other facilities to Congress in the following terms : Most importantly , in October 2008 the Congress gave the Federal Reserve statutory authority to pay interest on balances that banks hold at the Federal Reserve Banks . By increasing the interest rate on banks ' reserves , the Federal Reserve will be able to put significant upward pressure on all short - term interest rates , as banks will not supply short - term funds to the money markets at rates significantly below what they can earn by holding reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks . Actual and prospective increases in short - term interest rates will be reflected in turn in higher longer - term interest rates and in tighter financial conditions more generally ... As an additional means of draining reserves , the Federal Reserve is also developing plans to offer to depository institutions term deposits , which are roughly analogous to certificates of deposit that the institutions offer to their customers . A proposal describing a term deposit facility was recently published in the Federal Register , and the Federal Reserve is finalizing a revised proposal in light of the public comments that have been received . After a revised proposal is reviewed by the Board , we expect to be able to conduct test transactions this spring and to have the facility available if necessary thereafter . The use of reverse repos and the deposit facility would together allow the Federal Reserve to drain hundreds of billions of dollars of reserves from the banking system quite quickly , should it choose to do so . When these tools are used to drain reserves from the banking system , they do so by replacing bank reserves with other liabilities ; the asset side and the overall size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet remain unchanged . If necessary , as a means of applying monetary restraint , the Federal Reserve also has the option of redeeming or selling securities . The redemption or sale of securities would have the effect of reducing the size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet as well as further reducing the quantity of reserves in the banking system . Restoring the size and composition of the balance sheet to a more normal configuration is a longer - term objective of our policies . In any case , the sequencing of steps and the combination of tools that the Federal Reserve uses as it exits from its currently very accommodative policy stance will depend on economic and financial developments and on our best judgments about how to meet the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability . In sum , in response to severe threats to our economy , the Federal Reserve created a series of special lending facilities to stabilize the financial system and encourage the resumption of private credit flows to American families and businesses . As market conditions and the economic outlook have improved , these programs have been terminated or are being phased out . The Federal Reserve also promoted economic recovery through sharp reductions in its target for the federal funds rate and through large - scale purchases of securities . The economy continues to require the support of accommodative monetary policies . However , we have been working to ensure that we have the tools to reverse , at the appropriate time , the currently very high degree of monetary stimulus . We have full confidence that , when the time comes , we will be ready to do so . Asset backed commercial paper money market Mutual Fund liquidity Facility ( edit ) The Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ( ABCPMMMFLF ) was also called the AMLF . The Facility began operations on September 22 , 2008 , and was closed on February 1 , 2010 . All U.S. depository institutions , bank holding companies ( parent companies or U.S. broker - dealer affiliates ) , or U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks were eligible to borrow under this facility pursuant to the discretion of the FRBB . Collateral eligible for pledge under the Facility was required to meet the following criteria : was purchased by Borrower on or after September 19 , 2008 from a registered investment company that held itself out as a money market mutual fund ; was purchased by Borrower at the Fund 's acquisition cost as adjusted for amortization of premium or accretion of discount on the ABCP through the date of its purchase by Borrower ; was rated at the time pledged to FRBB , not lower than A1 , F1 , or P1 by at least two major rating agencies or , if rated by only one major rating agency , the ABCP must have been rated within the top rating category by that agency ; was issued by an entity organized under the laws of the United States or a political subdivision thereof under a program that was in existence on September 18 , 2008 ; and had stated maturity that did not exceed 120 days if the Borrower was a bank or 270 days for non-bank Borrowers . Commercial paper funding Facility ( edit ) On October 7 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve further expanded the collateral it will loan against to include commercial paper using the new Commercial Paper Funding Facility ( CPFF ) . The action made the Fed a crucial source of credit for non-financial businesses in addition to commercial banks and investment firms . Fed officials said they 'll buy as much of the debt as necessary to get the market functioning again . They refused to say how much that might be , but they noted that around $1.3 trillion worth of commercial paper would qualify . There was $1.61 trillion in outstanding commercial paper , seasonally adjusted , on the market as of October 1 , 2008 , according to the most recent data from the Fed . That was down from $1.70 trillion in the previous week . Since the summer of 2007 , the market has shrunk from more than $2.2 trillion . This program lent out a total $738 billion before it was closed . Forty - five out of 81 of the companies participating in this program were foreign firms . Research shows that Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) recipients were twice as likely to participate in the program than other commercial paper issuers who did not take advantage of the TARP bailout . The Fed incurred no losses from the CPFF . Quantitative policy ( edit ) A little - used tool of the Federal Reserve is the quantitative policy . With that the Federal Reserve actually buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions . This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business . The bursting of the United States housing bubble prompted the Fed to buy mortgage - backed securities for the first time in November 2008 . Over six weeks , a total of $1.25 trillion were purchased in order to stabilize the housing market , about one - fifth of all U.S. government - backed mortgages . History ( edit ) Timeline of central banking in the United States Dates System 1782 -- 1791 Bank of North America ( de facto , under the Confederation Congress ) 1791 -- 1811 First Bank of the United States 1811 -- 1816 No central bank 1816 -- 1836 Second Bank of the United States 1837 -- 1862 Free Banking Era 1846 -- 1921 Independent Treasury System 1863 -- 1913 National Banks 1913 -- present Federal Reserve System Sources : Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of central banking in the United States The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War . In 1775 , the Continental Congress , as well as the states , began issuing paper currency , calling the bills `` Continentals '' . The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue , and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War . Overprinting , as well as British counterfeiting , caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly . This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit ( paper money ) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16 , 1787 , as well as banning such issuance by the various states , and limiting the states ' ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender on August 28 . In 1791 , the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 . The First Bank of the United States came to an end under President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under President Jackson when its charter expired . Both banks were based upon the Bank of England . Ultimately , a third national bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was established in 1913 and still exists to this day . First central Bank , 1791 and second central Bank , 1816 ( edit ) The first U.S. institution with central banking responsibilities was the First Bank of the United States , chartered by Congress and signed into law by President George Washington on February 25 , 1791 , at the urging of Alexander Hamilton . This was done despite strong opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , among numerous others . The charter was for twenty years and expired in 1811 under President Madison , because Congress refused to renew it . In 1816 , however , Madison revived it in the form of the Second Bank of the United States . Years later , early renewal of the bank 's charter became the primary issue in the reelection of President Andrew Jackson . After Jackson , who was opposed to the central bank , was reelected , he pulled the government 's funds out of the bank . Jackson was the only President to completely pay off the debt . The bank 's charter was not renewed in 1836 . From 1837 to 1862 , in the Free Banking Era there was no formal central bank . From 1846 to 1921 , an Independent Treasury System ruled . From 1863 to 1913 , a system of national banks was instituted by the 1863 National Banking Act during which series of bank panics , in 1873 , 1893 , and 1907 occurred Creation of third central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve System The main motivation for the third central banking system came from the Panic of 1907 , which caused renewed demands for banking and currency reform . During the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century , the United States economy went through a series of financial panics . According to many economists , the previous national banking system had two main weaknesses : an inelastic currency and a lack of liquidity . In 1908 , Congress enacted the Aldrich -- Vreeland Act , which provided for an emergency currency and established the National Monetary Commission to study banking and currency reform . The National Monetary Commission returned with recommendations which were repeatedly rejected by Congress . A revision crafted during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island by Senator Aldrich and representatives of the nation 's top finance and industrial groups later became the basis of the Federal Reserve Act . The House voted on December 22 , 1913 , with 298 voting yes to 60 voting no . The Senate voted 43 -- 25 on December 23 , 1913 . President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill later that day . Federal Reserve Act , 1913 ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Act Newspaper clipping , December 24 , 1913 The head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission was financial expert and Senate Republican leader Nelson Aldrich . Aldrich set up two commissions -- one to study the American monetary system in depth and the other , headed by Aldrich himself , to study the European central banking systems and report on them . In early November 1910 , Aldrich met with five well known members of the New York banking community to devise a central banking bill . Paul Warburg , an attendee of the meeting and longtime advocate of central banking in the U.S. , later wrote that Aldrich was `` bewildered at all that he had absorbed abroad and he was faced with the difficult task of writing a highly technical bill while being harassed by the daily grind of his parliamentary duties '' . After ten days of deliberation , the bill , which would later be referred to as the `` Aldrich Plan '' , was agreed upon . It had several key components , including a central bank with a Washington - based headquarters and fifteen branches located throughout the U.S. in geographically strategic locations , and a uniform elastic currency based on gold and commercial paper . Aldrich believed a central banking system with no political involvement was best , but was convinced by Warburg that a plan with no public control was not politically feasible . The compromise involved representation of the public sector on the Board of Directors . Aldrich 's bill met much opposition from politicians . Critics charged Aldrich of being biased due to his close ties to wealthy bankers such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , Aldrich 's son - in - law . Most Republicans favored the Aldrich Plan , but it lacked enough support in Congress to pass because rural and western states viewed it as favoring the `` eastern establishment '' . In contrast , progressive Democrats favored a reserve system owned and operated by the government ; they believed that public ownership of the central bank would end Wall Street 's control of the American currency supply . Conservative Democrats fought for a privately owned , yet decentralized , reserve system , which would still be free of Wall Street 's control . The original Aldrich Plan was dealt a fatal blow in 1912 , when Democrats won the White House and Congress . Nonetheless , President Woodrow Wilson believed that the Aldrich plan would suffice with a few modifications . The plan became the basis for the Federal Reserve Act , which was proposed by Senator Robert Owen in May 1913 . The primary difference between the two bills was the transfer of control of the Board of Directors ( called the Federal Open Market Committee in the Federal Reserve Act ) to the government . The bill passed Congress on December 23 , 1913 , on a mostly partisan basis , with most Democrats voting `` yea '' and most Republicans voting `` nay '' . Federal Reserve Era , 1913 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been : Federal Reserve Act , 1913 Glass -- Steagall Act Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve - Treasury Department Accord of 1951 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act ( 2006 ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( 2008 ) Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( 2010 ) Measurement of economic variables ( edit ) The Federal Reserve records and publishes large amounts of data . A few websites where data is published are at the Board of Governors Economic Data and Research page , the Board of Governors statistical releases and historical data page , and at the St. Louis Fed 's FRED ( Federal Reserve Economic Data ) page . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) examines many economic indicators prior to determining monetary policy . Some criticism involves economic data compiled by the Fed . The Fed sponsors much of the monetary economics research in the U.S. , and Lawrence H. White objects that this makes it less likely for researchers to publish findings challenging the status quo . Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations ( edit ) Total Net Worth‍ -- ‌Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations 1949 -- 2012 The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations in the United States is published by the Federal Reserve in a report titled Flow of Funds . At the end of the third quarter of fiscal year 2012 , this value was $64.8 trillion . At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2014 , this value was $95.5 trillion . Money supply ( edit ) Further information : Money supply The most common measures are named M0 ( narrowest ) , M1 , M2 , and M3 . In the United States they are defined by the Federal Reserve as follows : Measure Definition M0 The total of all physical currency , plus accounts at the central bank that can be exchanged for physical currency . M1 M0 + those portions of M0 held as reserves or vault cash + the amount in demand accounts ( `` checking '' or `` current '' accounts ) . M2 M1 + most savings accounts , money market accounts , and small denomination time deposits ( certificates of deposit of under $100,000 ) . M3 M2 + all other CDs , deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements . The Federal Reserve stopped publishing M3 statistics in March 2006 , saying that the data cost a lot to collect but did not provide significantly useful information . The other three money supply measures continue to be provided in detail . CPI vs M2 money supply increases Personal consumption expenditures price index ( edit ) Further information : Personal consumption expenditures price index The Personal consumption expenditures price index , also referred to as simply the PCE price index , is used as one measure of the value of money . It is a United States - wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption . Using a variety of data including United States Consumer Price Index and U.S. Producer Price Index prices , it is derived from the largest component of the gross domestic product in the BEA 's National Income and Product Accounts , personal consumption expenditures . One of the Fed 's main roles is to maintain price stability , which means that the Fed 's ability to keep a low inflation rate is a long - term measure of their success . Although the Fed is not required to maintain inflation within a specific range , their long run target for the growth of the PCE price index is between 1.5 and 2 percent . There has been debate among policy makers as to whether the Federal Reserve should have a specific inflation targeting policy . Inflation and the economy ( edit ) Most mainstream economists favor a low , steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Unemployment rate ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment rate § United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , and List of U.S. states by unemployment rate United States unemployment rates 1975 -- 2010 showing variance between the fifty states One of the stated goals of monetary policy is maximum employment . The unemployment rate statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , and like the PCE price index are used as a barometer of the nation 's economic health . Budget ( edit ) The Federal Reserve is self - funded . The vast majority ( 90 % + ) of Fed revenues come from open market operations , specifically the interest on the portfolio of Treasury securities as well as `` capital gains / losses '' that may arise from the buying / selling of the securities and their derivatives as part of Open Market Operations . The balance of revenues come from sales of financial services ( check and electronic payment processing ) and discount window loans . The Board of Governors ( Federal Reserve Board ) creates a budget report once per year for Congress . There are two reports with budget information . The one that lists the complete balance statements with income and expenses as well as the net profit or loss is the large report simply titled , `` Annual Report '' . It also includes data about employment throughout the system . The other report , which explains in more detail the expenses of the different aspects of the whole system , is called `` Annual Report : Budget Review '' . These detailed comprehensive reports can be found at the Board of Governors ' website under the section `` Reports to Congress '' Federal Reserve remittance payments to the treasury Net worth ( edit ) Balance sheet ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2015 ) Federal Reserve total assets , treasuries , and mortages One of the keys to understanding the Federal Reserve is the Federal Reserve balance sheet ( or balance statement ) . In accordance with Section 11 of the Federal Reserve Act , the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System publishes once each week the `` Consolidated Statement of Condition of All Federal Reserve Banks '' showing the condition of each Federal Reserve bank and a consolidated statement for all Federal Reserve banks . The Board of Governors requires that excess earnings of the Reserve Banks be transferred to the Treasury as interest on Federal Reserve notes . Below is the balance sheet as of July 6 , 2011 ( in billions of dollars ) : Note : The Fed balance sheet shown in this article has assets , liabilities and net equity that do not add to the balance . The Fed balance sheet is missing the item `` Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' which would make the figures balance . ASSETS : Gold Stock 11.04 Special Drawing Rights Certificate Acct . 5.20 Treasury Currency Outstanding ( Coin ) 43.98 Securities Held Outright 2647.94 U.S. Treasury Securities 1623.78 Bills 18.42 Notes and Bonds , nominal 1530.79 Notes and Bonds , inflation - indexed 65.52 Inflation Compensation 9.04 Federal Agency Debt Securities 115.30 Mortgage - Backed Securities 908.85 Repurchase Agreements 0 Loans 12.74 Primary Credit 12 Secondary Credit 0 Seasonal Credit 53 Credit Extended to AIG Inc . 0 Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility 12.67 Other Credit Extended 0 Commercial Paper Funding Facility LLC 0 Net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC , Maiden Lane II LLC , and Maiden Lane III LLC 60.32 Preferred Interest in AIG Life - Insurance Subsidiaries 0 Net Holdings of TALF LLC 0.75 Float - 1.05 Central Bank Liquidity Swaps 0 Other Assets 133.56 Total Assets 2914.51 LIABILITIES : Currency in Circulation 1031.30 Reverse repurchase agreements 68.09 Deposits 91.12 Term Deposits 0 U.S. Treasury , general account 76.56 U.S. Treasury , supplementary financing account 5 Foreign official 0.17 Service Related 2.53 Other Deposits 6.85 Funds from AIG , held as agent 0 Other Liabilities 73.06 Total liabilities 1263.73 CAPITAL ( AKA Net Equity ) Capital Paid In 26.71 Surplus 25.91 Other Capital 4.16 Total Capital 56.78 MEMO ( off - balance - sheet items ) Marketable securities held in custody for foreign official and international accounts 3445.42 U.S. Treasury Securities 2708 Federal Agency Securities 737.31 Securities lent to dealers 30.46 Overnight 30.46 Term 0 Total combined assets for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks Total combined liabilities for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks In addition , the balance sheet also indicates which assets are held as collateral against Federal Reserve Notes . Federal Reserve Notes and Collateral Federal Reserve Notes Outstanding 1128.63 Less : Notes held by F.R. Banks 200.90 Federal Reserve notes to be collateralized 927.73 Collateral held against Federal Reserve notes 927.73 Gold certificate account 11.04 Special drawing rights certificate account 5.20 U.S. Treasury , agency debt , and mortgage - backed securities pledged 911.50 Other assets pledged 0 Criticism ( edit ) Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States Main articles : Criticism of the Federal Reserve and Causes of the Great Depression The Federal Reserve System has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1913 . Critique of the organization and system has come from sources such as writers , journalists , economists , and financial institutions as well as politicians and various government employees . Criticisms include transparency , doubt of efficacy due to what is seen by some as poor historical performance and traditionalist concerns about the debasement of the value of the dollar . From the beginning , the Federal Reserve has been the subject of many popular conspiracy theories , that typically link the Fed to numerous other supposed conspiracies . See also ( edit ) Consumer Leverage Ratio Core inflation Farm Credit System Fed model Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Reserve Police Federal Reserve Statistical Release Free banking Gold standard Government debt Greenspan put History of Federal Open Market Committee actions History of central banking in the United States Independent Treasury Legal Tender Cases List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies Securities market participants ( United States ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Bullion Depository ‍ -- ‌known as Fort Knox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window & Payment System Risk Website '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . http://www.frbdiscountwindow.org/ Jump up ^ `` FRB : Open Market Operations Archive '' . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a panic : Forming the Federal Reserve System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . August 1988 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/born-of-a-panic-forming-the-fed-system ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 `` Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve , the nation was plagued with financial crises . At times , these crises led to ' panics , ' in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits . A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act . Initially created to address these banking panics , the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities , including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy . '' Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Panic of 1907 : J.P. Morgan Saves the Day '' . US-history.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a Panic : Forming the Fed System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abigail Tucker ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Financial Panic of 1907 : Running from History '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 `` It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer , more flexible , and more stable monetary and financial system . Over the years , its role in banking and the economy has expanded . '' Jump up ^ Patrick , Sue C. ( 1993 ) . Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s : The Politics of Money and Banking . Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0970 - 3 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 225a Jump up ^ `` The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy - maximum employment and stable prices - in the Federal Reserve Act . These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Mission '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. v ( See structure ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Districts '' . Federal Reserve Online . n.d . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ -- Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' . Federal Reserve website . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Is the Fed Private or Public ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toma , Mark ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Federal Reserve System '' . EH . Net Encyclopedia . Economic History Association . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . https://eh.net/encyclopedia/federal-reserve-system/ Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . FactCheck . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coins and Currency '' . US Dept of Treasury website . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Press Release -- Federal Reserve Board announces Reserve Bank income and expense data and transfers to the Treasury for 2015 '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ From `` Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' , Current FAQs , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , at ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Act '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . May 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club , Washington , D.C. ( November 21 , 2002 ) . `` Deflation : Making Sure `` It '' Does n't Happen Here `` . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman 's Free to Choose , Dallas , Texas '' ( text ) . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 Jump up ^ lender of last resort , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Retrieved May 21 , 2010 , Jump up ^ Humphrey , Thomas M. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` Lender of Last Resort : The Concept in History '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2125371 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Reserve , Monetary Policy and the Economy -- Everyday Economics '' . Dallasfed.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/educate/everyday/ev4.pdf Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Federal Reserve Board , with full support of the Treasury Department , authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group ( AIG ) '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; de la Merced , Michael J. ; Walsh , Mary Williams ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fed 's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . June 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Production Figures '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.bep.treas.gov/resources/productionannual.html Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer Performance and Accountability Report '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . p. 25 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Funds '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Timothy Q. ; Laroche , Robert K. , eds. ( 1993 ) . `` Instruments of the Money Market '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speech -- Kohn , The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Federal Reserve System '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . The Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve Banks , and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System - wide Attention : Statement of Charles A. Bowsher '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . July 26 , 1996 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ See example : `` Advantages of Being / Becoming a State Chartered Bank '' . Arkansas State Bank Department . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code Title 12 , Chapter 3 , Subchapter 7 , Section 301 . Powers and duties of board of directors ; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Federal Reserve System '' . Innovation and Education : Renewing the Northeast Ohio Economy . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Who Owns the Federal Reserve ? . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is The Fed Public Or Private ? '' Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Fed Announces Closing of Buffalo Branch , Effective October 31 '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Board Members '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 242 . ^ Jump up to : See 12 U.S.C. § 241 ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Steve ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to nominate Stein , Powell to Fed board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Powell : Visiting Scholar '' Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224732/http://bipartisanpolicy.org/about/economic-policy-project/jerome-powell . Bipartisan Policy Center . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ; Runningen , Roger ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to Choose Powell , Stein for Fed Board '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Yellen , Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks : report '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg , `` Stein sworn in as Fed governor '' , MarketWatch , May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Senate Confirms Yellen as Fed Chairwoman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fischer to Serve as Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve '' . Israel National News . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Steve , `` Jeremy Stein to resign from Federal Reserve '' , MarketWatch , April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin , `` Allan Landon , Community Banker , Nominated to Federal Reserve '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leubsdorf , Ben , `` Kathryn Dominguez to Be Nominated for Fed Governor '' , Wall Street Journal , July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federal Reserve . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Woodward , G. Thomas ( July 31 , 1996 ) . `` Money and the Federal Reserve System : Myth and Reality -- CRS Report for Congress , No. 96 - 672 E '' . Congressional Research Service Library of Congress . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Code : Title 12 , Subchapter VII -- Directors of Federal Reserve Banks ; Reserve Agents and Assistants '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , et al. , 406 F. 3d 532 Archived May 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 8th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 680 F. 2d 1239 Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 9th Cir. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Michael D. Reagan , `` The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System , '' American Political Science Review , Vol. 55 ( March 1961 ) , pp. 64 -- 76 , as reprinted in Money and Banking : Theory , Analysis , and Policy , p. 153 , ed. by S. Mittra ( Random House , New York 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5.1 Amount of Shares ; Increase and Decrease of Capital ; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Membership '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Sudeep ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` What would a federal reserve audit show '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board begins practice of publishing Reserve Bank financial reports on a quarterly basis '' . Federal Reserve Bank . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chittum ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Docket entry 31 , Bloomberg , L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , case no . 1 : 08 - cv - 09595 - LAP , U.S. District Court for the District of New York . Jump up ^ Keoun , Kuntz , Benedetti - Valentini , Buhayar , Campbell , Condon , Finch , Frye , Griffin , Harper , Hyuga , Ivry , Kirchfeld , Kopecki , Layne , Logutenkova , Martens , Moore , Mustoe , Son , Sterngold . `` The Fed 's Secret Liquidity Lifelines '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Torres , Craig ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Fed Releases Discount - Window Loan Records Under Court Order '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Open Market Committee '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Education -- Monetary Policy Basics Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2005 , pp. 27 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System in Action '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Policy , Open Market Operations '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2001 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Monetary Policy , the Discount Rate '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monetary Policy , Reserve Requirements '' . Federalreserve.gov . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . New York Federal Reserve Bank . August 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions '' . Ny.frb.org . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Patricia S. Pollard ( February 2003 ) . `` A Look Inside Two Central Banks : The European Central Bank And The Federal Reserve '' . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 85 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 30 . doi : 10.3886 / ICPSR01278 . OCLC 1569030 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Feinman , Joshua N. ( June 1993 ) . `` Reserve Requirements : History , Current Practice , and Potential Reform '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bulletin : 569 -- 589 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances '' . Federal Reserve . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Temporary Auction Facility FAQ '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary '' . Federalreserve.gov . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility '' . Federal Reserve . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt '' . bloomberg.com . March 12 , 2008 . `` The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash ... Unlike the newest tool , the past steps added cash to the banking system , which affects the Fed 's benchmark interest rate ... By contrast , the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries , which does n't affect the federal funds rate . That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants '' Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primary Dealer Credit Facility : Frequently Asked Questions -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis -- Economy '' . Cnbc.com . Reuters . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Examining the Federal Reserve 's New Liquidity Measures '' . Frbatlanta.org. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk , '' 75 Federal Register 86 ( May 5 , 2010 ) , pp. 24384 -- 24389 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility -- FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets '' . federalreserve.gov . December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US banks borrow $50 bn via new Fed facility '' . Financial Times . February 18 , 2008 . Before its introduction , banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so - called `` discount window '' for emergencies . However , last year many banks refused to use the discount window , even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market , because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure Jump up ^ `` Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion '' . Bloomberg . January 4 , 2008 . The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility , dubbed TAF , in December to provide cash after interest - rate cuts failed to break banks ' reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities . The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank Jump up ^ `` A dirty job , but someone has to do it '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . The Fed 's discount window , for instance , through which it lends direct to banks , has barely been approached , despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market . The quarter - point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell - off in the stockmarket ... The hope is that by extending the maturity of central - bank money , broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction , the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one - and three - month money markets . There will be no net addition of liquidity . What the central bankers add at longer - term maturities , they will take out in the overnight market . But there are risks . The first is that , for all the fanfare , the central banks ' plan will make little difference . After all , it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks . This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them , and -- given that uncertainty -- the banks ' own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets . Jump up ^ `` Unclogging the system '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robb , Greg ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fed , top central banks to flood markets with cash '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term Securities Lending Facility : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Newyorkfed.org . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits '' . Federalreserve.gov. April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes ongoing small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fed to Sell Term Deposits to Ensure Exit ' Readiness ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding `` Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery . '' March 25 , 2010 . Archived October 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://financialservices.house.gov/Hearings/hearingDetails.aspx?NewsID=1087 , also at GPO Access Serial No. 111 -- 118 Retrieved September 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Asset - Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fed Action Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/081007/financial_meltdown.html Jump up ^ Wilson , Linus ; Wu , Yan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed ? '' . Social Science Electronic Publishing . SSRN 1911454 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program : Planet Money '' . NPR . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chairman Alan Greenspan ( May 2 , 1998 ) . `` Our banking history '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Reserve '' . Federal reserve education.org . `` Chapter 1 . Early Experiments in Central Banking '' . Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve ( PDF ) . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of U.S. Currency History '' . U.S. Currency Education Program . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mr. Govr . MORRIS moved to strike out `` and emit bills on the credit of the U. States '' -- If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary : if they had not , unjust & useless ... On the motion for striking out N.H. ay . Mas . ay . Ct ay . N.J. no . Pa. ay . Del . ay . Md. no . Va . ay . N.C. ay . S.C. ay . Geo . ay. `` '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 , Section 10 . `` no state shall ... emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; '' Jump up ^ Flamme , Karen . `` 1995 Annual Report : A Brief History of Our Nation 's Paper Money '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary reports on international finance : the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports . Ayer Publishing . 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11212 - 6 . description of the founding of Bank of England : ' Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans . Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament , certain privileges of issuing bank notes . The corporation commenced , with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year 's notice . Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State ' ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roger ( December 1999 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . p. 8 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pay off the national debt WSJ Jump up ^ Herrick , Myron ( March 1908 ) . `` The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . JSTOR 1010701 . ^ Jump up to : Flaherty , Edward ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States '' . Netherlands : University of Groningen . ^ Jump up to : Whithouse , Michael ( May 1989 ) . `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition '' . Jekyllislandhistory.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Frank A. Vanderlip `` I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 -- A Legislative History '' . Llsdc.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affixes His Signature at 6 : 02 P.M. , Using Four Gold Pens . '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . December 24 , 1913 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Unknown Enemy : Beyond Conspiracy '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- House '' . Scribd.com . December 22 , 1913 . p. 1465 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- Senate '' . Scribd.com . December 23 , 1913 . p. 1468 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 2 Jump up ^ `` FRB : Economic Research & Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics : Releases and Historical Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Fed : Economic Data -- FRED '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Education -- Economic Indicators Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ White , Lawrence H. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Federal Reserve System 's Influence on Research in Monetary Economics '' . Econ Journal Watch . 2 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 354 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FRB : Z. 1 Release -- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States , Release Dates See the pdf documents from 1945 to 2007 . The value for each year is on page 94 of each document ( the 99th page in a pdf viewer ) and duplicated on page 104 ( 109th page in pdf viewer ) . It gives the total assets , total liabilities , and net worth . This chart is of the net worth . Jump up ^ Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations Archived August 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Discontinuance of M3 '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 10 , 2005 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2006 , pp. 10 Jump up ^ `` Is the Fed 's Definition of Price Stability Evolving ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke -- A perspective on inflation targeting '' . Federalreserve.gov . March 25 , 2003 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting ? '' . Businessweek.com . November 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S. ( 2005 ) . The Inflation - Targeting Debate . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 04471 - 2 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo3534750.html Jump up ^ Hummel , Jeffrey Rogers . `` Death and Taxes , Including Inflation : the Public versus Economists '' ( January 2007 ). ( 4 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation : The Foolproof Way and Others '' Lars E.O. Svensson , Journal of Economic Perspectives , Volume 17 , Issue 4 Fall 2003 , pp. 145 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chicago Fed -- Demonstrating Knowledge of the Fed : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A -- Z Listing of Board Publications '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Annual Report 2008 Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . June 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors Affecting Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions and Condition Statement of Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Record June 10 , 1932 , Louis T McFadden '' . June 10 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roger T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Protess , Ben ; Eavis , Peter ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Security as Banks Hire from the Fed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Wyler ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ron Paul Is Hosting A Hearing On Ending The Federal Reserve Right Now '' . Business Insider Inc . Jump up ^ Brian Lamb ( October 28 , 1994 ) . Book Discussion on The Road to Serfdom. C - SPAN . Milton Friedman . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Jump up ^ For example , see Jim Marrs , The Rise of the Fourth Reich : The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America ( 2009 ) excerpt . Bundled references Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Bibliography ( edit ) Recent ( edit ) Sarah Binder & Mark Spindel. 2017 . The Myth of Independence : How Congress Governs the Federal Reserve . Princeton University Press . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2005 ) . The Federal Reserve System : Purposes and Functions ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 11 , 2014 . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2006 ) . The Federal Reserve in Plain English . from the St. Louis Fed Congressional Research Service Changing the Federal Reserve 's Mandate : An Economic Analysis Congressional Research Service Federal Reserve : Unconventional Monetary Policy Options Conti - Brown , Peter . The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve ( Princeton UP , 2016 ) . Epstein , Lita & Martin , Preston ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Federal Reserve . Alpha Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864323 - 2 . Greider , William ( 1987 ) . Secrets of the Temple . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 67556 - 7 ; nontechnical book explaining the structures , functions , and history of the Federal Reserve , focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker Hafer , R.W. The Federal Reserve System : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press , 2005 . 451 pp , 280 entries ; ISBN 0 - 313 - 32839 - 0 . Meyer , Laurence H. ( 2004 ) . A Term at the Fed : An Insider 's View . HarperBusiness . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054270 - 5 ; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002 , emphasizing Alan Greenspan 's chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis , the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Woodward , Bob . Maestro : Greenspan 's Fed and the American Boom ( 2000 ) study of Greenspan in the 1990s . Historical ( edit ) Broz , J. Lawrence . The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System . Cornell University Press . 1997 . Carosso , Vincent P . `` The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina '' , Business History Review ( 1973 ) 47 : 421 -- 437 Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 '' . Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 984 . in JSTOR Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Goddard , Thomas H. ( 1831 ) . History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States . Carvill . pp. 48ff . Kubik , `` Paul J. Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit '' . Journal of Economic Issues . Volume : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp. 829 + . Link , Arthur . Wilson : The New Freedom ( 1956 ) pp. 199 -- 240 . Livingston , James . Origins of the Federal Reserve System : Money , Class , and Corporate Capitalism , 1890 -- 1913 ( 1986 ) , Marxist approach to 1913 policy Lowenstein , Roger . America 's Bank : The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve ( Penguin Press , 2015 ) . 368 pp . Marrs , Jim ( 2000 ) . `` Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System '' . Rule by Secrecy . HarperCollins : 64 -- 78 . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten '' . Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 360 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51999 - 9 ( cloth ) and ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52000 - 1 ( paper ) Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 1 , 1951 -- 1969 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52001 - 8 Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 2 , 1969 -- 1985 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51994 - 4 ; In three volumes published so far , Meltzer covers the first 70 years of the Fed in considerable detail Mullins , Eustace C. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve , 1952 . John McLaughlin . ISBN 0 - 9656492 - 1 - 0 Roberts , Priscilla . ' Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes ? ' The Federal Reserve System 's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War `` , Business History Review ( 1998 ) 72 : 585 -- 603 Rothbard , Murray ( 2007 ) . The Case Against the Fed . Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 1467934893 . Bernard Shull , `` The Fourth Branch : The Federal Reserve 's Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence '' ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 56720 - 624 - 7 Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) West , Robert Craig . Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve , 1863 -- 1923 ( 1977 ) Wicker , Elmus . `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 238 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wicker , Elmus . The Great Debate on Banking Reform : Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press , 2005 . Wood , John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States ( 2005 ) Wueschner ; Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFederal Reserve Systemat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Federal Reserve Banking System . 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Investment Co . Institute ( 1981 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery , and Enforcement Act ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) Early 1990s recession ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act ( 1991 ) 1997 mini-crash Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Dot - com bubble bursting ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 9 / 11 economic effects ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Early 2000s recession ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 Great Recession ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2007 -- 2009 U.S. bear market Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve ( 2009 ) Flash Crash ( 2010 ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2015 -- 16 stock market selloff Chairs Charles S. Hamlin ( 1914 -- 1916 ) William P.G. Harding ( 1916 -- 1922 ) Daniel R. Crissinger ( 1923 -- 1927 ) Roy A. Young ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Eugene Meyer ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Eugene R. Black ( 1933 -- 1934 ) Marriner S. Eccles ( 1934 -- 1948 ) Thomas B. McCabe ( 1948 -- 1951 ) William M. Martin ( 1951 -- 1970 ) Arthur F. Burns ( 1970 -- 1978 ) G. William Miller ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Paul Volcker ( 1979 -- 1987 ) Alan Greenspan ( 1987 -- 2006 ) Ben Bernanke ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Janet Yellen ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Jerome Powell ( 2018 -- ) Current governors Jerome Powell ( Chairman ) Richard Clarida ( Vice Chairman ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chairman for Supervision ) Lael Brainard 3 seats vacant Current presidents Eric S. Rosengren ( Boston ) John C. Williams ( New York ) Patrick T. Harker ( Philadelphia ) Loretta J. Mester ( Cleveland ) Jeffrey M. Lacker ( Richmond ) Raphael Bostic ( Atlanta ) Charles L. Evans ( Chicago ) James B. Bullard ( St. Louis ) Neel Kashkari ( Minneapolis ) Esther George ( Kansas City ) Robert Steven Kaplan ( Dallas ) Mark A. 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who oversees all of the federal reserve banks
[ "The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB). Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, located in cities throughout the nation, regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks.[15][16][17] Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in, and can elect some of the board members of, the Federal Reserve Bank of their region. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets monetary policy. It consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at a time (the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one-year voting terms). There are also various advisory councils. Thus, the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components.[list 2] It has a structure unique among central banks, and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury, an entity outside of the central bank, prints the currency used.[22]\n" ]
[ "Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB)" ]
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IKEA
IKEA - wikipedia IKEA This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Gobadgers5 ( talk contribs ) at 19 : 21 , 28 August 2017 ( → ‎ Advertising : added award won ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 19 : 21 , 28 August 2017 by Gobadgers5 ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Advertising : added award won ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) IKEA Type Private Industry Retail Founded 1943 ; 74 years ago ( 1943 ) Älmhult , Sweden Founder Ingvar Kamprad Headquarters Delft , Netherlands Number of locations 400 ( August 2017 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Peter Agnefjäll ( Chairman and CEO of INGKA Holding ) Torbjörn Lööf ( Chairman and CEO of the Inter IKEA Group ) Products Self - assembly furniture Revenue € 35.074 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income € 4.499 billion ( 2016 ) Net income € 4.200 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets € 53.967 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity € 38.907 billion ( 2016 ) Owner Stichting INGKA Foundation Inter IKEA Group Number of employees 183,000 ( 2016 ) Website www.ikea.com www.inter.ikea.com IKEA ( / aɪ ˈkiːə / or / ɪˈkiːə / ; Swedish : ( ɪ2keːa ) ) is a multinational group , headquartered in the Netherlands , that designs and sells ready - to - assemble furniture , kitchen appliances and home accessories . It has been the world 's largest furniture retailer since at least 2008 . Founded in Sweden in 1943 by then - 17 - year - old Ingvar Kamprad , who was listed by Forbes Magazine ( in its 2 November , 2015 issue ) as one of the ten richest people in the world and the owner of a more than 40 billion dollar fortune , the company 's name is an acronym that consists of the initials of Ingvar Kamprad ( name of founder ) , Elmtaryd ( the farm where he grew up ) , and Agunnaryd ( his hometown in Småland , southern Sweden ) . The company is known for its modernist designs for various types of appliances and furniture , and its interior design work is often associated with an eco-friendly simplicity . In addition , the firm is known for its attention to cost control , operational details , and continuous product development , corporate attributes that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010 during a period of global expansion . The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure , which the European Union has alleged was designed to avoid over 1 billion Euros in tax payments over the 2009 - 2014 period . It is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands , Luxembourg and Liechtenstein . As of August 2017 , IKEA owns and operates 400 stores in 49 countries . In fiscal year 2016 , € 36.4 billion worth of goods were sold , a total that represented a 7.6 percent increase over 2015 . The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range . There were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA 's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016 . The company is responsible for approximately 1 % of world commercial - product wood consumption , making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Store design 2.1 Layout 2.2 Food markets 2.3 Småland 2.4 Alternative designs 3 Products and services 3.1 Furniture 3.2 Houses and flats 3.2. 1 Solar PV systems 3.3 Retail shopping centres 3.4 Family Mobile 3.5 Manufacturing 3.6 Product names 3.7 Smart Home 3.8 Catalogue 3.9 IKEA Family card 4 Corporate structure 4.1 Profits 4.2 Control by Kamprad 4.3 Charitable giving 5 IKEA Social Initiative 6 Environmental performance 7 Advertising 8 Other ventures 9 Awards 10 Countries with IKEA presence 11 References 12 External links History Main article : List of countries with IKEA stores Map of IKEA stores around the world Legend : Current market locations Future market locations No current or planned market locations The first IKEA store , located in Älmhult in Sweden , not far from where the founder was born . In June 2016 , it became the IKEA Museum . The world 's largest IKEA store located near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station in Seoul Capital Area , South Korea . The world 's second largest IKEA store , situated at Kungens Kurva in Huddinge Municipality , Sweden . This IKEA store was opened in 1965 . IKEA store in Shenzhen , China . IKEA store in Frisco , Texas , United States . IKEA store at Port Island in Kobe , Japan , one of the very few IKEA stores with direct mass transit access . Entrance to an IKEA store at the 4th floor of MegaBox in Kowloon Bay , Hong Kong . An IKEA 4.5 Museum display at the outer precinct of the Meiji Shrine in Tokyo , Japan . Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943 as a mostly mail - order sales business . It began to sell furniture five years later . The first Möbel - IKÉA store was opened in Älmhult , Småland , in 1958 ( Möbel means `` furniture '' in Swedish ) . The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway ( 1963 ) and Denmark ( 1969 ) . The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s , with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland ( 1973 ) , followed by West Germany ( 1974 ) . Amid a high level of success , the company 's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz in 1973 instead of Koblenz . Later that decade , stores opened in other parts of the world , such as Japan ( 1974 ) , Australia , Canada , Hong Kong ( 1975 ) , and Singapore ( 1978 ) . IKEA further expanded in the 1980s , opening stores in countries such as France and Spain ( 1981 ) , Belgium ( 1984 ) , the United States ( 1985 ) , the United Kingdom ( 1987 ) , Italy ( 1989 ) . The company later expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s . Germany , with 50 stores , is IKEA 's biggest market , followed by the United States , with 44 stores . At the end of the 2009 financial year , the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries . The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . As of July 2013 , the company 's presence in developing countries remains minimal . The world 's five largest IKEA stores are : Gwangmyeong , Gyeonggi , South Korea : 59,000 m ( 635,070.7 sq ft ) Stockholm Kungens Kurva , Sweden : 55,200 m ( 594,167.9 sq ft ) Shanghai Baoshan , China : 55,032 m ( 592,359.5 sq ft ) Shanghai Pudong Beicai , China : 49,400 m ( 531,737.2 sq ft ) Wuxi , China : 49,117 m ( 528,691.0 sq ft ) In December 2014 , it was announced that the world 's largest IKEA store at 59,000 m ( 635,070.7 sq ft ) , opened near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station , located at the heart of South Korea 's Seoul Capital Area . The next store opening in Goyang in 2017 will be even larger at 164,000 m ( 1,765,281.3 sq ft ) in gross floor area , breaking the previous world record holder 's 131,550 m ( 1,415,992.4 sq ft ) . IKEA plans to have 6 stores in the country by 2020 , four in the Seoul Capital Area , one in Daejeon and one in Busan . The largest store in the Southern Hemisphere is located in Tempe , Sydney , Australia with a total area of 39,000 m ( 420,000 sq ft ) . The biggest store in North America is located in Montreal , in the province of Quebec , Canada . The store was opened in 1986 in the Ville - St - Laurent area , and was completely renovated and expanded in 2012 - 2013 . Built in 1986 , the store 's initial area was 22,062 m ( 237,470 sq ft ) , while the renovated store now measures 43,636 m ( 469,690 sq ft ) . In March 2013 , IKEA opened its first outlet in Qatar , after a delay of several months . Like others in the Gulf Cooperation Council , the Doha outlet is operated by the Al - Futtaim Group . In August 2013 , the first store in the Baltic States was opened in the Vilnius region of Lithuania . Construction of the 285,243 sq ft ( 26,000 m ) store commenced in 2011 and the store employs over 200 people . It is the biggest furniture - selling mall in the Baltic states . In 2014 , IKEA opened its first warehouse in Croatia , near Zagreb . Due to problems with building permissions , the construction was postponed to 28 August 2014 . Eventually , the warehouse opened its doors on 21 August 2014 . The shopping center in Zagreb with a total area of 38,000 m ( 410,000 sq ft ) is one of the 5 biggest in Europe and among the 10 biggest IKEA stores in the world . On 26 March 2015 , a set of 19 storage buildings holding various film and TV props , owned by Western Studio Services , were demolished in favor of construction of the largest IKEA in the United States . Located in Burbank , California , this store replaced Burbank 's existing IKEA located less than a mile away from the new construction site , which was nearly double the size of the existing store ( 456,000 sq ft ) . The new store also houses a 600 - seat restaurant serving Swedish specialties . The existing store ceased operations on 4 February 2017 , and the grand opening of the new store took place on 8 February 2017 . The first 26 customers in line were given a free Landskrona sofa , the first 100 customers were given a Poang armchair , and the first 200 children were given a Famning Hjarta heart cushion . IKEA began constructing its first store in India on 11 August 2016 . The 400,000 sq ft store in Hyderabad is being built at a cost of ₹ 7 billion ( US $110 million ) , and is scheduled to open in early 2018 . The company began construction of its second Indian store at Navi Mumbai , Maharashtra on 18 May 2017 and it is scheduled to open in January 2019 . IKEA plans to open 5 stores in the state of Maharashtra and also build a distribution centre in Pune . Per Indian regulations , IKEA will have to locally source at least 30 % of the products sold at its Indian stores . The company plans to open a total of 25 stores across 8 cities in the country by 2025 . It predicts that Hyderabad , Delhi , Mumbai and Bangalore will be the company 's largest markets , while Chennai , Pune , Ahmedabad , Surat and smaller cities will also receive IKEA stores . On 31 January 2017 , IKEA announced that it will open a new store in Latvia . It will be the second store to open in the Baltic States , housing around 400 employees . The store will be located near Riga and is planned to open in August 2018 . On 10 August 2017 , IKEA opened it 's first store in Serbia . It was it 's 400th store and it employed around 350 people . IKEA invested 70 million EUR and is planning on opening it 's second store in Belgrade in the future . Store design IKEA Restaurant The IKEA Marketplace The Warehouse Layout Older IKEA stores are usually blue buildings with yellow accents ( also Sweden 's national colours ) and few windows . They are often designed in a one - way layout , leading customers counter clockwise along what IKEA calls `` the long natural way '' designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety ( as opposed to a traditional retail store , which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed ) . There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom . Newer IKEA stores , like the one in Mönchengladbach , Germany , make more use of glass , both for aesthetics and functionality . Skylights are also now common in the self - serve warehouses ; natural lighting reduces energy costs , improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the products . The sequence first involves going through furniture showrooms making note of selected items . The customer then collects a shopping cart and proceeds to an open - shelf `` Market Hall '' warehouse for smaller items , then visits the `` Self Serve '' furniture warehouse to collect previously noted showroom products in flat pack form . Sometimes , they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby after purchase . Finally , customers pay for their products at a cash register . Today , most stores follow the same layout of having the showroom upstairs with the marketplace and self - service warehouse downstairs . Some stores are single level , while others have separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on - site . Single - level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2 - level store , such as the Saarlouis , Germany and Haparanda , Sweden locations . Some stores have dual - level warehouses with machine - controlled silos to allow large quantities of stock to be accessed throughout the selling day . Most IKEA stores offer an `` as - is '' area at the end of the warehouse , just before the cash registers . Returned , damaged and formerly showcased products are displayed here and sold with a significant discount , but also with a no - returns policy . Most IKEA stores communicate the IKEA policy on environmental issues in this part of the store . The area , which is painted red , is named according to local customs , in the United Kingdom this is referred to as `` Bargain Corner '' , in Sweden `` FYND '' ( Bargains ) and in Denmark , `` Rodebutikken '' ( Rummage boutique ) . In Hong Kong , where shop space is limited and costly , IKEA has opened three outlets in the city , most of which have the one - way layout . They are part of shopping malls , and while being tiny compared to common store design , are huge by Hong Kong standards . Food markets Every store includes a restaurant serving traditional Swedish food , including potatoes with Swedish meatballs , cream sauce and lingonberry jam , although there are variations . In Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , the usual boiled or mashed potatoes have been replaced with French fries . Besides these Swedish foods , hot dogs and drinks are also sold , along with a few varieties of the local cuisine , and beverages such as lingonberry juice . Also items such as prinsesstårta ( princess cake ) are sold as desserts . Stores in Israel sell kosher food with a high degree of rabbinical supervision . The kosher restaurants are separated into dairy and meat areas ; falafel and non-dairy ice cream are available at the exit . IKEA stores in Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates serve chicken shawarma at the exit café as well as beef hot dogs , while in United Kingdom , a Quorn hot dog is available in the exit café . Coffee , soft drinks , and tea refills are free , as like in Sweden within store premises . All of the stores have equipped with Nordic fruit drinks since 2017 , replacing Coca - Cola & Pepsi . In many locations , the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve an inexpensive breakfast . Every store also has a Swedish Food Market that , until 2011 , sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods , such as meatballs , packages of gravy , lingonberry jam , various biscuits and crackers , and salmon and fish roe spread . Later IKEA replaced most of the branded foods and extended its product range with the introduction of the IKEA food label . The new label has a variety of items including chocolates , meatballs , jams , pancakes , salmon , along with various drinks . All food products are based on Swedish recipes and traditions . Småland Every store has a kids play area , named Småland ( Swedish for small lands ; it is also the Swedish province where Kamprad was born ) . Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground , and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance . In some stores , parents are given free pagers by the on - site staff , which the staff can use to summon parents whose children need them earlier than expected ; in others , staff summon parents through announcements over the in - store public address system . Alternative designs The vast majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centers , primarily because of land cost and traffic access . Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past ( the `` midi '' concept in the early ' 90s , which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m ( 100,000 sq ft ) , or a `` boutique '' shop in Manhattan ) . A new format for a full - size , city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Manchester ( United Kingdom ) store , situated in Ashton - Under - Lyne in 2006 . Another store , in Coventry opened in December 2007 . The store has seven floors and a different flow from other IKEA stores . IKEA 's Southampton store which opened in February 2009 is also in the city centre and built in an urban style similar to the Coventry store . IKEA built these stores in response to UK government restrictions blocking retail establishment outside city centres . In 2015 , IKEA announced that it would be attempting a smaller store design at several locations in Canada . This modified store will feature only a display gallery and small warehouse . One location planned for Kitchener is in the place formerly occupied by a Sears Home store . The warehouses will not keep furniture stocked , and so customers will not be able to drop in to purchase and leave with furniture the same day . Instead , they will purchase the furniture in advance online or in store and order the furniture delivered to one of the new stores , for a greatly reduced rate . IKEA claims that this new model will allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full - size store . Products and services IKEA in Athens , Greece Furniture Rather than being sold pre-assembled , much of IKEA 's furniture is designed to be self - assembled . The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air ; the volume of a bookcase , for example , is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled . This is also practical for many of the chain 's European customers , where public transport is commonly used , because the flat - pack methods allow for easier transport via public transportation . IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture ... Kamprad calls this `` democratic design , '' meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design ( see also environmental design ) . In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st centuries , the company implements economies of scale , capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down , such as the extensive use of Medium - Density Fiberboard ( `` MDF '' ) , also called `` particle board . '' It is an engineered wood fibre glued under heat and pressure to create a building material of superior strength which is resistant to warp . IKEA uses cabinet - grade and furniture - grade MDF in all of its MDF products , such as PAX wardrobes and kitchen cupboards . IKEA also uses wood , plastic , and other materials for furniture and other products . The intended result is flexible , adaptable home furnishings , scalable both to smaller homes and dwellings as well as large houses . Not all furniture is stocked at the store level , such as particular sofa colours needing to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer 's home ( for a delivery charge ) . The item can also be shipped from the warehouse to the store . Some stores charge an extra fee for this service , but not all . Notable items of IKEA furniture include the Poäng armchair , the Billy bookcase and the Klippan sofa , all of which have sold by the tens of millions since the late 1970s . Houses and flats IKEA has also expanded its product base to include flat - pack houses and apartments , in an effort to cut prices involved in a first - time buyer 's home . ( This practice is not new ; the defunct Canadian retailer Eaton 's sold houses in a similar fashion ) , The IKEA product , named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska . Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK , sites confirmed in England include London , Ashton - under - Lyne , Leeds , Gateshead , Warrington and Liverpool . Solar pv Systems At the end of September 2013 , the company announced that solar panel packages , so - called `` residential kits '' , for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014 . The decision followed a successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store , whereby one photovoltaic system was sold almost every day . The solar CIGS panels are manufactured by Solibro GmbH a German - based subsidiary of the Chinese company Hanergy . By the end of 2014 , IKEA began to sell Solibro 's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland . In November 2015 IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury IKEA announced in April 2016 , that it was doing a second attempt with SolarCity to sell solar panels in the United Kingdom . It allows users to be able to order them online and starting with three stores and by the end of summer available in all United Kingdom stores . Retail shopping centres IKEA owns and operates the MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia . Family mobile Main article : IKEA Family Mobile On 8 August 2008 , IKEA UK launched Family Mobile , a virtual mobile phone network , running on T - Mobile . Manufacturing IKEA Anagnina in Rome , Italy Although IKEA household products and furniture are designed in Sweden , they are largely manufactured in developing countries to keep costs down . For most of its products , the final assembly is performed by the end - user ( consumer ) . Swedwood , an IKEA subsidiary , handles production of all of the company 's wood - based products , with the largest Swedwood factory located in Southern Poland . According to the subsidiary , over 16,000 employees across 50 sites in 10 countries manufacture the 100 million pieces of furniture that IKEA sells annually . IKEA furniture uses the hardwood alternative particle board and Hultsfred , a factory in southern Sweden , is the company 's sole supplier . Product names IKEA products are identified by one - word ( rarely two - word ) names . Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin . Although there are some exceptions , most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA . Upholstered furniture , coffee tables , rattan furniture , bookshelves , media storage , doorknobs : Swedish placenames ( for example : Klippan ) Beds , wardrobes , hall furniture : Norwegian place names Dining tables and chairs : Finnish place names Bookcase ranges : Occupations Bathroom articles : Scandinavian lakes , rivers and bays Kitchens : grammatical terms , sometimes also other names Chairs , desks : men 's names Fabrics , curtains : women 's names Garden furniture : Swedish islands Carpets : Danish place names Lighting : terms from music , chemistry , meteorology , measures , weights , seasons , months , days , boats , nautical terms Bedlinen , bed covers , pillows / cushions : flowers , plants , precious stones Children 's items : mammals , birds , adjectives Curtain accessories : mathematical and geometrical terms Kitchen utensils : foreign words , spices , herbs , fish , mushrooms , fruits or berries , functional descriptions Boxes , wall decoration , pictures and frames , clocks : colloquial expressions , also Swedish place names For example , DUKTIG ( meaning : clever , well - behaved ) is a line of children 's toys , OSLO is a name of a bed , BILLY ( a Swedish masculine name ) is a popular bookcase , DINERA ( meaning : ( to ) dine ) for tableware , KASSETT ( meaning : cassette ) for media storage . One range of office furniture is named EFFEKTIV ( meaning : efficient , effective ) , SKÄRPT ( meaning : sharp or clever ) is a line of kitchen knives . A notable exception is the IVAR shelving system , which dates back to the early 1970s . This item is named after the item 's designer . Some of IKEA 's Swedish product names have amusing or unfortunate connotations in other languages , sometimes resulting in the names being withdrawn in certain countries . Notable examples for English include the `` Jerker '' computer desk ( discontinued several years ago as of 2013 ) , `` Fukta '' plant spray , `` Fartfull '' workbench , and `` Lyckhem '' ( meaning bliss ) . Kitchen legs are called FAKTUM ( called AKURUM in the United States ) . The latest addition is the new `` Askholmen '' outdoor suite . Similar blunders happen with other multinational companies . See also : Lufsig Company founder Kamprad , who is dyslexic , found that naming the furniture with proper names and words , rather than a product code , made the names easier to remember . IKEA uses a sales technique called `` bulla bulla '' in which a bunch of items are purposefully jumbled in bins , to create the impression of volume , and therefore , inexpensiveness . Smart home In 2017 Ikea started move into the smart home area . The Tradfri smart lighting kit was one of the first signalling this change . IKEA 's media team has confirmed that smart home will be a big move , they also started a partnership with Philip Hue . Catalogue Main article : IKEA Catalogue IKEA publishes an annual catalogue , first published in Swedish in 1951 . IKEA published 197 million catalogues in 2010 , in twenty languages and sixty - one editions . It is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant , consuming 70 % of the company 's annual marketing budget . The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail , with most of it being produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA 's hometown of Älmhult , Sweden where IKEA operates the largest photo studio in northern Europe at 8,000 square metres ( 86,000 sq ft ) . The catalogue itself is printed on chlorine - free paper of 10 -- 15 % post-consumer waste , and prints approximately 175 million copies worldwide annually , more than 3 times as much as the Bible . The 2013 catalogue is smartphone compatible , containing videos and photo galleries that can be accessed via an app by scanning the catalogue 's pages , while the 2014 catalog incorporates an augmented reality app that projects an item into a real - time photograph image of the user 's room . The augmented reality app also provides an indication of the scale of IKEA objects in relation to the user 's living environment . IKEA family card IKEA Family card , issued in Canada , ca . 2012 In common with some other retailers , IKEA launched a loyalty card called `` IKEA family '' . The card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on a special range of products found in each IKEA store . It is available worldwide . In conjunction with the card , IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled IKEA Family Live which supplements the card and catalogue . The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007 . It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000 . IKEA Family , like other loyalty programs , allows members to obtain lower prices on certain items . Its signature difference from other such programs is that it allows for free tea or coffee ( from Monday to Friday at most locations ) at the IKEA restaurant . Corporate structure Main articles : Stichting INGKA Foundation , IKANO , and Ingvar Kamprad IKEA Concept Center - The head office of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which owns the IKEA trademark and concept IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of not - for - profit and for - profit corporations . The corporate structure is divided into two main parts : operations and franchising . The ownership of Inter ms is exceedingly complicated and not publicly known . Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding , a company registered in Luxembourg . The Inter IKEA Holding , in turn , is owned by the Interogo Foundation , based in Liechtenstein . In 2016 , the INGKA Holding sold its design , manufacturing and logistics subsidiaries to the Inter IKEA Holding . In June 2013 , Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company . Following his decision to step down , the 87 - year - old founder explained , `` I see this as a good time for me to leave the board of Inter IKEA Group . By that we are also taking another step in the generation shift that has been ongoing for some years . '' After the 2016 company restructure , Inter IKEA Holding SA no longer exists . Mathias Kamprad became board member of the Inter IKEA Group and the Interogo Foundation . Mathias and his two older brothers , who also have leadership roles at IKEA , work on the corporation 's overall vision and long - term strategy . Profits IKEA Twin Cities in Bloomington , Minnesota , USA IKEA store in Tangerang , Indonesia The net profit of IKEA Group ( which does not include Inter IKEA systems ) in fiscal year 2009 ( after paying franchise fees to Inter IKEA systems ) was € 2.538 billion on sales of € 21.846 billion . Because INGKA Holding is owned by the nonprofit INGKA Foundation , none of this profit is taxed . The foundation 's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family can not reap these profits directly , but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems . Inter IKEA Systems collected € 631 million of franchise fees in 2004 , but reported pre-tax profits of only € 225 million in 2004 . One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was € 590 million of `` other operating charges '' . IKEA has refused to explain these charges , but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding , another Luxembourg - registered group that , according to The Economist , `` is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family . '' I.I. Holding made a profit of € 328 million in 2004 . In 2004 , the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of € 553m and paid € 19m in taxes , or approximately 3.5 percent . In 2013 the Daily Mail media publication reported that the IKEA subsidiary Swedwood had grown between 20 - 25 % per year since its inception in 1991 . The Berne Declaration , a non-profit organisation in Switzerland that promotes corporate responsibility , has formally criticised IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies . In 2007 , the Berne Declaration nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye `` awards '' , which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland . In a company statement emailed on 14 October 2013 , IKEA 's full - year sales rose 3.1 percent due in part to growth in Russia and China . IKEA 's revenue total rose to US $37.9 billion ( 27.9 billion euros ) , with significant growth also recorded in North America . In February 2016 , the Greens / EFA group in the European Parliament issued a report entitled IKEA : Flat Pack Tax Avoidance on the tax planning strategies of IKEA and their possible use to avoid tax in several European countries . The report was sent to Pierre Moscovici , the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs , Taxation and Customs , and Margrethe Vestager , the European Commissioner for Competition , expressing the hope that it would be of use to them in their respective roles `` to advance the fight for tax justice in Europe . '' Control by Kamprad Along with helping IKEA make non-taxable profit , IKEA 's complicated corporate structure allows Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of INGKA Holding , and thus the operation of most IKEA stores . The INGKA Foundation 's five - person executive committee is chaired by Kamprad . It appoints the board of INGKA Holding , approves any changes to INGKA Holding 's bylaws , and has the right to preempt new share issues . If a member of the executive committee quits or dies , the other four members appoint his or her replacement . In Kamprad 's absence the foundation 's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the INGKA Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the INGKA Foundation . Charitable giving The INGKA Foundation is officially dedicated to promoting `` innovations in architecture and interior design . '' The net worth of the foundation exceeded the net worth of the much better known Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ( now the largest private foundation in the world ) for a period . However , most of the Group 's profit is spent on investment ; the foundation expects to spend € 45 million on charitable giving in 2010 ( compare the Gates Foundation , which made gifts of more than $1.5 billion in 2005 . ) IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes , particularly in partnership with UNICEF , including : In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers ' donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause . After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake , IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region . IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 `` bridge schools '' in Liberia . In the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China , IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40 yuan ( US $5.83 , € 3.70 ) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area . IKEA also supports American Forests to restore forests and reduce pollution . IKEA Social Initiative In September 2005 , IKEA Social Initiative was formed to manage the company 's social involvements on a global level . IKEA Social Initiative is headed by Marianne Barner . The main partners of IKEA Social Initiative are UNICEF and Save the Children . On 23 February 2009 , at the ECOSOC event in New York , UNICEF announced that IKEA Social Initiative has become the agency 's largest corporate partner , with total commitments of more than US $180 million . Examples of involvements : The IKEA Social Initiative contributes € 1 to UNICEF and Save the Children from each soft toy sold during the holiday seasons , raising a total of € 16.7 million so far . In 2013 , an IKEA soft toy , Lufsig , created a storm and sold out in Hong Kong and in Southern China because it had been misnamed in Chinese . The IKEA Social Initiative provided soft toys to children in Burma after Cyclone Nargis . Starting in June 2009 , for every Sunnan solar - powered lamp sold in IKEA stores worldwide , IKEA Social Initiative will donate one Sunnan with the help of UNICEF . In September 2011 , the IKEA Foundation pledged to donate $62 million to help Somali refugees in Kenya . According to The Economist , however , IKEA 's charitable giving is meager , `` barely a rounding error in the foundation 's assets . '' In 2009 , Sweden 's largest television station , SVT , revealed that IKEA 's money -- the three per cent collection from each store -- does not actually go to a charitable foundation in the Netherlands , as IKEA has said . Inter IKEA is owned by a foundation in Liechtenstein , called Interogo , which has amassed $12 billion , and is controlled by the Kamprad family . Environmental performance After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized formaldehyde scandals in the early 1980s and 1992 , IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures . In 1990 , IKEA invited Karl - Henrik Robèrt , founder of the Natural Step , to address its board of directors . Robert 's system conditions for sustainability provided a strategic approach to improving the company 's environmental performance . In 1990 , IKEA adopted the Natural Step framework as the basis for its environmental plan . This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan , which was adopted in 1992 . The plan focused on structural change , allowing IKEA to `` maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues . '' The environmental measures taken include the following : Replacing polyvinylchloride ( PVC ) in wallpapers , home textiles , shower curtains , lampshades and furniture -- PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables ; minimizing the use of formaldehyde in its products , including textiles ; eliminating acid - curing lacquers ; producing a model of chair ( OGLA ) made from 100 % post-consumer plastic waste ; introducing a series of air - inflatable furniture products into the product line . Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15 % of that of conventional furniture ; reducing the use of chromium for metal surface treatment ; limiting the use of substances such as cadmium , lead , PCB , PCP , and Azo pigments ; using wood from responsibly managed forests that replant and maintain biological diversity ; using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and `` pure '' ( non-mixed ) materials for packaging to assist in recycling . introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark . In 2000 IKEA introduced its code of conduct for suppliers , called the IKEA way of purchasing , shortened as IWAY . Today IWAY is a totally integrated part of IKEA 's purchasing model . IWAY covers social , safety and environmental questions . Today IKEA has around 60 IWAY auditors who perform hundreds of supplier audits every year . The main purpose with IWAY is to make sure that the IKEA suppliers follow the law in each country where they are based . Most IKEA suppliers fulfill the law today with exceptions for some special issues , one being excessive working hours in Asia , in countries such as China and India . More recently , IKEA has stopped providing plastic bags to customers , but offers reusable bags for sale . The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates , knives , forks , spoons , etc . Toilets in some IKEA WC - rooms have been outfitted with dual - function flushers . IKEA has recycling bins for compact fluorescent lamps ( CFLs ) , energy saving bulbs and batteries . In 2001 IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe . In August 2008 , IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech , a € 50 million venture capital fund . Located in Lund ( a university town in Sweden ) , it will invest in 8 -- 10 companies in the coming five years with focus on solar panels , alternative light sources , product materials , energy efficiency and water saving and purification . The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3 -- 4 years . To make IKEA a more sustainable company , a product life cycle was created . For the idea stage , products should be flat - packed so that more items can be shipped at once ; products should also be easier to dismantle and recycle . Raw materials are used , and since wood and cotton are two of IKEA 's most important manufacturing products , the company works with environmentally friendly forests and cotton , whereby the excessive use of chemicals and water is avoided . Manufacturing is third in the life cycle and includes IWAY , IKEA 's code of conduct for manufacturers and suppliers that formulates and enforces requirements for working conditions , social and environmental standards , and what suppliers can expect from IKEA in return . Marketing is another part of IKEA 's life cycle and a portion of the paper used for its catalogues is sourced from responsibly managed forests . The catalogue is also smaller , so that less paper is required , less waste is produced and more catalogues can be shipped per load . IKEA stores recycle waste and many run on renewable energy with the use of energy - saving bulbs and sensors . All employees are trained in environmental and social responsibility , while public transit is one of the priorities when the location of stores is considered . Also , the coffee and chocolate served at IKEA stores is UTZ Certified . The last stage of the life cycle is the end of life . Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries , and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products . According to IKEA 's 2012 `` Sustainability Report '' , 23 % of all wood that the company uses meets the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council , and the report states that IKEA aims to double this percentage by 2017 . The report also states that IKEA does not accept illegally logged wood and supports 13 World Wide Fund For Nature ( WWF ) projects . On 17 February 2011 , IKEA announced its plans to develop a wind farm in Dalarna County , Sweden , furthering its goal of using only renewable energy to fuel its operations . As of June 2012 , 17 United States IKEA stores are powered by solar panels , with 22 additional installations in progress , and IKEA owns the 165 MW Cameron Wind farm in Cameron County on the South Texas coast . In 2011 , the company examined its wood consumption and noticed that almost half of its global pine and spruce consumption was for the fabrication of pallets . The company consequently started a transition to the use of paper pallets and the `` Optiledge system '' . The OptiLedge product is totally recyclable , made from 100 % virgin high - impact copolymer polypropylene ( PP ) . The system is a `` unit load alternative to the use of a pallet . The system consists of the OptiLedge ( usually used in pairs ) , aligned and strapped to the bottom carton to form a base layer upon which to stack more product . Corner boards are used when strapping to minimize the potential for package compression . '' The conversion began in Germany and Japan , before its introduction into the rest of Europe and North America . The system has been marketed to other companies , and IKEA has formed the OptiLedge company to manage and sell the product . IKEA has expanded its sustainability plan in the UK to include electric car charge points for customers at all locations by the end of 2013 . The effort will include Nissan and Ecotricity and promise to deliver an 80 % charge in 30 minutes . In February 2014 , IKEA in the UK announced that from 2016 they will only sell energy - efficient LED lightbulbs , lamps and light fixtures . LED lightbulbs use as much as only 15 % of the power of a regular incandescent light bulb . Advertising German - Turkish advertisement in Berlin - Neukölln In 1994 , IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple ; it aired for several weeks before being pulled after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores . Other IKEA commercials appeal to the wider GLBTQ community , one featuring a transgender woman . In 2002 , the inaugural television component of the `` Unböring '' campaign , titled Lamp , went on to win several awards , including a Grand Clio , Golds at the London International Awards and the ANDY Awards , and the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival , the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising community . IKEA launched a UK - wide `` Home is the Most Important Place in the World '' advertising campaign in September 2007 using estate agent signs with the term `` Not For Sale '' written on them as part of the wider campaign . After the campaign appeared in the Metro newspaper London the business news website www.mad.co.uk remarked that the IKEA campaign had amazing similarities with the marketing activity of UK home refurbishment company Onis living who had launched its own Not For Sale advertising campaign two years prior and was awarded the Interbuild 2006 Construction Marketing Award for best campaign under £ 25,000 . A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson , Chief Executive of Onis and Andrew McGuinness , partner at Beattie McGuinness Bungay ( BMB ) , the advertising and PR agency awarded the £ 12m IKEA account . The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis 's campaign as Onis was not an advertising agency . Onis 's argument was that its advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London , having been already accredited , showing concern about the impact IKEA 's campaign would have on the originality of its own . BMB and IKEA subsequently agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site linking through to Onis 's website for a period of 1 year . In 2008 , IKEA paired up with the makers of video game The Sims 2 to make a stuff pack called IKEA Home Stuff , featuring many IKEA products . It was released on 24 June 2008 in North America and 26 June 2008 in Europe . It is the second stuff pack with a major brand , the first being The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff . IKEA took over the title sponsorship of Philadelphia 's annual Thanksgiving Day parade in 2008 , replacing Boscov 's , which filed for bankruptcy in August 2008 . In November 2008 , a subway train decorated in IKEA style was introduced in Novosibirsk , Russia . Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design . The redesigned train , which features colourful seats and fancy curtains , carried passengers until 6 June 2009 . Oyster cards ( the ticket - free system for the London Underground ) were for given with wallets sponsored by IKEA in 2008 - 09 . IKEA also sponsored the tube map . The Isle of Wight ferry Red Osprey in her IKEA livery . In January 2009 , just before the new store opened in Southampton , MV Red Osprey of Red Funnel was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton . This is the first time a Red Funnel ferry has been re-painted out of its own red and white colour scheme . It stayed in these colours for 12 months as part of a deal between Red Funnel and IKEA to provide home delivery services to the Isle of Wight . It was repainted with Red Funnel 's red and white livery when the deal ended in January 2010 . In March 2010 , IKEA developed an event in four important Metro stations in Paris , in which furniture collections are displayed in high - traffic spots , giving potential customers a chance to check out the brand 's products . The Metro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors . In September 2010 , IKEA launched an advertisement for UK & Ireland called `` Happy Inside '' which had 100 cats lying on IKEA furniture in the flagship IKEA store in Wembley , London . In April 2011 , an advertising campaign was launched aiming at discovering whether men or women are messier in the home . Created by Mother , the campaign will begin with a TV advert shot in front of a live audience , featuring four stand - up comedians , two men and two women , debating which gender is messier . The idea behind the campaign is that domestic clutter leads to arguments , and thus to an unhappy home , a conflict that IKEA wants to show can be avoided with better storage . Viewers will be directed to a new Facebook page for the brand , where they are able to vote on who they believe is messier , and submit evidence using videos and photos through an app created especially for the campaign . Meanwhile , online display banners will allow other users the opportunity to vote , with online adverts promoting IKEA products demonstrating the problems confronting people , and offering solutions . In 2016 , in conjunction with Stokholm ad agency Åkestam Holst , IKEA released the `` Where Life Happens '' video campaign . The series focused on taboo issues like divorce and adoption , and was filmed in a non-traditional 4 : 3 aspect ratio . The campaign won an Epica gold award in Amsterdam . Other ventures As of 2012 , IKEA is in joint venture with TCL to provide Uppleva integrated HDTV and entertainment system product . In mid-August 2012 , the company announced that it will establish a chain of 100 economy hotels in Europe but , unlike its few existing hotels in Scandinavia , they will not carry the IKEA name , nor will they use IKEA furniture and furnishings -- they will be operated by an unnamed international group of hoteliers . Awards IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine . It ranked 80 in Fortune 's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008 , IKEA Canada LP was named one of `` Canada 's Top 100 Employers '' by Mediacorp Canada Inc. , and was featured in Maclean 's newsmagazine . Additionally , IKEA is the most popular store for college furnishings . Countries with IKEA presence Main article : List of countries with IKEA stores IKEA has 400 stores around the world . Among the countries that have double - digit IKEA stores are : Australia Canada China France Germany Italy Netherlands Russia Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States References Jump up ^ `` Visiting IKEA Hometown in Almhult '' . Jump up ^ `` '' IKEA museum to open in Sweden in 2015 `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Division '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA Group Yearly Summary FY16 '' ( PDF ) . IKEA . Jump up ^ `` IKEA retailing facts and figures '' . Inter IKEA Systems B.V . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ IKEA Sverige ( 2012 ) . `` IKEA UPPLEVA '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Topic : IKEA '' . www.statista.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Loeb , Walter . `` IKEA Is A World - Wide Wonder '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` How IKEA creator Ingvar Kamprad built the world 's largest furniture retailer -- and a $39 billion fortune '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Zuvela , Maja ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` IKEA mulls joint venture with Bosnia furniture maker '' . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Profiles of 50 major furniture retailers worldwide - Market Research - Report by CSIL '' . www.worldfurnitureonline.com . CSILMilano Research and Studies . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert W . `` How IKEA Billionaire Legally Avoided Taxes From 1973 Until 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The billionaire who founded Ikea is so frugal he only wears second hand clothes '' . The Independent . 2016 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Patrick Chu ; Robert LaFranco ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Europe 's Richest Person Kamprad to Move Back to Sweden '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA '' . Harvard Business School Publishing , Boston , MA , 02163 . 1996 Jump up ^ `` IKEA cuts down old - growth forest ! , 26 April 2012 '' . Protecttheforest.se . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Shen , Lucinda . `` Ikea Has Been Accused of Avoiding 1 Billion Euros in Taxes '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Greens - EFA letter to Commissioners Vestager and Moscovici - IKEA report , 12 February 2016 Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inter IKEA Group Organisation '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA opens it 's frist store in Serbia '' . www.rts.rs . RTS . 10th August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA Highlights 2016 '' . Inter IKEA Systems B.V . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ IKEA Group Sustainability Report FY13 , Page 23 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` The Biggest IKEA Store In The World Just Opened In South Korea '' . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Lauren ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` House Perfect '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones in Our History '' . Inter IKEA Group . 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Company news : IKEA '' . The Globe and Mail . 11 March 1988 . p . B8 . North America 's first IKEA store is closing . The Swedish furniture chain , whose Dartmouth , N.S. , store opened in 1975 , said it is shutting the doors on the store and warehouse in six months , putting 50 people out of work . Jump up ^ `` For the love of Ikea '' . Toronto Star . Aug 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1960s - 1970s - IKEA '' . www.ikea.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea blijft groeien '' . De Standaard . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How IKEA Leveraged The Art Of Listening To Global Dominance '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Finch , Julia ( 2002 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Democratic by design '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1980s - IKEA '' . www.ikea.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA facts and Figures '' . ikea.com . Archived from the original on 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenido a Ikea Santo Domingo '' . ikeasantodomingo.com . Archived from the original on 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea abrirá el 17 de febrero ; presentan catálogo de artículos '' . DiarioLibre.com . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Largest IKEA Is Being Assembled In Burbank '' . LAist . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ( `` Currently the largest IKEA in the world is just outside Seoul , South Korea , a beast of a store coming in at 635,070 square feet . That one is nearly as big as the Louvre museum and even beat out the 594,167 square feet of Stockholm 's own previous record holder . '' ) Jump up ^ `` 이케아 광명 점 12 월 18 일 오픈 '' . IKEA KR / KO . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In South Korea , IKEA opens biggest store to lure tiny households '' . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Kowitt , Beth . `` How Ikea took over the world '' . Fortune . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jonathan Cheng and Min Sun ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Poäng ! IKEA Hits Headwinds in Korea '' . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Largest IKEA store : South Korea breaks Guinness World Records ' record ( VIDEO ) '' . www.worldrecordacademy.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Koreans embrace home decor of IKEA , local rivals - Taipei Times '' . www.taipeitimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea lovers find middlemen on web as retailers shun Ukraine '' . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 첫돌 맞은 이케아 코리아 ... 첫 성적표 는 ' 합격점 ' `` 1 조 2000 억 투자 해 전국 매장 6 개로 확대 '' `` . 16 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lorna Brett ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Ikea Tempe opens '' . Dynamicbusiness.com.au . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Following all the media fanfare , Ikea finally opens its doors in Qatar '' . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Qatar is officially , finally open to the public '' . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Eyeing Expansion in the GCC '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ B.C. ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` First IKEA store in Baltics to open in Vilnius in August '' . The Baltic Course . The Baltic Course . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ www.DELFI.lt . `` Lithuania '' . Verslas.delfi.lt . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea postpones shopping centre project '' . Croatiantimes.com. 21 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA begins main construction works in Zagreb '' . dalje.com. 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1st IKEA store in Croatia to open its doors to buyers on 21 Aug '' . dalje.com. 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U prva cetiri dana 60.711 gradana posjetilo Ikeu '' . Poslovni dnevnik . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zagreb East '' . Inter IKEA Centre Group . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Set to open in 2014 , Zagreb East will be the largest shopping centre in Coratia . With the first IKEA store in Croatia as its anchor ... Jump up ^ adriaticmedia ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` VIDEO : Pogledajte kako ce izgledati Ikea kod Zagreba -- Danas.hr '' ( in Croatian ) . Danas.net.hr . Archived from the original on 21 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Zagreb '' . YouTube . 4 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Roa on Twitter '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Work Begins on the Biggest Ikea in the United States '' . Curbed . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The biggest Ikea in the U.S. will open next month in Burbank '' . Curbed . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crowds Gather for Opening of Massive New IKEA Store in Burbank '' . KTLA5 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA 's first store to open in autumn 2017 '' . The Hindu . 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea breaks ground for first Indian store in Hyderabad '' . Firstpost. 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA starts work on Navi Mumbai store , to open in January 2019 '' . The Indian Express . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ India , Press Trust of ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` IKEA starts work on Navi Mumbai store ; to open in Jan'19 '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Roche , Elizabeth ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` IKEA aims to have over 30 % of products made in India : Patrik Antoni '' . Mint . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ DELFI ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . `` 34 tūkstoši kvadrātmetru un pusmiljons ceļu uzlabošanai -- milzis IKEA ienāks Latvijā '' . DELFI ( in Latvian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ LETA . `` IKEA veikalu Latvijā plānots atklāt nākamā gada augustā '' ( in Latvian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Badatz Beit Yosef Restaurant Listing '' . Badatz.com . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Bistro '' . IKEA United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Restaurant '' . IKEA.com. 25 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Restaurant '' . IKEA.com. 25 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Restaurant '' . IKEA.com. 25 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA - press room - press release '' . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea coming to Kitchener - Kitchener - Waterloo - CBC News '' . Retrieved 21 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ The IKEA Group approach to sustainability , http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_CA/pdf/sustainability_report/group_approach_sustainability_fy11.pdf Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( 2 February 2005 ) . `` Buying a house ? Pick up a flatpack at Ikea '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Ikea to sell solar panels in UK stores '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobello , Carmel ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` The latest appliance from IKEA : Solar power panels '' . The Week Newspaper . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Solibro CIGS Technology '' . Solibro GmbH . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Residential kit for IKEA in the Netherlands and Switzerland Jump up ^ Stoker , Liam . `` Solarcentury lands IKEA ' Solar Shops ' contract '' . solarpowerportal.co.uk . solarpowerportal.co.uk . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea to start selling solar panels in U.K. stores '' . Newsweek. 2016 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Gorman ( 6 July 2013 ) . `` IKEA uses a staggering 1 % of the world 's wood every year '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Lars Petrus . `` The IKEA Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ ' Fartfull ' workbench , ' Jerker ' desk : Is Ikea hiding a grin ? Chicago Sun - Times , 17 August 2004 Jump up ^ From correspondents in London ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` ' Lolita ' bed set for girls withdrawn '' . News.com.au . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Henley , Jon ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Do you speak Ikea ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is the IKEA Aesthetic Comfy or Creepy ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Tradfri Smart Lighting Kit '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Tradfri Works Together With Hue '' . SHG . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA History '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Reinvents the Catalog '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA FAQ '' . Jump up ^ `` 2003 IKEA Catalogue printable facts '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why Swedes keep a cool head over Ikea '' . Sweden.se. 28 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Roth , Martin ( 29 December 2005 ) . `` The Bible vs. the Ikea Catalogue -- Which is Winning Hearts ? '' . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Luisa Rollenhagen ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Virtually Furnish a Room With IKEA 's Augmented Reality Catalog '' . Mashable . Mashable . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Katarina Gustafsson ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Ikea Full - Year Sales Gain 3.1 % Helped by Growth in Russia , China '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foundation Fact Sheet '' . Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quake children at greater risk after rain , snowfall : UN '' . Jump up ^ `` IKEA donates 9,000 tables for Liberia 's schools and health centres '' . Unicef.org . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Plant Trees '' . IKEA. 12 June 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American Forests '' . American Forests . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF 's corporate partnerships '' . Unicef.org . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ International Save the Children Alliance Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UNICEF ( 23 February 2009 ) IKEA social initiative adds $48 million to UNICEF 's child health programme Jump up ^ Reuters India ( 23 February 2009 ) Ikea gives UNICEF $48 mln to fight India child labour Jump up ^ `` UNICEF : IKEA Soft Toy campaign raises € 5.4 million for education projects '' . Jump up ^ McBain , Sophie ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` How Lufsig the cuddly wolf became a Hong Kong protest symbol -- A short lesson in the art of mistranslating names into Chinese . '' The New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` Save the Children : Ikea Provides Soft Toys to Children in Cyclone - Affected Myanmar '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters / PR Newswire : Sunny News : IKEA and UNICEF Lighten Up Children 's Lives in the Developing World '' . 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ UNHCR : The UN Refugee Agency ( Thailand ) ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` Ikea Foundation gives UNHCR US $62 million for Somali refugees in Kenya UNHCR : The UN Refugee Agency ( Thailand ) '' . UNHCR . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea and formaldehyde '' . unknown ( 2003 to 6 February 2004 ) . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Formaldehyde and other VOC 's '' . ikeafans.com ( February 1998 ) . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eco Etiquette : Should I Freak Out About Formaldehyde In Baby Furniture ? '' . By Jennifer Grayson of The Huffington Post . 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ See Bartlett , Dessain , Sjöman ( 2006 ) -- Ikea 's Global Sourcing Challenge : Indian Rugs and Child Labour ( A ) in Harvard Business School ^ Jump up to : Owens , Heidi ( 1998 ) Ikea : A Natural Step Case Study . Archived 28 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Oregon Natural Step Network . Retrieved on : 6 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Sherwood Stranieri ( 17 July 2008 ) . `` IKEA Bikes ( no , they 're not made of plywood ) '' . Using Bicycles . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Banverket -- press release '' . Cision Wire. 29 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Sets its Sights on the Sun '' . Futurethinktank.com ( futurethink 's innovation weblog ) . 7 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA GreenTech '' . Green VC. 10 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Group Sustainability Strategy 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From store to farm -- traceability in action at IKEA - UTZ.org '' . UTZ.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA building its own personal wind farm '' . CNET. 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea U.S. Solar Plans near 89 % with Two More Installations Proposed ; Distribution Centers in Perryville , MD and Westampton , NJ Will Be among Country 's Largest Projects '' . Business Wire . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Handy , Ryan Maye ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Sea change : Gulf Coast wind farms become vital to Texas energy mix '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA Phases Out Wood Pallets '' . Packaging Revolution . 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The OptiLedge Offers Efficiencies for International Shipments '' . Packaging Revolution . 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OptiLedge '' . Inter IKEA Systems B.V. 2012 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Fiona . `` Ikea becomes first retailer to install electric vehicle rapid chargers at all UK stores '' . Retail Times . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , James . `` IKEA promises rapid rollout of electric car chargers '' . Business Green . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Make a difference without leaving your home '' . IKEA UK . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dining Room Table Ikea advertisement '' . AdRespect Advertising Education Program . 1994 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Redecorate Your Life IKEA advertisement '' . AdRespect Advertising Education Program . 1999 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Allison ; `` MINI missing but `` Lamp '' shines at Clios Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. `` , Boards , 22 May 2003 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : 2003 Winners , London International Awards '' . 2008.liaawards.com . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : 2003 Winners , ANDY Awards '' . Andyawards.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mutel , Glen ; `` Surprise at Cannes as ' lamp ' wins Grand Prix '' , Campaign , 27 June 2003 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our award winning campaign Onis Home Refurbishments '' . Onisliving.co.uk . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.constructionmarketingawards.com/testimonials.html Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ikea campaign attracts copycat claims '' . Mad.co.uk. 21 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea 's new marketing campaign ' remarkably similar ' to strategy used by Scots - led firm '' . Sundayherald.com . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA в метро '' ( in Russian ) . metkere.com . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Agencies Team Ikea campaign '' . Media Week . 18 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Impact at CBS Outdoor creates exclusive campaign for Ikea '' ( Press release ) . Exterion Media . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Inside -- IKEA cats advert '' . YouTube . 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea rolls out battle of the sexes campaign -- Brand Republic News '' . Brandrepublic.com. 31 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` With This Sweet Ad , Ikea Joins Small Group of Brands Willing to Talk About Divorce '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ikea Touchingly Portrays an Adoption in Its Latest ' Where Life Happens ' Spot - Video - Creativity Online '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Life Happens In Bacon 's New IKEA Film LBBOnline '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Anna Ringstrom ( 17 Apr 2012 ) . `` IKEA moves into consumer electronics with China venture '' . Thomson Reuters . Jump up ^ LOUISE NORDSTROM ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` IKEA to sell TVs integrated in its furniture '' . Bloomberg L.P. The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IKEA to launch chain of budget hotels in Europe '' . New York : NY Daily News . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reasons for Selection , 2009 Canada 's Top 100 Employers Competition '' . External links Netherlands portal Sweden portal Companies portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to IKEA . Company home page Inter IKEA Group home page Inter IKEA Systems B.V. home page TV show based on IKEA IKEA companies grouped at OpenCorporates `` The miracle of Älmhult '' by Oliver Burkeman from the Guardian newspaper . The writer talks about his visit to IKEA 's HQ in Älmhult Business data for IKEA International A / S : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance ( hide ) European Retail Round Table Members Ahold Delhaize C&A El Corte Inglés ICA Gruppen IKEA Inditex Jerónimo Martins Lidl Marks & Spencer Mercadona Metro AG Tesco Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 145413402 GND : 4392009 - 3 SUDOC : 088487318 BNF : cb14634798t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IKEA&oldid=797712853 '' Categories : IKEA Companies of Sweden Furniture retailers Retail companies of Sweden Retail companies of the Netherlands Design companies of Sweden Food and drink companies of Sweden Food and drink companies of the Netherlands Furniture manufacturers Furniture retailers of the United States Lighting brands Online retailers Superstores Superstores in the United States Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands Retail companies established in 1943 Design companies established in 1943 Food and drink companies established in 1943 Manufacturing companies established in 1943 1943 establishments in Sweden Purveyors to the Court of Sweden Privately held companies of the Netherlands Jardine Matheson Group Swedish brands Home appliance brands Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Latvian - language sources ( lv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 OpenCorporates groupings Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia
when did the first ikea open in the us
[ "Amid a high level of success, the company's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz in 1973 instead of Koblenz.[25] Later that decade, stores opened in other parts of the world, such as Japan (1974), Australia, Canada,[27][28] Hong Kong (1975), and Singapore (1978).[29] IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984),[30] the United States (1985),[31] the United Kingdom (1987),[32] Italy (1989).[33] The company later expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s. Germany, with 50 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the United States, with 44 stores. At the end of the 2009 financial year, the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries.[34] The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.[35][36] As of July 2013, the company's presence in developing countries remains minimal." ]
[ "1985" ]
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Fibrocystic breast changes
Fibrocystic breast changes - wikipedia Fibrocystic breast changes Jump to : navigation , search Fibrocystic breast changes Micrograph showing fibrocystic breast changes . H&E stain . Classification and external resources Specialty obstetrics gynecology ICD - 10 N60. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 610.1 DiseasesDB 4799 MedlinePlus 000912 MeSH D005348 ( edit on Wikidata ) Fibrocystic breasts or fibrocystic breast disease or fibrocystic breast condition commonly referred to as `` FBC '' is a condition of breast tissue affecting an estimated 30 - 60 % of women and at least 50 % of women of childbearing age . Some studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of FBC may be as high as 70 % to 90 % . It is characterized by noncancerous breast lumps which can sometimes cause discomfort , often periodically related to hormonal influences from the menstrual cycle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Imaging 4.2 Biopsy 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 6.1 Breast cancer risk 7 Epidemiology 8 Eponyms 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Terminology ( edit ) In ICD - 10 the condition is called diffuse cystic mastopathy , or , if there is epithelial proliferation , fibrosclerosis of breast . Other names for this condition include chronic cystic mastitis , fibrocystic mastopathy and mammary dysplasia . The condition has also been named after several people ( see eponyms below ) . Since it is a very common disorder , some authors have argued that it should not be termed a `` disease '' , whereas others feel that it meets the criteria for a disease . It is not a classic form of mastitis ( breast inflammation ) . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The changes in fibrocystic breast disease are characterised by the appearance of fibrous tissue and a lumpy , cobblestone texture in the breasts . These lumps are smooth with defined edges , and are usually free - moving in regard to adjacent structures . The bumps can sometimes be obscured by irregularities in the breast that are associated with the condition . The lumps are most often found in the upper , outer sections of the breast ( nearest to the armpit ) , but can be found throughout the breast . Women with fibrocystic changes may experience a persistent or intermittent breast aching or breast tenderness related to periodic swelling . Breasts and nipples may be tender or itchy . Symptoms follow a periodic trend tied closely to the menstrual cycle . Symptoms tend to peak in the days and , in severe cases , weeks before each period and decrease afterwards . At peak , breasts may feel full , heavy , swollen , and tender to the touch . No complications related to breastfeeding have been found . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Micrograph showing apocrine metaplasia associated with FCC . FNA specimen . Pap stain . The exact mechanism of the condition is not fully understood , though it is known to be tied to hormone levels , as the condition usually subsides after menopause and is also related to the menstrual cycle . Post-menopausal women placed on hormone replacement therapy ( HRT ) have also reported symptoms of FBC indicating hormones may play a role . Fibrocystic breast changes is a cumulative process , caused partly by the normal hormonal variation during a woman 's monthly cycle . The most important of these hormones are estrogen , progesterone and prolactin . These hormones directly affect the breast tissues by causing cells to grow and multiply . Many other hormones such as TSH , insulin , growth hormone and growth factors such as TGF - beta exert direct and indirect effects amplifying or regulating cell growth . Years of such fluctuations eventually produce small cysts and / or areas of dense or fibrotic tissue . Multiple small cysts and an increasing level of breast pain commonly develop when a woman hits her 30s . Larger cysts usually do not occur until after the age of 35 . Over time , presumably driven by aberrant growth signals , such lesions may accumulate epigenetic , genetic and karyotypic changes such as modified expression of hormone receptors and loss of heterozygosity . Several variants of fibrocystic breast changes may be distinguished and these may have different causes and genetic predispostions . Adenosis involves abnormal count and density of lobular units , while other lesions appear to stem mainly from ductal epithelial origins . There is preliminary evidence that iodine deficiency contributes to fibrocystic breast changes by enhancing the sensitivity of breast tissue to estrogen. and according to Micronutrient Information Center of Linus Pauling Institute . Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosis is mostly done based on symptoms after exclusion of breast cancer . Nipple fluid aspiration can be used to classify cyst type ( and to some extent improve breast cancer risk prediction ) but it is rarely used in practice . Biopsy or fine needle aspiration are rarely warranted . Fibrocystic breast disease is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms , clinical breast exam and on a physical exam . During this examination , the doctor checks for unusual areas in the breasts , both visually and manually . Also , the lymph nodes in the axilla area and lower neck are examined . A complete and accurate medical history is also helpful in diagnosing this condition . If the patient 's medical history and physical exam findings are consistent with normal breast changes , no additional tests are considered but otherwise the patient will be asked to return a few weeks later for reassessment . Women may detect lumps in their breasts during self - examination as well . Imaging ( edit ) In order to establish whether the lump is a cyst or not , several imaging tests may be performed . Mammography is usually the first imaging test to be ordered when unusual breast changes have been detected during a physical examination . A diagnostic mammography consists in a series of x-rays that provide clear images of specific areas of the breast . Ultrasounds and MRIs are commonly performed in conjunction with mammographies as they produce clear images of the breast and clearly distinguish between fluid - filled breast cysts and solid masses . The ultrasound and MRI exams can better evaluate dense tissue of the breast ; hence it is often undergone by young patients , under 30 years old . Biopsy ( edit ) The breast biopsy is usually the test used to confirm the suspected diagnosing . After imaging tests have been performed and have revealed unusual areas or lumps in the breast , a breast biopsy will be ordered . This test consists in removing a sample of breast tissue which is then looked at under a microscope . The specialist analyzing the tissue sample will be able to conclude if the breast changes are benign or malignant or whether breast fibrocystic disease is present . There are four main types of breast biopsies that may be performed . A fine - needle aspiration biopsy is usually ordered when the doctor is almost certain that the lump is a cyst . This test is generally performed in conjunction with an ultrasound which is helpful in guiding the needle into a small or hard to find lump . The procedure is painless and it consists in inserting a thin needle into the breast tissue while the lump is palpated . The core - needle biopsy is normally performed under local anesthesia and in a physician 's office . The needle used in this procedure is slightly larger than the one used for a fine - needle biopsy because the procedure is intended to remove a small cylinder of tissue that will be sent to the laboratory for further examination . A newer type of breast biopsy is the stereotactic biopsy that relies on a three - dimensional x-ray to guide the needle biopsy of non-palpable mass . The biopsy is performed in a similar manner , by using a needle to remove tissue sample but locating the specific area of the breast is done by x-raying the breast by two different angles . Surgical biopsy is a procedure performed to remove the entire lump or a part of it for laboratory analyzing . It may be painful and it is done under local anesthesia . Treatment ( edit ) Main article : Mastodynia § Treatments for cyclical breast pain Most women with fibrocystic changes and no symptoms do not need treatment , but closer follow - up may be advised . There is no widely accepted treatment or prevention strategy for fibrocystic condition . When treatment of symptoms is necessary it follows the same strategies as treatment for cyclical breast pain . It is controversial whether benign breast conditions improve or worsen with oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy . A few small - scale studies have indicated that the fibrocystic condition may be improved by dietary changes ( especially by a reduced intake of caffeine and related methylxanthines or by a reduced intake of salt ) and by vitamin supplements . Small , preliminary studies have shown beneficial effects of iodine supplementation ( such as reducing the presence of breast cysts , fibrous tissue plaques and breast pain ) in women with fibrocystic breast changes , with elemental iodine ( I ) being more effective than iodide ( I ) . It is noted that iodine supplementation , via an iodine - based modulation of estrogen influence in the breast , also appears to inhibit early cancer progression in small studies done on breast cancer cells in a lab ... Since treatment success in a lab is often not replicated in humans , more human research is necessary to determine if iodine supplementation prevents breast cancer A U.S. National Institutes of Health fact sheet of 2011 reported on a randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled clinical trial performed on 111 women affected by fibrosis and having a history of breast pain . In this trial , daily doses of iodine led to decreased in breast pain , tenderness and nodularity . It was emphasized that further research to clarify iodine 's role in fibrocystic breast disease is needed and that large doses of iodine should only be used under the guidance of a physician . Prognosis ( edit ) There are usually no adverse side effects to this condition . In almost all cases it subsides after menopause . A possible complication arises through the fact that cancerous tumors may be more difficult to detect in women with fibrocystic changes . Breast cancer risk ( edit ) Breast cancer risk is elevated for defined fraction of lesions . Except for patients with a strong family history of breast cancer , where the risk is two-fold , nonproliferative lesions have no increased risk . Proliferative lesions also have approximately a 2-fold risk . In particular , atypical hyperplasia is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer . Atypical lobular hyperplasia is associated with the greatest risk , approximately 5-fold and especially high relative risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer . Atypical ductal hyperplasia is associated with 2.4-fold risk . In contrast , a New England Journal of Medicine article states that for women with a strong familial history of breast cancer , the risk of future breast cancer is roughly doubled , independent of histological status . The article further states `` The relative risk of breast cancer for the cohort was 1.56 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.45 to 1.68 ) , and this increased risk persisted for at least 25 years after biopsy . The relative risk associated with atypia was 4.24 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 3.26 to 5.41 ) , as compared with a relative risk of 1.88 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.66 to 2.12 ) for proliferative changes without atypia and of 1.27 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1.15 to 1.41 ) for nonproliferative lesions . The strength of the family history of breast cancer , available for 4808 women , was a risk factor that was independent of histologic findings . No increased risk was found among women with no family history and nonproliferative findings . In the first 10 years after the initial biopsy , an excess of cancers occurred in the same breast , especially in women with atypia . '' It is not well understood whether the lesions are precursors of breast cancer or only indication of increased risk , for most types of lesions the chance of developing breast cancer is nearly the same in the affected and unaffected breast ( side ) indicating only coincidence of risk factors . For atypical lobular hyperplasia there is high incidence of ipsilateral breast cancers indicating a possible direct carcinogenetic link . Epidemiology ( edit ) The estimated figures for the prevalence of fibrocystic breast changes in women over lifetime vary widely in the literature , with estimates ranging from about 30 to 60 % over about 50 to 60 % to about 60 to 75 % of all women . The condition is most common among women between 30 and 50 years of age . Eponyms ( edit ) This entity has historically also been termed Bloodgood 's disease , Cooper 's disease ( after Sir Astley Paston Cooper , 1st baronet ) , Phocas ' disease , Reclus ' disease and Reclus ' syndrome ( after Paul Reclus ) , Reclus - Schimmelbusch disease , Schimmelbusch disease and Tillaux - Phocas disease . See also ( edit ) Fibroadenoma Mastodynia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Susan L. Norwoord ( March 1990 ) . `` Fibrocystic Breast Disease An Update and Review '' . JOGNN -- Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic , & Neonatal Nursing. 19 : 116 -- 121 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.1990. tb01629. x . ^ Jump up to : Ghent WR , Eskin BA , Low DA , Hill LP ( October 1993 ) . `` Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast '' . Canadian Journal of Surgery ( Comparative study ) . 36 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 60 . PMID 8221402 . Jump up ^ Plu - Bureau G , Lê MG , Sitruk - Ware R , Thalabard JC . Cyclical mastalgia and breast cancer risk : results of a French cohort study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 ; 15 ( 6 ) : 1229 - 1231 . Jump up ^ University of Maryland Medical Center . `` Fibrocystic Breast Disease - Overview '' . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Disorders of breast ( N60 - N64 ) in ICD - 10 . Jump up ^ Atlantic Women 's Specialists . `` Fibrocystic Breast Changes '' . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Santen RJ , Mansel R ( July 2005 ) . `` Benign breast disorders '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 353 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 85 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra035692 . PMID 16034013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultrasound Characterization of Breast Masses '' . Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging. 19 : 242 -- 247 . August 2009 . doi : 10.4103 / 0971 - 3026.54878 . Jump up ^ `` Fibrocystic Breast Condition '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 , MedicineNet.com Jump up ^ `` Fibrocystic Breast Condition '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 ^ Jump up to : Cann , Stephen A. ; van Netten , Johannes P. ; van Netten , Christiaan ( 2000 ) . `` Hypothesis : iodine , selenium and the development of breast cancer '' . Cancer Causes and Control ( review ) . 11 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 127 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1008925301459 . ISSN 0957 - 5243 . PMID 10710195 . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Pizzorno ; Michael T. Murray ( 14 September 2012 ) . Textbook of Natural Medicine . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 1371 . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 2333 - 0 . Jump up ^ Venturi , S. ( 2001 ) . `` Is there a role for iodine in breast diseases ? '' . The Breast. 10 ( 5 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1054 / brst. 2000.0267 . PMID 14965610 . Jump up ^ Aceves , C. ; Anguiano , B. ; Delgado , G. ( 2005 ) . `` Is iodine a gatekeeper of the integrity of the mammary gland ? '' . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 10 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 196 . doi : 10.1007 / s10911 - 005 - 5401 - 5 . PMID 16025225 . Jump up ^ Stoddard Fr , 2nd ; Brooks , AD ; Eskin , BA ; Johannes , GJ ( 2008 ) . `` Iodine alters gene expression in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line : evidence for an anti-estrogen effect of iodine '' . International journal of medical sciences . 5 ( 4 ) : 189 -- 96 . doi : 10.7150 / ijms. 5.189 . PMC 2452979 . PMID 18645607 . Jump up ^ Bhargav , Panchagan R.K. ; Mishra , Anjali ; Agarwal , Gaurav ; Agarwal , Amit ; Verma , Ashok Kumar ; Mishra , Saroj Kanta ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Benign Breast Disorders and Effect of Thyroxine Replacement on the Clinical Outcome '' . World Journal of Surgery . 33 ( 10 ) : 2087 -- 2093 . doi : 10.1007 / s00268 - 009 - 0143 - y . PMID 19641955 . Jump up ^ Giustarini , E ( 1 May 2006 ) . `` Thyroid autoimmunity in patients with malignant and benign breast diseases before surgery '' . European Journal of Endocrinology. 154 ( 5 ) : 645 -- 649 . doi : 10.1530 / eje. 1.02108 . PMID 16645010 . Jump up ^ Eskin , Bernard A. ; Grotkowski , Carolyn E. ; Connolly , Christopher P. ; Ghent , William R. ( July 1995 ) . `` Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide in rat thyroid and mammary glands '' . Biological Trace Element Research . 49 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02788999 . PMID 7577324 . Jump up ^ Ghent , WR ; Eskin , BA ; Low , DA ; Hill , LP ( October 1993 ) . `` Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast '' . Canadian journal of surgery . Journal canadien de chirurgie. 36 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 60 . PMID 8221402 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Jack H. ( July 2004 ) . `` The Effect of Supraphysiologic Levels of Iodine on Patients with Cyclic Mastalgia '' . The Breast Journal . 10 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 336 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1075 - 122X. 2004.21341. x . PMID 15239792 . Jump up ^ `` Benign Breast Disease : When To Treat , When To Reassure , When To Refer '' . Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine . 69 : 424 -- 439 . May 2002 . doi : 10.3949 / ccjm. 69.5. 425 . Jump up ^ `` Tests and diagnosis '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 22 . 2010 / 04 / 13 Jump up ^ `` Diagnosing Fibrocystic Breast Disease '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 Jump up ^ `` Types of non-cancerous breast conditions '' . 2010 / 04 / 13 Jump up ^ Gadducci A , Guerrieri ME , Genazzani AR ( February 2012 ) . `` Benign breast diseases , contraception and hormone replacement therapy '' . Minerva Ginecologica. 64 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 74 . PMID 22334232 . Jump up ^ Ethel Sloane , Biology of Women , Cengage Learning , 2002 , p. 200 - 201 ^ Jump up to : Stoddard II , Frederick R. ( 2008 ) . `` Iodine Alters Gene Expression in the MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line : Evidence for an Anti-Estrogen Effect of Iodine '' . International Journal of Medical Sciences . 5 : 189 -- 96 . doi : 10.7150 / ijms. 5.189 . ISSN 1449 - 1907 . PMC 2452979 . PMID 18645607 . Jump up ^ `` Iodine : Fact Sheet for Health Professionals '' . NIH . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kessler JH ( 2004 ) . `` The effect of supraphysiologic levels of iodine on patients with cyclic mastalgia '' . The Breast Journal ( Randomized Controlled Trial ) . 10 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 36 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1075 - 122X. 2004.21341. x . PMID 15239792 . Jump up ^ Ethel Sloane , Biology of Women , Cengage Learning , 2002 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Marshall , LM ; Hunter , DJ ; Connolly , JL ; Schnitt , SJ ; Byrne , C ; London , SJ ; Colditz , GA ( 1997 ) . `` Risk of breast cancer associated with atypical hyperplasia of lobular and ductal types '' . Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention . 6 ( 5 ) : 297 -- 301 . PMID 9149887 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , L.C. ; Sellers , T.A. ; Frost , M.H. ; Lingle , W.L. ; Degnim , A.C. ; Ghosh , K ; Vierkant , R.A. ; Maloney , S.D. ; Pankratz , V.S. ; Hillman , D.W. ; Suman , V.J. ; Johnson , J ; Blake , C ; Tlsty , T ; Vachon , C.M. ; Melton Lj , 3rd ; Visscher , D.W. ( 2005 ) . `` Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 353 ( 3 ) : 229 -- 37 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa044383 . PMID 16034008 . Jump up ^ Page , D.L. ; Schuyler , P.A. ; Dupont , W.D. ; Jensen , R.A. ; Plummer Jr , W.D. ; Simpson , J.F. ( 2003 ) . `` Atypical lobular hyperplasia as a unilateral predictor of breast cancer risk : a retrospective cohort study '' . The Lancet . 361 ( 9352 ) : 125 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 12230 - 1 . PMID 12531579 . Jump up ^ Kelly A. McGarry ; Iris L. Tong ( 6 July 2012 ) . The 5 - Minute Consult Clinical Companion to Women 's Health . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 1654 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Roger P. Smith ( 1 December 2008 ) . Netter 's Obstetrics and Gynecology . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 371 . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 2137 - 0 . Jump up ^ synd / 1891 at Who Named It ? External links ( edit ) Breast disease ( hide ) Breast disease ( N60 -- N64 , 610 -- 611 ) Mastitis Mastitis Nonpuerperal mastitis Subareolar abscess Granulomatous mastitis Physiological changes and conditions Benign mammary dysplasia Duct ectasia of breast Chronic cystic mastitis Mammoplasia Gynecomastia Adipomastia ( lipomastia , pseudogynecomastia ) Breast hypertrophy Breast atrophy Micromastia Amastia Anisomastia Breast engorgement Discharge Nipple Galactorrhea Nipple discharge Inverted nipple Cracked nipples Lumps Galactocele Breast cyst Breast hematoma Breast lump Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia Other Pain Tension Ptosis Fat necrosis Amazia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibrocystic_breast_changes&oldid=829761643 '' Categories : Breast diseases Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
icd 10 code for fibrocystic changes of breast
[ "\n\nFibrocystic breast changes\n\n\n\n\n\nMicrograph showing fibrocystic breast changes. H&E stain.\n\n\nClassification and external resources\n\n\nSpecialty\nobstetrics gynecology\n\n\nICD-10\nN60.1\n\n\nICD-9-CM\n610.1\n\n\nDiseasesDB\n4799\n\n\nMedlinePlus\n000912\n\n\nMeSH\nD005348\n\n\n\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n" ]
[ "N60.1" ]
-7831784150407309729
Chemical weapons in World War I
Chemical weapons in World War I - wikipedia Chemical weapons in World War I Jump to : navigation , search British troops blinded by poison gas during the Battle of Estaires , 1918 Although the use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years , the first large scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. They were primarily used to demoralize , injure , and kill entrenched defenders , against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow - moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective . The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals , such as tear gas , to lethal agents like phosgene , chlorine , and mustard gas . This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century . The killing capacity of gas was limited , with about ninety thousand fatalities from a total of some 1.3 million casualties caused by gas attacks . Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop countermeasures , such as gas masks . In the later stages of the war , as the use of gas increased , its overall effectiveness diminished . The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare , and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives , gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as `` the chemist 's war '' and also the era where weapons of mass destruction were created . The use of poison gas performed by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited the use of `` poison or poisoned weapons '' in warfare . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of poison gas in World War I 1.1 1914 : Tear gas 1.2 1915 : Large - scale use and lethal gases 1.2. 1 Effectiveness and countermeasures 1.2. 2 British gas attacks 1.3 1915 : More deadly gases 1.4 1916 : Austrian use 1.5 1917 : Mustard gas 1.6 Post-war 1.6. 1 Effect on World War II 2 Casualties 2.1 British casualties 2.2 Civilian casualties 3 Countermeasures 4 Delivery systems 5 Unexploded weapons 6 Gases used 7 Long - term health effects 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History of poison gas in World War I ( edit ) See also : Weapons of World War I 1914 : tear gas ( edit ) The earliest military uses of chemicals were tear - inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons . During World War I , the French army was the first to employ gas , using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas ( ethyl bromoacetate ) in August 1914 . The small quantities of gas delivered , roughly 19 cm3 per cartridge , were not even detected by the Germans . The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military . As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies , the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone . In October 1914 , German troops fired fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against British positions at Neuve Chapelle , though the concentration achieved was so small that it too was barely noticed . None of the combatants considered the use of tear gas to be in conflict with the Hague Treaty of 1899 , which prohibited the launching of projectiles containing asphyxiating or poisonous gas . 1915 : large - scale use and lethal gases ( edit ) The first instance of large - scale use of gas as a weapon was on 31 January 1915 , when Germany fired 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas on Russian positions on the Rawka River , west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov . However , instead of vaporizing , the chemical froze and failed to have the desired effect . The first killing agent used by the German military was chlorine . Chlorine is a powerful irritant that can inflict damage to the eyes , nose , throat and lungs . At high concentrations and prolonged exposure it can cause death by asphyxiation . German chemical companies BASF , Hoechst and Bayer ( which formed the IG Farben conglomerate in 1925 ) had been producing chlorine as a by - product of their dye manufacturing . In cooperation with Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin , they began developing methods of discharging chlorine gas against enemy trenches . According to the fieldpost letter of Major Karl von Zingler , the first chlorine gas attack by German forces took place before 2 January 1915 : `` In other war theaters it does not go better and it has been said that our Chlorine is very effective . 140 English officers have been killed . This is a horrible weapon ... '' . By 22 April 1915 , the German Army had 168 tons of chlorine deployed in 5,730 cylinders from Langemark -- Poelkapelle , north of Ypres . At 17 : 30 , in a slight easterly breeze , the gas was released , forming a gray - green cloud that drifted across positions held by French Colonial troops from Martinique , as well as the 1st Tirailleurs and the 2nd Zouaves from Algeria . Faced with an unfamiliar threat these troops broke ranks , abandoning their trenches and creating an 8,000 - yard ( 7 km ) gap in the Allied line . However , the German infantry were also wary of the gas and , lacking reinforcements , failed to exploit the break before the 1st Canadian Division and assorted French troops reformed the line in scattered , hastily prepared positions 1,000 -- 3,000 yards ( 910 -- 2,740 m ) apart . The Entente governments quickly claimed the attack was a flagrant violation of international law but Germany argued that the Hague treaty had only banned chemical shells , rather than the use of gas projectors . In what became the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans used gas on three more occasions ; on 24 April against the 1st Canadian Division , on 2 May near Mouse Trap Farm and on 5 May against the British at Hill 60 . The British Official History stated that at Hill 60 , `` 90 men died from gas poisoning in the trenches or before they could be got to a dressing station ; of the 207 brought to the nearest dressing stations , 46 died almost immediately and 12 after long suffering . '' On August 6 , German troops used chlorine gas against Russian troops defending the Fortress of Osowiec . Surviving defenders drove back the attack and retained the fortress . Germany used chemical weapons on the eastern front in an attack at Rawka , south of Warsaw . The Russian army took 9,000 casualties , with more than 1,000 fatalities . In response , the artillery branch of the Russian army organized a commission to study the delivery of poison gas in shells . Effectiveness and countermeasures ( edit ) British emplacement after German gas attack ( probably phosgene ) It quickly became evident that the men who stayed in their places suffered less than those who ran away , as any movement worsened the effects of the gas , and that those who stood up on the fire step suffered less -- indeed they often escaped any serious effects -- than those who lay down or sat at the bottom of a trench . Men who stood on the parapet suffered least , as the gas was denser near the ground . The worst sufferers were the wounded lying on the ground , or on stretchers , and the men who moved back with the cloud . Chlorine was less effective as a weapon than the Germans had hoped , particularly as soon as simple countermeasures were introduced . The gas produced a visible greenish cloud and strong odour , making it easy to detect . It was water - soluble , so the simple expedient of covering the mouth and nose with a damp cloth was somewhat effective at reducing the effect of the gas . It was thought to be even more effective to use urine rather than water , as it was known at the time that chlorine reacted readily with urea ( present in urine ) to form dichloro urea . Chlorine required a concentration of 1,000 parts per million to be fatal , destroying tissue in the lungs , likely through the formation of hydrochloric acid when dissolved in the water in the lungs ( 2Cl + 2H O → 4HCl + O ) . Despite its limitations , however , chlorine was an effective psychological weapon -- the sight of an oncoming cloud of the gas was a continual source of dread for the infantry . Countermeasures were quickly introduced in response to the use of chlorine . The Germans issued their troops with small gauze pads filled with cotton waste , and bottles of a bicarbonate solution with which to dampen the pads . Immediately following the use of chlorine gas by the Germans , instructions were sent to British and French troops to hold wet handkerchiefs or cloths over their mouths . Simple pad respirators similar to those issued to German troops were soon proposed by Lieutenant - Colonel N.C. Ferguson , the A.D.M.S. of the 28th Division . These pads were intended to be used damp , preferably dipped into a solution of bicarbonate kept in buckets for that purpose , though other liquids were also used . Because such pads could not be expected to arrive at the front for several days , army divisions set about making them for themselves . Locally available muslin , flannel and gauze were used , officers were sent to Paris to buy more and local French women were employed making up rudimentary pads with string ties . Other units used lint bandages manufactured in the convent at Poperinge . Pad respirators were sent up with rations to British troops in the line as early as the evening of 24 April . In Britain the Daily Mail newspaper encouraged women to manufacture cotton pads , and within one month a variety of pad respirators were available to British and French troops , along with motoring goggles to protect the eyes . The response was enormous and a million gas masks were produced in a day . Unfortunately , the Mail 's design was useless when dry and caused suffocation when wet -- the respirator was responsible for the deaths of scores of men . By 6 July 1915 , the entire British army was equipped with the far more effective `` smoke helmet '' designed by Major Cluny MacPherson , Newfoundland Regiment , which was a flannel bag with a celluloid window , which entirely covered the head . The race was then on between the introduction of new and more effective poison gases and the production of effective countermeasures , which marked gas warfare until the armistice in November 1918 . British gas attacks ( edit ) British infantry advancing through gas at Loos , 25 September 1915 Football team of British soldiers with gas masks , Western front , 1916 A British gas bomb from 1915 The British expressed outrage at Germany 's use of poison gas at Ypres but responded by developing their own gas warfare capability . The commander of II Corps , Lieutenant General Sir Charles Ferguson , said of gas : It is a cowardly form of warfare which does not commend itself to me or other English soldiers ... We can not win this war unless we kill or incapacitate more of our enemies than they do of us , and if this can only be done by our copying the enemy in his choice of weapons , we must not refuse to do so . The first use of gas by the British was at the Battle of Loos , 25 September 1915 , but the attempt was a disaster . Chlorine , codenamed Red Star , was the agent to be used ( 140 tons arrayed in 5,100 cylinders ) , and the attack was dependent on a favorable wind . However , on this occasion the wind proved fickle , and the gas either lingered in no man 's land or , in places , blew back on the British trenches . This debacle was compounded when the gas could not be released from all the British canisters because the wrong turning keys were sent with them . Subsequent retaliatory German shelling hit some of those unused full cylinders , releasing more gas among the British troops . Exacerbating the situation were the primitive flannel gas masks distributed to the British . The masks got hot , and the small eye - pieces misted over , reducing visibility . Some of the troops lifted the masks to get some fresh air , causing them to be gassed . 1915 : more deadly gases ( edit ) Plate I , Microscopic section of human lung from phosgene shell poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The deficiencies of chlorine were overcome with the introduction of phosgene , which was prepared by a group of French chemists led by Victor Grignard and first used by France in 1915 . Colourless and having an odor likened to `` mouldy hay , '' phosgene was difficult to detect , making it a more effective weapon . Although phosgene was sometimes used on its own , it was more often used mixed with an equal volume of chlorine , with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene . The Allies called this combination White Star after the marking painted on shells containing the mixture . Phosgene was a potent killing agent , deadlier than chlorine . It had a potential drawback in that some of the symptoms of exposure took 24 hours or more to manifest . This meant that the victims were initially still capable of putting up a fight ; although this could also mean that apparently fit troops would be incapacitated by the effects of the gas on the following day . In the first combined chlorine -- phosgene attack by Germany , against British troops at Wieltje near Ypres , Belgium on 19 December 1915 , 88 tons of the gas were released from cylinders causing 1069 casualties and 69 deaths . The British P gas helmet , issued at the time , was impregnated with sodium phenolate and partially effective against phosgene . The modified PH Gas Helmet , which was impregnated with phenate hexamine and hexamethylene tetramine ( urotropine ) to improve the protection against phosgene , was issued in January 1916 . Around 36,600 tons of phosgene were manufactured during the war , out of a total of 190,000 tons for all chemical weapons , making it second only to chlorine ( 93,800 tons ) in the quantity manufactured : Germany 18,100 tons France 15,700 tons United Kingdom 1,400 tons ( although they also used French stocks ) United States 1,400 tons ( although they also used French stocks ) Although phosgene was never as notorious in public consciousness as mustard gas , it killed far more people , about 85 % of the 100,000 deaths caused by chemical weapons during World War I . 1916 : Austrian use ( edit ) Italian dead after the Austrian gas attack on Monte San Michele On 29 June 1916 , Austrian forces attacked the Italian lines on Monte San Michele with a mix of phosgene and chlorine gas . Thousands of Italian soldiers died in this first chemical weapons attack on the Italian Front . 1917 : mustard gas ( edit ) Plate X , Microscopic section of human lung from mustard gas poisoning , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 The most widely reported and , perhaps , the most effective gas of the First World War was mustard gas . It was a vesicant that was introduced by Germany in July 1917 prior to the Third Battle of Ypres . The Germans marked their shells yellow for mustard gas and green for chlorine and phosgene ; hence they called the new gas Yellow Cross . It was known to the British as HS ( Hun Stuff ) , while the French called it Yperite ( named after Ypres ) . A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns , 1917 / 1918 Mustard gas is not a particularly effective killing agent ( though in high enough doses it is fatal ) but can be used to harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield . Delivered in artillery shells , mustard gas was heavier than air , and it settled to the ground as an oily liquid resembling sherry . Once in the soil , mustard gas remained active for several days , weeks , or even months , depending on the weather conditions . The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered , their eyes became very sore and they began to vomit . Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes , stripping off the mucous membrane . This was extremely painful . Fatally injured victims sometimes took four or five weeks to die of mustard gas exposure . One nurse , Vera Brittain , wrote : `` I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning . Great mustard - coloured blisters , blind eyes , all sticky and stuck together , always fighting for breath , with voices a mere whisper , saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke . '' The polluting nature of mustard gas meant that it was not always suitable for supporting an attack as the assaulting infantry would be exposed to the gas when they advanced . When Germany launched Operation Michael on 21 March 1918 , they saturated the Flesquières salient with mustard gas instead of attacking it directly , believing that the harassing effect of the gas , coupled with threats to the salient 's flanks , would make the British position untenable . Gas never reproduced the dramatic success of 22 April 1915 ; however , it became a standard weapon which , combined with conventional artillery , was used to support most attacks in the later stages of the war . Gas was employed primarily on the Western Front -- the static , confined trench system was ideal for achieving an effective concentration . Germany also made use of gas against Russia on the Eastern Front , where the lack of effective countermeasures resulted in deaths of over 56,000 Russians , while Britain experimented with gas in Palestine during the Second Battle of Gaza . Russia began manufacturing chlorine gas in 1916 , with phosgene being produced later in the year . However , most of the manufactured gas was never used . The British Army believed that the use of gas was needed , but did not use mustard gas until November 1917 at Cambrai , after their armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard - gas shells . It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon , with production of the chemicals centred on Avonmouth Docks . ( The only option available to the British was the Despretz -- Niemann -- Guthrie process ) . This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line with the Hundred Days ' Offensive . The Allies mounted more gas attacks than the Germans in 1917 and 1918 because of a marked increase in production of gas from the Allied nations . Germany was unable to keep up with this pace despite creating various new gases for use in battle , mostly as a result of very costly methods of production . Entry into the war by the United States allowed the Allies to increase mustard gas production far more than Germany . Also the prevailing wind on the Western Front was blowing from west to east , which meant the British more frequently had favorable conditions for a gas release than did the Germans . When the United States entered the war , it was already mobilizing resources from academic , industry and military sectors for research and development into poison gas . A Subcommittee on Noxious Gases was created by the National Research Committee , a major research center was established at Camp American University , and the 1st Gas Regiment was recruited . The 1st Gas Regiment eventually served in France , where it used phosgene gas in a number of attacks . The Artillery used Mustard gas with significant effect during the Meuse Argonne Offensive on at least three occasions . The United States began large - scale production of an improved vesicant gas known as Lewisite , for use in an offensive planned for early 1919 . By the time of the armistice on 11 November , a plant near Willoughby , Ohio was producing 10 tons per day of the substance , for a total of about 150 tons . It is uncertain what effect this new chemical would have had on the battlefield , however , as it degrades in moist conditions . Post-war ( edit ) By the end of the war , chemical weapons had lost much of their effectiveness against well trained and equipped troops . At that time , chemical weapon agents inflicted an estimated 1.3 million casualties . Nevertheless , in the following years , chemical weapons were used in several , mainly colonial , wars where one side had an advantage in equipment over the other . The British used poison gas , possibly adamsite , against Russian revolutionary troops beginning on August 27 , 1919 and contemplated using chemical weapons against Iraqi insurgents in the 1920s ; Bolshevik troops used poison gas to suppress the Tambov Rebellion in 1920 , Spain used chemical weapons in Morocco against Rif tribesmen throughout the 1920s and Italy used mustard gas in Libya in 1930 and again during its invasion of Ethiopia in 1936 . In 1925 , a Chinese warlord , Zhang Zuolin , contracted a German company to build him a mustard gas plant in Shenyang , which was completed in 1927 . Public opinion had by then turned against the use of such weapons which led to the Geneva Protocol , an updated and extensive prohibition of poison weapons . The Protocol , which was signed by most First World War combatants in 1925 , bans the use ( but not the stockpiling ) of lethal gas and bacteriological weapons . Most countries that signed ratified it within around five years , although a few took much longer -- Brazil , Japan , Uruguay , and the United States did not do so until the 1970s , and Nicaragua ratified it only in 1990 . The signatory nations agreed not to use poison gas in the future , stating `` the use in war of asphyxiating , poisonous or other gases , and of all analogous liquids , materials or devices , has been justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world . '' Although chemical weapons have been used in at least a dozen wars since the end of the First World War , they were not used in combat on a large scale until mustard gas and the more deadly nerve agents were used by Iraq during the 8 - year Iran -- Iraq War . It killed around 20,000 Iranian troops ( and injured another 80,000 ) , which is around a quarter of the number of deaths caused by chemical weapons during the First World War . Effect on World War II ( edit ) Although all major combatants stockpiled chemical weapons during the Second World War , the only reports of its use in the conflict were the Japanese use of relatively small amounts of mustard gas and lewisite in China , and very rare occurrences in Europe ( for example some sulfur mustard bombs were dropped on Warsaw on 3 September 1939 , which Germany acknowledged in 1942 but indicated had been accidental ) . Mustard gas was the agent of choice , with the British stockpiling 40,719 tons , the Soviets 77,400 tons , the Americans over 87,000 tons and the Germans 27,597 tons . The destruction of an American cargo ship containing mustard gas led to many casualties in Bari , Italy , in December 1943 . In both Axis and Allied nations , children in school were taught to wear gas masks in case of gas attack . Germany developed the poison gases tabun , sarin , and soman during the war , and used Zyklon B in their extermination camps . Neither Germany nor the Allied nations used any of their war gases in combat , despite maintaining large stockpiles and occasional calls for their use . Poison gas played an important role in the Holocaust . Britain made plans to use mustard gas on the landing beaches in the event of an invasion of the United Kingdom in 1940 . The United States considered using gas to support their planned invasion of Japan . Casualties ( edit ) The contribution of gas weapons to the total casualty figures was relatively minor . British figures , which were accurately maintained from 1916 , recorded that only 3 % of gas casualties were fatal , 2 % were permanently invalid and 70 % were fit for duty again within six weeks . It was remarked as a joke that if someone yelled ' Gas ' , everyone in France would put on a mask ... Gas shock was as frequent as shell shock . -- H. Allen , Towards the Flame , 1934 John Singer Sargent 's 1918 painting Gassed Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! -- An ecstasy of fumbling , Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time ; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling , And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime ... Dim , through the misty panes and thick green light , As under a green sea , I saw him drowning . In all my dreams , before my helpless sight , He plunges at me , guttering , choking , drowning . -- Wilfred Owen , `` Dulce et Decorum est '' , 1917 Plate III , Pallid type of asphyxia from phosgene poisoning , with circulatory failure , American Red Cross and Medical Research Committee , An Atlas of Gas Poisoning , 1918 Death by gas was often slow and painful . According to Denis Winter ( Death 's Men , 1978 ) , a fatal dose of phosgene eventually led to `` shallow breathing and retching , pulse up to 120 , an ashen face and the discharge of four pints ( 2 litres ) of yellow liquid from the lungs each hour for the 48 of the drowning spasms . '' A common fate of those exposed to gas was blindness , chlorine gas or mustard gas being the main causes . One of the most famous First World War paintings , Gassed by John Singer Sargent , captures such a scene of mustard gas casualties which he witnessed at a dressing station at Le Bac - du - Sud near Arras in July 1918 . ( The gases used during that battle ( tear gas ) caused temporary blindness and / or a painful stinging in the eyes . These bandages were normally water - soaked to provide a rudimentary form of pain relief to the eyes of casualties before they reached more organized medical help . ) The proportion of mustard gas fatalities to total casualties was low ; only 2 % of mustard gas casualties died and many of these succumbed to secondary infections rather than the gas itself . Once it was introduced at the third battle of Ypres , mustard gas produced 90 % of all British gas casualties and 14 % of battle casualties of any type . Estimated gas casualties Nation Fatal Total ( Fatal & Non-fatal ) Russia 56,000 419,340 Germany 9,000 200,000 France 8,000 190,000 British Empire ( includes Canada ) 8,109 188,706 Austria - Hungary 3,000 100,000 United States 1,462 72,807 Italy 4,627 60,000 Total 90,198 1,230,853 Mustard gas was a source of extreme dread . In The Anatomy of Courage ( 1945 ) , Lord Moran , who had been a medical officer during the war , wrote : After July 1917 gas partly usurped the role of high explosive in bringing to head a natural unfitness for war . The gassed men were an expression of trench fatigue , a menace when the manhood of the nation had been picked over . Mustard gas did not need to be inhaled to be effective -- any contact with skin was sufficient . Exposure to 0.1 ppm was enough to cause massive blisters . Higher concentrations could burn flesh to the bone . It was particularly effective against the soft skin of the eyes , nose , armpits and groin , since it dissolved in the natural moisture of those areas . Typical exposure would result in swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids , forcing them closed and rendering the victim temporarily blind . Where it contacted the skin , moist red patches would immediately appear which after 24 hours would have formed into blisters . Other symptoms included severe headache , elevated pulse and temperature ( fever ) , and pneumonia ( from blistering in the lungs ) . Many of those who survived a gas attack were scarred for life . Respiratory disease and failing eyesight were common post-war afflictions . Of the Canadians who , without any effective protection , had withstood the first chlorine attacks during 2nd Ypres , 60 % of the casualties had to be repatriated and half of these were still unfit by the end of the war , over three years later . In reading the statistics of the time , one should bear the longer term in mind . Many of those who were fairly soon recorded as fit for service were left with scar tissue in their lungs . This tissue was susceptible to tuberculosis attack . It was from this that many of the 1918 casualties died , around the time of the Second World War , shortly before sulfa drugs became widely available for its treatment . British casualties ( edit ) British forces gas casualties on the Western Front Date Agent Casualties ( official ) Fatal Non-fatal April -- May 1915 Chlorine 350 7,000 May 1915 -- June 1916 Lachrymants 0 0 December 1915 -- August 1916 Chlorine 1,013 4,207 July 1916 -- July 1917 Various 532 8,806 July 1917 -- November 1918 Mustard gas 4,086 160,526 April 1915 -- November 1918 Total 5,981 180,539 A British nurse treating mustard gas cases recorded : They can not be bandaged or touched . We cover them with a tent of propped - up sheets . Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain even with the worst wounds but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they can not help crying out . A postmortem account from the British official medical history records one of the British casualties : Case four . Aged 39 years . Gassed 29 July 1917 . Admitted to casualty clearing station the same day . Died about ten days later . Brownish pigmentation present over large surfaces of the body . A white ring of skin where the wrist watch was . Marked superficial burning of the face and scrotum . The larynx much congested . The whole of the trachea was covered by a yellow membrane . The bronchi contained abundant gas . The lungs fairly voluminous . The right lung showing extensive collapse at the base . Liver congested and fatty . Stomach showed numerous submucous haemorrhages . The brain substance was unduly wet and very congested . Civilian casualties ( edit ) The distribution of gas cloud casualties was not only limited to the front . Nearby towns were at risk from winds blowing the poison gases through . Civilians rarely had a warning system put into place to alert their neighbours of the danger . In addition to poor warning systems , civilians often did not have access to effective gas masks . Also , when the gas came to the towns over the wind , it could easily get into houses through open windows and doors . An estimated 100,000 - 260,000 civilian casualties were caused by chemical weapons during the conflict and tens of thousands ( along with military personnel ) died from scarring of the lungs , skin damage , and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended . Many commanders on both sides knew that such weapon would cause major harm to civilians as wind would blow poison gases into nearby civilian towns but nonetheless continued to use them throughout the war . British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote in his diary : `` My officers and I were aware that such weapon would cause harm to women and children living in nearby towns , as strong winds were common on the battlefront . However , because the weapon was to be directed against the enemy , none of us were overly concerned at all . '' Countermeasures ( edit ) A Smelling Case to allow officers to identify the gas by smell and thus act appropriately for protection and treatment None of the First World War 's combatants were prepared for the introduction of poison gas as a weapon . Once gas was introduced , development of gas protection began and the process continued for much of the war producing a series of increasingly effective gas masks . Even at Second Ypres , Germany , still unsure of the weapon 's effectiveness , only issued breathing masks to the engineers handling the gas . At Ypres a Canadian medical officer , who was also a chemist , quickly identified the gas as chlorine and recommended that the troops urinate on a cloth and hold it over their mouth and nose . The first official equipment issued was similarly crude ; a pad of material , usually impregnated with a chemical , tied over the lower face . To protect the eyes from tear gas , soldiers were issued with gas goggles . British Vickers machine gun crew wearing PH gas helmets with exhaust tubes The next advance was the introduction of the gas helmet -- basically a bag placed over the head . The fabric of the bag was impregnated with a chemical to neutralize the gas -- however , the chemical would wash out into the soldier 's eyes whenever it rained . Eye - pieces , which were prone to fog up , were initially made from talc . When going into combat , gas helmets were typically worn rolled up on top of the head , to be pulled down and secured about the neck when the gas alarm was given . The first British version was the Hypo helmet , the fabric of which was soaked in sodium hyposulfite ( commonly known as `` hypo '' ) . The British P gas helmet , partially effective against phosgene and with which all infantry were equipped with at Loos , was impregnated with sodium phenolate . A mouthpiece was added through which the wearer would breathe out to prevent carbon dioxide build - up . The adjutant of the 1 / 23rd Battalion , The London Regiment , recalled his experience of the P helmet at Loos : The goggles rapidly dimmed over , and the air came through in such suffocatingly small quantities as to demand a continuous exercise of will - power on the part of the wearers . A modified version of the P Helmet , called the PH Helmet , was issued in January 1916 , and was additionally impregnated with hexamethylenetetramine to improve the protection against phosgene . Australian infantry wearing Small Box Respirators , Ypres , September 1917 Self - contained box respirators represented the culmination of gas mask development during the First World War . Box respirators used a two - piece design ; a mouthpiece connected via a hose to a box filter . The box filter contained granules of chemicals that neutralised the gas , delivering clean air to the wearer . Separating the filter from the mask enabled a bulky but efficient filter to be supplied . Nevertheless , the first version , known as the Large Box Respirator ( LBR ) or `` Harrison 's Tower '' , was deemed too bulky -- the box canister needed to be carried on the back . The LBR had no mask , just a mouthpiece and nose clip ; separate gas goggles had to be worn . It continued to be issued to the artillery gun crews but the infantry were supplied with the `` Small Box Respirator '' ( SBR ) . The Small Box Respirator featured a single - piece , close - fitting rubberized mask with eye - pieces . The box filter was compact and could be worn around the neck . The SBR could be readily upgraded as more effective filter technology was developed . The British - designed SBR was also adopted for use by the American Expeditionary Force . The SBR was the prized possession of the ordinary infantryman ; when the British were forced to retreat during the German Spring Offensive of 1918 , it was found that while some troops had discarded their rifles , hardly any had left behind their respirators . Humans were not the only ones that needed protection from gas clouds . Horses and mules were important methods of transportation that could be endangered if they came into close contact with gas . This was not so much of a problem until it became common to launch gas great distances . This caused many researchers to develop masks that could be used on animals such as dogs , horses , mules , and even carrier pigeons . The following are some examples of improvised animal gas masks that were implemented : A dog wearing a gas mask in WWI . A WWI pigeon loft equipped with gas protection . For mustard gas , which could cause severe damage by simply making contact with skin , no effective countermeasure was found during the war . The kilt - wearing Scottish regiments were especially vulnerable to mustard gas injuries due to their bare legs . At Nieuwpoort in Flanders some Scottish battalions took to wearing women 's tights beneath the kilt as a form of protection . Gas alert by Arthur Streeton , 1918 Gas alert procedure became a routine for the front - line soldier . To warn of a gas attack , a bell would be rung , often made from a spent artillery shell . At the noisy batteries of the siege guns , a compressed air strombus horn was used , which could be heard nine miles ( 14 km ) away . Notices would be posted on all approaches to an affected area , warning people to take precautions . Other British attempts at countermeasures were not so effective . An early plan was to use 100,000 fans to disperse the gas . Burning coal or carborundum dust was tried . A proposal was made to equip front - line sentries with diving helmets , air being pumped to them through a 100 ft ( 30 m ) hose . However , the effectiveness of all countermeasures is apparent . In 1915 , when poison gas was relatively new , less than 3 % of British gas casualties died . In 1916 , the proportion of fatalities jumped to 17 % . By 1918 , the figure was back below 3 % , though the total number of British gas casualties was now nine times the 1915 levels . Various gas masks employed on the Western Front during the war Delivery systems ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A British cylinder release at Montauban on the Somme , June 1916 -- part of the preparation for the Battle of the Somme . The first system employed for the mass delivery of gas involved releasing the gas cylinders in a favourable wind such that it was carried over the enemy 's trenches . The Hague Convention of 1899 prohibited the use of poisons gasses delivered by projectiles . The main advantage of this method was that it was relatively simple and , in suitable atmospheric conditions , produced a concentrated cloud capable of overwhelming the gas mask defences . The disadvantages of cylinder releases were numerous . First and foremost , delivery was at the mercy of the wind . If the wind was fickle , as was the case at Loos , the gas could backfire , causing friendly casualties . Gas clouds gave plenty of warning , allowing the enemy time to protect themselves , though many soldiers found the sight of a creeping gas cloud unnerving . Also gas clouds had limited penetration , only capable of affecting the front - line trenches before dissipating . Finally , the cylinders had to be emplaced at the very front of the trench system so that the gas was released directly over no man 's land . This meant that the cylinders had to be manhandled through communication trenches , often clogged and sodden , and stored at the front where there was always the risk that cylinders would be prematurely breached during a bombardment . A leaking cylinder could issue a telltale wisp of gas that , if spotted , would be sure to attract shellfire . German gas attack on the eastern front . A British chlorine cylinder , known as an `` oojah '' , weighed 190 lb ( 86 kg ) , of which only 60 lb ( 27 kg ) was chlorine gas , and required two men to carry . Phosgene gas was introduced later in a cylinder , known as a `` mouse '' , that only weighed 50 lb ( 23 kg ) . Delivering gas via artillery shell overcame many of the risks of dealing with gas in cylinders . The Germans , for example , used 5.9 - inch ( 150 mm ) artillery shells ( `` five - nines '' ) . Gas shells were independent of the wind and increased the effective range of gas , making anywhere within reach of the guns vulnerable . Gas shells could be delivered without warning , especially the clear , nearly odorless phosgene -- there are numerous accounts of gas shells , landing with a `` plop '' rather than exploding , being initially dismissed as dud HE or shrapnel shells , giving the gas time to work before the soldiers were alerted and took precautions . Loading a battery of Livens gas projectors The main flaw associated with delivering gas via artillery was the difficulty of achieving a killing concentration . Each shell had a small gas payload and an area would have to be subjected to a saturation bombardment to produce a cloud to match cylinder delivery . Mustard gas , however , did not need to form a concentrated cloud and hence artillery was the ideal vehicle for delivery of this battlefield pollutant . The solution to achieving a lethal concentration without releasing from cylinders was the `` gas projector '' , essentially a large - bore mortar that fired the entire cylinder as a missile . The British Livens projector ( invented by Captain W.H. Livens in 1917 ) was a simple device ; an 8 - inch ( 200 mm ) diameter tube sunk into the ground at an angle , a propellant was ignited by an electrical signal , firing the cylinder containing 30 or 40 lb ( 14 or 18 kg ) of gas up to 1,900 meters . By arranging a battery of these projectors and firing them simultaneously , a dense concentration of gas could be achieved . The Livens was first used at Arras on 4 April 1917 . On 31 March 1918 the British conducted their largest ever `` gas shoot '' , firing 3,728 cylinders at Lens . Unexploded weapons ( edit ) Phosgene delivery system unearthed at the Somme , 2006 Over 16,000,000 acres ( 65,000 km ) of France had to be cordoned off at the end of the war because of unexploded ordnance . About 20 % of the chemical shells were duds , and approximately 13 million of these munitions were left in place . This has been a serious problem in former battle areas from immediately after the end of the War until the present . Shells may be , for instance , uncovered when farmers plough their fields ( termed the ' iron harvest ' ) , and are also regularly discovered when public works or construction work is done . An additional difficulty is the current stringency of environmental legislation . In the past , a common method of getting rid of unexploded chemical ammunition was to detonate or dump it at sea ; this is currently prohibited in most countries . The problems are especially acute in some northern regions of France . The French government no longer disposes of chemical weapons at sea . For this reason , piles of untreated chemical weapons accumulated . In 2001 , it became evident that the pile stored at a depot in Vimy was unsafe ; the inhabitants of the neighboring town were evacuated , and the pile moved , using refrigerated trucks and under heavy guard , to a military camp in Suippes . The capacity of the plant is meant to be 25 tons per year ( extensible to 80 tons at the beginning ) , for a lifetime of 30 years . Germany has to deal with unexploded ammunition and polluted lands resulting from the explosion of an ammunition train in 1919 . Aside from unexploded shells , there have been claims that poison residues have remained in the local environment for an extended period , though this is unconfirmed ; well known but unverified anecdotes claim that as late as the 1960s trees in the area retained enough mustard gas residue to injure farmers or construction workers who were clearing them . Gases used ( edit ) Name First use Type Used by Xylyl bromide 1914 Lachrymatory , toxic Both Chlorine 1915 Corrosive . Lung Irritant Both Phosgene 1915 Irritant - Skin and mucous membranes . Corrosive , toxic Both Benzyl bromide 1915 Lachrymatory Central Powers Chloromethyl chloroformate 1915 Irritant - Eyes , skin , lungs Both Trichloromethyl chloroformate 1916 Severe irritant , causes burns Both Chloropicrin 1916 Irritant , lachrymatory , toxic Both Stannic chloride 1916 Severe irritant , causes asphyxiating Allies Ethyl iodoacetate 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Allies Bromoacetone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Both Monobromomethyl ethyl ketone 1916 Lachrymatory , irritant Central Powers Acrolein 1916 Lachrymatory , toxic Central Powers Hydrogen cyanide ( Prussic acid ) 1916 Toxic , Chemical Asphyxiant Allies Hydrogen sulfide ( Sulphuretted hydrogen ) 1916 Irritant , toxic Allies Diphenylchloroarsine ( Diphenyl chlorasine ) 1917 Irritant / Sternutatory ( causes sneezing ) Central Powers α - chlorotoluene ( Benzyl chloride ) 1917 Irritant , lachrymatory Central Powers Mustard gas ( Bis ( 2 - chloroethyl ) sulfide ) 1917 Vesicant ( blistering agent ) , lung irritant Both Bis ( chloromethyl ) ether ( Dichloromethyl ether ) 1918 Irritant , can blur vision Central Powers Ethyldichloroarsine 1918 Vesicant Central Powers N - Ethylcarbazole 679 1918 Irritant Central Powers Long - term Health effects ( edit ) Soldiers who claimed to have been exposed to chemical warfare have often presented with unusual medical conditions which has led to much controversy . The lack of information has left doctors , patients , and their families in the dark in terms of prognosis and treatment . Nerve agents such as sarin , tabun , and soman are believed to have the most significant long - term health effects . Chronic fatigue and memory loss have been reported to last up to three years after exposure . In the years following World War One , there were many conferences held in attempts to abolish the use of chemical weapons all together , such as The Washington Conference ( 1921 -- 22 ) , Geneva Conference ( 1923 -- 25 ) and the World Disarmament Conference ( 1933 ) . Although the United States was an original signatory of the Geneva Protocol in 1925 , the US Senate did not formally ratify it until 1975 . Although the health effects are generally chronic in nature , the exposures were generally acute . A positive correlation has been proven between exposure to mustard agents and skin cancers , other respiratory and skin conditions , leukemia , several eye conditions , bone marrow depression and subsequent immunosuppression , psychological disorders and sexual dysfunction . Chemicals used in the production of chemical weapons have also left residues in the soil where the weapons were used . The chemicals that have been detected can cause cancer and can affect the brain , blood , liver , kidneys and skin . Despite the evidence in support of long - term health effects , there are studies that show just the opposite . Some US veterans who were closely affected by chemical weapons showed no neurological evidence in the following years . These same studies showed that one single contact with chemical weapons would be enough to cause long - term health effects . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. reportedly had about 135,000 tons of chemical warfare agents during WW II ; Germany had 70,000 tons , Britain 40,000 and Japan 7,500 tons . The German nerve gases were deadlier than the old - style suffocants ( chlorine , phosgene ) and blistering agents ( mustard gas ) in Allied stockpiles . Churchill , and several American Generals reportedly called for their use against Germany and Japan , respectively ( Weber , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ See the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft and the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adrienne Mayor ( 29 September 2003 ) . Greek Fire , Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs : Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World . Overlook Books . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 348 - X . Jump up ^ Andre Richardt ( 26 December 2012 ) . CBRN Protection : Managing the Threat of Chemical , Biological , Radioactive and Nuclear Weapons . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 32413 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Chris ( 2 April 2007 ) . `` The Growing Menace of Chemical War '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Saffo , Paul ( 2000 ) . `` Paul Saffo presentation '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Telford Taylor ( 1 November 1993 ) . The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials : A Personal Memoir. Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 83400 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thomas Graham ; Damien J. Lavera ( May 2003 ) . Cornerstones of Security : Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era . University of Washington Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98296 - 9 . Jump up ^ Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Oxford University press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Charles E ( September 1984 ) . `` Chemical Warfare in World War I : The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 '' . US Army Command and General Staff College Jump up ^ Taylor , L.B. ; Taylor , C.L. ( 1992 ) . Chemical and Biological Warfare ( Revised ed . ) . Franklin Watts . ISBN 0 - 531 - 13029 - 0 . Jump up ^ Romano , James A. ; Lukey , Brian J. ; Salem , Harry ( 2007 ) . Chemical warfare agents : chemistry , pharmacology , toxicology , and therapeutics ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 4661 - 6 . Jump up ^ Legg , J. ; Parker , G. ( 2002 ) . `` The Germans develop a new weapon : the gas cloud '' . The Great War . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Haber '' . Science History Institute . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Abelshauser , Werner ( 2003 ) . German Industry and Global Enterprise , BASF : The History of a Company . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82726 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aksulu , N. Melek ( May 2006 ) . `` Die Feldpostbriefe Karl v. Zinglers aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg '' ( PDF ) . Nobilitas , Zeitschrift für deutsche Adelsforschung Folge . IX ( 41 ) : 57 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Rousselare 2 Januar 15 ... Auf anderen Kriegsschauplätzen ist es ja auch nicht besser und die Wirkung von unserem Chlor soll ja sehr gut sein . Es sollen 140 englische Offiziere erledigt worden sein . Es ist doch eine furchtbare Waffe ... Jump up ^ General R. Hure , page 283 , L'Armee d'Afrique 1830 - 1962 , Charles - Lavauzelle 1972 Jump up ^ Tucker , Jonathan B. ( 2006 ) . War of Nerves : Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al - Queda . Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 July 2004 ) . `` On the Western Front , Ypres 1915 '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lefebure , Victor ; Wilson , Henry ( 2004 ) . The Riddle of the Rhine : Chemical Strategy in Peace and War . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 3546 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : p. 289 . ^ Jump up to : Kojevnikov , A. ( June 2002 ) . `` The Great War , the Russian Civil War , and the Invention of Big Science '' ( PDF ) . Science in Context. 15 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 275 . doi : 10.1017 / S0269889702000443 . PMID 12467271 . Jump up ^ Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : pp. 177 -- 8 . Jump up ^ For example , see : Chattaway , Frederick Daniel ( 22 December 1908 ) . `` The Action of Chlorine upon Urea Whereby a Dichloro Urea is Produced '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . 81 ( 549 ) : 381 -- 388 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1908.0094 . JSTOR 93011 . Jump up ^ O'Leary , Donal ( 2000 ) . `` Chlorine '' . University College Cork . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jones , E. ; Everitt , B. ; Ironside , S. ; Palmer , I. ; Wessely , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Psychological effects of chemical weapons : a follow - up study of First World War veterans '' . Psychological Medicine . 38 ( 10 ) : 1419 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / S003329170800278X . PMID 18237455 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Edmonds and Wynne ( 1927 ) : p. 217 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) . No Place to Run : The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War . UBC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0740 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gas '' . Weaponry . First World War . Jump up ^ Warner , Philip ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Loos . Wordsworth Military Library . Wordsworth Editions . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 84022 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nye , Mary Jo ( 1999 ) . Before big science : the pursuit of modern chemistry and physics , 1800 -- 1940 . Harvard University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 06382 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2004 ) . `` Choking Agent : CG '' . CBWInfo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kiester , Edwin ; et al. ( 2007 ) . An Incomplete History of World War I. 1 . Murdoch Books . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 74045 - 970 - 9 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 22 February 2006 ) . `` Facts About Phosgene '' . CDC . Archived from the original on 17 April 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Haber , Ludwig Fritz ( 1986 ) . The poisonous cloud : chemical warfare in the First World War . Oxford University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 858142 - 4 . Jump up ^ Patnaik , Pradyot ( 2007 ) . A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances ( 3rd ed . ) . Wiley - Interscience . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 71458 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A SHORT HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WARFARE DURING WORLD WAR I '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 1999 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Rauchensteiner , Manfried , The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy , 1914 - 1918 ( Vienna , Austria : Böhlau Verlag , 2014 ) , pp. 543 - 544 . Jump up ^ Hoenig , Steven L. ( 2002 ) . Handbook of Chemical Warfare and Terrorism . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32407 - 7 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 22 February 2006 ) . `` Facts About Sulfur Mustard '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on 9 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sidell , F.R. ; Urbanetti , J.S. ; Smith , W.J. ; Hurst , C.G. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 . Vesicants '' . In Sidell , F.R. ; Takafuji , E.T. ; Franz , D.R. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare . Office of The Surgeon General , Department of the Army , United States of America . ISBN 99973 - 209 - 1 - 3 . LCCN 97022242 . OCLC 489185423 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brittain , Vera ( 1933 ) . Testament of Youth : An Autobiographical Study of the Years 1900 -- 1925 . New York : The Macmillan Company . ISBN 0 - 14 - 012251 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Weapons of War - Poison Gas '' . firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dolev , Eran ; Lillywhite , Louis ( 2007 ) . Allenby 's military medicine : life and death in World War I Palestine . I.B. Tauris . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 290 - 3 . Jump up ^ Edited by David Large . The Port of Bristol , 1848 - 1884 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Photographic Archive of Avonmouth Bristol BS11 '' . BristolPast.co.uk . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowell , Benedict ; Wilson , Robert Forrest ( 1921 ) . The Armies of Industry : Our Nation 's Manufacture of Munitions for a World in Arms , 1917 -- 1918 . 5 . Yale University Press . pp. 491 , 500 . ISBN 1 - 60105 - 114 - X . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Daniel A. ( Spring 2015 ) . `` Chemical Warfare : From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory '' . Distillations. 1 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , John C. ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 3 . The Earth 's Climates '' . In Hewitt , C.N. ; Jackson , A.V. Handbook of Atmospheric Science : Principles and Applications . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 72 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05286 - 4 . Jump up ^ Addison , James Thayer ( 1919 ) . The story of the First gas regiment . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin company . pp. 50 , 146 , 158 , 168 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of War , 1919 , pages 4386 - 87 Jump up ^ D. Hank Ellison ( August 24 , 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . p. 456 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hershberg , James G. ( 1993 ) . James B. Conant : Harvard to Hiroshima and the making of the nuclear age . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2619 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Barry R. ( February 28 , 1999 ) . Future War and Counterproliferation : U.S. Military Responses to NBC . Praeger , p. 84 ; ISBN 0 - 275 - 96278 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Winston Churchill 's shocking use of chemical weapons '' . The Guardian . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blister Agent : Sulfur Mustard ( H , HD , HS ) '' . CBWInfo. 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenheck , Dan ( 25 August 2003 ) . `` WMDs : the biggest lie of all '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Third Geneva Convention ( 17 June 1925 ) . `` Text of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention '' . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fassihi , Farnaz ( 27 October 2002 ) . `` In Iran , grim reminders of Saddam 's arsenal '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` History of Chemical and Biological Warfare : 1901 -- 1939 A.D '' . Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response , Pinal County . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930s '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Christopher ( 1996 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Sixty secret mustard gas sites uncovered '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Weapons against Invasion '' . Council for British Archaeology . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Barton J. ( August -- September 1985 ) . `` Why We Did n't Use Poison Gas in World War II '' . American Heritage . 36 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Charles McMoran ( Lord Moran ) ( 1945 ) . The Anatomy of Courage ( 1st ed . ) . London : Constable . Jump up ^ Cook , Tim ( 1999 ) . No Place to Run : The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War . UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0740 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harris , T ; Paxman , J. ( 2002 ) . A higher form of killing : the secret history of chemical and biological warfare . Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6653 - 8 . Jump up ^ L.F. Haber ( February 20 , 1986 ) . The Poisonous Cloud : Chemical Warfare in the First World War . Clarendon Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 1985 - 8142 - 4 . Jump up ^ Joel A. Vilensky ( February 20 , 1986 ) . Dew of Death : The Story of Lewisite , America 's World War I Weapon of Mass . Indiana University Press . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 2533 - 4612 - 6 . Jump up ^ D. Hank Ellison ( August 24 , 2007 ) . Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents , Second Edition . CRC Press . pp. 567 -- 570 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1434 - 8 . Jump up ^ Max Boot ( August 16 , 2007 ) . War Made New : Weapons , Warriors , and the Making of the Modern World . Gotham . pp. 245 -- 250 . ISBN 1 - 5924 - 0315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Warner , Philip ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Loos . Wordsworth Editions . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 84022 - 229 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Gerard ( April 2008 ) . `` Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I '' . American Journal of Public Health . 98 ( 4 ) : 611 -- 625 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2007.11930 . PMC 2376985 . PMID 18356568 . Jump up ^ Croddy , Eric ( 2002 ) . Chemical and Biological Warfare : A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95076 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bothe , Michael ; Ronzitti , Natalino ; Rosas , Allan ( 1998 ) . The new Chemical Weapons Convention -- implementation and prospects . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 208 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1099 - 2 Jump up ^ J.C. ( 17 April 2001 ) . `` Sécurité . Les 55 tonnes d'obus chimiques sont stockées au camp militaire de Suippes '' ( in French ) . L'Humanité . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : J.C. ( 17 April 2001 ) . `` Déminage '' ( in French ) . Sénat . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Browne , Malcomb W. ( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Terror in Tokyo : The Poison ; Sarin Just One of Many Deadly Gases Terrorists Could Use '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cowell , E.M. ( October 1939 ) . `` Chemical Warfare and the Doctor '' . The British Medical Journal . 2 ( 4109 ) : 736 -- 738 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.4109. 736 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Adelno ( July 1937 ) . `` Chemical Warfare as Developed During the World War -- Probable Future Development '' . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 13 ( 7 ) : 397 -- 421 . PMC 1966130 . PMID 19312026 . Jump up ^ Glyn Volans , `` Long - term effects of chemical weapons , '' The Lancet , 360 , ( December 2002 ) : 36 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( November 18 , 2009 ) : 96 . Jump up ^ Mary Fox , Frank Curriero , Kathryn Kulbicki , Beth Resnick , Thomas Burke , `` Evaluating the Community Health Legacy of WWI Chemical Weapons Testing , '' Journal of Community Health , 35 , ( November 18 , 2009 ) : 96 - 97 . Jump up ^ James R. Riddle , `` Chemical Warfare and the Gulf War : A Review of the Impact on Gulf Veterans ' Health , '' Military Medicine , 168 , ( August 2003 ) : 607 . Further reading ( edit ) Freemantle , M. ( 2012 ) . Gas ! GAS ! Quick , boys ! How Chemistry Changed the First World War . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6601 - 9 . MacPherson , W.G. ; Herringham , W.P. ; Elliott , T.R. ; Balfour , A. ( 1923 ) . Medical Services : Diseases of the War : Including the Medical Aspects of Aviation and Gas Warfare and Gas Poisoning in Tanks and Mines . History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II . London : HMSO . OCLC 769752656 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Faith , Thomas I. : Gas Warfare , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . The Vermoral Sprayer ( defensive apparatus ) Article on the Ayrton Fan ( defensive apparatus ) Image of an Ayrton Fan ( defensive apparatus ) Chemical Weapons in World War I Gas Warfare Gas - Poisoning , by Arthur Hurst , M.A. , MD ( Oxon ) , FRCP 1917 effects of chlorine gas poisoning Dulce Et Decorum Est - Wilfred Owen 's famous World War I poem on a chlorine gas attack Understanding Chemical Weapons in the First World War World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Weapons History Modern American Civil War World War I Chemical Germany Infantry World War II Germany France Italy Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Korean War Vietnam War Premodern Medieval European Types Aircraft Ancillary Anti-aircraft Anti-ballistic Anti-personnel Anti-tank Area denial Artillery Biological Chemical Ceremonial Combat vehicle Conventional Crew - served Cyber Deadly Directed - energy Explosive Firearm Hunting Improvised Incendiary Martial arts Mass destruction Melee Non-lethal Offensive Personal Pneumatic Practice Ranged Space Tectonic Torpedo Toy Other Arsenal Industry Mount Criminal possession Science fiction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I&oldid=836966877 '' Categories : Chemical warfare by conflict Environmental impact of war Military equipment of World War I World War I crimes World War I crimes by Imperial Germany World War I crimes by the British Empire and Commonwealth United Kingdom chemical weapons program Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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who used the first poison gas in ww1
[ "The earliest military uses of chemicals were tear-inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons. During World War I, the French army was the first to employ gas, using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate) in August 1914. The small quantities of gas delivered, roughly 19 cm³ per cartridge, were not even detected by the Germans. The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military. As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies, the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone.[7]" ]
[ "the French army" ]
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Wonder Woman (2017 film)
Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $820.4 million Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a studio superhero comic book live - action theatrical release film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict , becoming Wonder Woman in the process . While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , being praised for the direction , performances , action sequences and musical score . The film set numerous box office records , including becoming the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , the biggest domestic opening for a film directed by a woman , the highest - grossing superhero origin film domestically , and the largest opening for a female - led comic book film . Wonder Woman is also the fifth highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th highest - grossing film in the United States . It has grossed over $820 million worldwide , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the seventeenth highest - grossing film franchise of all time . A sequel , Wonder Woman 2 , is set to be released on December 13 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In present - day Paris , Diana Prince receives a photographic plate of herself during World War I , which prompts her to recall her past . The daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian race of warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and worked to orchestrate its destruction . When the other gods of Mount Olympus attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who managed to hurt Ares enough to force a retreat . Zeus left the Amazons a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Hippolyta forbids Diana to train , then relents by having her sister Antiope train Diana , but so long as her training is more difficult than that received by any other warrior in the army . As a young woman in 1918 , Diana rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themyscira coast . He is pursued by a German cruiser . The Amazons kill the crew and Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia . He reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the Spanish chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff . Diana believes Ares is responsible for the war . She arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to find and destroy Ares . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the War Front . Although forbidden by his commanders to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . When the team reaches the Western Front in Belgium , they are halted by the enemy lines . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically and spend the night together . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana each infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing the mission . Ludendorff then unleashes the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Outraged , and blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff but is confused when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns , it is ultimately their decision to cause violence as they are inherently corrupt . She attempts to kill Ares with the Godkiller sword but he destroys it . Ares reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Queen Hippolyta , but he fails to persuade her to help him destroy humankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , the others on Steve 's team destroy Maru 's laboratory . Steve pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but memories of her experience with Steve cause her to realize that mankind has good within it . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve , and reaffirms her new mission to protect and give to the world . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazon princess , god , the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and of Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares , contradicting the earlier claims of Diana being a `` demigoddess '' . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspel was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt , and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' On the message of the film , Wright stated `` Is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An ambitious and iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country , '' further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . '' David Thewlis as Ares : The treacherous son of Zeus and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role but was forced to drop due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Previously , Nielsen had been considered for the role of Superman 's mother , Lara Lor - Van , in Man of Steel . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : A nefarious Spanish chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' . Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's comical , loyal , and friendly secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A French Moroccan secret agent who is a master of disguise and an ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A heavy - drinking Scottish sharpshooter who has already had a tour of duty and has post-traumatic stress disorder . He is an ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot Native American demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Konglsi stated `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Mayling Ng as Orana , Florence Kasumba as Acantha , Madeleine Vall Beijner as Egeria , Hayley Jane Warnes as Aella and Ann Wolfe as Artemis , all of whom are Amazons . Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonina , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero . '' The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . A few years later in 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable . Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack . Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 25 , in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 , 2017 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 months later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - Ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - Ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , had served in the Israeli military . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of September 24 , 2017 , Wonder Woman has grossed $412 million in the United States and Canada and $408.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $820.4 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all - time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest origin superhero film ; supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings , surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews , with some critics calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins ' direction and the performances and chemistry of Gadot and Pine . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 344 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood . Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman Nominated Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Action Movie Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Action Movie Actress Gal Gadot Choice Movie Ship Gal Gadot & Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Chris Pine & Gal Gadot Choice Summer Movie Wonder Woman Choice Summer Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Summer Movie Actress Gal Gadot Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Sequel ( edit ) Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . On August 19 , 2017 , actress Geena Davis stated that she would like very much to play a role in Wonder Woman 2 and that she is in talks with Jenkins about that matter . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . 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Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Cast Unites to Promote ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Going on with Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman banned in Lebanon due to Israeli lead , Gal Gadot '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon Seeks to Ban ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Suspended in Tunisia Amid Opposition to Gal Gadot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan bans screening of ' Wonder Woman ' film over controversy '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jordan Will Not be Banning Wonder Woman '' . Al Bawaba . June 11 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Going To Be Bigger at the Box Office Than Estimates '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Tracking for Solid $65 M Box - Office Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Wonder Woman ' Flies Onto Tracking With Projected $65 M+ Opening , On Par With ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' , Deadline.com , May 12 , 2017 , archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman ' : Early Tracking for Debut All Over the Map , From $65 Million to $105 Million '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Box Office : How Big Is Big Enough ? '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Soars To Record - Breaking $39 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Nabs Marvel - ous $11 M Thursday '' . Forbes . 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Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Terror , Jude ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Geena Davis Available For Wonder Woman 2 Role , Says Geena Davis '' . Bleeding Cool News And Rumors . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . ( The Hollywood Reporter ) ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Official Final Trailer -- Warner Bros. Pictures Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Talks Gal Gadot , Sequel Hopes '' . Forbes , June 28 , 2017 . ( Video clip -- Forbes interview with director Patty Jenkins ) . Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark , Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eris / Strife Eviless The First Born Giganta Hades Medusa Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! 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The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category DC Extended Universe Feature films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' See also Cast Category Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Films directed by Patty Jenkins Monster ( 2003 ) Five ( 2011 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Zack Snyder Films directed Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) 300 ( 2006 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) Man of Steel ( 2013 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Films produced 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) See also Cruel and Unusual Films Deborah Snyder Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)&oldid=802469498 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s action thriller films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2010s war films American films Fantasy war films American war drama films American 3D films American action films American coming - of - age films American epic films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films American superhero films Action adventure films Atlas Entertainment films Chemical war and weapons in popular culture Cruel and Unusual Films films DC Extended Universe films Film scores by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films based on DC Comics Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films directed by Patty Jenkins Films set in 1918 Films set in Belgium Films set in France Films set in Germany Films set in London Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set in the Ottoman Empire Films set in Paris Films set in the United Kingdom Films set on islands Films shot in Italy Films shot in London Films shot in Matera Films shot in Paris Fratricide in fiction Films about revenge IMAX films Performance capture in film Prequel films War adventure films Western Front films ( World War I ) Wonder Woman in film and television Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 10 : 13 . 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who is cast as wonder woman in the new movie
[ "\nGal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:\n" ]
[ "Gal Gadot" ]
-7760362692289894917
Thank You for Being a Friend
Thank You for Being a Friend - wikipedia Thank You for Being a Friend Jump to : navigation , search `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' Side label of U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Andrew Gold from the album All This and Heaven Too B - side `` Still You Linger On '' Released February 1978 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 4 : 41 Label Asylum Records Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Gold Producer ( s ) Andrew Gold Brock Walsh Andrew Gold singles chronology `` I 'm On My Way '' ( 1978 ) `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' ( 1978 ) `` Never Let Her Slip Away '' ( 1978 ) `` I 'm On My Way '' ( 1978 ) `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' ( 1978 ) `` Never Let Her Slip Away '' ( 1978 ) Music video `` Thank You For Being A Friend '' on YouTube `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' is a song written by Andrew Gold , who recorded it for his third album , All This and Heaven Too . The song reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978 . On the Cash Box chart , `` Thank You For Being a Friend '' spent two weeks at # 11 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other versions 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Other versions ( edit ) The song was famously later re-recorded by Cynthia Fee ( also known for her work with Kenny Rogers ) to serve as the theme song for the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls , and recorded again for the series ' CBS spin - off The Golden Palace . Additionally , the song was featured as a dedication to the host on Casey Kasem 's final American Top 20 / 10 , broadcast on Fourth of July weekend in 2009 ; at the end of two World Series games ( Game 5 in 1988 and Game 4 in 1990 ) ; in the It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode `` Mac 's Mom Burns Her House Down '' ; at the end of Super Bowl XL ; in the episode of The Simpsons titled `` Double , Double , Boy in Trouble '' ; on episodes of the TV shows Dancing with the Stars , Family Guy , New Girl , Looking , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ; and on a May 2010 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Betty White , in which past and present cast members sang the song followed by a death metal version of the song performed by White while wearing a ski mask . Elaine Paige and Dionne Warwick released a recording of the song on Paige 's duet album Elaine Paige and Friends in 2010 . Other notables who covered the song include ex-Beatle Ringo Starr whose unreleased recording of the composition was produced by longtime Andrew Gold confederate Peter Asher , and actress / chanteuse Bernadette Peters who used it to open her 1979 live video release Bernadette Peters In Concert . The song was included in the Wearside Jack tape by someone purporting to be the Yorkshire Ripper ; covered by ska - pop band Suburban Legends on their 2015 album Forever in the FriendZone , and re-imagined by Virginia punk - rockers The Blanche Devereauxs on their 2009 LP Midnight Cheesecake Banter . It was also recorded by singer - songwriter and sometime Gold collaborator Stephen Bishop ; ensembles such as the Starlite Singers , Wild Stylerz , Smooch , Bliss , The Blue Rubatos , and Micah 's Rule ; singers Alyssa Bonagura , Angela Galuppo , Valerie DeLaCruz , and Brynn Marie ; and bandleader Brandon Schott , with instrumental interpretations by groups including the London Studio Orchestra , Orlando Pops Orchestra , the Twilight Trio , and the Instrumental All Stars with Dominic Kirwan . Various iterations of the composition have also been used in a number of advertisements , including a commercial for the New York Lottery , a German ad for Toyota , a U.K. ad for KFC , a special one - off ad for Arby 's to commemorate the end of Jon Stewart 's run as host of TV 's The Daily Show , and a web ad for the Radio City Music Hall dance troupe the Rockettes . According to Gold , `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' was `` just this little throwaway thing '' that took him `` about an hour to write . '' The chorus of the song is sampled in Rachel Platten 's song of the same name on the 2017 soundtrack album of My Little Pony : The Movie . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 7 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 5 UK 42 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 15 US Cash Box Top 100 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 57 US Cash Box Top 100 98 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Explore : Soft Rock Top Songs AllMusic '' . Web.archive.org. 2011 - 12 - 14 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 258 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 29 , 1978 Jump up ^ Durkee , Rob . Salute to Andrew Gold , American Top 40 Fun & Games , June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Garber , Megan A Brief History of ' Thank You for Being a Friend ' The Atlantic . September 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1978 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 29 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 30 , 1978 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Single release info from discogs.com ( hide ) The Golden Girls Characters Dorothy Zbornak Rose Nylund Blanche Devereaux Sophia Petrillo Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Spin - offs Empty Nest ( 1988 -- 95 ) Nurses ( 1991 -- 94 ) The Golden Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) International adaptations Bnot HaZahav ( Israel ) Brighton Belles ( UK ) Related Awards and nominations The Golden Girls : Their Greatest Moments `` Thank You for Being a Friend '' Hurricane Saturday Full Moon Over Miami Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_You_for_Being_a_Friend&oldid=816017504 '' Categories : 1978 songs Andrew Gold songs Songs written by Andrew Gold Television theme songs The Golden Girls Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 30 . 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who wrote the song thank you for being a friend
[ "\"Thank You for Being a Friend\" is a song written by Andrew Gold, who recorded it for his third album, All This and Heaven Too. The song reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1978.[2] On the Cash Box chart, \"Thank You For Being a Friend\" spent two weeks at #11.[3]" ]
[ "Andrew Gold" ]
583820275997711638
Ring of Fire
Ring of Fire - wikipedia Ring of Fire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ring of Fire ( disambiguation ) . The Pacific Ring of Fire Tectonic plates of the world M8. 0 + Earthquakes ( 1900 - 2017 10 / 08 ) total of 93 EQs. 82 of them at Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur . In a 40,000 km ( 25,000 mi ) horseshoe shape , it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches , volcanic arcs , and volcanic belts and plate movements . It has 452 volcanoes ( more than 75 % of the world 's active and dormant volcanoes ) . The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum - Pacific belt . About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . The next most seismically active region ( 5 -- 6 % of earthquakes and 17 % of the world 's largest earthquakes ) is the Alpide belt , which extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas and southern Europe . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates . The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward - moving South American Plate . The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate , in Central America . A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate . Along the northern portion , the northwestward - moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc . Farther west , the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand ; this portion excludes Australia , since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate . Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores , and Timor . The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico . The motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes , at multiple times a day , most of which are too small to be felt . The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century : a magnitude 7 event in 1929 ; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 ( Canada 's largest recorded earthquake ) ; and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Andes 1.1 Bolivia 1.2 Chile 1.3 Ecuador 1.4 Peru 2 Central America 2.1 Costa Rica 2.2 Guatemala 3 North American Cordillera 3.1 Mexico 3.2 United States 3.3 Canada 4 Russia 5 Japan 6 The Philippines 7 Indonesia 8 New Zealand 9 Antarctica 10 Land areas 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Andes ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Andean Volcanic Belt . Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Bolivia Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory . The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the Cordillera Occidental , the western limit of the Altiplano plateau . Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile . All Cenozoic volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone ( CVZ ) of the Andean Volcanic Belt that results due to processes involved in the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate . The Central Volcanic Zone is a major upper Cenozoic volcanic province . Apart from Andean volcanoes , the geology of Bolivia hosts the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country . Chile ( edit ) Llaima 's 2008 eruption Main article : Volcanism in Chile The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the National Geology and Mining Service ( SERNAGEOMIN ) Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east . Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Villarrica , one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain . A 6 - km - wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene , more than 0.9 million years ago . A 2 - km - wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active , dominantly basaltic - to - andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera . About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica 's flanks . Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano , but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild - to - moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion . Lahars from the glacier - covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks . The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park . Llaima 's activity has been documented since the 17th century , and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows . The last major eruption occurred in 1994 . Lascar erupting in 2006 Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes , including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano . More recently , a magnitude - 8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27 , 2010 , the Puyehue - Cordón Caulle volcano erupted in 2011 , and a M8. 2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1 , 2014 . The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks , including a magnitude - 7.6 event on 2 April . Lascar is a stratovolcano , is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes . The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago , and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago , activity shifted back to the eastern edifice , where three overlapping craters were formed . Frequent small - to - moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century , along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano . The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993 , producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km ( 5 mi ) northwest of the summit and ash fall in Buenos Aires , Argentina , more than 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the southeast . The latest series of eruptions began on 18 April 2006 and was continuing as of 2011 . Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , immediately north of Cerro Miscanti . Laguna Lejía lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years , but is now showing signs of life . A January 6 , 2002 , nighttime thermal infrared image from ASTER revealed a hot spot in the summit crater , as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano 's edifice , indicating new volcanic activity . Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24 , 2000 , showed no such hot spots . Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile , located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake , in Los Lagos Region . The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within Llanquihue National Reserve . It is a very explosive andesite volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late Pleistocene , producing a volcanic debris avalanche that reached the lake . At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837 , with the latest one in 1972 . One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893 -- 1894 . Violent eruptions ejected 30 - cm bombs to distances of 8 km from the crater , accompanied by voluminous hot lahars . Strong explosions occurred in April 1917 , and a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars . Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow . The last major eruption of Calbuco , in 1961 , sent ash columns 12 -- 15 km high and produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted . A minor , four - hour eruption happened on August 26 , 1972 . Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12 , 1996 . Lonquimay is a stratovolocano of late - Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately southeast of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow - capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello - Nalcas . The volcano last erupted in 1988 , ending in 1990 . The VEI was 3 . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions . Some fatalities occurred . Antuco Volcano is a stratovolocano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja , with its last eruption in 1869 . Villarrica is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name . The volcano is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning `` House of the Pillán '' . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault . Villarrica , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic - andesitic composition , is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions , with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Melting of snow and glacier ice , as well as rainfall , often causes massive lahars , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Ecuador Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night ( 1999 ) . In Ecuador , EPN monitors the volcanic activity in this andean nation . Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes , located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Quito , Ecuador , South America . It is the second - highest summit in the country , reaching a height of 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) . Some consider it the world 's highest active volcano , and it is one of Ecuador 's most active volcanoes . Since 1738 , Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times , resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano . In October 1999 , Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash . Prior to that , the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660 , when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city . At 5,230 m , Sangay Volcano ) is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador , and is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador 's most active ones , erupting three times in recorded history . It exhibits mostly strombolian activity ; the most recent eruption , which started in 1934 , is still going on . Geologically , Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone , and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity . Sangay 's roughly 500,000 - year history is one of instability ; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses , evidence of which still litters its surroundings today . Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park , the other being Tungurahua to the north . As such , it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983 . Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador . Since 1541 , it has erupted over 25 times , with its most recent eruption in 2009 , but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002 . During that eruption , the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km , and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone . On March 30 , 2007 , the mountain spewed ash again . The ash reached a height of about two miles ( 3 km , 11,000 ft ) . Cotopaxi , outside of Quito , started activity in April 2015 . A large increase in earthquakes ( including harmonic tremors ) and SO emissions began . IGPEN reported slight deformation of the edifice , suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano . As of 25 July , the unrest continued , and the most recent major eruption was an ash and steam eruption that occurred on August 14 and 15 , 2015 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Peru Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute . Sabancaya is an active 5,976 - metre ( 19,606 ft ) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northwest of Arequipa . It is the most active volcano in Peru , with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 . Ubinas is another active volcano 5,672 - metre ( 18,609 ft ) in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption . Until 2006 , this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years . On April 23 , 2006 , Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano . On April 28 , 2014 , despite a recent decline in earthquakes , Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28 , 2014 . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Costa Rica The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) at the National University of Costa Rica , in Spanish Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) have a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes , earthquakes , and other tectonic processes in the Central America Volcanic Arc . In 1984 , the OVSICORI - A initiated the operation of a seismographic network designed to monitor seismic and volcanic activity throughout the national territory . Currently , the seismographic network has an analog and a digital registration system . The latter enables online analysis of seismic signals , allowing to expedite the analysis of signals and the study using modern computerized methods . Poás Volcano is an active 2,708 - metre ( 8,885 ft ) stratovolcano located in central Costa Rica ; it has erupted 39 times since 1828 . On February 25 , 2014 , a webcam from the OVSICORI captured the moment a dark cloud exploded about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in the air from a massive crater of the Poás Volcano . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Guatemala In 1902 , the Santa Maria Volcano erupted violently in Guatemala , with the largest explosions occurring over two days , ejecting an estimated 5.5 km ( 1.3 mi ) of magma . The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century , only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 . Today Santiaguito is one of the world 's most active volcanoes. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Santiaguito Volcano , 2003 eruption in Guatemala North American Cordillera ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Mexico The Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Volcanoes of Mexico are related to subduction of the Cocos and Rivera plates to the east , which has produced large , explosive eruptions . Most active volcanoes in Mexico occur in the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , which extends 900 kilometres ( 559 mi ) from west to east across central - southern Mexico . A few other active volcanoes in northern Mexico are related to extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range Province , which splits the Baja California peninsula from the mainland . Popocatépetl , lying in the eastern half of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , is the second - highest peak in Mexico after the Pico de Orizaba . It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico , having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 . The 1982 eruption of El Chichón , which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano , created a 1 - km - wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake . Prior to 2000 , this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks . United States ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the United States Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including the Cascade Volcanic Arc ( red triangles ) The United States Geological Survey and the National Earthquake Information Center ( NEIC ) are located on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines in Golden , Colorado . Both monitor volcanos in the United States ; in the western United States lies the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago , but most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . The arc formed by the subduction of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mi - long fault , running 50 mi ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate over 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( about 40 mi ) down - dip from the deformation front . Further down - dip , a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding occurs . American Cascade Range volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , no oceanic trench is present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude - 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years , suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years . Also , evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen , as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through `` scars '' the tsunami left on the coast , and through Japanese records ( tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific ) . The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5 , 0.3 cu mi , 1.2 km of material erupted ) , exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 am on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , suddenly exposing the partly molten , gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure . The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face . Alaska is known for its seismic and volcanic activity , holding the record for the second - largest earthquake in the world , the Good Friday earthquake , and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760 . Volcanoes can be found not only in the mainland , but also in the Aleutian Islands . The most recent activity in the American portion of the Ring of Fire occurred in early 2009 when Mount Redoubt in Alaska became active and finally erupted late in the evening of March 22 . The eruption ended in May 2009 . Canada ( edit ) Map of young volcanoes in Western Canada See also : Volcanism in Canada The Public Safety Geo - science Program at the Natural Resources Canada undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather , earthquakes , tsunamis , volcanoes , and landslides . British Columbia and Yukon are home to a vast region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire . Several mountains that many British Columbians look at every day are dormant volcanoes . Most of them erupted during the Pleistocene and Holocene . Although none of Canada 's volcanoes are currently erupting , several volcanoes , volcanic fields , and volcanic centers are considered potentially active . Hot springs are at some volcanoes , while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : the Silverthrone Caldera , Mount Meager , Wells Gray - Clearwater volcanic field , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley , Castle Rock , The Volcano , Mount Edziza , Hoodoo Mountain , Crow Lagoon , and Nazko Cone . The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings . The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( sometimes known as the Stikine Volcanic Belt ) is the most active volcanic region in Canada . It formed due to extensional cracking , faulting , and rifting of the North American Plate , as the Pacific Plate grinds and slides past the Queen Charlotte Fault , unlike subduction that produces the volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The region has Canada 's largest volcanoes , much larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . Several eruptions are known to have occurred within the last 400 years . Mount Edziza is a huge volcanic complex that erupted several times in the past several thousand years and has formed several cinder cones and lava flows . The complex comprises the Mount Edziza Plateau , a large volcanic plateau ( 65 km long and 20 km wide ) made of predominantly basaltic lava flows with four large stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau . The associated lava domes and satellite cones were constructed over the past 7.5 million years during five magmatic cycles beginning with eruption of alkali basalts and ending with felsic and basaltic eruptions as late as 1,340 years ago . The blocky lava flows still maintain their original forms . Hoodoo Mountain is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia , which has had several periods of subglacial eruptions . The oldest eruptions occurred about 100,000 years ago and the most recent about 7000 years ago . Hoodoo Mountain is also considered active , so could erupt in the future . The nearby Tseax Cone and The Volcano produced some of Canada 's youngest lava flows , about 150 years old . Mount Edziza , a large shield volcano in northwestern British Columbia Canada 's worst known geophysical disaster came from the Tseax Cone during the 18th century at the southernmost end of the volcanic belt . The eruption produced a 22.5 - km - long lava flow , destroying the Nisga'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke . The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contains abundant tree molds and lava tubes . The event happened at the same time as the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia . Today , the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States ( which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens ) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada . It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate ( a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones , Mount Cayley , Mount Fee , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Meager , the Squamish Volcanic Field , and more smaller volcanoes . The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Morphologically , centers include calderas , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was the 2350 BP eruption of Mount Meager . It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column about 20 km into the stratosphere . The Mount Meager volcanic complex as seen from the east near Pemberton , BC : Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager , and Plinth Peak . The Chilcotin Group is a north - south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 -- 10 million years ago ( Miocene ) or 2 -- 3 million years ago ( Pliocene ) , although with some slightly more recent eruptions ( in the Pleistocene ) . It is thought to have formed as a result of back - arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone . Volcanoes in this belt include Mount Noel , the Clisbako Caldera Complex , Lightning Peak , Black Dome Mountain , and many lava flows . The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel , British Columbia . These volcanoes were formed 8 to 1 million years ago , and the Nazko Cone last erupted only 7,200 years ago . The volcanoes generally get younger moving from the coast to the interior . These volcanoes are thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate sliding westward over a small hotspot , called the Anahim hotspot . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . The belt is defined by three large shield volcanoes ( Rainbow , Ilgachuz and the Itcha Ranges ) and 37 Quaternary basalt centers . Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . However , no Holocene eruptions are known , and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased . Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Russia Avachinsky , an active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East is one of the most various and active volcanic areas in the world , with an area of 472,300 km . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Okhotsk Sea to the west . Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500 - m - deep Kuril - Kamchatka Trench , where rapid subduction of the Pacific Plate fuels the intense volcanism . Almost all types of volcanic activity are present , from stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes to Hawaiian - style fissure eruptions . Over 30 active volcanoes and hundreds of dormant and extinct volcanoes are in two major volcanic belts . The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt , starting in the north at the Shiveluch volcanic complex , which lies at the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka volcanic arcs . Just to the south is the famous Klyuchi volcanic group , comprising the twin volcanic cones of Kliuchevskoi and Kamen , the huge volcanic complexes of Tolbachik and Ushkovsky , and a number of other large stratovolcanoes . The only active volcano in the central belt is found west of here , the huge remote Ichinsky . Farther south , the eastern belt continues to the southern slope of Kamchatka , topped by loads of stratovolcanoes , continuing onto the Kuril Islands , and southwards into Japan . Japan ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Japan About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi Mount Bandai , one of Japan 's most noted volcanoes , rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro . Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes , the largest of which is O - Bandai forming a complex volcano . O - Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe - shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed , forming the Okinajima debris avalanche , which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption . Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years , two of them in historical time , in 806 and 1888 . Seen from the south , Bandai presents a conical profile , but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko - Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption , in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes . Nearly a century ago , the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens . After a week of seismic activity , a large earthquake on July 15 , 1888 , was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion . Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north . Mount Fuji is Japan 's highest and most noted volcano . The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes , remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji 's profile . Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago , accounting for four - fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji . Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago , with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago . Subsequently , intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred , with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows . Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , after which flank vents were active . The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the Tertiary Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano , forming the Fuji Five Lakes . The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic pumice and formed a large new crater on the east flank . Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years . The Philippines ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the Philippines Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world 's second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives , but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows , ash deposits , and later , lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits , thousands of houses were destroyed . Mayon Volcano overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano 's violent eruption in September 1984 . Mayon Volcano is the Philippines ' most active volcano . It has steep upper slopes that average 35 -- 40 ° and is capped by a small summit crater . The historical eruptions of this basaltic - andesitic volcano dates back to 1616 and ranges from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian eruptions . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks . Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas . Taal Volcano has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572 . A devastating eruption occurred in 1911 , which claimed more than a thousand lives . The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish , fairly decomposed ( nonjuvenile ) tephra with a high sulfur content . The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977 , and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water , which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions . Although the volcano has been dormant since 1977 , it has shown signs of unrest since 1991 , with strong seismic activity and ground - fracturing events , as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island . Kanlaon Volcano , the most active volcano in the central Philippines , has erupted 25 times since 1866 . Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small - to - moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano . On August 10 , 1996 , Kanlaon erupted without warning , killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez , who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of volcanoes in Indonesia and 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Mount Merapi in Central Java Major volcanoes in Indonesia The volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active of the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are formed due to subduction zones of three main active tectonic plates namely the Eurasian Plate , Pacific Plate , and Indo - Australian Plate . Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions , for instance , Krakatau for its global effects in 1883 , Lake Toba for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 BP , which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter , and Mount Tambora , for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 . The eruption of Mount Tambora caused widespread harvest failures in Northern Europe , the Northeastern United States , and eastern Canada in 1816 , which was known as the Year Without a Summer . The most active volcanoes are Kelud and Mount Merapi on Java island , which have been responsible for thousands of deaths in the region . Since AD 1000 , Kelud has erupted more than 30 times , of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , while Merapi has erupted more than 80 times . The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity . Another active volcano is Sinabung which erupted since 2013 until now . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in New Zealand and Volcanism in New Zealand Major volcanoes of New Zealand View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford . GNS Science was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences from 1992 to 2005 . GNS Science was partially commercialised , and now operates as a government - owned company rather than as a government department . Originally part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ( DSIR ) , it was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were created in 1992 . As well as undertaking basic research , and operating the national geological hazards monitoring network , GNS Science is employed , both in New Zealand and overseas , by various private groups ( notably energy companies ) , as well as central and local government agencies , to provide scientific advice and information . GNS Science is based in Avalon , Lower Hutt , with facilities in Dunedin and Wairakei . New Zealand contains the world 's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes , and voluminous sheets blanket much of the North Island . The earliest historically - dated eruption was at Whakaari / White Island in 1826 , followed in 1886 by the country 's largest historical eruption at Mount Tarawera . Much of the region north of New Zealand 's North Island is made up of seamounts and small islands , including 16 submarine volcanoes . In the last 1.6 million years , most of New Zealand 's volcanism is from the Taupo Volcanic Zone . Mount Ruapehu , at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone , is one of the most active volcanoes . It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 , and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields . Between major eruptions , a warm acidic crater lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24 , 1953 , when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters , scoria cones , and lava flows . Currently dormant , the field is likely to erupt again with the next `` hundreds to thousands of years '' , a very short timeframe in geologic terms . The field contains at least 40 volcanoes , most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island , erupting 2.3 km of lava . Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Antarctica Mount Erebus , 1972 The Pacific Ring of Fire is completed in the south by the continent of Antarctica , which includes many large volcanoes . The makeup and structure of the volcanoes in Antarctica change largely from the other places around the ring . In contrast , the Antarctic Plate is almost completely surrounded by extensional zones , with several mid-ocean ridges which encircle it , with only a small subduction zone at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , reaching eastward to the remote South Sandwich Islands . The most well known volcano in Antarctica is Mount Erebus , which is also the world 's southernmost active volcano . In many respects the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula is an extension of the Andes , hence the name sometimes used by geologists : `` Antarctandes '' . At the opposite side of the continent , the volcanoes of Victoria Land may be seen as the ' other end ' of the Antarctandes , thus completing the Pacific Ring of Fire and continuing up through the Balleny Islands to New Zealand . Mount Erebus is the second - highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on earth . It is the sixth - highest ultra mountain on an island . With a summit elevation of 3,794 m ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes , Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the current eruptive zone of the Erebus hotspot . The volcanoes of the Victoria Land area are the most well known in Antarctica , most likely because they are the most accessible . Much of Victoria Land is mountainous , developing the eastern section of the Transantarctic Mountains , and the several scattered volcanoes include Mount Overlord and Mount Melbourne in the northern part . Farther south are two more well - known volcanoes , Mount Discovery and Mount Morning , which are on the coast across from Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island . The volcanism in this area is caused by rifting along a number of rift zones increasing mainly north - south similar to the coast . Marie Byrd Land contains the largest volcanic region in Antarctica , covering a length of almost 600 mi ( 970 km ) along the Pacific coast . The volcanism is the result of rifting along the vast West Antarctic Rift , which extends from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to the surrounding area of Ross Island , and the volcanoes are found along the northern edge of the rift . Protruding up through the ice are a large number of major shield volcanoes , including Mount Sidley , which is the highest volcano in Antarctica . Although a number of the volcanoes are relatively young and are potentially active ( Mount Berlin , Mount Takahe , Mount Waesche , and Mount Siple ) , others such as Mount Andrus and Mount Hampton are over 10 million years old , yet maintain uneroded constructional forms . The desert - like surroundings of the Antarctic interior , along with a very thick and stable ice sheet which encloses and protects the bases of the volcanoes , which decreases the speed of erosion by an issue of perhaps a thousand relative to volcanoes in moist temperate or tropical climates . Land areas ( edit ) Papua New Guinea and tectonic plates : Pacific Plate , Australian Plate , Caroline Plate , Banda Sea Plate ( as `` Mer de Banda '' ) , Woodlark Plate , Bird 's Head Plate , Maoke Plate , Solomon Sea Plate , North Bismarck Plate , South Bismarck Plate and Manus Plate ( in French ) Puysegur Trench and Macquarie Ridge Taupo Volcanic Zone Kermadec Islands Tonga Islands Fiji Islands Bougainville and Solomon Islands New Hebrides Arc Bismarck Volcanic Arc , junction Tanimbar and Kai Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Arc Andaman and Nicobar Islands Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Mariana Islands Bonin Islands Izu Islands Philippine Mobile Belt Taiwan Ryukyu Islands Japan , Boso Triple Junction Kuril Islands Kamchatka Peninsula American Cordillera North American Cordillera Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Eastern Alaska , U.S. Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cascade Volcanic Arc and Rio Grande rift Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Central America Volcanic Arc Andes North Volcanic Zone Central Volcanic Zone South Volcanic Zone Austral Volcanic Zone Scotia Arc South Sandwich Islands Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Victoria Land See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Volcanoes portal 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2010 Chile earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Andesite line Geology of the Pacific Northwest Katsuhiko Ishibashi Pacific Rim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire -- Pacific Ring of Fire '' . Geography.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire '' . USGS. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Where do earthquakes occur ? '' . USGS. 2013 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes FAQ '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes Visual Glossary '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , Clive ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix A '' . Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 355 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64112 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Moving slabs '' . This Dynamic Earth . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes in the USA '' . USGS . Jump up ^ Schulz , Sandra S. ; Wallace , Robert E. `` The San Andreas Fault '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Queen Charlotte Islands Region 1984 -- 1996 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Baker , M.C.W. ; Francis , P.W. ( 1978 ) . `` Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes -- Ages and Volumes '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 41 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 1978E&PSL ... 41 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 78 ) 90008 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Red de vigilancia volcánica -- Sernageomin '' . sernageomin.cl . Jump up ^ USGS . `` VDAP Responses at Chaitén in Chile '' . usgs.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chile volcano forces evacuations '' . BBC . January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 8.8 -- OFFSHORE MAULE , CHILE '' . February 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Erebus '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiliques Volcano , Chile '' . Visible Earth . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ La erupción de 1971 , Villarrica Volcano Visual Observation Project . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Distance from Quito to Cotopaxi '' . distancecalculator.globefeed.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Climate and Weather , Kington , J. Collins London , ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes '' . Associated Press . 28 November 1999 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sangay : Synonyms and subfeatures '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Reventador volcano spews lava near Ecuador capital - AP Online HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` A Restless Volcano Puts Ecuador on Edge Once More '' . WIRED. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.igepn.edu.ec/cotopaxi National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute is constantly monitoring Cotopaxi Jump up ^ `` Ecuador declares state of emergency over volcano '' . BBC.com . Jump up ^ volcanodiscovery.com/cotopaxi/news/53218/Cotopaxi-volcano-Ecuador-increased-seismic-activity-volcanic-unrest.html Jump up ^ elcomercio.com/actualidad/volcan-cotopaxi-erupcion-actividad-seguros.html Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Lava Arrives at Ubinas Volcano : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Peru evacuates Ubinas volcano area after ash cloud '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) '' . National University of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ `` Poás Volcano Erupts in Central Costa Rica '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Volcano tourists enjoy the phreatic eruption of the Poás Volcano '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite Record Breaking Eruptions at Poas Volcano the Park Remains Open for Visitors to Enjoy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Volcano Observatory -- About Alaska 's Volcanoes '' . Avo.alaska.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Geoscience Program '' . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Alaska and Northwest Canada '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian volcanoes '' . CAT. INIST . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garibaldi Volcanic Belt '' . Calalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Meager '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chilcotin Plateau basalts '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anahim Volcanic Belt '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Kamchatka & Kuril Islands Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ `` LIST : Japan quake seventh largest in history '' . Smh.com.au. 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ RI sits on Pacific `` ring of fire '' : official Jump up ^ `` GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Science Annual Report '' . GNS. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS CVO . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GeoNet '' . New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Crater Lake Climb '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Central North Island Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contingency Plan for the Auckland Volcanic Field '' ( PDF ) . Auckland Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyong : Antarctica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory '' . New Mexico Tech . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire . Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics at the United States Geological Survey DESCRIPTION : `` Ring of Fire '' , Plate Tectonics , Sea - Floor Spreading , Subduction Zones , `` Hot Spots '' at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory , Vancouver , Washington Web site . Map of the Ring of Fire Ring of Fire , tectonic activity The Ring of Fire at work Physical World Map 2004 - 04 - 01 CIA World Factbook ; Robinson Projection ; standard parallels 38 ° N and 38 ° S Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Related subjects and articles Countries of the Pacific Ring of Fire Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Chile Costa Rica Ecuador East Timor El Salvador Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Papua New Guinea Panama Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States Oceanic Trenches of the Pacific Ring of Fire Aleutian Trench Bougainville Trench Kermadec Trench Izu Bonin Trench Japan Trench Kurile Trench Mariana Trench Middle America Trench Peru -- Chile Trench Philippine Trench Ryukyu Trench Tonga Trench Yap Trench Tectonic Plates of the Pacific Ring of Fire Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Eurasian Plate Explorer Plate Gorda Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate Rivera Plate South American Plate Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire Baker Bulusan Cold Bay Concepción Fuego Fuji Galeras Hood Mount Erebus Krakatoa Mayon Cascade Volcanoes Merapi Momotombo Novarupta Parícutin Pico de Orizaba Pinatubo Popocatépetl Shasta Rainier Ruapehu Nevado del Ruiz Saint Helens Tambora Taranaki Tungurahua Usu Hoodoo Edziza Tseax The Volcano Meager Garibaldi Cayley Silverthrone Volcano Mountain Other Notable Geographic Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire Alaska Aleutian Islands American cordillera Andes Antarctica Bali Borneo Bougainville British Columbia California Cascade Range Challenger Deep Coast Mountains Fais Island Flores Guam Honshū Insular Mountains Java Kamchatka Kurile Islands Luzon Mariana Islands Melanesia Micronesia Mindanao New Guinea North Island ( NZL ) Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Pacific Coast Range Pacific Ocean Polynesia Rocky Mountains San Andreas Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Sierra Madre ( PHL ) Sierra Madre ( USA ) Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental South Island ( NZL ) Sulawesi Timor Washington Yap Yukon Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=809046344 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Volcanology Geographic areas of seismological interest Geography of Oceania Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Hidden categories : Articles using GVP links in vnum format All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 20 : 32 . 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describe the pattern of volcanoes located in and around the pacific ocean
[ "The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates.[7] The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward-moving South American Plate. The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate, in Central America. A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate. Along the northern portion, the northwestward-moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc. Farther west, the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan. The southern portion is more complex, with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands, the Philippines, Bougainville, Tonga, and New Zealand; this portion excludes Australia, since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate. Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores, and Timor. The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico. The motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes, at multiple times a day, most of which are too small to be felt.[8][9] The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century: a magnitude 7 event in 1929; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 (Canada's largest recorded earthquake); and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970.[10]" ]
[ "result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates." ]
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List of career achievements by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
List of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar - wikipedia List of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Jump to : navigation , search This is page of achievements of greatest basketball player of all time - Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 NBA achievements 1.2 College 2 NBA statistics 2.1 Averages 2.2 Totals 3 Career highs 3.1 Regular season 3.2 Playoffs 3.3 40 - point games 3.4 50 - point games 3.5 30 - rebound games 3.6 Top shot - blocking efforts 4 NBA records and former records 4.1 Regular season 4.1. 1 Service 4.1. 2 Scoring 4.1. 3 Field goals 4.1. 4 Rebounding 4.1. 5 Personal fouls 4.1. 6 Blocked shots 4.2 Playoffs 4.2. 1 Service 4.2. 2 Scoring 4.2. 3 Field goals 4.2. 4 Rebounding 4.2. 5 Blocked shots 4.2. 6 Personal fouls 4.3 Finals 4.3. 1 Service 4.3. 2 Scoring 4.3. 3 Field goals 4.3. 4 Blocked shots 4.4 All - Star 4.5 Other records 5 See also 5.1 NBA 5.2 College 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) NBA achievements ( edit ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1995 6 - time NBA champion : 1971 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 10 NBA Finals appearances : 1971 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1989 6 - time NBA Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 2 - time scoring champion : 1971 , 1972 1 - time rebounding leader : 1976 4 - time blocks leader : 1975 -- 1976 , 1979 -- 1980 1 - time field goal percentage leader : 1977 19 - time NBA All - Star : 1970 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1989 Selected , but did not play due to personal reasons in 1973 . 2 - time NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1985 15 - time All - NBA selection : First Team : 1971 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 Second Team : 1970 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1985 11 - time All - Defensive selection : First Team : 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 Second Team : 1970 , 1971 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1984 NBA All - Rookie selection : First Team : 1970 NBA Rookie of the Year : 1970 6 - time The Sporting News Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year : 1985 Ranked # 7 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - time Selected in 1996 as one of the `` 50 Greatest Players in NBA History '' Selected in 1996 as member of one of the `` Top 10 Teams in NBA History '' 1986 -- 87 Los Angeles Lakers ( 65 -- 17 ; . 793 ) A statue of Abdul - Jabbar was unveiled in front of Staples Center on Chick Hearn Court in Los Angeles on November 16 , 2012 . College ( edit ) National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) Three - time NCAA champion ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Most Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Player of the Year ( 1967 , 1969 ) Three - time First Team All - American ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Naismith College Player of the Year ( 1969 ) 3 × First - team All - Pac - 8 ( 1967 -- 1969 ) NBA statistics ( edit ) † Denotes seasons in which Abdul - Jabbar won an NBA Championship Led the league Bold Denotes career highs GP Games played GS Games started W-L Games won - Games lost MIN Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage OFF Offensive rebounds per game DEF Defensive rebounds per game REB Total rebounds per game AST Assists per game STL Steals per game BLK Blocks per game TOV Turnovers per game PF Fouls per game PTS Points per game Averages ( edit ) Season Age Team GP GS MIN FG % FT % OFF DEF REB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS 1969 -- 70 22 - 23 Milwaukee 82 43.1 . 518 . 653 14.5 4.1 3.5 28.8 1970 -- 71 † 23 - 24 Milwaukee 82 82 40.1 . 577 . 690 16.0 3.3 3.2 31.7 1971 -- 72 24 - 25 Milwaukee 81 81 44.2 . 574 . 689 16.6 4.6 2.9 34.8 1972 -- 73 25 - 26 Milwaukee 76 76 42.8 . 554 . 713 16.1 5.0 2.7 30.2 1973 -- 74 26 - 27 Milwaukee 81 81 43.8 . 539 . 702 3.5 11.0 14.5 4.8 1.4 3.5 2.9 27.0 1974 -- 75 27 - 28 Milwaukee 65 64 42.3 . 513 . 763 3.0 11.0 14.0 4.1 1.0 3.3 3.2 30.0 1975 -- 76 28 - 29 Los Angeles 82 82 41.2 . 529 . 703 3.3 13.5 16.9 5.0 1.5 4.1 3.6 27.7 1976 -- 77 29 - 30 Los Angeles 82 82 36.8 . 579 . 701 3.2 10.0 13.3 3.9 1.2 3.2 3.2 26.2 1977 -- 78 30 - 31 Los Angeles 62 62 36.5 . 550 . 783 3.0 9.9 12.9 4.3 1.7 3.0 3.4 2.9 25.8 1978 -- 79 31 - 32 Los Angeles 80 80 39.5 . 577 . 736 2.6 10.2 12.8 5.4 1.0 4.0 3.5 2.9 23.8 1979 -- 80 † 32 - 33 Los Angeles 82 81 38.3 . 604 . 765 2.3 8.5 10.8 4.5 1.0 3.4 3.6 2.6 24.8 1980 -- 81 33 - 34 Los Angeles 80 80 37.2 . 574 . 766 2.5 7.8 10.3 3.4 . 7 2.9 3.1 3.1 26.2 1981 -- 82 † 34 - 35 Los Angeles 76 76 35.2 . 579 . 706 2.3 6.4 8.7 3.0 . 8 2.7 3.0 2.9 23.9 1982 -- 83 35 - 36 Los Angeles 79 79 32.3 . 588 . 749 2.1 5.4 7.5 2.5 . 8 2.2 2.5 2.8 21.8 1983 -- 84 36 - 37 Los Angeles 80 80 32.8 . 578 . 723 2.1 5.2 7.3 2.6 . 7 1.8 2.8 2.6 21.5 1984 -- 85 † 37 - 38 Los Angeles 79 79 33.3 . 599 . 732 2.1 5.8 7.9 3.2 . 8 2.1 2.5 3.0 22.0 1985 -- 86 38 - 39 Los Angeles 79 79 33.3 . 564 . 765 1.7 4.4 6.1 3.5 . 8 1.6 2.6 3.1 23.4 1986 -- 87 † 39 - 40 Los Angeles 78 78 31.3 . 564 . 714 1.9 4.8 6.7 2.6 . 6 1.2 2.4 3.1 17.5 1987 -- 88 † 40 - 41 Los Angeles 80 80 28.9 . 532 . 762 1.5 4.5 6.0 1.7 . 6 1.2 2.0 2.7 14.6 1988 -- 89 41 - 42 Los Angeles 74 74 22.9 . 475 . 739 1.4 3.1 4.5 1.0 . 5 1.1 1.3 2.6 10.1 Career 1,560 36.8 . 559 . 721 2.4 7.6 11.2 3.6 . 9 2.6 2.7 3.0 24.6 Playoffs 237 37.3 . 533 . 740 2.6 6.5 10.5 3.2 1.0 2.4 2.6 3.4 24.3 All - Star 18 13 24.9 . 493 . 820 2.2 7.8 8.3 2.8 . 4 2.1 2.5 3.2 13.9 Totals ( edit ) Season Age Team GP GS W-L MIN FGM FGA FTM FTA OFF DEF REB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS 1969 -- 70 22 - 23 Milwaukee 82 56 - 26 3,534 938 1,810 485 743 1,190 337 283 2,361 1970 -- 71 † 23 - 24 Milwaukee 82 82 66 - 16 3,288 1,063 1,843 470 681 1,311 272 264 2,596 1971 -- 72 24 - 25 Milwaukee 81 81 62 - 19 3,583 1,159 2,019 504 732 1,346 370 235 2,822 1972 -- 73 25 - 26 Milwaukee 76 76 54 - 22 3,254 982 1,772 328 460 1,224 379 208 2,292 1973 -- 74 26 - 27 Milwaukee 81 81 58 - 23 3,548 948 1,759 295 420 287 891 1,178 386 112 283 238 2,191 1974 -- 75 27 - 28 Milwaukee 65 64 35 - 30 2,747 812 1,584 325 426 194 718 912 264 65 212 205 1,949 1975 -- 76 28 - 29 Los Angeles 82 82 40 - 42 3,379 914 1,728 447 636 272 1,111 1,383 413 119 338 292 2,275 1976 -- 77 29 - 30 Los Angeles 82 82 53 - 29 3,016 888 1,533 376 536 266 824 1,090 319 101 261 262 2,152 1977 -- 78 30 - 31 Los Angeles 62 62 37 - 25 2,265 663 1,205 274 350 186 615 801 269 103 185 208 182 1,600 1978 -- 79 31 - 32 Los Angeles 80 80 46 - 34 3,157 777 1,347 349 474 207 818 1,025 431 76 316 282 230 1,903 1979 -- 80 † 32 - 33 Los Angeles 82 81 60 - 22 3,143 835 1,383 364 476 190 696 886 371 81 280 297 216 2,034 1980 -- 81 33 - 34 Los Angeles 80 80 52 - 28 2,976 836 1,457 423 552 197 624 821 272 59 228 249 244 2,095 1981 -- 82 † 34 - 35 Los Angeles 76 76 51 - 25 2,677 753 1,301 312 442 172 487 659 225 63 207 230 224 1,818 1982 -- 83 35 - 36 Los Angeles 79 79 57 - 22 2,554 722 1,228 278 371 167 425 592 200 61 170 200 220 1,722 1983 -- 84 36 - 37 Los Angeles 80 80 53 - 27 2,622 716 1,238 285 394 169 418 587 211 55 143 221 211 1,717 1984 -- 85 † 37 - 38 Los Angeles 79 79 60 - 19 2,630 723 1,207 289 395 162 460 622 249 63 162 197 238 1,735 1985 -- 86 38 - 39 Los Angeles 79 79 61 - 18 2,629 755 1,338 336 439 133 345 478 280 67 130 203 248 1,846 1986 -- 87 † 39 - 40 Los Angeles 78 78 63 - 15 2,441 560 993 245 343 152 371 523 203 49 97 186 245 1,366 1987 -- 88 † 40 - 41 Los Angeles 80 80 60 - 20 2,308 480 903 205 269 118 360 478 135 48 92 159 216 1,165 1988 -- 89 41 - 42 Los Angeles 74 74 50 - 24 1,695 313 659 122 165 103 231 334 74 38 85 95 196 748 Career 1,560 1,074 - 486 57,446 15,837 28,307 6,712 9,304 2,975 9,394 17,440 5,660 1,160 3,189 2,527 4,657 38,387 Playoffs 237 154 - 83 8,851 2,356 4,422 1,050 1,419 505 1,273 2,481 767 189 476 447 797 5,762 All - Star 18 13 9 - 9 449 105 213 41 50 33 84 149 51 6 31 28 57 251 Career highs ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 55 vs. Boston Celtics 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 Field goals made , no misses 11 -- 11 vs. Phoenix Suns 000000001985 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1985 Field goals made 24 ( 2 OT ) vs. Houston Rockets 000000001973 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1973 Field goal attempts 39 at Los Angeles Lakers 000000001972 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1972 Free throws made 20 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Free throw attempts 25 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Rebounds 34 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Defensive rebounds 29 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Assists 14 at Seattle SuperSonics 000000001973 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1973 Minutes played 60 ( 4 OT ) at Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001980 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1980 Playoffs ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 46 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001970 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1970 Field goals made 20 at Chicago Bulls 000000001974 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1974 Field goal attempts 37 vs. Los Angeles Lakers 000000001972 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1972 Free throws made 13 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1977 Free throw attempts 18 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1977 Rebounds 31 vs. New York Knicks 000000001970 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1970 Defensive rebounds 18 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1977 Assists 11 at New York Knicks 000000001970 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1970 Steals 6 at Portland Trail Blazers 000000001985 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1985 Blocked shots 9 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1977 40 - point games ( edit ) 70 times in the regular season 55 with Milwaukee Bucks 15 with Los Angeles Lakers 50 - point games ( edit ) All of Abdul - Jabbar 's 50 - point efforts occurred while he played for the Milwaukee Bucks . His career high as a Laker was 48 points against the Portland Trail Blazers on 000000001975 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1975 . Points Opponent Home / Away Date Minutes played FGM FGA FTM FTA Rebounds Assists 55 Boston Celtics Home 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 47 23 36 9 11 18 53 Cleveland Cavaliers Away 000000001970 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1970 45 20 32 13 14 11 53 Boston Celtics Away 000000001971 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1971 48 22 31 9 14 14 7 53 Cleveland Cavaliers Away 000000001972 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1972 48 23 31 7 9 14 8 53 Philadelphia 76ers Home 000000001972 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1972 48 18 28 17 22 13 9 52 Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001975 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1975 43 18 29 16 20 10 51 Seattle SuperSonics Neutral 000000001970 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1970 min 18 25 15 23 reb ast 51 Boston Celtics Away 000000001972 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1972 48 21 36 9 14 17 7 50 Los Angeles Lakers Away 000000001972 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1972 46 22 39 6 8 8 50 Portland Trail Blazers Home 000000001975 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1975 45 18 30 14 16 15 11 30 - rebound games ( edit ) 3 times in the regular season Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds Rebounds Team Opponent Home / Away Date 5 29 34 Los Angeles Lakers Detroit Pistons Home 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 -- -- 30 Milwaukee Bucks Boston Celtics Away 000000001971 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1971 7 23 30 Los Angeles Lakers New Jersey Nets Away 000000001978 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1978 Top shot - blocking efforts ( edit ) Occurred in playoff competition Blocks Opponent Home / Away Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists 11 Detroit Pistons Away 000000001975 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1975 46 29 21 11 Detroit Pistons Home 000000001978 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1978 43 27 16 11 Kansas City Kings Home 000000001979 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1979 41 25 15 10 ( OT ) Detroit Pistons Home 000000001973 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1973 53 19 16 5 10 ( OT ) Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001975 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1975 49 39 23 5 10 Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001980 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1980 39 28 15 10 Detroit Pistons Home 000000001982 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1982 35 19 10 0 9 Phoenix Suns Away 000000001973 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1973 39 18 17 9 Milwaukee Bucks Away 000000001975 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 1975 45 30 20 5 9 Portland Trail Blazers Home 000000001975 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1975 46 41 20 9 Phoenix Suns Home 000000001977 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1977 26 28 12 9 Golden State Warriors Home 000000001977 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1977 40 40 19 9 New Orleans Jazz Away 000000001978 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1978 48 34 16 6 9 Chicago Bulls Away 000000001978 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1978 44 18 10 8 9 Indiana Pacers Away 000000001978 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1978 40 25 13 8 NBA Records and former Records ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Seasons : 20 ( Milwaukee Bucks , 1969 -- 70 -- 1974 -- 75 ; Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 -- 1988 -- 89 ) Broken by Robert Parish in 1996 -- 97 Games , career : 1,560 Broken by Robert Parish on April 6 , 1996 Minutes , career : 57,446 Scoring ( edit ) Points , career : 38,387 Seasons scoring 2,000 or more points : 9 ( 1969 -- 70 -- 1973 -- 74 , 1975 -- 76 -- 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 -- 1980 -- 81 ) Broken by Michael Jordan and Karl Malone in 1997 -- 98 Seasons scoring 1,000 or more points : 19 ( 1969 -- 70 -- 1987 -- 88 ) Consecutive games scoring 10 or more points : 787 , December 4 , 1977 to December 2 , 1987 Broken by Michael Jordan on December 30 , 1997 Field goals ( edit ) Field goals made , career : 15,837 Field goal attempts , career : 28,307 Rebounding ( edit ) Defensive rebounds , career : 9,394 Broken by Robert Parish on January 26 , 1994 Defensive rebounds , season : 1,111 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Defensive rebounds , game : 29 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Detroit Pistons , December 14 , 1975 Personal fouls ( edit ) Personal fouls , career : 4,657 Blocked shots ( edit ) Seasons leading the league in blocked shots : 4 ( 1974 -- 75 -- 1975 -- 76 , 1978 -- 79 -- 1979 -- 80 ) Tied by Mark Eaton and Marcus Camby Consecutive seasons leading the league in blocked shots : 2 ( 1974 -- 75 -- 1975 -- 76 , 1978 -- 79 -- 1979 -- 80 ) Broken by Dikembe Mutombo in 1995 -- 96 Blocked shots , career : 3,189 Broken by Hakeem Olajuwon on April 21 , 1996 Playoffs ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Years played : 18 Games , career : 237 Broken by Robert Horry on May 13 , 2008 Minutes played , career : 8,851 Broken by Tim Duncan on June 12 , 2014 Minutes played , 7 - game series : 345 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 NBA Finals Scoring ( edit ) Points , career : 5,762 Broken by Michael Jordan on May 31 , 1998 Consecutive games scoring 20 or more points : 57 , April 13 , 1973 to April 5 , 1981 Broken by Michael Jordan on May 2 , 1993 Consecutive games scoring 20 or more points , from start of playoff career : 27 Games scoring 10 or more points , career : 223 Broken by Tim Duncan on June 12 , 2014 Field goals ( edit ) Field goals made , career : 2,356 Field goals made , 4 - game series : 65 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Chicago Bulls , 1974 Western Conference Finals Field goal attempts , career : 4,422 Broken by Michael Jordan on June 10 , 1998 Rebounding ( edit ) Offensive rebounds , 5 - game series : 29 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 1974 Western Conference Semifinals Broken by Hakeem Olajuwon in 1985 Defensive rebounds , 4 - game series : 62 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Chicago Bulls , 1974 Western Conference Finals Defensive rebounds , 5 - game series : 61 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 1974 Western Conference Semifinals Broken by Jack Sikma in 1979 Defensive rebounds , 7 - game series : 95 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Golden State Warriors , 1977 Western Conference Semifinals Blocked shots ( edit ) Blocked shots , career : 476 Broken by Tim Duncan on May 31 , 2012 Blocked shots , 3 - game series : 15 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Denver Nuggets , 1979 Western Conference First Round Broken by Manute Bol in 1989 Blocked shots , 4 - game series : 15 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Portland Trail Blazers , 1977 Western Conference Finals Broken by Mark Eaton in 1986 Blocked shots , game : 9 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Golden State Warriors , April 22 , 1977 Broken by Mark Eaton on April 26 , 1985 Personal fouls ( edit ) Personal fouls , career : 797 Finals ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Highest average , minutes per game , any championship series : 49.3 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 ( 345 / 7 ) Minutes , 7 - game series : 345 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 Minutes , game : 58 , Milwaukee Bucks at Boston Celtics , May 10 , 1974 ( 2 OT ) Broken by Garfield Heard and Jo Jo White on June 4 , 1976 ( 3 OT ) Scoring ( edit ) Points , 4 - game series : 108 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Broken by Rick Barry in 1975 Scoring 20 or more points in all games , 7 - game series : Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 Also achieved by Bob Pettit ( 1960 ) , Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) , Jerry West ( 1962 , 1969 , 1970 ) , Larry Bird ( 1984 ) , Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1994 ) and Kobe Bryant ( 2010 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage , 4 - game series : . 605 ( 46 -- 76 ) , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Broken by Derrek Dickey in 1975 Field goals , 4 - game series : 46 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Blocked shots ( edit ) Blocked shots , career : 116 Blocked shots , 6 - game series : 23 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Philadelphia 76ers , 1980 Broken by Tim Duncan in 2003 All - Star ( edit ) Points , career : 251 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Games , career : 18 Minutes , career : 449 Field goals made , career : 105 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Field goal attempts , career : 213 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Blocked shots , career : 31 Personal fouls , career : 57 Personal fouls , game : 6 ( 1970 ) Other Records ( edit ) All - NBA Team selections : 15 Tied by Kobe Bryant NBA Most Valuable Player Awards ( regular season ) : 6 One of five players in NBA history to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season ( 1975 -- 76 ) Averaged 4.1 blocks and 16.9 rebounds per game . The other four players are Bill Walton ( 1976 -- 77 ) , Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Ben Wallace ( 2001 -- 02 ) , and Dwight Howard ( 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) . One of two players in NBA history to win the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award with two different franchises Abdul - Jabbar won the award with the Milwaukee Bucks in 1971 and with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1985 . Also won by LeBron James with the Miami Heat in 2012 and 2013 and the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . One of fourteen players in NBA history to win at least six NBA championships Also includes Scottie Pippen ( 6 ) , Michael Jordan ( 6 ) , Bob Cousy ( 6 ) , Steve Kerr ( 7 ) 2 as a coach . Robert Horry ( 7 ) , Frank Ramsey ( 7 ) , Jim Loscutoff ( 7 ) , John Havlicek ( 8 ) , Satch Sanders ( 8 ) , K.C. Jones ( 8 ) , Tom Heinsohn ( 8 ) , Sam Jones ( 10 ) , and Bill Russell ( 11 ) See also ( edit ) NBA ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association season field goal percentage leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders College ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' . Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finals Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA and All - ABA Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Postseason Awards : Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New Top 50 '' . SLAM . slamonline.com . June 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived 2009 - 04 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutList of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbarat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Kareem Abdul - Jabbar website Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's Blog Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_career_achievements_by_Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar&oldid=824311198 '' Categories : Career achievements of basketball players Los Angeles Lakers Milwaukee Bucks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
kareem abdul jabbar most points in one game
[ "\n\nStat\nHigh\nOpponent\nDate\n\n\nPoints\n55\nvs. Boston Celtics\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n\n\nField goals made, no misses\n11–11\nvs. Phoenix Suns\n000000001985-12-12-0000December 12, 1985\n\n\nField goals made\n24 (2 OT)\nvs. Houston Rockets\n000000001973-01-25-0000January 25, 1973\n\n\nField goal attempts\n39\nat Los Angeles Lakers\n000000001972-03-17-0000March 17, 1972\n\n\nFree throws made\n20\nat Boston Celtics\n000000001970-03-08-0000March 8, 1970\n\n\nFree throw attempts\n25\nat Boston Celtics\n000000001970-03-08-0000March 8, 1970\n\n\nRebounds\n34\nvs. Detroit Pistons\n000000001975-12-14-0000December 14, 1975\n\n\nDefensive rebounds\n29\nvs. Detroit Pistons\n000000001975-12-14-0000December 14, 1975\n\n\nAssists\n14\nat Seattle SuperSonics\n000000001973-03-21-0000March 21, 1973\n\n\nMinutes played\n60 (4 OT)\nat Cleveland Cavaliers\n000000001980-01-29-0000January 29, 1980\n\n" ]
[ "55" ]
-4225188454531628787
Porgy and Bess
Porgy and Bess - Wikipedia Porgy and Bess Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Porgy and Bess ( disambiguation ) . Porgy and Bess Opera by George Gershwin Boston try - out prior to the Broadway opening Librettist DuBose Heyward Language English Based on Heyward 's novel Porgy Premiere September 30 , 1935 ( 1935 - 09 - 30 ) Colonial Theatre ( Boston ) Porgy and Bess is an English - language opera by the American composer George Gershwin , with a libretto written by author DuBose Heyward and lyricist Ira Gershwin . It was adapted from Heyward 's play Porgy , itself an adaptation of his 1925 novel of the same name . Porgy and Bess was first performed in Boston on September 30 , 1935 , before it moved to Broadway in New York City . It featured a cast of classically trained African - American singers -- a daring artistic choice at the time . After suffering from an initially unpopular public reception due in part to its racially charged theme , a 1976 Houston Grand Opera production gained it new popularity , and it is now one of the best - known and most frequently performed operas . Gershwin read Porgy in 1926 and proposed to Heyward to collaborate on an operatic version . In 1934 , Gershwin and Heyward began work on the project by visiting the author 's native Charleston . In a 1935 New York Times article , Gershwin explained why he called Porgy and Bess a folk opera : `` Porgy and Bess is a folk tale . Its people naturally would sing folk music . When I first began work in the music I decided against the use of original folk material because I wanted the music to be all of one piece . Therefore I wrote my own spirituals and folksongs . But they are still folk music -- and therefore , being in operatic form , Porgy and Bess becomes a folk opera . '' The libretto of Porgy and Bess tells the story of Porgy , a disabled black street - beggar living in the slums of Charleston , South Carolina . It deals with his attempts to rescue Bess from the clutches of Crown , her violent and possessive lover , and Sportin ' Life , her drug dealer . The opera plot generally follows the stage - play . In the years following Gershwin 's death , Porgy and Bess was adapted for smaller scale performances . It was adapted as a film in 1959 . Some of the songs in the opera , such as `` Summertime '' , became popular and frequently recorded songs . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , the trend has been toward productions with greater fidelity to Gershwin 's original intentions . Smaller - scale productions also continue to be mounted . A complete recorded version of the score was released in 1976 ; since then , it has been recorded several times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition history 2 Performance history 2.1 1935 original Broadway production 2.2 1942 Broadway revival 2.3 European premieres 2.4 1952 touring production 2.5 1970 Charleston performances 2.6 1976 Houston Grand Opera production 2.7 Subsequent productions 2.8 2006 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Nunn adaptation ) 2.9 2011 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Paulus adaptation ) 2.10 2014 The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( London production ) 3 Roles 4 Synopsis 4.1 Act 1 4.2 Act 2 4.3 Act 3 5 Racial controversy 6 Musical elements 6.1 Instrumentation 7 Recordings 7.1 Excerpts 7.2 Complete recordings 8 Adaptations 8.1 Film 8.1. 1 1959 film 8.1. 2 Other films 8.2 Television 8.3 Radio 8.4 Concert 8.5 Piano 8.6 Jazz versions 9 Songs 10 Commendations 11 References 12 External links Composition history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) In the fall of 1933 Gershwin and Heyward signed a contract with the Theatre Guild to write the opera . In the summer of 1934 Gershwin and Heyward went to Folly Beach , South Carolina ( a small island near Charleston ) , where Gershwin got a feel for the locale and its music . He worked on the opera there and in New York . Ira Gershwin , in New York , wrote lyrics to some of the opera 's classic songs , most notably `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' . Most of the lyrics , including `` Summertime '' , were written by Heyward , who also wrote the libretto . Performance history ( edit ) 1935 original Broadway production ( edit ) Gershwin 's first version of the opera , running four hours ( counting the two intermissions ) , was performed privately in a concert version in Carnegie Hall , in the fall of 1935 . He chose as his choral director Eva Jessye , who also directed her own renowned choir . The world premiere performance took place at the Colonial Theatre in Boston on September 30 , 1935 -- the try - out for a work intended initially for Broadway where the opening took place at the Alvin Theatre in New York City on October 10 , 1935 . During rehearsals and in Boston , Gershwin made many cuts and refinements to shorten the running time and tighten the dramatic action . The run on Broadway lasted 124 performances . The production and direction were entrusted to Rouben Mamoulian , who had previously directed the Broadway productions of Heyward 's play Porgy . The music director was Alexander Smallens . The leading roles were played by Todd Duncan and Anne Brown . The influential vaudeville artist John W. Bubbles created the role of Sportin ' Life ; the role of Serena was created by Ruby Elzy . After the Broadway run , a tour started on January 27 , 1936 , in Philadelphia and traveled to Pittsburgh and Chicago before ending in Washington , D.C. , on March 21 , 1936 . During the Washington run , the cast -- as led by Todd Duncan -- protested segregation at the National Theatre . Eventually management gave in to the demands , resulting in the first integrated audience for a performance of any show at that venue . Around 1938 , much of the original cast reunited for a West Coast revival ; Avon Long took on the role of Sportin ' Life . Long continued to reprise his role in several of the following productions . 1942 Broadway revival ( edit ) The noted director and producer Cheryl Crawford produced professional stock theater in Maplewood , New Jersey , for three very successful seasons . The last of these closed with Porgy and Bess , which she co-produced with John Wildberg . In re-fashioning it in the style of musical theatre which Americans were used to hearing from Gershwin , Crawford produced a drastically cut version of the opera compared with the first Broadway staging . The orchestra was reduced , the cast was halved , and many recitatives were reduced to spoken dialog . Having seen the performance , theater owner Lee Shubert arranged for Crawford to bring her production to Broadway . The show opened at the Majestic Theatre in January 1942 . Duncan and Brown reprised their roles as the title characters , with Alexander Smallens again conducting . In June the contralto Etta Moten , whom Gershwin had first envisioned as Bess , replaced Brown in the role . Moten was such a success that Bess became her signature role . The Crawford production ran for nine months and was far more successful financially than the original . Radio station WOR in New York broadcast a live one - hour version on May 7 , 1942 . The cast included Todd Duncan , Anne Brown , Ruby Elzy , Avon Long , Edward Matthews , Harriet Jackson , Georgette Harvey , Jack Carr , and the Eva Jesse Choir ; the WOR Symphony was conducted by Alfred Wallenstein . The 12 `` - diameter 78 rpm , glass base , lacquer - coated disks were transferred to open - reel tape on February 6 , 1975 . European premieres ( edit ) On March 27 , 1943 , the opera had its European premiere at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen . Performed during the Nazi occupation of the country , this performance was notable for being performed by an all - white cast made up in blackface . After 22 sold - out performances , the Nazis closed the production . Other all - white or mostly - white productions in Europe , reflecting contemporary demographics in the countries , took place in Zurich , Switzerland , in 1945 and 1950 , and Gothenburg and Stockholm , Sweden in 1948 . Leontyne Price as Bess 1952 touring production ( edit ) Blevins Davis and Robert Breen produced a revival in 1952 which restored much of the music cut in the Crawford version , including many of the recitatives . It divided the opera into two acts , with the intermission occurring after Crown forces Bess to stay on Kittiwah Island . This version restored the work to a more operatic form , though not all of the recitatives were retained . In this version , Porgy and Bess was warmly received throughout Europe . The London premiere took place on October 9 , 1952 at the Stoll Theatre , where the opera continued until February 10 , 1953 . This production 's original cast featured Americans Leontyne Price as Bess , William Warfield as Porgy , and Cab Calloway as Sportin ' Life , a role that Gershwin had composed with him in mind . The role of Clara was played by a young Maya Angelou . Price and Warfield met and wed while on the tour . The role of Porgy was the first for Warfield after his appearance as Joe , singing `` Ol ' Man River '' in the popular 1951 MGM film of Show Boat . After a tour of Europe financed by the United States Department of State , the production came to Broadway 's Ziegfeld Theatre in March 1953 . It later toured North America . After completing its North American run in Montreal , the company embarked on an international tour , with LeVern Hutcherson as Porgy and Gloria Davy as Bess . The production first performed in Venice , Paris , and London , and in other cities in Belgium , Germany , Greece , Italy , Switzerland , and Yugoslavia . The company also made a stop at the Cairo Opera House in Egypt in January 1955 . In 1955 -- 1956 the company toured in cities in the Middle East , Africa , Russia , and Latin America . During this tour , Porgy and Bess was presented for the first time at La Scala in Milan in February 1955 . A historic yet tense premiere took place in Moscow in December 1955 ; it was during the Cold War and the first time an American theater group had been to the Soviet capital since the Bolshevik Revolution . Author Truman Capote traveled with the cast and crew , and wrote an account included in his book The Muses Are Heard . 1970 Charleston performances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first performances of Porgy and Bess in Charleston , South Carolina , were presented in 1970 as part of South Carolina 's Tricentennial celebration . The performances were a collaborative effort of the Choraliers Music Club , led by James Edwards , and the Charleston Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Lucien DeGroote . The part of Porgy was played by Reuben Wright . The collaboration of the two groups was evidence that race relations in Charleston had improved . In 1971 excerpts from the opera were presented by the same performers during the inauguration festivities for Governor John C. West . Inclusion of this interracial performance at this time was further evidence of improvement in race relations in South Carolina . 1976 Houston Grand opera production ( edit ) During the 1960s and early 1970s , Porgy and Bess mostly languished on the shelves , a victim of its perceived racism . Though new productions took place in 1961 and 1964 , along with a Vienna Volksoper premiere in 1965 ( again with William Warfield as Porgy ) , these did little to change many African Americans ' opinions of the work . Many music critics still had not accepted it as a true opera . A new staging of Porgy and Bess was produced by the Houston Grand Opera in 1976 under music director John DeMain ; it restored the complete original score for the first time . Following its debut in Houston , the production opened on Broadway at the Uris Theatre on September 25 , 1976 and was recorded complete by RCA Records . This version was very influential in turning the tide of opinion about the work . For the first time , an American opera company , not a Broadway production company , had tackled the opera . This production was based on Gershwin 's original full score . It did not incorporate the cuts and other changes which Gershwin had made before the New York premiere , nor the ones made for the 1942 Cheryl Crawford revival or the 1959 film version . It allowed the public to take in the operatic whole as first envisioned by the composer . In this light , Porgy and Bess was accepted as an opera . Donnie Ray Albert and Robert Mosley alternated performances in the role of Porgy . Clamma Dale and Larry Marshall starred , respectively , as Bess and Sportin ' Life . This production won the Houston Grand Opera a Tony Award -- the only opera ever to receive one -- and a Grammy Award . The conductor was John DeMain . Subsequent productions ( edit ) Another Broadway production was staged in 1983 at Radio City Music Hall with conductor C. William Harwood , based on the Houston production . The Metropolitan Opera finally presented a production of Porgy and Bess in 1985 after considering it since the 1930s . It opened February 6 , 1985 with a cast including Simon Estes , Grace Bumbry , Bruce Hubbard , Gregg Baker and Florence Quivar . The Met production was directed by Nathaniel Merrill and designed by Robert O'Hearn . The conductor was James Levine . The production received 16 performances in its first season and was revived in 1986 , 1989 and 1990 , for a total of 54 performances . Trevor Nunn first tackled the work in an acclaimed 1986 production at England 's Glyndebourne Festival . The 1986 Trevor Nunn production was scenically expanded and videotaped for television in 1993 ( see below in `` Television '' ) . These productions were also based on the `` complete score , '' without incorporating Gershwin 's revisions . A semi-staged version of this production was performed at the Proms in 1998 . The centennial celebration of the Gershwin brothers from 1996 -- 1998 included a new production as well . On February 24 -- 25 , 2006 , the Nashville Symphony , under the direction of John Mauceri , gave a concert performance at the Tennessee Performing Arts Center . It incorporated Gershwin 's cuts made for the New York premiere , thus giving the audience an idea of what the opera sounded like on its Broadway opening . In 2000 and 2002 the New York City Opera had a revival directed by Tazewell Thompson . In 2007 , Los Angeles Opera staged a revival directed by Francesca Zambello and conducted by John DeMain , who led the history - making Houston Opera revival of Porgy and Bess in 1976 . South Africa 's Cape Town Opera has frequently performed Porgy and Bess abroad , most notably with the Welsh National Opera , NorrlandsOperan , Deutsche Oper Berlin and at the Wales Millennium Centre , Royal Festival Hall and Edinburgh Festival Theatre . In October 2010 , its planned tour of the opera to Israel was criticised by Desmond Tutu . 2006 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Nunn adaptation ) ( edit ) The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess premiered on November 9 , 2006 , at the Savoy Theatre ( London ) , directed by Trevor Nunn . ( Although that was the title given to this production , the 1993 television adaptation of Nunn 's 1986 production had also used it . ) For this new production , he adapted the lengthy opera to fit the conventions of musical theatre . Working with the Gershwin and Heyward estates , Nunn used dialogue from the original novel and subsequent Broadway stage play to replace the recitatives with naturalistic scenes . He did not use operatic voices in this production , but relied on musical theatre actors as leads . Gareth Valentine provided the musical adaptation . Despite mostly positive reviews , Nunn 's production closed months early due to poor box office . This original cast of this version included Clarke Peters as Porgy , Nicola Hughes as Bess , O.T. Fagbenle as Sportin ' Life , and Cornell S. John as Crown . 2011 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( Paulus adaptation ) ( edit ) Another production titled The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess , directed by Diane Paulus , with book adapted by Suzan - Lori Parks , and music adapted by Diedre Murray , was presented by the American Repertory Theater ( ART ) in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Broadway production was produced by Buddy Freitag and Barbara Freitag . Previews started August 17 , and the show opened August 31 , 2011 . Following Trevor Nunn 's latest production of the work , the ART Porgy was the second production initiated by the Gershwin and Heyward estates to adapt the opera for the musical theatre stage . Again spoken dialogue , here written by Parks , replaced the opera 's sung recitatives . William David Brohn and Christopher Jahnke created new orchestrations for the production . Prior to the opening , Paulus , Parks and Murray made statements to the press about the production 's primary goal being to `` introduce the work to the next generation of theatergoers '' . They discussed changes to the opera 's plot , dialogue and score that were being explored to make the work more appealing to a contemporary audience . In response , Stephen Sondheim wrote an editorial letter criticizing Paulus , McDonald and Park 's `` disdain '' toward the work , and criticized the new title because it underplayed the contribution of Heyward . Critic Hilton Als countered in The New Yorker that Sondheim had very little exposure to black culture and that the Paulus version succeeded in `` humanizing the depiction of race onstage . '' The production began previews on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in December 2011 and officially opened on January 12 , 2012 . The original cast included Audra McDonald as Bess , Norm Lewis as Porgy , David Alan Grier as Sportin ' Life , Phillip Boykin as Crown , Nikki Renee Daniels as Clara , and Joshua Henry as Jake . All of the major roles are played by the same cast as in Cambridge . Early reviews of the show were positive to mixed . All praised McDonald 's performance of Bess , but critics were divided on the success of the adaptation , staging and setting . Some praised the intimate scale of the drama and the believability of the performances ; others found the staging to be unfocused and the settings to lack atmosphere . Time magazine ranked the show as its number two choice among theatre productions in 2011 . The production was nominated for 10 awards in the 2012 Tony Awards , winning Best Revival of a Musical and Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for McDonald . The production ran through September 23 , 2012 . It played 322 performances , 17 more than the 1953 revival , making it the longest - running production of Porgy and Bess on Broadway thus far . 2014 the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( London production ) ( edit ) This production ran at the Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre from 17 July to 23 August . Cast members included Rufus Bonds Jr ( Porgy ) , Nicola Hughes ( Bess ) , Cedric Neal ( Sportin ' Life ) , Phillip Boykin ( Crown ) , Sharon D. Clarke ( Mariah ) , Jade Ewen ( Clara ) and Golda Rosheuvel ( Serena ) . The production was directed by Timothy Sheader , and also used the book adapted by Suzan - Lori Parks , and music adapted by Diedre Murray . It was nominated at the Olivier Awards for Best Musical Revival . Roles ( edit ) Role Voice type Premiere cast September 30 , 1935 ( Conductor : Alexander Smallens ) Porgy , a disabled beggar bass - baritone Todd Duncan Bess , Crown 's girl soprano Anne Brown Crown , a tough stevedore baritone Warren Coleman Sportin ' Life , a dope peddler tenor John W. Bubbles Robbins , an inhabitant of Catfish Row tenor Henry Davis Serena , Robbins ' wife soprano Ruby Elzy Jake , a fisherman baritone Edward Matthews Clara , Jake 's wife soprano Abbie Mitchell Maria , keeper of the cook - shop contralto Georgette Harvey Mingo tenor Ford L. Buck Peter , the honeyman tenor Gus Simons Lily , Peter 's wife soprano Helen Dowdy Frazier , a black `` lawyer '' baritone J. Rosamond Johnson Annie mezzo - soprano Olive Ball Strawberry woman mezzo - soprano Helen Dowdy Jim , a cotton picker baritone Jack Carr Undertaker baritone John Garth Nelson tenor Ray Yeates Crab man tenor Ray Yeates Scipio , a small boy boy soprano Mr. Archdale , a white lawyer spoken George Lessey Detective spoken Alexander Campbell Policeman spoken Burton McEvilly Coroner spoken George Carleton The Eva Jessye Choir , led by Eva Jessye With the exception of the small speaking roles , all of the characters are black . Synopsis ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Place : Catfish Row , a fictitious black tenement ( once , a mansion of the aristocracy ) on the waterfront of Charleston , South Carolina . Time : The `` recent past '' ( c. 1930 ) . Act 1 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , a summer evening The opera begins with a short introduction which segues into an evening in Catfish Row . Jasbo Brown entertains the community with his piano playing . Clara , a young mother , sings a lullaby to her baby ( `` Summertime '' ) as the working men prepare for a game of craps ( `` Roll them Bones '' ) . One of the players , Robbins , scorns his wife Serena 's demands that he not play , retorting that on a Saturday night , a man has the right to play . Clara 's husband , the fisherman Jake , tries his own lullaby ( `` A Woman is a Sometime Thing '' ) with little effect . Little by little , other characters in the opera enter Catfish Row , among them Mingo , another fisherman , and Jim , a stevedore who , tired of his job , decides to give it up and join Jake and the other fishermen . Porgy , a disabled beggar , enters on his goat cart to organize the game . Peter , an elderly `` honey man '' returns , singing his vendor 's call . Crown , a strong and brutal stevedore , storms in with his woman , Bess , and buys cheap whiskey and some `` Happy Dust '' off the local dope peddler , Sportin ' Life . Bess is shunned by the women of the community , especially the pious Serena and the matriarchal cookshop owner Maria , but Porgy softly defends her . The game begins . One by one , the players get crapped out , leaving only Robbins and Crown , who has become extremely drunk . When Robbins wins , Crown attempts to prevent him from taking his winnings . A brawl ensues , which ends when Crown stabs Robbins with a cotton hook , killing him . Crown runs , telling Bess to fend for herself but that he will be back for her when the heat dies down . Sportin ' Life gives her a dose of happy dust and offers to take her with him when he goes to New York , but she rejects him . He flees , and Bess begins to pound on doors , but is rejected by all of the residents of Catfish Row , with the exception of Porgy , who lets her in . Scene 2 : Serena 's Room , the following night `` My Man 's Gone Now '' sung by Cynthia Clarey in the Glyndebourne production ( stage version ) The mourners sing a spiritual to Robbins ( `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' ) . To raise money for his burial , a saucer is placed on his chest for the mourners ' donations ( `` Overflow '' ) . Bess enters with Porgy and attempts to donate to the burial fund , but Serena rejects her money until Bess explains that she is now living with Porgy . A white detective enters and coldly tells Serena that she must bury her husband the next day , or his body will be given to medical students ( for dissection ) . He suddenly accuses Peter of Robbins 's murder . Peter denies his guilt and says Crown was the murderer . The Detective orders Peter to be arrested as a material witness , whom he will force to testify against Crown . Serena laments her loss in `` My Man 's Gone Now '' . The undertaker enters . The saucer holds only fifteen dollars of the needed twenty - five , but he agrees to bury Robbins as long as Serena promises to pay him back . Bess , who has been sitting in silence slightly apart from the rest of those gathered , suddenly begins to sing a gospel song and the chorus joyfully join in , welcoming her into the community . ( `` Oh , the Train is at de Station '' ) Act 2 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , a month later , in the morning Jake and the other fishermen prepare for work ( `` It take a long pull to get there '' ) . Clara asks Jake not to go because it is time for the annual storms , but he tells her that they desperately need the money . This causes Porgy to sing from his window about his new , happy - go - lucky outlook on life . ( `` I got plenty o ' nuttin '' ) . Sportin ' Life waltzes around selling `` happy dust '' , but soon incurs the wrath of Maria , who threatens him . ( `` I hates yo ' struttin ' style '' ) . A fraudulent lawyer , Frazier , arrives and farcically divorces Bess from Crown . When he discovers Bess and Crown were not married , he raises his price from a dollar to a dollar and a half . Archdale , a white lawyer , enters and informs Porgy that Peter will soon be released . The bad omen of a buzzard flies over Catfish Row and Porgy demands that it leave now that he finally has found happiness . ( `` Buzzard keep on flyin ' over '' . ) As the rest of Catfish Row prepares for the church picnic on nearby Kittiwah Island , Sportin ' Life again offers to take Bess to New York with him ; she refuses . He attempts to give her some `` happy dust '' despite her claims that she 's given up drugs , but Porgy grabs his arm and scares him off . Sportin ' Life leaves , reminding Bess as he goes that her men friends come and go , but he will be there all along . Bess and Porgy are now left alone , and express their love for each other ( `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ) . The chorus re-enters in high spirits as they prepare to leave for the picnic ( `` Oh , I ca n't sit down '' ) . Bess is invited to the picnic by Maria , but she demurs as Porgy can not come ( due to his disability , he can not get on the boat ) , but Maria insists . Bess leaves Porgy behind as they go off to the picnic . Porgy watches the boat leave ( `` I got plenty o ' nuttin '' reprise ) . Scene 2 : Kittiwah Island , that evening The chorus enjoys themselves at the picnic ( `` I ai n't got no shame '' ) . Sportin ' Life presents the chorus his cynical views on the Bible ( `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ) , causing Serena to chastise them ( `` Shame on all you sinners ! '' ) . Everyone gets ready to leave . As Bess , who has lagged behind , tries to follow them , Crown emerges from the bushes . He reminds her that Porgy is `` temporary '' and laughs off her claims that she has been living decently now . Bess wants to leave Crown forever and attempts to make him forget about her ( `` Oh , what you want wid Bess ? '' ) but Crown refuses to give her up . He grabs her and will not let her go to the boat , which leaves without her , and then forcefully kisses her . He laughs at his conquest as her resistance begins to fail , and commands her to get into the woods , where his intentions are only too clear . Scene 3 : Catfish Row , a week later , just before dawn A week later , Jake leaves to go fishing with his crew , one of whom observes that it looks as if a storm is coming in . Peter , still unsure of his crime , returns from prison . Meanwhile , Bess is lying in Porgy 's room delirious with fever , which she has had ever since returning from Kittiwah Island . Serena prays to remove Bess 's affliction ( `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' ) , and promises Porgy that Bess will be well by five o'clock . As the day passes , a strawberry woman , Peter ( the Honey Man ) and a crab man each pass by with their wares ( `` Vendors ' Trio '' ) . As the clock chimes five , Bess recovers from her fever . Porgy tells Bess that he knows she has been with Crown , and she admits that Crown has promised to return for her . Porgy tells her she is free to go if she wants to , and she tells him that although she wants to stay , she is afraid of Crown 's hold on her . Porgy asks her what would happen if there was no Crown , and Bess tells Porgy she loves him and begs him to protect her , and he promises that she will never have to be afraid again ( `` I Loves You , Porgy '' ) . Clara watches the water , fearful for Jake . Maria tries to allay her fears , but suddenly the hurricane bell begins to ring . Scene 4 : Serena 's Room , dawn of the next day The residents of Catfish Row are all gathered in Serena 's room for shelter from the hurricane . They drown out the sound of the storm with prayers and hymns ( `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' ) while Sportin ' Life mocks their assumption that the storm is a signal of Judgment Day . Clara desperately sings her lullaby ( `` Summertime '' ( reprise ) ) . A knock is heard at the door , and the chorus believes it to be Death ( `` Oh there 's somebody knocking at the door '' ) . Crown enters dramatically , having swum from Kittiwah Island , seeking Bess . He shows no fear of God , claiming that after the long struggle from Kittiwah , God and he are friends . The chorus tries to drown out his blaspheming with more prayer , and he taunts them by singing a vulgar song . ( `` A red - headed woman '' ) . Suddenly , Clara sees Jake 's boat float past the window , upside - down , and she runs out to try to save him , handing her baby to Bess . Bess asks that one of the men go out with her , and Crown taunts Porgy , who can not go . Crown goes himself , yelling out as he leaves `` Alright , Big Friend ! We 're on for another Bout ! '' The chorus continue to pray as the storm rises . Act 3 ( edit ) Scene 1 : Catfish Row , the next night A group of women mourn Clara , Jake , and all of those who have been killed in the storm ( `` Clara , Clara , do n't you be downhearted '' ) . When they begin to mourn for Crown as well , Sportin ' Life laughs at them and is told off by Maria . He insinuates that Crown may not be dead , and observes that when a woman has a man , maybe she 's got him for keeps , but if she has two men , then it 's highly likely she 'll end up with none . Bess is heard singing Clara 's lullaby to her baby , whom she is now taking care of . ( `` Summertime '' ( reprise ) ) . Once Catfish Row is dark , Crown stealthily enters to claim Bess , but is confronted by Porgy . A fight ensues which ends when Porgy kills Crown . Porgy exclaims to Bess , `` You 've got a man now . You 've got Porgy ! '' Scene 2 : Catfish Row , the next afternoon The detective enters and talks with Serena and her friends about the murders of Crown and Robbins . They deny knowledge of Crown 's murder , frustrating the detective . Needing a witness for the coroner 's inquest , he next questions an apprehensive Porgy . Once Porgy admits to knowing Crown , he is ordered to come and identify Crown 's body . Sportin ' Life tells Porgy that corpses bleed in the presence of their murderers , and the detective will use this to hang Porgy . Porgy refuses to identify the body , but is dragged off anyway . Bess is distraught , and Sportin ' Life puts his plan into action . He tells her that Porgy will be locked up for a long time , and points out that he is the only one still here . He offers her happy dust , and though she refuses , he forces it on her . After she takes a whiff , he paints a seductive picture of her life with him in New York ( `` There 's a boat dat 's leavin ' soon for New York '' ) . She regains her strength and rushes inside , slamming the door on his face , but he leaves a packet of happy dust on her doorstep , and settles down to wait . Scene 3 : Catfish Row , a week later On a beautiful morning , Porgy is released from jail , where he has been arrested for contempt of court after refusing to look at Crown 's body . He returns to Catfish Row much richer after playing craps with his cellmates . He gives gifts to the residents , and pulls out a beautiful red dress for Bess . He does not understand why everyone seems so uneasy at his return . He sees Clara 's baby is now with Serena and realizes something is wrong . He asks where Bess is . Maria and Serena tell him that Bess has run off with Sportin ' Life to New York ( `` Oh Bess , Oh Where 's my Bess ? '' ) . Porgy calls for his goat cart , and resolves to leave Catfish Row to find her . He prays for strength , and begins his journey . ( `` Oh , Lawd , I 'm on my way '' ) Racial controversy ( edit ) From the outset , the opera 's depiction of African Americans attracted controversy . Problems with the racial aspects of the opera continue to this day . Virgil Thomson , a white American composer , stated that `` Folklore subjects recounted by an outsider are only valid as long as the folk in question is unable to speak for itself , which is certainly not true of the American Negro in 1935 . '' Duke Ellington was supposed to have stated `` the times are here to debunk Gershwin 's lampblack Negroisms . '' ( Ellington 's response to the 1952 Breen revival was completely the opposite . His telegram to the producer read : `` Your Porgy and Bess the superbest , singing the gonest , acting the craziest , Gershwin the greatest . '' ) Several of the members of the original cast later stated that they , too , had concerns that their characters might play into a stereotype that African Americans lived in poverty , took drugs and solved their problems with their fists . A planned production by the Negro Repertory Company of Seattle in the late 1930s , part of the Federal Theatre Project , was cancelled because actors were displeased with what they viewed as a racist portrayal of aspects of African American life . The director initially envisioned that they would perform the play in a `` Negro dialect . '' These Pacific Northwest African American actors , who did not speak in such dialect , would be coached in it . Florence James attempted a compromise of dropping the use of dialect but the production was canceled . Another production of Porgy and Bess , this time at the University of Minnesota in 1939 , ran into similar troubles . According to Barbara Cyrus , one of the few black students then at the university , members of the local African - American community saw the play as `` detrimental to the race '' and as a vehicle that promoted racist stereotypes . The play was cancelled due to pressure from the African - American community , which saw their success as proof of the increasing political power of blacks in Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The belief that Porgy and Bess was racist gained strength during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement of the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s . As these movements advanced , Porgy and Bess was seen as more and more out of date . When the play was revived in the 1960s , social critic and African - American educator Harold Cruse called it , `` The most incongruous , contradictory cultural symbol ever created in the Western World . '' In the 1976 Houston Opera production , the director , Sherwin Goldman , had trouble finding interested performers . Goldman , a white Texas native and a graduate of Yale and Oxford Universities , recalled , `` I was auditioning singers all around the country , I guess thirty cities in all , from theater groups to church choirs , but was having a hard time finding directors ... I do n't think there was a single black person , of those who had never been associated with Porgy , who did n't seriously bad - mouth it . '' Nevertheless , a cast was assembled of African American classically trained performers from all around the country . Gershwin 's all - black opera was also unpopular with some celebrated black artists . Harry Belafonte declined to play Porgy in the late 1950s film version , so the role went to Sidney Poitier . Betty Allen , president of The Harlem School of the Arts , admittedly loathed the piece , and Grace Bumbry , who excelled in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production as Bess , made the often cited statement : I thought it beneath me , I felt I had worked far too hard , that we had come far too far to have to retrogress to 1935 . My way of dealing with it was to see that it was really a piece of Americana , of American history , whether we liked it or not . Whether I sing it or not , it was still going to be there . Over time , however , the opera gained acceptance from the opera community and some ( though not all ) in the African - American community . Maurice Peress stated in 2004 that `` Porgy and Bess belongs as much to the black singer - actors who bring it to life as it does to the Heywards and the Gershwins . '' Indeed , Ira Gershwin stipulated that only blacks be allowed to play the lead roles when the opera was performed in the United States , launching the careers of several prominent opera singers . That Gershwin sought to write a true jazz opera , and that he believed that Metropolitan Opera staff singers could never master the jazz idiom , but could instead only be sung by a black cast , seems to indicate he did not intend the work to belittle African - Americans . Some black singers were overjoyed at Gershwin 's work going so far as to describe him as the `` Abraham Lincoln of Negro music '' . The source of much of the racial controversy seems to arise from the miscegenation of Gershwin 's jazz experience . Gershwin wrote Porgy through an idiom of jazz that was influenced by Western European opera traditions , African - American music , and Russian - Jewish music . During the era of apartheid in South Africa , several South African theatre companies planned to put on all - white productions of Porgy and Bess . Ira Gershwin , as heir to his brother , consistently refused to permit these productions to be staged . But in 2009 , Cape Town Opera 's production , set in 1970s South Africa and inspired by life in Soweto , toured Britain , opening at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff and going on to the Royal Festival Hall in London and Edinburgh Festival Theatre . Most of the cast were black South Africans ; American singers involved in the production have found the `` passionate identification with the opera '' by the South African singers `` a wake - up call '' . `` I think we 've got a little jaded in the US with Porgy and Bess , '' says Lisa Daltirus , one of two singers who will play Bess on the UK tour . `` A lot of people just think that this is a show that is lovely to listen to and happened way back when . They 're not thinking that you can still find places where this is real . And if we 're not careful we could be right back there . '' -- The Times , London , October 16 , 2009 Musical elements ( edit ) In the summer of 1934 , George Gershwin worked on the opera in Charleston , South Carolina . He drew inspiration from the James Island Gullah community , which he felt had preserved some African musical traditions . This research added to the authenticity of his work . The music itself reflects his New York jazz roots , but also draws on southern black traditions . Gershwin modeled the pieces after each type of folk song which the composer knew about ; jubilees , blues , praying songs , street cries , work songs , and spirituals are blended with traditional arias and recitatives . The most fundamental influences on the composition and orchestrations in evidence throughout Porgy and Bess , aside from those of American Jazz and Black religious music , are the European composers whose music Gershwin studied and absorbed during his tutelage with the likes of Edward Kilenyi , Rubin Goldmark , Charles Hambitzer , and Henry Cowell . Cowell 's key contribution , however , may have been to suggest that Gershwin study with Joseph Schillinger , whose influence , if not as important as his followers claim , is notable throughout . Some commenters have believed they heard simililarities to melodies heard in Jewish liturgical music in Gershwin 's opera . Gershwin biographer Edward Jablonski heard a similarity between the melody of `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' and the Haftarah blessing , while others hear similarities with Torah blessing . In a sociological survey of Jewish American culture , the author remarked , `` One musicologist detected ' an uncanny resemblance ' between the folk tune ' Havenu ( sic ) Shalom Aleichem ' and the spiritual ( sic ) ' It Take a Long Pull to Get There ' from Porgy and Bess . '' The score makes use of a series of leitmotifs . Many of these represent individual characters : some of these are fragments of the opera 's set numbers ( Sportin ' Life , for example , is frequently represented by the melody which sets the title words of `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ) . Other motifs represent objects ( such as the sleazy chromatic `` Happy Dust '' motif ) or places , notably Catfish Row . Many of the through - composed passages of the score combine or develop these leitmotifs in order to reflect the on - stage action . Particularly sophisticated uses of this techniques can be seen after the aria `` There 's a boat dat 's leaving soon for New York '' in act 3 , scene 2 . The opera also frequently reprises its set numbers ( these might be considered extended Leitsektionen ) . Notable in this respect are the reprises of `` Bess , you is my woman now '' and `` I got plenty o ' nuttin ' '' which conclude act 2 , scene 1 . The song `` Summertime '' is stated four times alone . The duration of the work is about 180 minutes . Instrumentation ( edit ) The work is scored for two flutes ( second doubling piccolo ) , two oboes ( second doubling English horn ) , three clarinets in B - flat ( second and third doubling alto saxophones ) , one bass clarinet in B - flat ( doubling fourth clarinet and tenor saxophone ) , one bassoon ; three French horns in F , three trumpets in B - flat , one trombone , one bass trombone , one tuba ; a percussion section that includes timpani , xylophone , triangle , glockenspiel , suspended and crash cymbals , antique cymbals , snare drum , tom - toms , bass drum , African drums , tubular bells , wood block , temple blocks , sandpaper and train whistle ; one piano ; and strings . Recordings ( edit ) Main article : Porgy and Bess discography The 1976 and 1977 recordings of the opera won Grammy Awards for Best Opera Recording , making Porgy and Bess the only opera to win this award over two consecutive years . Excerpts ( edit ) Days after the Broadway premiere of Porgy and Bess with an all - black cast , two white opera singers , Lawrence Tibbett and Helen Jepson , both members of the Metropolitan Opera , recorded highlights of the opera in a New York sound studio , released as Highlights from Porgy and Bess . Members of the original cast were not recorded until 1940 , when Todd Duncan and Anne Brown recorded selections from the work . Two years later , when the first Broadway revival occurred , American Decca rushed other members of the cast into the recording studio to record other selections not recorded in 1940 . These two albums were marketed as a two - volume 78 rpm set Selections from George Gershwin 's Folk Opera Porgy and Bess . After LPs began to be manufactured in 1948 , the recording was transferred to LP , and subsequently , to CD . Also in 1940 , baritone Bruce Foote released a 78 - RPM album of selections from Porgy and Bess . In 1942 , Mabel Mercer and Cy Walter released a 78 - RPM jazz album of excerpts from the opera on an obscure label . Although members of the jazz community initially felt that a Jewish piano player and a white novelist could not adequately convey the plight of blacks in a 1930s Charleston ghetto , jazz musicians warmed up more to the opera after twenty years , and more jazz - based recordings of it began to appear . Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald recorded an album in 1957 in which they sang and scatted Gershwin 's tunes . The next year , Miles Davis recorded what some consider a seminal interpretation of the opera arranged for big band . In 1959 , Columbia Masterworks Records released a soundtrack album of Samuel Goldwyn 's film version of Porgy and Bess , which had been made that year . It was not a complete version of the opera , nor was it even a complete version of the film soundtrack , which featured more music than could be contained on a single LP . The album remained in print until the early 1970s , when it was withdrawn from stores at the request of the Gershwin estate . It is the first stereo album of music from Porgy and Bess with an all - black cast . However , according to the album liner notes , Sammy Davis Jr. was under contract to another recording company , and his vocal tracks for the film could not be used on the album . Cab Calloway substituted his own vocals of Sportin ' Life 's songs . Robert McFerrin was the singing voice of Porgy , and Adele Addison the singing voice of Bess . The white singer Loulie Jean Norman was the singing voice of Clara ( portrayed onscreen by Diahann Carroll ) , and Inez Matthews the singing voice of Serena ( portrayed onscreen by Ruth Attaway ) . In 1963 , Leontyne Price and William Warfield , who had starred in the 1952 world tour of Porgy and Bess , recorded their own album of excerpts from the opera for RCA Victor . None of the other singers from that production appeared on that album , but John W. Bubbles , the original Sportin ' Life , substituted for Cab Calloway ( who had played Sportin ' Life onstage in the 1952 production ) . The 1963 recording of Porgy and Bess excerpts remains the only official recording of the score on which Bubbles sings Sportin ' Life 's two big numbers . In , 1976 , for RCA Victor , Ray Charles and Cleo Laine recorded an album of excerpts in which the two of them sang several roles . The album was arranged and conducted by Frank De Vol . It featured the organ of Joe Sample , the trumpet of Harry Edison and guitar work of Joe Pass and Lee Ritenour . It was jazz - based with full orchestrations , but the orchestrations used were not Gershwin 's . In 1990 , Leonard Slatkin conducted an album of excerpts from the opera , released on a Philips Records CD , with Simon Estes ( who sang Porgy in the first Metropolitan Opera production of the work ) and Roberta Alexander . Complete recordings ( edit ) 1951 : Columbia Masterworks : the company recorded a 3 - LP album of what was then the standard performing version of Porgy and Bess -- the most complete recording made of the opera up to that time . It was billed as a `` complete '' version , but was complete only insofar as that was the way the work was usually performed then . ( Actually , nearly an hour was cut from the opera . ) Because album producer Goddard Lieberson was eager to bring as much of Porgy and Bess as he felt was practical on records at the time , the recording featured more of Gershwin 's original recitatives and orchestrations than had ever been heard before . The recording was conducted by Lehman Engel , and starred Lawrence Winters and Camilla Williams , both from the New York City Opera . Several singers who had been associated with the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival of Porgy and Bess were finally given a chance to record their roles more or less complete . The album was highly acclaimed as a giant step in recorded opera in its time . It was re-released at budget price on the Odyssey label in the early 1970s . It has subsequently appeared on CD on Sony 's `` Masterworks Heritage '' CD series , and on the Naxos label as well . The album is not sung in as directly `` operatic '' a style as later versions , treading a fine line between opera and musical theatre . 1952 : Guild ( not released until 2008 ) : A live recording of a September 21 , 1952 , performance of Porgy and Bess , starring Leontyne Price , William Warfield , Cab Calloway and the rest of the cast of the 1952 Davis - Breen revival . This is the only known recording of an actual performance made from the historic and highly acclaimed 1952 world tour of the opera . While the opera itself is not performed truly complete , it is a complete recording of that specific performance . Alexander Smallens , who led the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival , conducts . Some of the sung recitatives are still performed as spoken dialogue in the production . 1956 : Bethlehem Records : A version of the opera more heavily oriented toward jazz than the original . Mel Tormé sings Porgy and Frances Faye is Bess . The only 3 - LP version of most of the opera with white singers . ( Released on CD by Rhino Records . ) 1976 : Decca Records : The first complete recording of the opera based on Gershwin 's original score , restoring the material cut by Gershwin during rehearsals for the New York premiere in 1935 , was made by the Cleveland Orchestra under Lorin Maazel in 1976 for Decca Records in the UK and London Records in the U.S. , in time for the U.S. Bicentennial . It starred Willard White singing his first Porgy , and Leona Mitchell as Bess . The recording was praised by critics for its performance quality and racial significance , but at the same time was highly criticized by some for not bringing out the `` jazzier '' qualities of the score . 1977 : RCA Victor : A subsequent complete recording of the opera by the Houston Grand Opera based on the complete original score . 1989 : EMI : The Glyndebourne album also based on the complete original score , without Gershwin 's cuts . 2006 : Decca : A recording of the opera made by the Nashville Symphony under John Mauceri is the first to observe Gershwin 's cuts and thus present the opera as it was heard in New York in 1935 . The musical cuts made on this album coincide almost exactly with those in the 1951 album , with the exception that `` The Buzzard Song '' , usually cut in early productions , is heard on the 1951 album , and the `` Occupational Humoresque '' , heard on the 2006 album , is not heard on the 1951 album at all . This version stars Marquita Lister as Bess . 2010 : RCA Victor : Nikolaus Harnoncourt , an unusual choice for this Gershwin opera , conducted a recording of an almost complete Porgy and Bess , which was released in the U.S. in September 2010 . Gregg Baker , who sang Crown in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production , the 1986 Glyndebourne production , the 1989 EMI recording made with the Glyndebourne cast , and in the 1993 television adaptation of that production , repeated his performance here , but the roles of Porgy and Bess are taken by two singers virtually unknown in the U.S. , Jonathan Lemalu and Isabelle Kabatu . 2014 : EuroArts Music International : DVD and Blu - ray recorded live by San Francisco Opera in June 2009 , with Eric Owens and Laquita Mitchell in the title roles . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1959 film ( edit ) Poster for the 1959 film version A 1959 film version , produced in 70 mm Todd - AO by Samuel Goldwyn , was plagued with problems . Rouben Mamoulian , who had directed the 1935 Broadway premiere , was hired to direct the film , but was subsequently fired in favor of director Otto Preminger after a disagreement with the producer . Mamoulian urged making the film on location in South Carolina after a fire on the sound stage destroyed the film 's sets . Goldwyn , who never liked making films on location , considered Mamoulian 's request a sign of disloyalty . Robert McFerrin dubbed the singing voice for Sidney Poitier 's Porgy as did Adele Addison for Dorothy Dandridge 's Bess . Ruth Attaway 's Serena and Diahann Carroll 's Clara were also dubbed . Although Dandridge and Carroll were singers , their voices were not considered operatic enough . Sammy Davis Jr. , Brock Peters and Pearl Bailey ( who played Sportin ' Life , Crown and Maria ) were the only principals who provided their own singing . André Previn 's adaptation of the score won him an Academy Award , the film 's only Oscar . The Gershwin estate was disappointed with the film , as the score was substantially edited to make it more like a musical . Much of the music was omitted from the film , and many of Gershwin 's orchestrations were either changed or completely scrapped . It was shown on network television in the U.S. only once , in 1967 . Critics attacked it for not being faithful to Gershwin 's opera , for over-refining the language grammatically , and for its `` overblown '' staging . The film was removed from release in 1974 by the Gershwin estate . In 2011 , it was selected to the U.S. National Film Registry . Other films ( edit ) The 1945 Warner Bros. film biography of Gershwin , Rhapsody in Blue , featured an extended musical scene recreating the opening of the original Broadway production of Porgy and Bess . Included was the original Bess , Anne Brown , recreating her performance . The scene includes a more elaborate ( and historically inaccurate ) arrangement for the film of the song `` Summertime '' , sung by Anne Brown as Bess with full chorus , but the Catfish Row set design is a virtual duplicate of the one seen in the 1935 Broadway stage production . The 1985 film White Nights featured a scene in which Gregory Hines performed `` There 's a Boat Dat 's Leavin ' Soon for New York '' as Sportin ' Life . Hines ' rendition , before a Siberian audience , included a tap dancing sequence . Director Taylor Hackford pointed out in a special edition DVD release of the film that it was necessary to locate a Russian woman of color ( Helene Denbey ) to portray Bess , as per Gershwin 's stipulations . Television ( edit ) In 1993 , Trevor Nunn 's Glyndebourne Festival stage production of Porgy and Bess , not to be confused with his later production , was greatly expanded scenically and videotaped in a television studio without an audience . This first Nunn production was also called The Gershwins ' ' Porgy and Bess ' when shown on television . It was telecast by the BBC in England and by PBS in the United States . It featured a cast of operatic American singers , with the exception of Willard White , who is Jamaican but sounded American , as Porgy . Cynthia Haymon sang the role of Bess . Nunn 's `` opening up '' of the stage production was considered highly imaginative ; his cast received much critical praise , and the three - hour production retained nearly all of Gershwin 's music , heard in the original 1935 orchestrations . This included the opera 's sung recitatives , which have occasionally been turned into spoken dialogue in other productions . No extra dialogue was written for this production , as had been done in the 1959 film . All performers lip - synched rather than singing live on set , leading The New York Times to write : `` What you hear is basically Mr. Nunn 's acclaimed Glyndebourne Festival production , the original cast intact . What you see was filmed later in a London studio . The performers , some new to the production , are lip - synching . It 's as if an elaborate visual aid had been concocted for the EMI recording . '' This Porgy and Bess production was subsequently released on VHS and DVD . It has won far greater acclaim than the 1959 film , which was widely panned by most critics . The 1993 television production of Porgy and Bess was nominated for four Emmy Awards , and won for its art direction . It also won a BAFTA Award for Best Video Lighting . In 2002 , the New York City Opera telecast its new version of the Houston Opera production , in a live performance from the stage of Lincoln Center . This version featured far more cuts than the previous telecast , but , like nearly all stage versions produced since 1976 , used the sung recitatives and Gershwin 's orchestrations . The telecast also included interviews with director Tazewell Thompson and was hosted by Beverly Sills . In 2009 the San Francisco Opera debuted the Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess to critical acclaim . The production was recorded at that time and shown on PBS in the fall of 2014 , and was later released on DVD and Blu - ray . Radio ( edit ) On December 1 , 1935 , during the Broadway run , Todd Duncan and Anne Brown performed `` Summertime '' , `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' and `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' on NBC 's The Magic Key of RCA radio program . Duncan and Brown also appeared on the 1937 CBS Gershwin memorial concert on September 8 , 1937 , broadcast from the Hollywood Bowl less than two months after the composer 's death , along with several other members of the Broadway cast , including John W. Bubbles and Ruby Elzy . They performed several selections from the opera . The complete Porgy and Bess has been broadcast by the Metropolitan Opera three times as part of the Met 's live radio broadcast series . The 1985 broadcast performance starred Simon Estes and Grace Bumbry . In 1986 Ms. Bumbry was heard with Robert Mosley as Porgy . In 1990 , Estes and Leona Mitchell sang the leads in the third broadcast . Concert ( edit ) Gershwin prepared an orchestral suite containing music from the opera after Porgy and Bess closed early on Broadway . Though it was originally titled `` Suite from Porgy and Bess '' , Ira later renamed it Catfish Row . In 1942 Robert Russell Bennett arranged a medley ( rather than a suite ) for orchestra which has often been heard in the concert hall , known as Porgy and Bess : A Symphonic Picture . It is based on Gershwin 's original scoring , though for a slightly different instrumentation ( the piano was removed from the orchestral texture at the request of the conductor Fritz Reiner , for whom the arrangement was made ) . Morton Gould also arranged an orchestral suite in the 1950s . Bennett 's 40 - minute Porgy and Bess , a concert version for soprano and baritone soloists , chorus and orchestra was prepared in 1956 . It is based very closely on Gershwin 's original instrumental and vocal scoring , the principal recasting being the use of standard concert - orchestra instrumentation , eliminating the clarinet - saxophone doubling specified in Gershwin 's 1935 orchestration . Piano ( edit ) In 1951 , Australian - born composer Percy Grainger , who was an admirer , performer and arranger of Gershwin 's music , completed a twenty - minute piece for two pianos titled Fantasy on George Gershwin 's `` Porgy and Bess '' . The pianist Earl Wild prepared a virtuoso piano arrangement in the manner of Franz Liszt , entitled Fantasy on Gershwin 's `` Porgy & Bess '' . Jazz versions ( edit ) Miles Davis and Gil Evans recorded jazz arrangements of Porgy and Bess . Released as an LP in 1959 by Columbia Records , it was highly successful . Mundell Lowe 's Porgy & Bess ( RCA Camden , 1958 ) and Hank Jones ' Porgy and Bess ( Capitol , 1958 ) were recorded at around the same time as the Davis and Evans collaboration and Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong recorded many of the selections from the opera on their 1958 collaboration . Oscar Peterson recorded ten titles from the opera on his 1959 album Oscar Peterson Plays Porgy & Bess ; in 1976 he returned to the material in a duo with Joe Pass , curiously choosing to play a clavichord on the recording . Eddy Louiss and Ivan Jullien released the album Porgy and Bess in 1971 , a big band arrangement of material from the opera with Louiss on Hammond organ and André Ceccarelli on drums . The album was released on Riviera , and re-released by Universal in 2000 as part of their Jazz in Paris series . In 1997 , saxophonist Joe Henderson recorded jazz arrangements on the album Porgy & Bess with the participation of several eminent jazz musicians . Songs ( edit ) Porgy and Bess contains many songs that have become popular in their own right , becoming standards in jazz and blues in addition to their original operatic setting . Some of the most popular songs are : `` Summertime '' , act 1 , scene 1 `` A Woman Is a Sometime Thing '' , act 1 , scene 1 `` My Man 's Gone Now '' , act 1 , scene 2 `` It Take a Long Pull to Get There '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Buzzard Keep on Flyin ' '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' , act 2 , scene 1 `` Oh , I Ca n't Sit Down , '' act 2 , scene 1 `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' , act 2 , scene 2 `` What You Want Wid Bess '' , act 2 , scene 2 `` Oh , Doctor Jesus '' , act 2 , scene 3 `` I Loves You , Porgy '' , act 2 , scene 3 `` A Red - Haired Woman '' , act 2 , scene 4 `` There 's a Boat Dat 's Leavin ' Soon for New York '' , act 3 , scene 2 `` Bess , O Where 's My Bess ? '' , act 3 , scene 3 `` O Lawd , I 'm on My Way '' , act 3 , scene 3 Some of the more celebrated renditions of these songs include Sarah Vaughan 's `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' and the versions of `` Summertime '' recorded by Billie Holiday , Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong , Miles Davis , John Coltrane , and Jascha Heifetz in his own transcriptions for violin and piano . Numerous other musicians have recorded `` Summertime '' in varying styles , including both instrumental and vocal recordings ; it may be even the most popular cover song in popular music . Janis Joplin recorded a Blues rock version of `` Summertime '' with Big Brother and the Holding Company . Billy Stewart 's version became a Top 10 Pop and R&B hit in 1966 for Chess Records . Even seemingly unlikely performers such as The Zombies ( 1965 ) or the ska punk band Sublime ( as `` Doin ' Time '' , 1997 ) have made recordings of `` Summertime '' . An international group of collectors of recordings of `` Summertime '' by the name `` The Summertime Connection '' claims more than 30,000 recorded performances ( many live ) in their collection . Nina Simone recorded several Porgy and Bess songs . She made her debut in 1959 with a version of `` I Loves You , Porgy '' , which became a Billboard top 20 hit . Other songs she recorded included `` Porgy , I 's Your Woman Now '' ( i.e. `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ) , `` Summertime '' and `` My Man 's Gone Now '' . Christina Aguilera performed `` I Loves You , Porgy '' in a tribute to the Nina Simone version at the 2008 Grammy Nominations Concert . The violinist Isaac Stern and the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber both recorded instrumental versions of `` Bess , You is My Woman Now '' . Commendations ( edit ) On July 14 , 1993 , the United States Postal Service recognized the opera 's cultural significance by issuing a commemorative 29 - cent postage stamp . In 2001 , Porgy and Bess was proclaimed the official opera of the state of South Carolina . The 1940 / 1942 Decca Porgy and Bess recording with members of the original cast was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress , National Recording Registry in 2003 . The board selects recordings on an annual basis that are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Strachan , Ian Gregory ; Mask , Mia ( 2014 - 11 - 27 ) . Poitier Revisited : Reconsidering a Black Icon in the Obama Age . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 102 . ISBN 9781623562977 . Jump up ^ Gershwin , George ( November 2 , 1935 ) . `` Gershwin explains why his Porgy and Bess is called `` folk opera '' `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stephen Raskauskas = 2016 . `` The true origins of Gershwin 's Summertime '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jablonski & Stewart , 227 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Porgy and Bess , American Memory : `` Today in History , September 2 '' , Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : Standifer , James , `` The Tumultuous Life of Porgy and Bess '' , Humanities , November / December 1997 , Volume 18 , Number 6 Jump up ^ Victor Book of the Opera New York : Simon and Schuster , 1968 , pp. 326 -- 328 Jump up ^ Martin , George : The Opera Companion to Twentieth Century Opera New York : Dodd , Meade & Company , 1979 . pp. 389 -- 396 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porgy ' Goes Abroad '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1955 . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Sam Zolotow ( September 3 , 1954 ) . `` Premiere In Paris For ' Blues Opera ' '' . The New York Times . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Robert Breen Papers , ( ca . 1935 -- ca . 1979 ) . Ohio State University Libraries . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Porgy and Bess IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . IBDB . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Met History '' . The Metropolitan Opera . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cape Town Opera , `` Cape Town Opera 's Tour To Israel , Press release : 27 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Press views : Porgy and Bess '' . BBC News . November 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( 2012 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Broadway Producer Edgar Freitag Is Dead at 80 '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Healey , Patrick ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` It Ai n't Necessarily ' Porgy ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ibdb.com Jump up ^ `` Your Guide to The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess '' . American Repertory Theater . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim Takes Issue With Plan for Revamped Porgy and Bess '' . The New York Times . August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Als , Hilton ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` A Man and a Woman '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . LXXXVII ( 29 ) : 110 . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess on Broadway '' . 2011 Porgy and Bess . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Review Roundup : Norm Lewis , Audra McDonald , et al. Open in The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess '' . Theatermania.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard . `` The Best of 2011 : Theater '' , Time magazine , December 19 , 2011 issue , p. 77 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Tony - Winning The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess Will Conclude Broadway Run Sept. 23 '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , July 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : The Gershwin 's PORGY & BESS Moves Broadway Closing Up to September 23 , 2012 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess , Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre , review : Gloriously sung Gershwin '' by Paul Taylor , The Independent , 31 July 2014 Jump up ^ Thomson , Virgil in Modern Music , November -- December 1935 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ The quote was probably invented by a journalist who interviewed Ellington about the opera . Ellington publicly repudiated the article shortly after its publication . Howard Pollack , George Gershwin ( University of California Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24864 - 9 , 167 . Jump up ^ Hutchisson , James M. DuBose Heyward : A Charleston Gentleman and the World of `` Porgy and Bess . '' University of Mississippi Press ( 2000 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 250 - 8 , 165 . Jump up ^ Becker , Paula . `` '' Negro Repertory Company '' on HistoryLink.org , November 10 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Brady , Tim , `` The Way Spaces Were Allocated : African Americans on Campus , Part II '' , Minnesota , November -- December 2002 , University of Minnesota Alumni Association . Jump up ^ Albert , H. ( 1990 ) . The Life and Times of ' Porgy and Bess ' . Knopf . p. 298 . Jump up ^ Reverend Phyllis L. Hubbell , `` I Got Plenty O Nuttin '' Archived 2005 - 05 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , sermon at the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore , August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Peress , Maurice . `` George Gershwin and African American Music Archived 2005 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... New MusicBox , 8 July 2005 Jump up ^ Pollack , George Gershwin pp. 597 -- 98 Jump up ^ Ross , Alex ( 2007 ) . The Rest Is Noise . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 147 -- 150 . ISBN 9780374249397 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town Opera brings Porgy and Bess to Europe -- The only opera company in South Africa is on the road to Britain with a Porgy and Bess set in the depths of apartheid '' , The Times , London , October 16 , 2009 , Retrieved on October 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ewen , David , The Home Book of 20th Century Music , Arco , 1956 , p. 138 Jump up ^ unconservatory.org Jump up ^ Pollack , George Gershwin , 127 . Jump up ^ Jablonski , Edward , Gershwin , New York : Doubleday , ( 1987 ) : Cited in Benaroya , Adam ( May 2000 ) `` The Jewish Roots in George Gershwin 's Music '' , I.L. Peretz Community Jewish School ; Retrieved January 2 , 2005 Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( January 29 , 1997 ) History of a Nation in Its Song to Itself The New York Times ; Retrieved February 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen J. ( September 1999 ) ( Stephen J. Whitfield , In Search of American Jewish Culture ( Brandeis University Press , 1999 ) , 63 . Jump up ^ Gershwin , George ( 1935 ) . Porgy and Bess . Schott . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy and Bess ( Selections ) : Act 2 : It Ai n't Necessarily So ( 1998 Remastered ) : Lawrence Tibbett : MP3 Downloads Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Gershwin : Porgy & Bess ( With Members of the Original Cast ) : George Gershwin , Alexander Smallens , Todd Duncan , Anne Brown , Avon Long : Music Jump up ^ Porgy and Bess , Bruce Foote : CastAlbums.org Jump up ^ Mabel Mercer Sings , Cy Walter Plays ... Selection from George Gershwin 's Porgy and Bess Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy & Bess : High Performance : William Warfield , John W. Bubbles , Leontyne Price : Music Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Porgy & Bess : George Gershwin : Music Jump up ^ Music was played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and conducted by Simon Rattle . Producer : David R. Murray ; Balance Engineer : Mark Vigars ; Assistant Producer : Tony Harrison ; Production Assistant : Alison Fox . Recorded at No. 1 Studio , Abbey Road , London . Recorded using B&W loudspeakers . Box cover , booklet cover & photos : Guy Gravett . Original sound recording made By EMI Records Ltd. 1989 Jump up ^ Janos Gereben , `` Porgy and Bess on DVD and Blu - Ray '' , San Francisco Classical Voice on sfcv.org Jump up ^ Marx , Arthur : Goldwyn -- The Man Behind the Myth Jump up ^ Porterfield , Christopher ( October 4 , 1993 ) . `` Conjuring Up Catfish Row '' . TIME . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( October 6 , 1993 ) . `` Review / Television ; Two Law Series Return , With Some Revisions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Porgy & Bess Movie DVD Review -- About.com '' . Homevideo.about.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porgy and Bess ( 1993 ) ( TV ) -- Awards Jump up ^ Awards Database -- The BAFTA site Jump up ^ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/frame.htm Jump up ^ Crouch , Stanley , Considering Genius : Writings on Jazz , Basic Books , 2007 , p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01512 - 3 Jump up ^ Klaver , Wilfred . `` The Summertime Connection '' . The Summertime Connection . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Summertime Connection list Jump up ^ `` I Loves You , Porgy Archived 2006 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Nina Simone version , on Billboard Chart Jump up ^ Edger , Walter . The South Carolina Encyclopedia , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 National Recording Registry choices '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Sources Brady , Tim : `` The Way Spaces Were Allocated : African Americans on Campus , Part II '' Minnesota , November -- December 2002 , University of Minnesota Alumni Association Ferencz , George J. `` Porgy and Bess on the Concert Stage : Gershwin 's 1936 Suite ( Catfish Row ) and the 1942 Gershwin -- Bennett Symphonic Picture . '' The Musical Quarterly 94 : 1 -- 2 ( Spring - Summer 2011 ) , 93 -- 155 . Jablonski , Edward : Gershwin : A Biography Garden City , New Jersey : Doubleday & Company , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 7924 - 2164 - 7 Jablonski , Edward and Lawrence D. Stewart : The Gershwin Years , Garden City , New Jersey : Doubleday & Company , 1973 , Second edition , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80739 - 4 Kimball , Robert and Alfred Simon : The Gershwins , New York : Atheneum , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 689 - 10569 - X Marx , Arthur . Goldwyn : A Biography of the Man Behind the Myth , W.W. Norton , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 07497 - 8 Schwartz , Charles : Gershwin : His Life and Music New York : Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1973 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80096 - 9 Southern Eileen : The Music of Black Americans : A History , New York : W.W. Norton & Company ; 3rd edition , ISBN 0 - 393 - 97141 - 4 Further reading Alpert , Hollis : The Life and Times of Porgy and Bess : The Story of an American Classic Publisher : Nick Hern Books , 1991 ISBN 1 - 85459 - 054 - 5 Bauch , Marc A. Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical , Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8288 - 3209 - 1 ( A unique , paratextual comparison between Wozzeck by Alban Berg and Porgy and Bess ) Capote , Truman : The Muses Are Heard : An Account New York : Random House , 1956 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 43732 - 2 ( story of the 1955 Porgy and Bess production in Moscow ) Fisher , Burton D. Porgy and Bess ( Opera Journeys Mini Guide Series ) Coral Gables , Florida : Opera Journeys Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 930841 - 19 - 1 , overview of the opera Hamm , Charles : `` The Theatre Guild Production of Porgy and Bess '' , Journal of the American Musicological Society , Fall 1987 , pp. 495 -- 532 . Hutchisson , James , M. : Dubose Heyward : A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess , University Press of Mississippi , 2000 ISBN 1 - 57806 - 250 - 0 Noonan , Ellen . The Strange Career of Porgy and Bess : Race , Culture , and America 's Most Famous Opera ( University of North Carolina Press ; 2012 ) 448 pages ; traces the history of the opera since 1935 Weaver , David E : `` The Birth of Porgy and Bess '' , pp. 80 -- 98 , Black Diva of the Thirties -- The Life of Ruby Elzy , University Press of Mississippi , 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porgy and Bess . Porgy and Bess , NPR webcast of full opera , staged November 12 , 2005 at the Kennedy Center , Washington , DC `` Porgy and Bess : An American Voice '' Excerpts from PBS documentary on the opera Hypertext edition of the novel Porgy `` Jazzbo : Why we still listen to Gershwin '' The New Yorker article by Claudia Roth Pierpoint Internet Broadway Database listings for all Broadway productions Ovrtur.com Entry `` 75 years Porgy and Bess '' Porgy and Bess Adaptations Novel Play Opera Film adaptation Catfish Row Porgy and Bess : A Symphonic Picture Porgy and Bess ( Miles Davis album ) Porgy and Bess ( Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong album ) Porgy and Bess ( Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne album ) Porgy and Bess ( Oscar Peterson and Joe Pass album ) Creators George Gershwin Ira Gershwin DuBose Heyward Dorothy Heyward Songs `` Summertime '' `` My Man 's Gone Now '' `` I Got Plenty o ' Nuttin ' '' `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` I Loves You , Porgy '' Media Discography George and Ira Gershwin musicals , operas and films Together A Dangerous Maid Primrose Lady , Be Good ! Tell Me More Tip - Toes Song of the Flame Oh , Kay ! Strike Up the Band Funny Face Rosalie Treasure Girl Show Girl Girl Crazy Delicious ( film ) Of Thee I Sing Pardon My English Let ' Em Eat Cake Porgy and Bess Shall We Dance ( film ) A Damsel in Distress ( film ) The Goldwyn Follies ( film ) The Shocking Miss Pilgrim ( film ) George La La Lucille Morris Gest Midnight Whirl George White 's Scandals ( 1920 -- 1924 , including Blue Monday ) Our Nell The Rainbow Sweet Little Devil Ira Two Little Girls in Blue Be Yourself That 's a Good Girl Life Begins at 8 : 40 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 Lady in the Dark The North Star ( film ) Cover Girl ( film ) The Firebrand of Florence Where Do We Go from Here ? ( film ) Park Avenue The Barkleys of Broadway ( film ) A Star Is Born ( film ) The Country Girl ( film ) repurposed Rhapsody in Blue ( film ) An American in Paris ( film ) My One and Only ( musical ) Crazy for You Nice Work If You Can Get It An American in Paris ( musical ) A Damsel In Distress ( musical ) George Gershwin Albums Gershwin Plays Gershwin : The Piano Rolls Ballets An American in Paris Gershwin Piano Concerto Three Preludes Who Cares ? List of stagings Operas Blue Monday ( 1922 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) Orchestral works Rhapsody in Blue ( 1924 ) Concerto in F ( 1925 ) An American in Paris ( 1928 ) Second Rhapsody ( 1931 ) Cuban Overture ( 1932 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1934 ) Hoctor 's Ballet ( 1937 ) Piano compositions Three Preludes ( 1926 ) French Ballet Class ( 1937 ) Songs `` Are n't You Kind Of Glad We Did ? '' `` ( I 've Got ) Beginner 's Luck '' `` Bidin ' My Time '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Boy Wanted '' `` Boy ! What Love Has Done To Me ! '' `` But Not for Me '' `` By Strauss '' `` Clap Yo ' Hands '' `` Do It Again '' `` Doin ' Time '' `` Embraceable You '' `` Fascinating Rhythm '' `` A Foggy Day '' `` For You , For Me , For Evermore '' `` Funny Face '' `` ' The Half of It , Dearie ' Blues '' `` He Loves and She Loves '' `` How Long Has This Been Going On ? '' `` I Ca n't Be Bothered Now '' `` I Got Rhythm '' `` I Was Doing All Right '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' `` Is n't It a Pity ? '' `` Just Another Rhumba '' `` Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off '' `` Let 's Kiss and Make Up '' `` Liza ( All the Clouds 'll Roll Away ) '' `` Looking for a Boy '' `` Lorelei '' `` Love Is Here to Stay '' `` Love is Sweeping the Country '' `` Love Walked In '' `` The Man I Love '' `` My Cousin in Milwaukee '' `` My One and Only '' `` Nice Work If You Can Get It '' `` Of Thee I Sing '' `` Oh , Lady Be Good ! '' `` Oh , So Nice ! '' `` The Real American Folk Song ( is a Rag ) '' `` 'S Wonderful '' `` Sam and Delilah '' `` Slap That Bass '' `` Somebody from Somewhere '' `` Somebody Loves Me '' `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' `` Soon '' `` Stairway to Paradise '' `` Stiff Upper Lip '' `` Strike Up the Band '' `` Summertime '' `` Swanee '' `` That Certain Feeling '' `` They All Laughed '' `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' `` Things Are Looking Up '' `` Tra - la - la '' `` Treat Me Rough '' `` Walking the Dog '' `` Who Cares ? '' `` You 've Got What Gets Me '' Tribute albums Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin By George Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book Ella Sings Gershwin Gershwin Live ! Gershwin 's World The Glory of Gershwin Ira , George and Joe Nice Work If You Can Get It Oscar Peterson Plays the George Gershwin Songbook Red Hot + Rhapsody : The Gershwin Groove Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin Related articles Gershwin Prize Ira Gershwin ( brother ) Arthur Gershwin ( brother ) Frances Gershwin ( sister ) Gershwin Theatre List of compositions by George Gershwin Category : George Gershwin Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) no award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Opera portal VIAF : 185892626 LCCN : n82217189 GND : 300057946 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porgy_and_Bess&oldid=803371963 '' Categories : Porgy and Bess Operas by George Gershwin English - language operas Verismo operas 1935 operas Operas Operas set in the United States 1935 in music All - Black cast Broadway shows African - American music 1935 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals based on novels Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Interlingua Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 03 : 16 . 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what character sings summertime in porgy and bess
[ "The opera begins with a short introduction which segues into an evening in Catfish Row. Jasbo Brown entertains the community with his piano playing. Clara, a young mother, sings a lullaby to her baby (\"Summertime\") as the working men prepare for a game of craps (\"Roll them Bones\"). One of the players, Robbins, scorns his wife Serena's demands that he not play, retorting that on a Saturday night, a man has the right to play. Clara's husband, the fisherman Jake, tries his own lullaby (\"A Woman is a Sometime Thing\") with little effect. Little by little, other characters in the opera enter Catfish Row, among them Mingo, another fisherman, and Jim, a stevedore who, tired of his job, decides to give it up and join Jake and the other fishermen. Porgy, a disabled beggar, enters on his goat cart to organize the game. Peter, an elderly \"honey man\" returns, singing his vendor's call. Crown, a strong and brutal stevedore, storms in with his woman, Bess, and buys cheap whiskey and some \"Happy Dust\" off the local dope peddler, Sportin' Life. Bess is shunned by the women of the community, especially the pious Serena and the matriarchal cookshop owner Maria, but Porgy softly defends her. The game begins. One by one, the players get crapped out, leaving only Robbins and Crown, who has become extremely drunk. When Robbins wins, Crown attempts to prevent him from taking his winnings. A brawl ensues, which ends when Crown stabs Robbins with a cotton hook, killing him. Crown runs, telling Bess to fend for herself but that he will be back for her when the heat dies down. Sportin' Life gives her a dose of happy dust and offers to take her with him when he goes to New York, but she rejects him. He flees, and Bess begins to pound on doors, but is rejected by all of the residents of Catfish Row, with the exception of Porgy, who lets her in." ]
[ "Clara" ]
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Jamaican dollar
Jamaican dollar - wikipedia Jamaican dollar Jamaican dollar 1 dollar coin ISO 4217 Code JMD Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ Banknotes Freq . used $50 , $100 , $500 , $1000 Rarely used $5000 Coins Freq . used 25c , $1 , $5 , $10 , $20 Rarely used 1c , 10c Demographics User ( s ) Jamaica Issuance Central bank Bank of Jamaica Website www.boj.org.jm Valuation Inflation 10.2 % Source Bank of Jamaica Economic Data , 2009 The dollar has been the currency of Jamaica since 1969 . It is often abbreviated `` J $ '' , the J serving to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . It is divided into 100 cents . Contents 1 Exchange rate 2 History 3 Coins 4 Banknotes 5 Use outside Jamaica 6 Half Pounds 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Exchange rate ( edit ) Current JMD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD History ( edit ) The history of currency in Jamaica should not be considered in isolation of the wider picture in the British West Indies as a whole . See British West Indies dollar . The peculiar feature about Jamaica was the fact that it was the only British West Indies territory to use special issues of the sterling coinage , apart from the four - pence groat coin which was specially issued for all the British West Indies , and later only for British Guiana . The earliest money in Jamaica was Spanish copper coins called maravedíes . This relates to the fact that for nearly four hundred years Spanish dollars , known as pieces of eight were in widespread use on the world 's trading routes , including the Caribbean Sea region . However , following the revolutionary wars in Latin America , the source of these silver trade coins dried up . The last Spanish dollar was minted at the Potosí mint in 1825 . The United Kingdom had adopted a very successful gold standard in 1821 , so 1825 was an opportune time to introduce the British sterling coinage into all the British colonies . An imperial order - in - council was passed in that year for the purposes of facilitating this aim by making sterling coinage legal tender in the colonies at the specified rating of $1 = 4s 4d ( one Spanish dollar to four shillings and four pence sterling ) . As the sterling silver coins were attached to a gold standard , this exchange rate did not realistically represent the value of the silver in the Spanish dollars as compared to the value of the gold in the British gold sovereign , and as such , the order - in - council had the reverse effect in many colonies . It had the effect of actually driving sterling coinage out , rather than encouraging its circulation . Remedial legislation had to be introduced in 1838 so as to change over to the more realistic rating of $1 = 4s 2d . However , in Jamaica , British Honduras , Bermuda , and later in the Bahamas also , the official rating was set aside in favour of what was known as the ' Maccaroni ' tradition in which a British shilling , referred to as a ' Maccaroni ' , was treated as one quarter of a dollar . The common link between these four territories was the Bank of Nova Scotia which brought in the ' Maccaroni ' tradition , resulting in the successful introduction of both sterling coinage and sterling accounts . In 1834 , silver coins of threepence and three halfpence ( 11⁄2 pence ) were introduced , valued at 1⁄2 real and 1⁄4 real . The three - halfpence coins came to be called `` quartiles '' or `` quatties . '' These in particular were used in church collections due to a feeling by the black population that copper coins were inappropriate for that purpose . Hence , they came to be called `` Christian quatties '' . In 1839 , an act was passed by Parliament declaring that as of December 31 , 1840 , only British coinage would be legal tender in Jamaica , demonetizing all of the Spanish coins , with the exception of the gold doubloon which was valued at £ 3 4s . Coins in use were thus the farthing ( 1⁄4d ) , halfpenny , penny , three halfpence ( 11⁄2d ) , threepence , sixpence , shilling , florin ( 2s ) , half crown ( 2s 6d ) , and crown ( 5s ) . The emancipation of the slaves in 1838 increased the need for coinage in Jamaica , particularly low - denomination coins , but the blacks were still reluctant to use copper . The solution was to use cupronickel , adopted in 1869 . Pennies and halfpennies were minted for use in Jamaica , becoming the first truly Jamaican coins . Beginning in 1880 , the farthing was also minted in cupronickel . In 1904 , the first government - authorized banknotes were produced in the denomination of 10s . Banknotes of £ 1 and £ 5 were also being circulated by chartered banks . In 1918 , denominations of 2s 6d and 5s were authorized . The 2s 6d note proved to have a short life , being withdrawn in 1922 . In 1940 , the government bank began producing £ 1 and £ 5 notes . In October 1960 , the Bank of Jamaica was given the sole right to mint coins and produce banknotes in Jamaica . Their notes were released on May 1 , 1961 , in the denominations of 5s , 10s , £ 1 , and £ 5 . On January 30 , 1968 , the Jamaican House of Representatives voted to decimalize the currency by introducing the dollar , worth 10 shillings , to replace the Jamaican pound . Coins and banknotes went into circulation on September 8 , 1969 . The introduction of a decimal currency provided the opportunity for the introduction of a complete Jamaican coinage as formerly , the coins ( with the exception of the penny and halfpenny ) , were the same as those used in the United Kingdom . The reverse of the decimal coinage was designed by Christopher Ironside , O.B.E. . These coins were in circulation from 1969 to about 1990 . From its introduction , as a result of elevated levels of inflation during the 1980s and especially the early 1990s , the Jamaican dollar has fallen from a peak of J $0.77 to US $ 1 in its first few years of circulation to around J $131 to US $1 as of July 2018 . The new Jamaican dollar ( and the Cayman Islands dollar ) differed from all the other dollars in the British West Indies in that it was essentially a half - pound sterling . All the other dollars either began on the US dollar unit or the Spanish dollar unit . Coins ( edit ) Jamaica 's currency is the Jamaican dollar . The value of the Jamaican dollar fluctuates but in October 2012 it was approximately J $90 to US $1 . At the time of its introduction , coins of 1 cent ( 1.2 pence ) , 5 cents ( 6 pence ) , 10 cents ( 1 shilling ) , 20 cents ( 2 shillings ) and 25 cents ( 2 shillings 6 pence ) were produced . With the exception of a smaller bronze 1 cent , the compositions , sizes , and shapes of the coins were identical to those they replaced . The 1 - cent coin was changed in 1975 to a twelve - sided shape and aluminium composition . Decagonal 50 - cent coins were introduced in 1976 to replace the 50 cent banknote , but production for circulation ceased in 1989 , along with that of the 20 cents . In 1990 , nickel - brass 1 dollar coins were introduced to replace the banknote of the same denomination . Nickel - plated steel replaced copper - nickel in the 5 , 10 , and 25 cent coins in 1991 with a smaller size and seven - sided shape for the 25 cent coin . In 1994 , a round nickel - plated steel 5 dollar coin replaced its corresponding banknote , a smaller , seven - sided nickel - plated steel 1 dollar coin was introduced , and the 5 cent coin was abandoned . 1995 saw smaller , round copper - plated steel 10 and 25 cent coins . All non-current coins were demonetized in January 1997 . A scalloped nickel - plated steel 10 dollar coin replaced the 10 dollar note in 1999 and a bimetallic 20 dollar coin with a nickel - brass ring and copper - nickel center was introduced in place of a 20 dollar banknote in 2000 . All nickel - plated or copper - plated steel coins are magnetic . All coins have the Jamaican coat of arms on their reverse . Coins currently in circulation are as follows : 1 cent Reverse : ackee 10 cents ( 17 mm ; 2.4 g ; copper - plated steel ; round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Paul Bogle 25 cents ( 20 mm ; 3.6 g ; copper - plated steel ; round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Marcus Garvey $1 ( 18.5 mm ; 2.9 g ; nickel - plated steel ; seven - sided ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Sir Alexander Bustamante $5 ( 21.5 mm ; 4.3 g ; nickel - plated steel ; round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent Norman Manley $10 ( 24.5 mm ; 6 g ; nickel - plated steel ; scalloped or round ) Reverse : Rt . Excellent George William Gordon $20 ( 23 mm ; 7.1 g ; bimetallic copper - nickel center in nickel - brass ring ; round ) Rt . Excellent Marcus Garvey Banknotes ( edit ) On 8 September 1969 , banknotes of 50 cents ( 5 shillings ) , $1 ( 10 shillings ) , $2 ( £ 1 ) , and $10 ( £ 5 ) were introduced . The $5 note was introduced on 20 October 1970 , followed by the $20 in June 1976 , when the 50 cent note was replaced by a coin . $100 notes were added on 2 December 1986 , followed by $50 notes on 27 July 1988 . The $2 note was dropped in 1994 , whilst the $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1990 . In 1994 , coins replaced the $5 notes and $500 notes were introduced . In 1999 , $10 coins replaced notes , whilst , in 2000 , $20 coins replaced the notes and $1000 notes were introduced . Banknotes currently in circulation are : $50 ( Front : The Right Excellent Samuel Sharpe , National Hero ; Back : Doctor 's Cave Beach , Montego Bay ) $100 ( Front : Sir Donald Sangster ; Back : Dunn 's River Falls ) $500 ( Front : The Right Excellent Nanny of the Maroons ; Back : Old Map of Jamaica highlighting Port Royal ) $1000 ( Front : The Honourable Michael Norman Manley , ON OCC LL. D. ( Honorary ) ; Back : Jamaica House ) The Bank of Jamaica introduced a $5000 bill into Jamaica 's monetary system on 24 September 2009 . It bears the portrait of former Prime Minister of Jamaica , The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer . On May 18 , 2009 , a specimen note was presented to the former Prime Minister 's widow , Dr. Denise Eldemire - Shearer . Some have criticized the Bank of Jamaica 's measure to introduce this banknote . Among the critics are Finance Minister Audley Shaw , who says that the introduction of such a banknote is a sign that the Jamaican Dollar is losing value . On November 15 , 2010 , the Bank of Jamaica issued a $50 commemorative note to celebrate its founding . The note is similar to its regular issue in design and security features , but the bank 's logo printed in blue , with the words `` 50th anniversary and 1960 - 2010 '' printed above and below the logo . The back of the commemorative note features the Bank of Jamaica headquarters building in Nethersole Place set against a background of morning glory blossoms . Both the commemorative and the regular issue note circulate in parallel . In 2012 , the Bank of Jamaica introduced a new family of banknotes commemorating the country 's Golden Jubilee . The commemorative banknotes are similar to its regular issue banknotes , but on the obverse it features the `` Jamaica 50 '' logo superimposed on the watermark on the front of each note . The unique image , which is normally on the reverse side of each note , has been replaced by a photograph of a group of children from Central Branch Primary School , from 1962 . It formerly appeared on the $2 note , which was in circulation from 1969 to 1994 . Currently , the Jamaican banknotes are printed on a cotton material which has a relatively short life in the country 's tropical climate and other circulation conditions , but the new notes will come on enhanced substrates . The $100 note is printed on a material called `` Hybrid '' , a combination of a protected polyester film layered on a cotton fiber core . The $50 , $500 , and $1000 notes are printed on a varnished cotton substrate , that is , the traditional cotton treated with a varnish after the notes have been printed . Varnishing creates a moisture - proof layer to protect the banknotes against surface soiling and reduces the extent to which they will absorb moisture , contaminant particles and microorganisms . The $5000 note remains on a regular cotton substrate as the main security thread , `` Optiks '' , is compatible only with the cotton based material . The commemorative notes are released into circulation on July 23 , 2012 and the new notes will circulate alongside the regular issue banknotes . On March 24 , 2014 , the Bank of Jamaica issued a $50 note printed on the `` Hybrid '' substrate . In 2015 , the Bank of Jamaica issued a $100 note dated January 1 , 2014 on the `` Hybrid '' substrate . The $1000 note features an image of the Jamaican Swallowtail , the largest butterfly in the western hemisphere which is also endemic to Jamaica . Use outside Jamaica ( edit ) The Jamaican dollar was used not only by Jamaica , but also by the Cayman Islands , a former dependency of Jamaica , until 1972 . In that year , the territory stopped using the Jamaican dollar and adopted its own currency , the Cayman Islands dollar . Half pounds ( edit ) In adopting the Jamaican dollar , Jamaica followed the pattern of South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system , it decided to use the half pound unit as opposed to the pound unit of account . The choice of the name dollar was motivated by the fact that the reduced value of the new unit corresponded more closely to the value of the US dollar than it did to the pound sterling . See also ( edit ) Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Economy of Jamaica References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.boj.org.jm/uploads/excel/Historic_rates.xls Jump up ^ Bank of Jamaica Currency Structure Policy Archived 2011 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Jamaica - Coins '' . www.boj.org.jm . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Jamaica - Bank Notes '' . boj.org.jm . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` Jamaica '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . Jump up ^ Jamaica 50 - dollar commemorative confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jamaica new commemorative notes confirmed BanknoteNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Press release on the issuance of the $50 `` Hybrid '' note Bank of Jamaica ( www.boj.org.jm ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jamaica new 100 - dollar Hybrid note confirmed BanknoteNews.com . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved on 2015 - 06 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banknotes of Jamaica . 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lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 02 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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who is on the jamaican 5000 dollar bill
[ "The Bank of Jamaica introduced a $5000 bill into Jamaica's monetary system on 24 September 2009.[5] It bears the portrait of former Prime Minister of Jamaica, The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer. On May 18, 2009, a specimen note was presented to the former Prime Minister's widow, Dr. Denise Eldemire-Shearer. Some have criticized the Bank of Jamaica's measure to introduce this banknote. Among the critics are Finance Minister Audley Shaw, who says that the introduction of such a banknote is a sign that the Jamaican Dollar is losing value.\n" ]
[ "former Prime Minister of Jamaica, The Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer" ]
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List of Super Bowl champions
List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . The following eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl , but not since 1995 , meaning their droughts are longer than Jacksonville 's and Houston 's . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 - The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . Associated Press . National Football League . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=802192951 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 57 . 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who has won the most super bowl games
[ "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5-4), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–74. The Denver Broncos (3–5) have lost a record five Super Bowls. The New England Patriots (5–4), the Minnesota Vikings (0–4), and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the 1966–67 Green Bay Packers, the 1972–73 Miami Dolphins, the 1974–75 and 1978–79 Pittsburgh Steelers (the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the 1988–89 San Francisco 49ers, the 1992–93 Dallas Cowboys, the 1997–98 Denver Broncos, and the 2003–04 New England Patriots. Among those, Dallas (1992–93; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–04) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl." ]
[ "Pittsburgh Steelers" ]
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Nate Archibald (Gossip Girl)
Nate Archibald ( Gossip Girl ) - wikipedia Nate Archibald ( Gossip Girl ) Jump to : navigation , search Nate Archibald Gossip Girl character Chace Crawford as Nathaniel Archibald First appearance Novel : Gossip Girl Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Novel : I Will Always Love You Television : `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Created by Character Cecily von Ziegesar Developed for Television Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Portrayed by Chace Crawford Information Full name Nathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald Nickname ( s ) Nate Nathaniel ( by his grandfather and Chuck ) Novels : Natie ( by Serena and Blair ) Aliases Golden Boy Gender Male Occupation Novels : Sailor and lacrosse captain High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) College student ( at Yale ; later Deep Springs College ) Television : High school student ( at St. Jude 's ; graduated ) College student ( at Columbia ) Editor - in - chief ( at The New York Spectator ) Family Novels : Captain Archibald ( father ) Mrs. Archibald ( mother ) Television : Howard Archibald ( father ) Anne Archibald ( mother ; née van der Bilt ) William van der Bilt I ( maternal grandfather ) William van der Bilt II ( maternal uncle ) William `` Tripp '' van der Bilt III ( first cousin ) Nathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald is a character in the best selling Gossip Girl book series . He is portrayed by Chace Crawford in the television series of the same name . In the novels , he is considered the primary male character , always being fought over by the two most prominent females , Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel series 2 TV series 2.1 In other media 3 References Novel series Nate Archibald is a lacrosse player at the elite St. Jude 's School for Boys . His mother , Anne Archibald , is a French socialite , and his father , Captain Archibald , is a former Navy captain and a wealthy banker . His closest friends are Chuck Bass , Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf . He has been dating Blair since middle school . However , Nate is shown to have deep , unresolved feelings for Serena . They have sex during the summer at a wedding . He reveals this to Blair in the first novel after Serena returns , and right before they were supposed to lose their virginity to each other , which causes their first breakup . He gets together with freshman Jenny Humphrey , but later dumps her for Blair for being too clingy . He and Blair have an on - again - off - again relationship throughout most of the novels . Nate 's family resides in a stately townhouse off Park Avenue on the exclusive Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City , and his mother 's French socialite family owns a summer chateau in Nice . He is a fan of sailing like his father , and wished to do that instead of attending Yale with Blair , although he expressed interest in attending Brown University . At the end of the series he sails around the world with a friend of his father 's , Captain Charles `` Chips '' White to avoid getting in between Blair and Serena again . In I Will Aways Love You , on break from Deep Springs College , Nate chooses Blair in part I and then Serena in part II . Tv series Nathaniel Archibald was born to Captain Howard Archibald , a successful business magnate , and Anne Vanderbilt Archibald , a member of the Vanderbilt family . On the surface , Nate seems to be the perfect `` Golden Boy '' of the Upper East Side . He is best friends with Chuck Bass , with whom he attends the elite St. Jude 's School for Boys . Nate has been with girlfriend Blair Waldorf `` since kindergarten '' . However , he secretly harbors feelings for Blair 's best friend , Serena van der Woodsen . They shared a sordid one night stand before the show began , which caused her departure to boarding school . Nate 's feelings for Blair are complicated by his ongoing infatuation with Serena and his parents ' determination to keep him on a certain path . He later goes on to attend Columbia University . In other media Nate is the subject of the song ' Nate Will Not Return ' by British post-punk band The Fall on their 2011 album Ersatz GB . References Jump up ^ `` Gossip Girl - Cast - Chace Crawford '' . CWtv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Will Not Return - Reformation ! '' . ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nate_Archibald_(Gossip_Girl)&oldid=816805242 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Fictional characters from New York City Fictional sailors Fictional male prostitutes Fictional American people of English descent Fictional American people of French descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional socialites Fictional American people of Dutch descent Fictional fraudsters Fictional college students Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 20 : 40 . 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where does nate go to college in gossip girl
[ "\n\nNate Archibald\n\n\nGossip Girl character\n\n\n\nChace Crawford as Nathaniel Archibald\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nNovel:\nGossip Girl\nTelevision:\n\"Pilot\"\n(episode 1.01)\n\n\nLast appearance\nNovel:\nI Will Always Love You\nTelevision:\n\"New York, I Love You XOXO\"\n(episode 6.10)\n\n\nCreated by\nCharacter\nCecily von Ziegesar\nDeveloped for Television\nJosh Schwartz\nStephanie Savage\n\n\nPortrayed by\nChace Crawford\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nFull name\nNathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald\n\n\nNickname(s)\nNate\nNathaniel (by his grandfather and Chuck)\nNovels:\nNatie (by Serena and Blair)\n\n\nAliases\nN\nGolden Boy\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\nNovels:\nSailor and lacrosse captain\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Yale; later Deep Springs College)\nTelevision:\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Columbia)\nEditor-in-chief\n(at The New York Spectator)\n\n\nFamily\nNovels:\nCaptain Archibald\n(father)\nMrs. Archibald\n(mother)\nTelevision:\nHoward Archibald\n(father)\nAnne Archibald\n(mother; née van der Bilt)\nWilliam van der Bilt I\n(maternal grandfather)\nWilliam van der Bilt II\n(maternal uncle)\nWilliam \"Tripp\" van der Bilt III\n(first cousin)\n\n", "\n\nNate Archibald\n\n\nGossip Girl character\n\n\n\nChace Crawford as Nathaniel Archibald\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nNovel:\nGossip Girl\nTelevision:\n\"Pilot\"\n(episode 1.01)\n\n\nLast appearance\nNovel:\nI Will Always Love You\nTelevision:\n\"New York, I Love You XOXO\"\n(episode 6.10)\n\n\nCreated by\nCharacter\nCecily von Ziegesar\nDeveloped for Television\nJosh Schwartz\nStephanie Savage\n\n\nPortrayed by\nChace Crawford\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nFull name\nNathaniel Fitzwilliam Archibald\n\n\nNickname(s)\nNate\nNathaniel (by his grandfather and Chuck)\nNovels:\nNatie (by Serena and Blair)\n\n\nAliases\nN\nGolden Boy\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\nNovels:\nSailor and lacrosse captain\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Yale; later Deep Springs College)\nTelevision:\nHigh school student\n(at St. Jude's; graduated)\nCollege student\n(at Columbia)\nEditor-in-chief\n(at The New York Spectator)\n\n\nFamily\nNovels:\nCaptain Archibald\n(father)\nMrs. Archibald\n(mother)\nTelevision:\nHoward Archibald\n(father)\nAnne Archibald\n(mother; née van der Bilt)\nWilliam van der Bilt I\n(maternal grandfather)\nWilliam van der Bilt II\n(maternal uncle)\nWilliam \"Tripp\" van der Bilt III\n(first cousin)\n\n" ]
[ "Yale", "Deep Springs College" ]
-7445545759996882137
Return to normalcy
Return to normalcy - Wikipedia Return to normalcy Jump to : navigation , search Harding called for `` A Return to Normalcy . '' Return to normalcy , a return to the way of life before World War I , was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding 's campaign slogan for the election of 1920 . Although detractors believed that the word was a neologism as well as a malapropism , coined by Harding ( as opposed to the more accepted term normality ) , there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence found that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857 . Harding 's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality , without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people . To sum up his points , he stated : `` America 's present need is not heroics , but healing ; not nostrums , but normalcy ; not revolution , but restoration ; not agitation , but adjustment ; not surgery , but serenity ; not the dramatic , but the dispassionate ; not experiment , but equipoise ; not submergence in internationality , but sustainment in triumphant nationality . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 1920 election 2 See also 3 References 4 External links 1920 election ( edit ) Harding 's position attracted support and was important during the United States presidential election , 1920 , which he won with 60.3 % of the popular vote . During the campaign , Harding addressed the issue of the word 's origin , claiming that `` normalcy '' but not `` normality '' appeared in his dictionary : I have noticed that word caused considerable news editors to change it to `` normality '' . I have looked for `` normality '' in my dictionary and I do not find it there . `` Normalcy '' , however , I did find , and it is a good word . See also ( edit ) Creeping normalcy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` normalcy '' , Answers.com . Jump up ^ The Mavens ' Word of the Day : normalcy , June 25 , 1999 , randomhouse.com . Jump up ^ `` Return to Normalcy '' , teachingamericanhistory.org Jump up ^ `` Election of 1920 : Republican and the Return to Normalcy '' . Jump up ^ Kory Stamper ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` Obama did n't use improper grammar . Cut him and other public figures a break '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up normalcy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Normalcy '' , The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , 3rd ed. , edited by E.D. Hirsch , Jr. , et al. Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 22647 - 8 . `` A Time for Normalcy '' by Evan Jenkins , Columbia Journalism Review , January / February 2002 . This article related to the politics of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_normalcy&oldid=815486556 '' Categories : American political neologisms United States presidential domestic programs United States politics stubs Vocabulary and usage stubs United States history stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 03 : 26 . About Wikipedia
who called for return to normalcy following the war
[ "Return to normalcy, a return to the way of life before World War I, was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan for the election of 1920. Although detractors believed that the word was a neologism as well as a malapropism, coined by Harding (as opposed to the more accepted term normality), there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence found that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857.[1][2] Harding's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality, without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people. To sum up his points, he stated:" ]
[ "Warren G. Harding" ]
2530114497507209761
Beta oxidation
Beta oxidation - wikipedia Beta oxidation Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Schematic demonstrating mitochondrial fatty acid beta - oxidation and effects of long - chain 3 - hydroxyacyl - coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency , LCHAD deficiency In biochemistry and metabolism , beta - oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl - CoA , which enters the citric acid cycle , and NADH and FADH , which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain . It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group . Beta - oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein , an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane , although some fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes . The overall reaction for one cycle of beta oxidation is : C - acyl CoA + FAD + NAD + H O + CoA → C - acyl CoA + FADH + NADH + H + acetyl CoA Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Activation and membrane transport 3 General mechanism 4 Even - numbered saturated fatty acids 5 Odd - numbered saturated fatty acids 6 Unsaturated fatty acids 7 Peroxisomal beta - oxidation 8 Energy yield 9 Similarities between beta - oxidation and citric acid cycle 10 Clinical significance 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Fatty acid catabolism consists of : Activation and membrane transport of free fatty acids by binding to coenzyme A . Oxidation of the beta carbon to a carbonyl group . Cleavage of two - carbon segments resulting in acetyl - CoA . Oxidation of acetyl - CoA to carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle . Electron transfer from electron carriers to the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation . Activation and membrane transport ( edit ) A diagrammatic illustration of the process of lipolysis ( in a fat cell ) induced by high epinephrine and low insulin levels in the blood . Epinephrine binds to a beta - adrenergic receptor in the cell wall of the adipocyte , which causes cAMP to be generated inside the cell . The cAMP activates a protein kinase , which phosphorylates and thus , in turn , activates a hormone - sensitive lipase in the fat cell . This lipase cleaves free fatty acids from their attachment to glycerol in the fat stored in the fat droplet of the adipocyte . The free fatty acids and glycerol are then released into the blood . A diagrammatic illustration of the transport of free fatty acids in the blood attached to plasma albumin , its diffusion across the cell membrane using a protein transporter , and its activation , using ATP , to form acyl - CoA in the cytosol . The illustration is , for diagrammatic purposes , of a 12 carbon fatty acid . Most fatty acids in human plasma are 16 or 18 carbon atoms long . A diagrammatic illustration of the transfer of an acyl - CoA molecule across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion by carnitine - acyl - CoA transferase ( CAT ) . The illustrated acyl chain is , for diagrammatic purposes , only 12 carbon atoms long . Most fatty acids in human plasma are 16 or 18 carbon atoms long . CAT is inhibited by high concentrations of malonyl - CoA ( the first committed step in fatty acid synthesis ) in the cytoplasm . This means that fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid catabolism can not occur simultaneously in any given cell . A diagrammatic illustration of the process of the beta - oxidation of an acyl - CoA molecule in the mitochodrial matrix . During this process an acyl - CoA molecule which is 2 carbons shorter than it was at the beginning of the process is formed . Acetyl - CoA , water and 5 ATP molecules are the other products of each beta - oxidative event , until the entire acyl - CoA molecule has been reduced to a set of acetyl - CoA molecules . Free fatty acids can not penetrate any biological membrane due to their negative charge . Free fatty acids must cross the cell membrane through specific transport proteins , such as the SLC27 family fatty acid transport protein . Once in the cytosol , the following processes bring fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix so that beta - oxidation can take place . Long - chain - fatty - acid -- CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate , plus inorganic pyrophosphate , which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl - CoA ester and AMP . If the fatty acyl - CoA has a long chain , then the carnitine shuttle must be utilized : Acyl - CoA is transferred to the hydroxyl group of carnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I , located on the cytosolic faces of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes . Acyl - carnitine is shuttled inside by a carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase , as a carnitine is shuttled outside . Acyl - carnitine is converted back to acyl - CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase II , located on the interior face of the inner mitochondrial membrane . The liberated carnitine is shuttled back to the cytosol , as an acyl - carnitine is shuttled into the matrix . If the fatty acyl - CoA contains a short chain , these short - chain fatty acids can simply diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane . General mechanism ( edit ) Once the fatty acid is inside the mitochondrial matrix , beta - oxidation occurs by cleaving two carbons every cycle to form acetyl - CoA . The process consists of 4 steps . A long - chain fatty acid is dehydrogenated to create a trans double bond between C2 and C3 . This is catalyzed by acyl CoA dehydrogenase to produce trans - delta 2 - enoyl CoA . It uses FAD as an electron acceptor and it is reduced to FADH . Trans - delta2 - enoyl CoA is hydrated at the double bond to produce L - 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA by enoyl - CoA hydratase . L - 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA is dehydrogenated again to create 3 - ketoacyl CoA by 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase . This enzyme uses NAD as an electron acceptor . Thiolysis occurs between C2 and C3 ( alpha and beta carbons ) of 3 - ketoacyl CoA . Thiolase enzyme catalyzes the reaction when a new molecule of coenzyme A breaks the bond by nucleophilic attack on C3 . This releases the first two carbon units , as acetyl CoA , and a fatty acyl CoA minus two carbons . The process continues until all of the carbons in the fatty acid are turned into acetyl CoA . Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body . However , some tissues such as the red blood cells ( which do not contain mitochondria ) , and cells of the central nervous system ( because fatty acids can not cross the blood - brain barrier into the interstitial fluids that bathe these cells ) do not use fatty acids for their energy requirements , but instead use carbohydrates or ketone bodies . Because many fatty acids are not fully saturated or do not have an even number of carbons , several different mechanisms have evolved , described below . Even - numbered saturated fatty acids ( edit ) Once inside the mitochondria , each cycle of β - oxidation , liberating a two carbon unit ( acetyl - CoA ) , occurs in a sequence of four reactions : Description Diagram Enzyme End product Dehydrogenation by FAD : The first step is the oxidation of the fatty acid by Acyl - CoA - Dehydrogenase . The enzyme catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the C - 2 and C - 3 . acyl CoA dehydrogenase trans - Δ - enoyl - CoA Hydration : The next step is the hydration of the bond between C - 2 and C - 3 . The reaction is stereospecific , forming only the L isomer . enoyl CoA hydratase L - β - hydroxyacyl CoA Oxidation by NAD : The third step is the oxidation of L - β - hydroxyacyl CoA by NAD . This converts the hydroxyl group into a keto group . 3 - hydroxyacyl - CoA dehydrogenase β - ketoacyl CoA Thiolysis : The final step is the cleavage of β - ketoacyl CoA by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A . The thiol is inserted between C - 2 and C - 3 . β - ketothiolase An acetyl - CoA molecule , and an acyl - CoA molecule that is two carbons shorter This process continues until the entire chain is cleaved into acetyl CoA units . The final cycle produces two separate acetyl CoAs , instead of one acyl CoA and one acetyl CoA . For every cycle , the Acyl CoA unit is shortened by two carbon atoms . Concomitantly , one molecule of FADH , NADH and acetyl CoA are formed . Odd - numbered saturated fatty acids ( edit ) In general , fatty acids with an odd number of carbons are found in the lipids of plants and some marine organisms . Many ruminant animals form a large amount of 3 - carbon propionate during the fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen . Chains with an odd - number of carbons are oxidized in the same manner as even - numbered chains , but the final products are propionyl - CoA and Acetyl CoA Propionyl - CoA is first carboxylated using a bicarbonate ion into D - stereoisomer of methylmalonyl - CoA , in a reaction that involves a biotin co-factor , ATP , and the enzyme propionyl - CoA carboxylase . The bicarbonate ion 's carbon is added to the middle carbon of propionyl - CoA , forming a D - methylmalonyl - CoA . However , the D conformation is enzymatically converted into the L conformation by methylmalonyl - CoA epimerase , then it undergoes intramolecular rearrangement , which is catalyzed by methylmalonyl - CoA mutase ( requiring B as a coenzyme ) to form succinyl - CoA . The succinyl - CoA formed can then enter the citric acid cycle . However , whereas acetyl - CoA enters the citric acid cycle by condensing with an existing molecule of oxaloacetate , succinyl - CoA enters the cycle as a principal in its own right . Thus the succinate just adds to the population of circulating molecules in the cycle and undergoes no net metabolization while in it . When this infusion of citric acid cycle intermediates exceeds cataplerotic demand ( such as for aspartate or glutamate synthesis ) , some of them can be extracted to the gluconeogenesis pathway , in the liver and kidneys , through phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase , and converted to free glucose . Unsaturated fatty acids ( edit ) β - Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids poses a problem since the location of a cis bond can prevent the formation of a trans - Δ bond . These situations are handled by an additional two enzymes , Enoyl CoA isomerase or 2 , 4 Dienoyl CoA reductase . Beta oxidation ( Unsaturated fatty acid ) Whatever the conformation of the hydrocarbon chain , β - oxidation occurs normally until the acyl CoA ( because of the presence of a double bond ) is not an appropriate substrate for acyl CoA dehydrogenase , or enoyl CoA hydratase : If the acyl CoA contains a cis - Δ bond , then cis - Δ - Enoyl CoA isomerase will convert the bond to a trans - Δ bond , which is a regular substrate . If the acyl CoA contains a cis - Δ double bond , then its dehydrogenation yields a 2 , 4 - dienoyl intermediate , which is not a substrate for enoyl CoA hydratase . However , the enzyme 2 , 4 Dienoyl CoA reductase reduces the intermediate , using NADPH , into trans - Δ - enoyl CoA . As in the above case , this compound is converted into a suitable intermediate by 3 , 2 - Enoyl CoA isomerase . To summarize : Odd - numbered double bonds are handled by the isomerase . Even - numbered double bonds by the reductase ( which creates an odd - numbered double bond ) Peroxisomal beta - oxidation ( edit ) Fatty acid oxidation also occurs in peroxisomes when the fatty acid chains are too long to be handled by the mitochondria . The same enzymes are used in peroxisomes as in the mitochondrial matrix , and acetyl - CoA is generated . It is believed that very long chain ( greater than C - 22 ) fatty acids , branched fatty acids , some prostaglandins and leukotrienes undergo initial oxidation in peroxisomes until octanoyl - CoA is formed , at which point it undergoes mitochondrial oxidation . One significant difference is that oxidation in peroxisomes is not coupled to ATP synthesis . Instead , the high - potential electrons are transferred to O , which yields H O. It does generate heat however . The enzyme catalase , found exclusively in peroxisomes , converts the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen . Peroxisomal β - oxidation also requires enzymes specific to the peroxisome and to very long fatty acids . There are three key differences between the enzymes used for mitochondrial and peroxisomal β - oxidation : The NADH formed in the third oxidative step can not be reoxidized in the peroxisome , so reducing equivalents are exported to the cytosol . β - oxidation in the peroxisome requires the use of a peroxisomal carnitine acyltransferase ( instead of carnitine acyltransferase I and II used by the mitochondria ) for transport of the activated acyl group into the mitochondria for further breakdown . The first oxidation step in the peroxisome is catalyzed by the enzyme acyl - CoA oxidase . The β - ketothiolase used in peroxisomal β - oxidation has an altered substrate specificity , different from the mitochondrial β - ketothiolase . Peroxisomal oxidation is induced by a high - fat diet and administration of hypolipidemic drugs like clofibrate . Energy yield ( edit ) The ATP yield for every oxidation cycle is theoretically a maximum yield of 17 , as NADH produces 3 ATP , FADH produces 2 and a full rotation of the citric acid cycle produces 12 . In practice it 's closer to 14 ATP for a full oxidation cycle as in practice the theoretical yield is n't attained - it 's generally closer to 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule produced , 1.5 for each FADH Molecule produced and this equates to 10 per cycle of the TCA ( according to the P / O ratio ) , broken down as follows : Source ATP Total 1 FADH x 1.5 ATP = 1.5 ATP ( Theoretically 2 ATP ) 1 NADH x 2.5 ATP = 2.5 ATP ( Theoretically 3 ATP ) 1 acetyl CoA x 10 ATP = 10 ATP ( Theoretically 12 ATP ) TOTAL = 14 ATP For an even - numbered saturated fat ( C ) , n - 1 oxidations are necessary , and the final process yields an additional acetyl CoA . In addition , two equivalents of ATP are lost during the activation of the fatty acid . Therefore , the total ATP yield can be stated as : ( n - 1 ) * 14 + 10 - 2 = total ATP or 14n - 6 ( alternatively ) For instance , the ATP yield of palmitate ( C , n = 8 ) is : ( 8 - 1 ) * 14 + 10 - 2 = 106 ATP Represented in table form : Source ATP Total 7 FADH x 1.5 ATP = 10.5 ATP 7 NADH x 2.5 ATP = 17.5 ATP 8 acetyl CoA x 10 ATP = 80 ATP Activation = - 2 ATP NET = 106 ATP For sources that use the larger ATP production numbers described above , the total would be 129 ATP = ( ( 8 - 1 ) * 17 + 12 - 2 ) equivalents per palmitate . Beta - oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids changes the ATP yield due to the requirement of two possible additional enzymes . Similarities between beta - oxidation and citric acid cycle ( edit ) The reactions of beta oxidation and part of citric acid cycle present structural similarities in three of four reactions of the beta oxidation : the oxidation by FAD , the hydration , and the oxidation by NAD . Such comparison viewed using Fischer projection and the polygonal model as well shows in both cases the mentioned similarity between then . Each enzyme of these metabolic pathways presents structural similarity . Structure of intermediates of beta oxidation and part of citric acid cycle using Fischer projections ( top ) , evidencing common features of the structure of these intermediates . Such reactions showed using polygonal model are also showed ( bottom ) . The compounds corresponding to the beta oxidation are : Acyl CoA ( PC ) , 16 Carbons ( in this case , palmitoil CoA ) , trans - Δ Enoyl CoA ( EC ) , L - β - Hydroxyacyl CoA ( HC ) , 3 - Ketoacyl CoA ( KC ) , and Acyl CoA ( MC ) , 14 carbons ( in this case , Myristyl CoA ) . The intermediates which are part of citric acid cycle correspond to succinate ( Suc ) , fumarate ( Fum ) , malate ( Mal ) , and oxaloacetate ( OxA ) . The enzymes involved in these pathways correspond to acyl CoA dehydrogenase ( ( 1 ) and succinate dehydrogenase ( ( 5 ) , enoyl CoA hydratase ( ( 2 ) and fumarase or fumarate hydratase ( ( 6 ) , 3 - hydroxyacyl - CoA dehydrogenase ( ( 3 ) and malate dehydrogenase ( ( 7 ) , and beta - ketothiolase ( ( 4 ) . Coenzymes NAD , NADH + H , FAD and , FADH were omitted in these representations . The productions of NADH and FADH from the oxidized forms of coenzymes are represented , respectively , as the release of `` 2H '' and `` ( 2H ) '' . Clinical significance ( edit ) There are at least 25 enzymes and specific transport proteins in the β - oxidation pathway . Of these , 18 have been associated with human disease as inborn errors of metabolism . See also ( edit ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty - acid metabolism disorder Lipolysis Krebs cycle Omega oxidation Alpha oxidation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houten , Sander Michel ; Wanders , Ronald J.A. ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) . `` A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β - oxidation '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 33 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 477 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 010 - 9061 - 2 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 2950079 . PMID 20195903 . Jump up ^ Stahl , Andreas ( 1 February 2004 ) . `` A current review of fatty acid transport proteins ( SLC27 ) '' . Pflügers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 447 ( 5 ) : 722 -- 727 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 003 - 1106 - z . PMID 12856180 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Courtney M. ; Stahl , Andreas ( April 2013 ) . `` SLC27 fatty acid transport proteins '' . Molecular Aspects of Medicine . 34 ( 2 - 3 ) : 516 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mam. 2012.07. 010 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Charney , Alan N. ; Micic , Ljubisa ; Egnor , Richard W. ( 3 December 1997 ) . `` Nonionic diffusion of short - chain fatty acids across rat colon '' . The American Journal of Physiology. 274 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : G518 -- 24 . PMID 9530153 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , D.L. & Cox , M.M. ( 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , 4th Edition . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , pp. 648 - 649 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 6 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` Gluconeogenesis : Synthesis of New Glucose '' . Subsection : `` Propionate '' . themedicalbiochemistrypage.org , LLC . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Singh I ( February 1997 ) . `` Biochemistry of peroxisomes in health and disease '' . Mol . Cell. Biochem. 167 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006883229684 . PMID 9059978 . Jump up ^ G. Gordon Gibson ; Brian G. Lake ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) . Peroxisomes : Biology and Importance in Toxicology and Medicine . CRC Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 48151 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lazarow , Paul B. ( 10 March 1978 ) . `` Rat liver peroxisomes catalyze the beta oxidation of fatty acids '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry ( 253 ) : 1522 -- 1528 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bonafe , CFS ; de Jesus MB ; Bispo JAC ( January -- February 2018 ) , `` The Polygonal Model : A Simple Representation of Biomolecules as a Tool for Teaching Metabolism '' , Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education , 46 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 75 , doi : 10.1002 / bmb. 21093 Jump up ^ Tein , Ingrid ( 2013 ) . `` Disorders of fatty acid oxidation '' . Handbook of Clinical Neurology . 113 : 1675 -- 1688 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 444 - 59565 - 2.00035 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The chemical logic behind fatty acid metabolism at ufp.pt JEREMY M. BERG , JOHN L. TYMOCZKO and LUBERT STRYER Biochemistry , 2002 Animations at brookscole.com Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism : lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism , triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes Synthesis Malonyl - CoA synthesis ATP citrate lyase Acetyl - CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthesis / Fatty acid synthase Beta - ketoacyl - ACP synthase Β - Ketoacyl ACP reductase 3 - Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Enoyl ACP reductase Fatty acid desaturases Stearoyl - CoA desaturase - 1 Triacyl glycerol Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Thiokinase Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ( ACADL ACADM ACADS ACADVL ACADSB ) Enoyl - CoA hydratase MTP : HADH HADHA HADHB Acetyl - CoA C - acyltransferase Unsaturated Enoyl CoA isomerase 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase Odd chain Propionyl - CoA carboxylase Other Hydroxyacyl - Coenzyme A dehydrogenase To acetyl - CoA Malonyl - CoA decarboxylase Aldehydes Long - chain - aldehyde dehydrogenase Inborn error of lipid metabolism : fatty - acid metabolism disorders ( E71. 3 , 277.81 -- 277.85 ) Synthesis Biotinidase deficiency Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine Primary II - acylcarnitine Adrenoleukodystrophy Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase Short - chain Medium - chain Long - chain 3 - hydroxy Very long - chain Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency : Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Unsaturated 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase deficiency Odd chain Propionic acidemia Other 3 - hydroxyacyl - coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency To acetyl - CoA Malonic aciduria Aldehyde Sjögren -- Larsson syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_oxidation&oldid=831527622 '' Categories : Cell biology Metabolic pathways Fatty acids Citric acid cycle Cellular respiration Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 01 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does b oxidation of fatty acids occur
[ "In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down[1] in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain. It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group. Beta-oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, although some fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes." ]
[ "in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes" ]
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Angels from the Realms of Glory
Angels from the Realms of Glory - wikipedia Angels from the Realms of Glory Jump to : navigation , search Angels from the Realms of Glory Tune for Angels from the Realms of Glory Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Angels from the Realms of Glory '' is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery . It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816 , though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society 's The Christmas Box or New Year 's Gift . Before 1928 , the hymn was sung to a variety of tunes , including `` Regent Square '' , `` Lewes '' by John Randall , and `` Wildersmouth '' or `` Feniton Court '' by Edward Hopkins . In the United States , the hymn is today most commonly sung to the tune of `` Regent Square '' by Henry Smart . In the United Kingdom , however , the hymn came to be sung to the French carol tune `` Iris '' ( Les anges dans nos campagnes , the tune used for `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ) after this setting was published in the Oxford Book of Carols . Sometimes the `` Gloria in excelsis Deo '' refrain is even sung in place of Montgomery 's original lyric : `` Come and worship Christ the new - born King '' . Lyrics ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Angels , from the Realms of Glory Angels , from the realms of glory , Wing your flight o'er all the earth ; Ye who sang creation 's story , Now proclaim Messiah 's birth : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Shepherds , in the fields abiding , Watching o'er your flocks by night , God with man is now residing , Yonder shines the infant light : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Sages , leave your contemplations , Brighter visions beam afar ; Seek the great Desire of nations , Ye have seen his natal star : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Saints before the altar bending , Watching long in hope and fear , Suddenly the Lord , descending , In his temple shall appear . Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Sinners , wrung with true repentance , Doomed for guilt to endless pains , Justice now revokes the sentence , Mercy calls you -- break your chains : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . Though an infant now we view him , He shall fill his Father 's throne , Gather all the nations to him ; Every knee shall then bow down : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . All creation , join in praising God the Father , Spirit , Son , Evermore your voices raising , To th'eternal Three in One : Come and worship , come and worship Worship Christ , the newborn King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Ian . The Penguin Book of Carols . Penguin ( 1999 ) , p27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027526 - 6 . Jump up ^ Angels from the Realms of Glory Jump up ^ Worship II : A Hymnal for Roman Catholic Parishes . Chicago , Illinois : G.I.A. Publications , Inc. 1975 . p. 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angels_from_the_Realms_of_Glory&oldid=816103869 '' Categories : Christmas carols 1816 songs Scottish folk songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Wikisource Italiano Русский Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 08 : 44 . About Wikipedia
when was angels from the realms of glory written
[ "\"Angels from the Realms of Glory\" is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery.[1] It was first printed in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816, though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection The Christian Psalmist and in the Religious Tract Society's The Christmas Box or New Year's Gift.[1]" ]
[ "1816" ]
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Prison Break (season 5)
Prison Break ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Prison Break ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Prison Break ( season 5 ) DVD cover Starring Wentworth Miller Dominic Purcell Sarah Wayne Callies Paul Adelstein Rockmond Dunbar Robert Knepper Amaury Nolasco Mark Feuerstein Inbar Lavi Augustus Prew Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network Fox Original release April 4 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) -- May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Prison Break episodes The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes . Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows , while Sarah Wayne Callies , Amaury Nolasco , Paul Adelstein , Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series . New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein , Inbar Lavi , Augustus Prew , Marina Benedict , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis . A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016 . Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat , Casablanca , and Ouarzazate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Seven years after his apparent death , Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a , Yemen , under the name Kaniel Outis . As the country is engulfed by war , two of Michael 's old friends , his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin `` C - Note '' Franklin , risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home . Back in the United States , Michael 's wife Sara , now remarried , is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon , the one responsible for Michael 's disappearance . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Prison Break characters and List of Prison Break minor characters Main ( edit ) Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi - Scofield Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Robert Knepper as Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon Inbar Lavi as Sheba Augustus Prew as David `` Whip '' Martin Recurring ( edit ) Rick Yune as Ja Marina Benedict as Emily Blake / A&W Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh Amin El Gamal as Cyclops Kunal Sharma as Sid Numan Acar as Abu Ramal Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida Crystal Balint as Heather Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al - Tunis TJ Ramini as Cross Akin Gazi as Omar Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Prison Break episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Ogygia '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1AZM01 3.83 T - Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison . T - Bag shows it to Lincoln , who finds the hidden word `` Ogygia '' , which is a prison in Sana'a , Yemen . Lincoln informs Sara , who has been raising her and Michael 's son , Mike , along with her husband , Jacob . She refuses to believe the news . However , Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain , asking help from C - Note , who has converted to Islam . Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln , who takes C - Note instead . The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C - Note 's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a , where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact , who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln 's United States passport . Lincoln learns that Michael 's fake identity is Kaniel Outis , a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL . Michael ignores Lincoln , claiming not to know him . Meanwhile , T - Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one . The procedure works ; and T - Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis ( Greek for `` Nobody '' ) funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient . 83 `` Kaniel Outis '' Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1AZM02 3.18 Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the `` Sheik of Light . '' Sheba , the contact , agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money . Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department . He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity . Later , he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official . Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate , Ja , who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card , using them to send a message to Sara . Lincoln 's team discovers that Mohammad El - Tunis , the Sheik , is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL - controlled suburb with his daughter . They rescue the duo ; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid , Michael 's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality . Mohammad gives Michael 's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on . Sara receives Michael 's message to get everyone to safety because `` a storm is coming '' . The solitary inmates , including Abu Ramal , the local ISIL leader , are released into the general sector . Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends . 84 `` The Liar '' Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1AZM03 2.44 Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports . However , he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops , who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her . T - Bag runs into Sara , and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh , two of Poseidon 's henchmen , who may be following her trail . A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone , later discovered by Sara , who deduces Kellerman 's involvement . She asks T - Bag to investigate Kellerman . Cross , an inmate who refused to leave his brother , Muza , and participate in Michael 's escape , warns Whip that Michael can not be trusted . Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards , planting it on Ramal , so that he will be detained during the escape . Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred . During the escape however , Ramal 's party , Cross and Muza race to Michael 's cell and are caught by the guards , leading to Muza 's death and the recapture of Michael 's team . Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara . 85 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1AZM04 2.75 ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a . Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip . Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools . Ramal , Michael , Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary . Sid stabs Cross in the chest , joining Michael 's party , which heads outside . They are all captured by ISIL . Ramal plans to behead Michael ; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal . Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal 's death plays . Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal 's death . Meanwhile , T - Bag confronts Kellerman , who denies being Poseidon , an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy . They are attacked by Poseidon operatives . T - Bag manages to escape ; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh , who starts doubting Poseidon 's cause . T - Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob . 86 5 `` Contingency '' Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1AZM05 2.35 Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth : Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara ; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael 's team , offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death , keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon . Michael 's initial refusal led to Sara 's arrest , after which Michael accepted Poseidon 's deal . While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C - Note 's party , Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen . Cyclops deduces Michael 's plan and takes ISIL , intercepting Michael 's party , who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL . They escape the building , but Sid is shot by Cyclops . Sid attacks Cyclops , but Cyclops stabs Sid , who handcuffs them together before he dies , leaving Cyclops handcuffed to his corpse , allowing the rest of the team to proceed to the airport . Meanwhile , C - Note 's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks . C - Note and Sheba save a pilot , who agrees to fly them abroad . They board a plane ; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael 's party arrives , which Lincoln approves of on the phone . C - Note 's party takes off while Michael 's is chased by ISIL . In the meantime , T - Bag shows the pictures to Sara , who confronts Jacob , who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested . 87 6 `` Phaecia '' Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1AZM06 2.37 Michael 's party confronts Omar , who alerts ISIL ; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar 's compliance , heading to Phaecia , a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael 's party abroad . A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael , whose party stops at a gas station , where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland , Maine , sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms . Van Gogh alerts ISIL , who attack the gas station and kill Omar . Whip kills the ISIL operatives . Michael 's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them . Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap , where Michael blinds Cyclops ' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade . Ja helps the others find Phaecia , where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them , who falls unconscious after arriving . A&W and Van Gogh find Michael 's contact , revealed to be an Elvis impersonator . Meanwhile , Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman 's position , assigned to investigate his death . 88 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1AZM07 2.41 Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete , Greece . Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael 's condition . She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane . She reunites with Michael and heals him . He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon , having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official . Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike , whom she entrusts to her friend Heather ; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives . Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working . The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities . Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael . Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away , which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship , which explodes just after Michael 's party jumps overboard . Meanwhile , Kellerman 's successor , Kishida , confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation , leading to the former 's murder . 89 8 `` Progeny '' Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1AZM08 1.90 Michael 's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille , France , where Michael contacts Sara , deduces their situation , and decides to go to the U.S. , using Lincoln 's conflict with Luca Abruzzi , John Abruzzi 's son , over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage . Michael and Lincoln enlist C - Note and Sheba 's help in disposing of Luca and his gang , then convincing C - Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict . They proceed with the plan of taking down 21 - Void and rescuing Sara and Mike , culminating in a lake house in Michigan , where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him , and A&W confronts them , with an unknown person getting shot . Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house , and is shot . Meanwhile , Whip , whose real identity is David Martin , is sent to Chicago by Michael , meeting T - Bag , revealed to be his father . The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21 - Void agent , and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob 's methods and vows to leave 21 - Void when the job with Michael is done . 90 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1AZM09 2.30 Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W , having become skeptical of Michael 's involvement in Gaines ' murder . Mortally wounded , Van Gogh gives up Mike 's location to Sara . As Jacob works to brainwash Mike , Michael gathers his allies , including Blue Hawaii ( the Elvis impersonator who Michael contacted while in Yemen ) , to bring down Jacob . A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca 's arrest by the FBI . Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines ' murder and prove Jacob 's involvement . During the attempt , Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T - Bag kills her and is arrested . Michael succeeds in proving Jacob 's involvement and both are arrested . At the same time , Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux . With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux 's testimony , Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored . He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike . Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary , where he ends up with T - Bag as his cellmate , as requested by Michael . The other inmates cheer T - Bag on as he attacks Jacob . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour , Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break , with Miller stating : `` We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest . They seemed to think there was something there . '' Purcell concluded by adding , `` It 's something that Fox is , as Wentworth said , potentially excited about . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run , although Fox had nothing to report . Newman himself stated , `` There 's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we 've made it clear at the studio that we 'd bring Prison Break back at the studio ( ... ) It 's the perfect event series . But at the moment , we have nothing else to report . '' On June 2 , 2015 , it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring 's Prison Break was in development at Fox . On August 6 , 2015 , Fox confirmed a 10 - episode order for the revival . The limited series is a sequel to the original series , taking place several years later , and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters . Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix . Walden added that : `` a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world ( ... ) '' Walden said . `` The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back , and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience . '' On January 15 , 2016 , Fox officially ordered the revival to series , with the episode order revised to nine episodes , though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run . The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring , Neal Moritz , Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers , with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner . Writing ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style / tone bible for other writers to follow . Casting ( edit ) On January 15 , 2016 , stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows . On February 22 , 2016 , it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness ( later changed to Jacob Ness ) , the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi , a Professor of Economics ( game theory ) at Cornell who has been described as , `` dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on . '' Additionally , on February 22 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow - up along with Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco , although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time . On March 9 , 2016 , Augustus Prew , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for `` heavily recurring roles '' . Prew plays `` funny , crazy and pretty damn sharp '' Whip ; Yune plays Ja , who is described as a `` Korean identity thief , who disheveled appearance belies his genius '' ; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh , `` a bad - ass nut - job '' . On March 9 , 2016 , Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi . On March 16 , 2016 , Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role , playing Cyclops . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper , Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T - Bag , Sucre and C - Note , respectively . On March 21 , 2016 , Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman . On March 21 , 2016 , Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles . Lavi plays Sheba , an operator / fixer / activist who becomes involved with Burrows . Benedict is A&W , `` a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well - being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals '' , and Sharma plays Sid , a man in prison . On April 22 , 2016 , it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil , whom Tahir describes as `` a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with . '' In July 2016 , it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone . Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that `` ( writer ) Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner . He 's a brilliant actor -- but Paul honestly said to me , ' I do n't know what to do with that character ' . He did n't want to just bring everybody back , so that the audience go , ' Oh , look , it 's Bill Fichtner again ! ' -- he honestly thought , ' I 'm not sure where to do that in the plot . ' So if someday there 's another chapter of this , maybe then Bill will be back . But I think the characters that are there , each of our moments that we have , are key to the storytelling , which is how it should be . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the season began in April 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver , once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow . Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11 , 2016 . On June 1 , 2016 , Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco , after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head , which caused a broken nose and a head injury . Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered . Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident . Music ( edit ) Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break , after learning of the news of the possible revival , to which further stated , `` I literally just heard it , so it 's news for me . It 's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point . '' Djawadi later added , `` Most likely , if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me . I loved all the people involved . I thought it was an incredible show . Absolutely . '' In June 2016 , it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 55 % based on 29 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return , but familiar faces and frenetic action are n't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Ogygia '' April 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 3.83 0.8 1.86 2.3 5.68 `` Kaniel Outis '' April 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.18 0.9 1.84 2.0 5.01 `` The Liar '' April 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.8 1.76 1.7 4.20 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' April 25 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Contingency '' May 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.35 0.7 1.51 1.5 3.86 6 `` Phaecia '' May 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.37 0.6 1.33 1.5 3.70 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.41 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.81 8 `` Progeny '' May 23 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.50 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' May 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.30 0.7 1.54 1.6 3.83 Home media Release ( edit ) The event series was released on Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 . Special features include a behind - the - scenes featurette , `` A Return Home : The Making of Prison Break Event Series '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Prison Break revival officially has a title -- as show writers reveal why there are only nine episodes in the new series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT KNEPPER , ROCKMOND DUNBAR AND AMAURY NOLASCO RETURN TO PRISON BREAK '' . 20th Century Fox . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break , Making History Premiere Dates Announced by Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calcuttawala , Zainab ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` American Show `` Prison Break '' to Film in Rabat , Casablanca , Ouarzazate `` . Morocco World News . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies To Reprise ' Prison Break ' Role In Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fox `` Definitely '' Interested in Prison Break 's Return , Wentworth Miller Reveals `` . E !. Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar Returning for Revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Limited Series In Development at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Chiefs on ' Prison Break ' Revival , ' Empire ' Impact and Planned Turnaround '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Sequel Limited Series A Go At Fox '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Greenlights ' Prison Break ' Event Series , Orders ' 24 ' Spinoff Pilot ' Legacy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival Is Officially a Go : Updates on Cast , International Setting '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Sequel Series Confirmed By Fox '' . Empire . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Event Series with Original Cast & Producers Officially Greenlit at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Michael Raymond - James Back on ' Once Upon a Time ' ; Mark Feuerstein Joins ' Prison Break ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Mark Feuerstein Joins Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : Augustus Prew , Rick Yune Join Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies Joins Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Casts Richard Brake ; ' Prison Break ' Adds Amin El Gamal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Revival Bringing Back More Original Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Adelstein Returning to Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict & Kunal Sharma Join Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : The Last Ship 's Inbar Lavi to Recur on Fox Event Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faran Tahir cast as newest member of TV serial ' Prison Break ' '' . The Express Tribune . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break : Here 's the REAL reason that Mahone is n't back for the revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break 's ' Dominic Purcell Vows Reboot Will Be `` Amazing '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current Productions : April 29 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada , BC District Council . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Dominic ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell : I 'm good '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Injured On Set Of Fox 's Prison Break , Production Not Impacted '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break star Dominic Purcell almost killed on set after iron bar falls on his head '' . News.com.au . June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break season 5 : Ramin Djawadi says he would ' absolutely ' return to the show '' . Daily Express . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ PBWritersRoom ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Yes ! Ramin is back , so expect some cool new music '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break - Fox Official Press Release : ' The Event Series ' and Blu ' Collector 's Set ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Prison Break on IMDb Prison Break at TV.com ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cell Test '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break_(season_5)&oldid=827306094 '' Categories : Prison Break Prison Break episodes 2017 American television seasons Terrorism in fiction Yemen in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 23 : 39 . 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where was the last season of prison break filmed
[ "Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows, while Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco, Paul Adelstein, Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series. New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein, Inbar Lavi, Augustus Prew, Marina Benedict, Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis. A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016. Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate.[4][5]" ]
[ "in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate" ]
-5756028754418160697
List of countries and territories by land borders
List of countries and territories by land borders - wikipedia List of countries and territories by land borders Jump to : navigation , search Countries without a land border This is a list of countries and territories by land borders . The number of unique land borders of each country or territory is indicated as well the names of its neighboring countries and territories . The length of each land border is included , as is the total length of each country 's and territory 's land borders . Countries or territories that are connected only by bridges or other man - made causeways are not considered to have land borders . However , borders along lakes , rivers , and other internal waters are considered land borders for the purposes of this article . Footnotes are included to provide clarity regarding the status of certain countries and territories . Land borders ( edit ) Contents : Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Country or territory ( Territories without full sovereignty in italics ) Total length of land borders No. of unique land borders No. of unique land neighbours Land border neighbours and border length ( Territories without full sovereignty in italics ) ( # ) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory km mi Adélie Land ( France ) 0 0 Includes : Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) ( 2 ) Afghanistan 5,529 3,436 6 ( 7 ) 6 ( 7 ) Includes : People 's Republic of China : 76 km ( 47 mi ) Iran : 936 km ( 582 mi ) Pakistan : 2,430 km ( 1,510 mi ) Tajikistan : 1,206 km ( 749 mi ) Turkmenistan : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Uzbekistan : 137 km ( 85 mi ) Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( United Kingdom ) 152 94 6 Includes : Cyprus ( 5 ) : Åland Islands ( Finland ) 0.5 0.31 Albania 720 450 Includes : Greece : 282 km ( 175 mi ) Kosovo : 112 km ( 70 mi ) Macedonia : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Montenegro : 172 km ( 107 mi ) Algeria 6,343 3,941 7 7 Includes : Libya : 982 km ( 610 mi ) Mali : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Mauritania : 463 km ( 288 mi ) Morocco : 1,559 km ( 969 mi ) Niger : 956 km ( 594 mi ) Tunisia : 965 km ( 600 mi ) Western Sahara : 42 km ( 26 mi ) American Samoa ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Amsterdam Island and Île Saint - Paul ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Andorra 120 75 Includes : France : 56.6 km ( 35.2 mi ) Spain : 63.7 km ( 39.6 mi ) Angola 5,198 3,230 5 Includes : Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 2 ) : 2,511 km ( 1,560 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 201 km ( 125 mi ) Namibia : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Zambia : 1,110 km ( 690 mi ) Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Antártica Chilena Province ( Chile ) 0 0 Includes : Argentine Antarctica ( Argentina ) British Antarctic Territory ( United Kingdom ) Antigua and Barbuda 0 0 0 0 Argentina 9,665 6,006 6 5 Includes : Bolivia : 832 km ( 517 mi ) Brazil : 1,224 km ( 761 mi ) Chile ( 2 ) : 5,300 km ( 3,300 mi ) Paraguay : 1,880 km ( 1,170 mi ) Uruguay : 579 km ( 360 mi ) Armenia 1,254 779 5 Includes : Azerbaijan ( 6 ) : 787 km ( 489 mi ) Georgia : 164 km ( 102 mi ) Iran : 35 km ( 22 mi ) Turkey : 268 km ( 167 mi ) Aruba ( Netherlands ) 0 0 0 0 Ashmore and Cartier Islands ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Australia 0 0 0 0 Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) 0 0 Includes : Adélie Land ( France ) ( 2 ) Queen Maud Land ( Norway ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) Austria 2,562 1,592 9 8 Includes : Czech Republic : 362 km ( 225 mi ) Germany : 784 km ( 487 mi ) Hungary : 366 km ( 227 mi ) Italy : 430 km ( 270 mi ) Liechtenstein : 35 km ( 22 mi ) Slovakia : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Slovenia : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Switzerland ( 2 ) : 164 km ( 102 mi ) Azerbaijan 2,013 1,251 7 5 Includes : Armenia ( 6 ) : 787 km ( 489 mi ) Georgia : 322 km ( 200 mi ) Iran ( 2 ) : 432 km ( 268 mi ) Russia : 284 km ( 176 mi ) Turkey : 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) Azores ( Portugal ) 0 0 0 0 Bahamas 0 0 0 0 Bahrain 0 0 0 0 Baker Island and Howland Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Bangladesh 4,246 2,638 Includes : India ( 2 ) , including Dahagram - Angarpota : 4,053 km ( 2,518 mi ) Myanmar : 193 km ( 120 mi ) Barbados 0 0 0 0 Bassas da India , Europa Island , and Juan de Nova Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Belarus 2,900 1,800 5 5 Includes : Latvia : 141 km ( 88 mi ) Lithuania : 502 km ( 312 mi ) Poland : 407 km ( 253 mi ) Russia : 959 km ( 596 mi ) Ukraine : 891 km ( 554 mi ) Belgium 1,385 861 39 Includes : France : 620 km ( 390 mi ) Germany ( 6 ) : 167 km ( 104 mi ) Luxembourg : 148 km ( 92 mi ) Netherlands ( 31 ) : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Belize 516 321 Includes : Guatemala : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Mexico : 250 km ( 160 mi ) Benin 1,989 1,236 Includes : Burkina Faso : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Niger : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Nigeria : 773 km ( 480 mi ) Togo : 644 km ( 400 mi ) Bermuda ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Bhutan 1,075 668 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 470 km ( 290 mi ) India : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Bolivia 6,743 4,190 5 5 Includes : Argentina : 832 km ( 517 mi ) Brazil : 3,400 km ( 2,100 mi ) Chile : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Paraguay : 750 km ( 470 mi ) Peru : 900 km ( 560 mi ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,459 907 5 Includes : Croatia ( 2 ) : 932 km ( 579 mi ) Montenegro : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Serbia ( 2 ) : 302 km ( 188 mi ) Botswana 4,015 2,495 Includes : Namibia : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) South Africa : 1,840 km ( 1,140 mi ) Zambia : 0.15 km ( 0.093 mi ) Zimbabwe : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Bouvet Island 0 0 0 0 Brazil 14,691 9,129 10 10 Includes : Argentina : 1,224 km ( 761 mi ) Bolivia : 3,400 km ( 2,100 mi ) Colombia : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) French Guiana ( France ) : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Guyana : 1,119 km ( 695 mi ) Paraguay : 1,290 km ( 800 mi ) Peru : 1,560 km ( 970 mi ) Suriname : 597 km ( 371 mi ) Uruguay : 985 km ( 612 mi ) Venezuela : 2,200 km ( 1,400 mi ) British Antarctic Territory ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 Includes : Antártica Chilena Province ( Chile ) Argentine Antarctica ( Argentina ) Queen Maud Land ( Norway ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Brunei 381 237 Includes : Malaysia ( 2 ) : 381 km ( 237 mi ) Bulgaria 1,808 1,123 5 5 Includes : Greece : 494 km ( 307 mi ) Macedonia : 148 km ( 92 mi ) Romania : 608 km ( 378 mi ) Serbia : 318 km ( 198 mi ) Turkey : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Burkina Faso 3,193 1,984 6 6 Includes : Benin : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 584 km ( 363 mi ) Ghana : 549 km ( 341 mi ) Mali : 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) Niger : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Togo : 126 km ( 78 mi ) Burundi 974 605 Includes : Democratic Republic of the Congo : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Rwanda : 290 km ( 180 mi ) Tanzania : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Cambodia 2,572 1,598 Includes : Laos : 541 km ( 336 mi ) Thailand : 803 km ( 499 mi ) Vietnam : 1,228 km ( 763 mi ) Cameroon 4,591 2,853 6 6 Includes : Central African Republic : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Chad : 1,094 km ( 680 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 523 km ( 325 mi ) Equatorial Guinea : 189 km ( 117 mi ) Gabon : 298 km ( 185 mi ) Nigeria : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Canada 8,893 5,526 5 Includes : Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) : 0.05 km ( 0.031 mi ) United States ( 4 ) : 8,893 km ( 5,526 mi ) Cape Verde 0 0 0 0 Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Central African Republic 5,213 3,239 6 6 Includes : Cameroon : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Chad : 1,197 km ( 744 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 1,577 km ( 980 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 467 km ( 290 mi ) South Sudan : 682 km ( 424 mi ) Sudan : 483 km ( 300 mi ) Chad 5,968 3,708 6 6 Includes : Cameroon : 1,094 km ( 680 mi ) Central African Republic : 1,197 km ( 744 mi ) Libya : 1,055 km ( 656 mi ) Niger : 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Nigeria : 87 km ( 54 mi ) Sudan : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) Chile 6,171 3,834 Includes : Argentina ( 2 ) : 5,300 km ( 3,300 mi ) Bolivia : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Peru : 160 km ( 99 mi ) People 's Republic of China 22,147 13,762 19 16 Includes : Afghanistan : 76 km ( 47 mi ) Bhutan : 470 km ( 290 mi ) Hong Kong ( PR China ) : 30 km ( 19 mi ) India ( 3 ) : 3,380 km ( 2,100 mi ) Kazakhstan : 1,533 km ( 953 mi ) North Korea : 1,416 km ( 880 mi ) Kyrgyzstan : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Laos : 423 km ( 263 mi ) Macau ( PR China ) : 0.34 km ( 0.21 mi ) Mongolia : 4,677 km ( 2,906 mi ) Myanmar : 2,185 km ( 1,358 mi ) Nepal : 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) Pakistan : 523 km ( 325 mi ) Russia ( 2 ) : 3,645 km ( 2,265 mi ) Tajikistan : 414 km ( 257 mi ) Vietnam : 1,281 km ( 796 mi ) Christmas Island ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Clipperton Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Colombia 6,004 3,731 5 5 Includes : Brazil : 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) Ecuador : 590 km ( 370 mi ) Panama : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Peru : 1,496 km ( 930 mi ) Venezuela : 2,050 km ( 1,270 mi ) Comoros 0 0 0 0 Democratic Republic of the Congo 10,730 6,670 10 9 Includes : Angola ( 2 ) : 2,511 km ( 1,560 mi ) Burundi : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Central African Republic : 1,577 km ( 980 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 2,410 km ( 1,500 mi ) Rwanda : 217 km ( 135 mi ) South Sudan : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Tanzania : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Uganda : 765 km ( 475 mi ) Zambia : 1,930 km ( 1,200 mi ) Republic of the Congo 5,504 3,420 5 5 Includes : Angola : 201 km ( 125 mi ) Cameroon : 523 km ( 325 mi ) Central African Republic : 467 km ( 290 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 2,410 km ( 1,500 mi ) Gabon : 1,903 km ( 1,182 mi ) Cook Islands 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 639 397 Includes : Nicaragua : 309 km ( 192 mi ) Panama : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire 3,110 1,930 5 5 Includes : Burkina Faso : 584 km ( 363 mi ) Ghana : 668 km ( 415 mi ) Guinea : 610 km ( 380 mi ) Liberia : 716 km ( 445 mi ) Mali : 532 km ( 331 mi ) Croatia 2,197 1,365 6 5 Includes : Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 ) : 932 km ( 579 mi ) Hungary : 329 km ( 204 mi ) Montenegro : 25 km ( 16 mi ) Serbia : 241 km ( 150 mi ) Slovenia : 670 km ( 420 mi ) Crozet Islands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Cuba 0 0 0 0 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 0 0 0 0 Cyprus 152 94 6 Includes : Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( United Kingdom ) ( 5 ) Northern Cyprus 0 0 Includes : Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( United Kingdom ) Cyprus Czech Republic 1,881 1,169 Includes : Austria : 362 km ( 225 mi ) Germany : 815 km ( 506 mi ) Poland : 658 km ( 409 mi ) Slovakia : 215 km ( 134 mi ) Denmark 68 42 Includes : Germany : 68 km ( 42 mi ) Djibouti 516 321 Includes : Eritrea : 109 km ( 68 mi ) Ethiopia : 349 km ( 217 mi ) Somalia : 58 km ( 36 mi ) Dominica 0 0 0 0 Dominican Republic 360 220 Includes : Haiti : 360 km ( 220 mi ) East Timor 228 142 Includes : Indonesia ( 2 ) : 228 km ( 142 mi ) Ecuador 2,010 1,250 Includes : Colombia : 590 km ( 370 mi ) Peru : 1,420 km ( 880 mi ) Egypt 2,665 1,656 Includes : Gaza Strip ( Palestinian territories ) : 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Israel : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Libya : 1,115 km ( 693 mi ) Sudan : 1,273 km ( 791 mi ) El Salvador 545 339 Includes : Guatemala : 203 km ( 126 mi ) Honduras : 342 km ( 213 mi ) England ( United Kingdom ) 411 255 Includes : Scotland : 154 km ( 96 mi ) Wales : 257 km ( 160 mi ) Equatorial Guinea 539 335 Includes : Cameroon : 189 km ( 117 mi ) Gabon : 350 km ( 220 mi ) Eritrea 1,626 1,010 Includes : Djibouti : 109 km ( 68 mi ) Ethiopia : 912 km ( 567 mi ) Sudan : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Estonia 633 393 Includes : Latvia : 339 km ( 211 mi ) Russia : 294 km ( 183 mi ) Ethiopia 5,328 3,311 6 6 Includes : Djibouti : 349 km ( 217 mi ) Eritrea : 912 km ( 567 mi ) Kenya : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Somalia : 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) South Sudan : 883 km ( 549 mi ) Sudan : 723 km ( 449 mi ) European Union 13,180 8,190 26 20 Includes : Albania : 282 km ( 175 mi ) Andorra : 120.3 km ( 74.8 mi ) Belarus : 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) Bosnia and Herzegovina : 932 km ( 579 mi ) Brazil : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Liechtenstein : 34.9 km ( 21.7 mi ) Macedonia : 394 km ( 245 mi ) Moldova : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Monaco : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Montenegro : 25 km ( 16 mi ) Morocco ( 3 ) : 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) Norway : 2,348 km ( 1,459 mi ) Russia ( 4 ) : 2,257 km ( 1,402 mi ) San Marino : 39 km ( 24 mi ) Serbia : 1,186 km ( 737 mi ) Suriname : 510 km ( 320 mi ) Switzerland : 1,811 km ( 1,125 mi ) Turkey : 446 km ( 277 mi ) Ukraine ( 2 ) : 1,257 km ( 781 mi ) Vatican City : 3.2 km ( 2.0 mi ) Falkland Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 0 0 0 0 Fiji 0 0 0 0 Finland 2,690 1,670 7 Includes : Norway : 736 km ( 457 mi ) Sweden ( 4 ) : 614 km ( 382 mi ) Russia ( 2 ) : 1,340 km ( 830 mi ) France 2,889 1,795 10 8 Includes : Andorra : 56.6 km ( 35.2 mi ) Belgium : 620 km ( 390 mi ) Germany : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Italy : 488 km ( 303 mi ) Luxembourg : 73 km ( 45 mi ) Monaco : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Spain ( 3 ) : 623 km ( 387 mi ) Switzerland : 573 km ( 356 mi ) France ( including French overseas departments , collectivities , and territories ) → includes : → Clipperton Island → French Guiana → French Polynesia → French Southern and Antarctic Lands → Guadeloupe → Martinique → Mayotte → New Caledonia → Réunion → Saint Barthélemy → Saint Martin → Saint Pierre and Miquelon → Wallis and Futuna 4,082 2,536 13 11 Includes : Andorra : 56.6 km ( 35.2 mi ) Belgium : 620 km ( 390 mi ) Brazil : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Germany : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Italy : 488 km ( 303 mi ) Luxembourg : 73 km ( 45 mi ) Monaco : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) Spain ( 3 ) : 623 km ( 387 mi ) Suriname : 510 km ( 320 mi ) Switzerland : 573 km ( 356 mi ) French Guiana ( France ) 1,183 735 Includes : Brazil : 673 km ( 418 mi ) Suriname : 510 km ( 320 mi ) French Polynesia ( France ) 0 0 0 0 French Southern and Antarctic Lands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Gabon 2,551 1,585 Includes : Cameroon : 298 km ( 185 mi ) Republic of the Congo : 1,903 km ( 1,182 mi ) Equatorial Guinea : 350 km ( 220 mi ) The Gambia 740 460 Includes : Senegal : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Gaza Strip ( Palestinian territories ) 62 39 Includes : Egypt : 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Israel : 51 km ( 32 mi ) Georgia 1,461 908 Includes : Armenia : 164 km ( 102 mi ) Azerbaijan : 322 km ( 200 mi ) Russia : 723 km ( 449 mi ) Turkey : 252 km ( 157 mi ) Germany 3,621 2,250 15 9 Includes : Austria : 784 km ( 487 mi ) Belgium ( 6 ) : 167 km ( 104 mi ) Czech Republic : 815 km ( 506 mi ) Denmark : 68 km ( 42 mi ) France : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Luxembourg : 138 km ( 86 mi ) Netherlands : 577 km ( 359 mi ) Poland : 456 km ( 283 mi ) Switzerland ( 2 ) : 334 km ( 208 mi ) Ghana 2,094 1,301 Includes : Burkina Faso : 549 km ( 341 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 668 km ( 415 mi ) Togo : 877 km ( 545 mi ) Gibraltar ( United Kingdom ) 0.75 Includes : Spain : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) Glorioso Islands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Greece 1,228 763 Includes : Albania : 282 km ( 175 mi ) Bulgaria : 494 km ( 307 mi ) Turkey : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Macedonia : 246 km ( 153 mi ) Greenland ( Denmark ) 0 0 0 0 Grenada 0 0 0 0 Guadeloupe ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Guam ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Guatemala 1,687 1,048 Includes : Belize : 266 km ( 165 mi ) El Salvador : 203 km ( 126 mi ) Honduras : 256 km ( 159 mi ) Mexico : 962 km ( 598 mi ) Guernsey ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Guinea 3,399 2,112 6 6 Includes : Côte d'Ivoire : 610 km ( 380 mi ) Guinea - Bissau : 386 km ( 240 mi ) Liberia : 563 km ( 350 mi ) Mali : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Senegal : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Sierra Leone : 652 km ( 405 mi ) Guinea - Bissau 724 450 Includes : Guinea : 386 km ( 240 mi ) Senegal : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Guyana 2,462 1,530 Includes : Brazil : 1,119 km ( 695 mi ) Suriname : 600 km ( 370 mi ) Venezuela : 743 km ( 462 mi ) Haiti 360 220 Includes : Dominican Republic : 360 km ( 220 mi ) Heard Island and McDonald Islands ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Honduras 1,520 940 Includes : Guatemala : 256 km ( 159 mi ) El Salvador : 342 km ( 213 mi ) Nicaragua : 922 km ( 573 mi ) Hong Kong ( People 's Republic of China ) 30 19 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 30 km ( 19 mi ) Howland Island and Baker Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Hungary 2,171 1,349 7 7 Includes : Austria : 366 km ( 227 mi ) Croatia : 329 km ( 204 mi ) Romania : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Serbia : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Slovakia : 677 km ( 421 mi ) Slovenia : 102 km ( 63 mi ) Ukraine : 103 km ( 64 mi ) Iceland 0 0 0 0 Île Saint - Paul and Amsterdam Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 India 14,103 8,763 10 ( 9 ) 6 Includes : Bangladesh ( 2 ) , including Dahagram - Angarpota : 4,053 km ( 2,518 mi ) Bhutan : 605 km ( 376 mi ) People 's Republic of China ( 3 ) : 3,380 km ( 2,100 mi ) Myanmar : 1,463 km ( 909 mi ) Nepal : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Pakistan : 2,912 km ( 1,809 mi ) Indonesia 2,830 1,760 Includes : East Timor ( 2 ) : 228 km ( 142 mi ) Malaysia : 1,782 km ( 1,107 mi ) Papua New Guinea : 820 km ( 510 mi ) Iran 5,440 3,380 8 7 Includes : Afghanistan : 936 km ( 582 mi ) Armenia : 35 km ( 22 mi ) Azerbaijan ( 2 ) : 432 km ( 268 mi ) Iraq : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Pakistan : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Turkey : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Turkmenistan : 992 km ( 616 mi ) Iraq 3,650 2,270 6 6 Includes : Iran : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Jordan : 181 km ( 112 mi ) Kuwait : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 814 km ( 506 mi ) Syria : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Turkey : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Ireland 499 310 Includes : United Kingdom : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Isle of Man ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Israel 1,017 632 6 5 Includes : Egypt : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Gaza Strip ( Palestinian territories ) : 51 km ( 32 mi ) Jordan : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Lebanon : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Syria : 76 km ( 47 mi ) West Bank ( Palestinian territories ) : 307 km ( 191 mi ) Italy 1,932 1,200 7 6 Includes : Austria : 430 km ( 270 mi ) France : 488 km ( 303 mi ) San Marino : 39 km ( 24 mi ) Slovenia : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Switzerland ( 2 ) : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Vatican City : 3.2 km ( 2.0 mi ) Jamaica 0 0 0 0 Japan 0 0 0 0 Jarvis Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Jersey 0 0 0 0 Johnston Atoll ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Jordan 1,635 1,016 5 5 Includes : Iraq : 181 km ( 112 mi ) Israel : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Syria : 375 km ( 233 mi ) West Bank ( Palestinian territories ) : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Juan de Nova Island , Bassas da India , and Europa Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Kazakhstan 12,012 7,464 5 5 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 1,533 km ( 953 mi ) Kyrgyzstan : 1,051 km ( 653 mi ) Russia : 6,846 km ( 4,254 mi ) Turkmenistan : 379 km ( 235 mi ) Uzbekistan : 2,203 km ( 1,369 mi ) Kenya 3,477 2,161 5 5 Includes : Ethiopia : 861 km ( 535 mi ) Somalia : 682 km ( 424 mi ) South Sudan : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Tanzania : 769 km ( 478 mi ) Uganda : 933 km ( 580 mi ) Kerguelen Islands ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Kiribati 0 0 0 0 North Korea 1,673 1,040 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 1,416 km ( 880 mi ) South Korea : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Russia : 19 km ( 12 mi ) South Korea 238 148 Includes : North Korea : 238 km ( 148 mi ) Kosovo 701 436 Includes : Albania : 112 km ( 70 mi ) Macedonia : 159 km ( 99 mi ) Montenegro : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Serbia : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Kuwait 462 287 Includes : Iraq : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 222 km ( 138 mi ) Kyrgyzstan 3,878 2,410 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Kazakhstan : 1,051 km ( 653 mi ) Tajikistan ( 3 ) : 870 km ( 540 mi ) Uzbekistan ( 6 ) : 1,099 km ( 683 mi ) Laos 5,083 3,158 5 5 Includes : Cambodia : 541 km ( 336 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 423 km ( 263 mi ) Myanmar : 235 km ( 146 mi ) Thailand : 1,754 km ( 1,090 mi ) Vietnam : 2,130 km ( 1,320 mi ) Latvia 1,150 710 Includes : Belarus : 141 km ( 88 mi ) Estonia : 339 km ( 211 mi ) Lithuania : 453 km ( 281 mi ) Russia : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Lebanon 454 282 Includes : Israel : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Syria : 375 km ( 233 mi ) Lesotho 909 565 Includes : South Africa : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Liberia 1,585 985 Includes : Guinea : 563 km ( 350 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 716 km ( 445 mi ) Sierra Leone : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Libya 4,348 2,702 6 6 Includes : Algeria : 982 km ( 610 mi ) Chad : 1,055 km ( 656 mi ) Egypt : 1,115 km ( 693 mi ) Niger : 354 km ( 220 mi ) Sudan : 383 km ( 238 mi ) Tunisia : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Liechtenstein 76 47 Includes : Austria : 34.9 km ( 21.7 mi ) Switzerland : 41.1 km ( 25.5 mi ) Lithuania 1,273 791 Includes : Belarus : 502 km ( 312 mi ) Latvia : 453 km ( 281 mi ) Poland : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Russia : 227 km ( 141 mi ) Luxembourg 359 223 Includes : Belgium : 148 km ( 92 mi ) France : 73 km ( 45 mi ) Germany : 138 km ( 86 mi ) Macau ( People 's Republic of China ) 0.34 0.21 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 0.34 km ( 0.21 mi ) Macedonia 7,666 4,763 5 5 Includes : Albania : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Bulgaria : 148 km ( 92 mi ) Greece : 246 km ( 153 mi ) Kosovo : 159 km ( 99 mi ) Serbia : 62 km ( 39 mi ) Macquarie Island ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 Madeira ( Portugal ) 0 0 0 0 Malawi 2,881 1,790 Includes : Mozambique : 1,569 km ( 975 mi ) Tanzania : 475 km ( 295 mi ) Zambia : 837 km ( 520 mi ) Malaysia 3,147 1,955 Includes : Brunei ( 2 ) : 381 km ( 237 mi ) Indonesia : 1,782 km ( 1,107 mi ) Thailand : 506 km ( 314 mi ) Maldives 0 0 0 0 Mali 7,243 4,501 7 7 Includes : Algeria : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Burkina Faso : 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) Côte d'Ivoire : 532 km ( 331 mi ) Guinea : 858 km ( 533 mi ) Mauritania : 2,237 km ( 1,390 mi ) Niger : 821 km ( 510 mi ) Senegal : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Malta 0 0 0 0 Marshall Islands 0 0 0 0 Martinique ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Mauritania 5,074 3,153 Includes : Algeria : 463 km ( 288 mi ) Mali : 2,237 km ( 1,390 mi ) Senegal : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Western Sahara : 1,561 km ( 970 mi ) Mauritius 0 0 0 0 Mayotte ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Mexico 4,353 2,705 Includes : Belize : 250 km ( 160 mi ) Guatemala : 962 km ( 598 mi ) United States : 3,141 km ( 1,952 mi ) Federated States of Micronesia 0 0 0 0 Midway Atoll ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Moldova 1,389 863 Includes : Romania : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Ukraine : 939 km ( 583 mi ) Monaco 4.4 2.7 Includes : France : 4.4 km ( 2.7 mi ) Mongolia 8,220 5,110 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 4,677 km ( 2,906 mi ) Russia : 3,485 km ( 2,165 mi ) Montenegro 625 388 5 5 Includes : Albania : 172 km ( 107 mi ) Bosnia and Herzegovina : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Croatia : 25 km ( 16 mi ) Kosovo : 79 km ( 49 mi ) Serbia : 124 km ( 77 mi ) Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Morocco 2,018 1,254 5 Includes : Algeria : 1,559 km ( 969 mi ) Western Sahara : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Spain ( 3 ) : 17 km ( 11 mi ) Mozambique 4,571 2,840 6 6 Includes : Malawi : 1,569 km ( 975 mi ) South Africa ( 2 ) : 491 km ( 305 mi ) Swaziland : 105 km ( 65 mi ) Tanzania : 756 km ( 470 mi ) Zambia : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Zimbabwe : 1,231 km ( 765 mi ) Myanmar 5,876 3,651 5 5 Includes : Bangladesh : 193 km ( 120 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 2,185 km ( 1,358 mi ) India : 1,463 km ( 909 mi ) Laos : 235 km ( 146 mi ) Thailand : 1,800 km ( 1,100 mi ) Nagorno - Karabakh Republic 0 0 Includes : Armenia Azerbaijan Iran Namibia 3,936 2,446 Includes : Angola : 1,376 km ( 855 mi ) Botswana : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) South Africa : 967 km ( 601 mi ) Zambia : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Nauru 0 0 0 0 Navassa Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Nepal 2,926 1,818 Includes : People 's Republic of China : 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) India : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Netherlands 1,027 638 32 Includes : Belgium ( 31 ) : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Germany : 577 km ( 359 mi ) Netherlands , Kingdom of the → includes : → Aruba → Curaçao → Netherlands ( including Caribbean Netherlands ) → Sint Maarten 1,037 644 33 Includes : Belgium ( 31 ) : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Germany : 577 km ( 359 mi ) Saint Martin ( France ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) New Caledonia ( France ) 0 0 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 0 0 Nicaragua 1,231 765 Includes : Costa Rica : 309 km ( 192 mi ) Honduras : 922 km ( 573 mi ) Niger 5,697 3,540 7 7 Includes : Algeria : 956 km ( 594 mi ) Benin : 266 km ( 165 mi ) Burkina Faso : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Chad : 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Libya : 354 km ( 220 mi ) Mali : 821 km ( 510 mi ) Nigeria : 1,497 km ( 930 mi ) Nigeria 4,047 2,515 Includes : Benin : 773 km ( 480 mi ) Cameroon : 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) Chad : 87 km ( 54 mi ) Niger : 1,497 km ( 930 mi ) Niue 0 0 0 0 Norfolk Island ( Australia ) 0 0 0 0 Northern Ireland ( United Kingdom ) 499 310 Includes : Ireland : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Northern Mariana Islands ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Norway 2,551 1,585 Includes : Finland : 736 km ( 457 mi ) Sweden : 1,619 km ( 1,006 mi ) Russia : 196 km ( 122 mi ) Oman 1,374 854 6 Includes : Saudi Arabia : 676 km ( 420 mi ) United Arab Emirates ( 4 ) : 410 km ( 250 mi ) Yemen : 288 km ( 179 mi ) Pakistan 6,774 4,209 4 ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 ) Includes : Afghanistan : 2,430 km ( 1,510 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 523 km ( 325 mi ) India : 2,912 km ( 1,809 mi ) Iran : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Palau 0 0 0 0 Palestine 466 290 Includes : Egypt : 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) Israel ( 2 ) : 358 km ( 222 mi ) Jordan : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Panama 555 345 Includes : Colombia : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Costa Rica : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Papua New Guinea 820 510 Includes : Indonesia : 820 km ( 510 mi ) Paraguay 3,920 2,440 Includes : Argentina : 1,880 km ( 1,170 mi ) Bolivia : 750 km ( 470 mi ) Brazil : 1,290 km ( 800 mi ) Peru 5,536 3,440 5 5 Includes : Bolivia : 900 km ( 560 mi ) Brazil : 1,560 km ( 970 mi ) Chile : 160 km ( 99 mi ) Colombia : 1,496 km ( 930 mi ) Ecuador : 1,420 km ( 880 mi ) Peter I Island 0 0 0 0 Philippines 0 0 0 0 Pitcairn Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Poland 2,788 1,732 7 7 Includes : Belarus : 407 km ( 253 mi ) Czech Republic : 658 km ( 409 mi ) Germany : 456 km ( 283 mi ) Lithuania : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Russia : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Slovakia : 444 km ( 276 mi ) Ukraine : 526 km ( 327 mi ) Portugal 1,214 754 Includes : Spain : 1,214 km ( 754 mi ) Puerto Rico ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Qatar 60 37 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) Includes : Saudi Arabia : 60 km ( 37 mi ) Queen Maud Land ( Norway ) 0 0 Includes : Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) British Antarctic Territory ( United Kingdom ) Réunion ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Romania 2,508 1,558 6 5 Includes : Bulgaria : 608 km ( 378 mi ) Hungary : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Moldova : 450 km ( 280 mi ) Serbia : 476 km ( 296 mi ) Ukraine ( 2 ) : 531 km ( 330 mi ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) 0 0 Includes : Australian Antarctic Territory ( Australia ) Russia 20,017 12,438 16 14 Includes : Azerbaijan : 284 km ( 176 mi ) Belarus : 959 km ( 596 mi ) People 's Republic of China ( 2 ) : 3,645 km ( 2,265 mi ) Estonia : 294 km ( 183 mi ) Finland ( 2 ) : 1,340 km ( 830 mi ) Georgia : 723 km ( 449 mi ) Kazakhstan : 6,846 km ( 4,254 mi ) North Korea : 19 km ( 12 mi ) Latvia : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Lithuania : 227 km ( 141 mi ) Mongolia : 3,485 km ( 2,165 mi ) Norway : 196 km ( 122 mi ) Poland : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Ukraine : 1,576 km ( 979 mi ) Rwanda 893 555 Includes : Burundi : 290 km ( 180 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Tanzania : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Uganda : 169 km ( 105 mi ) Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 0 0 0 Saint Lucia 0 0 0 0 Saint Martin 10.2 6.3 Includes : Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 0.05 0.031 headerstyle = font - weight : normal ; text - align : left ; Includes :| Canada : 0.05 km ( 0.031 mi ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 0 0 Samoa 0 0 0 0 San Marino 39 24 Includes : Italy : 39 km ( 24 mi ) São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0 0 0 Saudi Arabia 4,431 2,753 7 7 Includes : Iraq : 814 km ( 506 mi ) Jordan : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Kuwait : 222 km ( 138 mi ) Oman : 676 km ( 420 mi ) Qatar : 60 km ( 37 mi ) United Arab Emirates : 457 km ( 284 mi ) Yemen : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Scotland ( United Kingdom ) 154 96 Includes : England : 154 km ( 96 mi ) Senegal 2,640 1,640 5 5 Includes : The Gambia : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Guinea : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Guinea - Bissau : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Mali : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Mauritania : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Serbia 2,027 1,260 8 8 Includes : Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 ) : 302 km ( 188 mi ) Bulgaria : 318 km ( 198 mi ) Croatia : 241 km ( 150 mi ) Hungary : 151 km ( 94 mi ) Kosovo : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Macedonia : 62 km ( 39 mi ) Montenegro : 124 km ( 77 mi ) Romania : 476 km ( 296 mi ) Seychelles 0 0 0 0 Sierra Leone 958 595 Includes : Guinea : 652 km ( 405 mi ) Liberia : 306 km ( 190 mi ) Singapore 0 0 0 0 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 10.2 6.3 Includes : Saint Martin ( France ) : 10.2 km ( 6.3 mi ) Slovakia 1,524 947 5 5 Includes : Austria : 91 km ( 57 mi ) Czech Republic : 215 km ( 134 mi ) Hungary : 677 km ( 421 mi ) Poland : 444 km ( 276 mi ) Ukraine : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Slovenia 1,334 829 Includes : Austria : 330 km ( 210 mi ) Croatia : 670 km ( 420 mi ) Italy : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Hungary : 102 km ( 63 mi ) Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 Somalia 2,340 1,450 Includes : Djibouti : 58 km ( 36 mi ) Ethiopia : 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) Kenya : 682 km ( 424 mi ) Somaliland 0 0 Includes : Djibouti : 58 km ( 36 mi ) Ethiopia Somalia South Africa 4,862 3,021 6 6 Includes : Botswana : 1,840 km ( 1,140 mi ) Lesotho : 909 km ( 565 mi ) Mozambique ( 2 ) : 491 km ( 305 mi ) Namibia : 967 km ( 601 mi ) Swaziland : 430 km ( 270 mi ) Zimbabwe : 225 km ( 140 mi ) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 South Sudan 4,797 2,981 6 6 Includes : Central African Republic : 682 km ( 424 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 628 km ( 390 mi ) Ethiopia : 883 km ( 549 mi ) Kenya : 232 km ( 144 mi ) Sudan : 1,937 km ( 1,204 mi ) Uganda : 435 km ( 270 mi ) Spain 1,918 1,192 9 5 Includes : Andorra : 63.7 km ( 39.6 mi ) France ( 3 ) : 623 km ( 387 mi ) Gibraltar : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) Portugal : 1,214 km ( 754 mi ) Morocco ( 3 ) : 17 km ( 11 mi ) Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 Sudan 6,764 4,203 7 7 Includes : Central African Republic : 483 km ( 300 mi ) Chad : 1,360 km ( 850 mi ) Egypt : 1,273 km ( 791 mi ) Eritrea : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Ethiopia : 723 km ( 449 mi ) Libya : 383 km ( 238 mi ) South Sudan : 1,937 km ( 1,204 mi ) Suriname 1,707 1,061 Includes : Brazil : 597 km ( 371 mi ) French Guiana ( France ) : 510 km ( 320 mi ) Guyana : 600 km ( 370 mi ) Svalbard ( Norway ) 0 0 0 0 Swaziland 535 332 Includes : Mozambique : 105 km ( 65 mi ) South Africa : 430 km ( 270 mi ) Sweden 2,233 1,388 5 Includes : Finland ( 4 ) : 614 km ( 382 mi ) ( including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands ) Norway : 1,619 km ( 1,006 mi ) Switzerland 1,852 1,151 8 5 Includes : Austria ( 2 ) : 164 km ( 102 mi ) France : 573 km ( 356 mi ) Italy ( 2 ) : 740 km ( 460 mi ) Liechtenstein : 41 km ( 25 mi ) Germany ( 2 ) : 334 km ( 208 mi ) Syria 2,253 1,400 6 5 Includes : Iraq : 605 km ( 376 mi ) Israel : 76 km ( 47 mi ) Jordan : 375 km ( 233 mi ) Lebanon : 375 km ( 233 mi ) Turkey ( 2 ) : 822 km ( 511 mi ) Taiwan 0 0 0 0 Tajikistan 3,651 2,269 Includes : Afghanistan : 1,206 km ( 749 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 414 km ( 257 mi ) Kyrgyzstan ( 3 ) : 870 km ( 540 mi ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) : 1,161 km ( 721 mi ) Tanzania 3,861 2,399 8 8 Includes : Burundi : 451 km ( 280 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Kenya : 769 km ( 478 mi ) Malawi : 475 km ( 295 mi ) Mozambique : 756 km ( 470 mi ) Rwanda : 217 km ( 135 mi ) Uganda : 396 km ( 246 mi ) Zambia : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Thailand 4,863 3,022 Includes : Cambodia : 803 km ( 499 mi ) Laos : 1,754 km ( 1,090 mi ) Malaysia : 506 km ( 314 mi ) Myanmar : 1,800 km ( 1,100 mi ) Togo 1,647 1,023 Includes : Benin : 644 km ( 400 mi ) Burkina Faso : 126 km ( 78 mi ) Ghana : 877 km ( 545 mi ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) 0 0 0 0 Tonga 0 0 0 0 Transnistria 0 0 Includes : Moldova Ukraine Tromelin Island ( France ) 0 0 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 0 Tunisia 1,424 885 Includes : Algeria : 965 km ( 600 mi ) Libya : 459 km ( 285 mi ) Turkey 2,648 1,645 9 8 Includes : Armenia : 268 km ( 167 mi ) Azerbaijan : 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) Bulgaria : 240 km ( 150 mi ) Georgia : 252 km ( 157 mi ) Greece : 206 km ( 128 mi ) Iran : 499 km ( 310 mi ) Iraq : 352 km ( 219 mi ) Syria ( 2 ) : 822 km ( 511 mi ) Turkmenistan 3,736 2,321 Includes : Afghanistan : 744 km ( 462 mi ) Iran : 992 km ( 616 mi ) Kazakhstan : 379 km ( 235 mi ) Uzbekistan : 1,621 km ( 1,007 mi ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) 0 0 0 0 Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 Uganda 2,698 1,676 5 5 Includes : Democratic Republic of the Congo : 765 km ( 475 mi ) Kenya : 933 km ( 580 mi ) Rwanda : 169 km ( 105 mi ) South Sudan : 435 km ( 270 mi ) Tanzania : 396 km ( 246 mi ) Ukraine 4,663 2,897 8 7 Includes : Belarus : 891 km ( 554 mi ) Hungary : 103 km ( 64 mi ) Moldova : 939 km ( 583 mi ) Poland : 526 km ( 327 mi ) Romania ( 2 ) : 531 km ( 330 mi ) Russia : 1,576 km ( 979 mi ) Slovakia : 97 km ( 60 mi ) United Arab Emirates 867 539 5 ( 6 ) 2 ( 3 ) Includes : Oman ( 4 ) : 410 km ( 250 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 457 km ( 284 mi ) United Kingdom 499 310 Includes : Ireland : 499 km ( 310 mi ) United Kingdom ( plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies ) → including : → Akrotiri and Dhekelia → Anguilla → Bermuda → British Indian Ocean Territory → British Virgin Islands → Cayman Islands → Falkland Islands → Gibraltar → Guernsey → Isle of Man → Jersey → Montserrat → Pitcairn Islands → Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha → South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands → Turks and Caicos Islands 513 319 7 Includes : Cyprus ( 5 ) : 152 km ( 94 mi ) Ireland : 360 km ( 220 mi ) Spain : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) United States 12,034 7,478 5 Includes : Canada ( 4 ) : 8,893 km ( 5,526 mi ) Mexico : 3,141 km ( 1,952 mi ) United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Uruguay 1,564 972 Includes : Argentina : 579 km ( 360 mi ) Brazil : 985 km ( 612 mi ) Uzbekistan 6,221 3,866 5 5 Includes : Afghanistan : 137 km ( 85 mi ) Kazakhstan : 2,203 km ( 1,369 mi ) Kyrgyzstan ( 6 ) : 1,099 km ( 683 mi ) Tajikistan ( 2 ) : 1,161 km ( 721 mi ) Turkmenistan : 1,621 km ( 1,007 mi ) Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 Vatican City 3.2 2.0 Includes : Italy : 3.2 km ( 2.0 mi ) Venezuela 4,993 3,103 Includes : Brazil : 2,200 km ( 1,400 mi ) Colombia : 2,050 km ( 1,270 mi ) Guyana : 743 km ( 462 mi ) Vietnam 4,639 2,883 Includes : Cambodia : 1,228 km ( 763 mi ) People 's Republic of China : 1,281 km ( 796 mi ) Laos : 2,130 km ( 1,320 mi ) Wake Island ( United States ) 0 0 0 0 Wales ( United Kingdom ) 257 160 Includes : England : 257 km ( 160 mi ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 0 0 0 0 West Bank ( Palestinian territories ) 404 251 Includes : Israel : 307 km ( 191 mi ) Jordan : 97 km ( 60 mi ) Western Sahara 2,046 1,271 Includes : Algeria : 42 km ( 26 mi ) Mauritania : 1,561 km ( 970 mi ) Morocco : 443 km ( 275 mi ) Yemen 1,746 1,085 Includes : Oman : 288 km ( 179 mi ) Saudi Arabia : 1,458 km ( 906 mi ) Zambia 5,667 3,521 8 8 Includes : Angola : 1,110 km ( 690 mi ) Botswana : 0.15 km ( 0.093 mi ) Democratic Republic of the Congo : 1,930 km ( 1,200 mi ) Malawi : 837 km ( 520 mi ) Mozambique : 419 km ( 260 mi ) Namibia : 233 km ( 145 mi ) Tanzania : 338 km ( 210 mi ) Zimbabwe : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Zimbabwe 3,066 1,905 Includes : Botswana : 813 km ( 505 mi ) Mozambique : 1,231 km ( 765 mi ) South Africa : 225 km ( 140 mi ) Zambia : 797 km ( 495 mi ) Superlatives ( edit ) Longest land border : China : 22,147 km ( 13,762 mi ) Longest land border between two countries : Canada -- United States : 8,891 km ( 5,525 mi ) ( Canada -- United States border ) Longest single segments of land borders : Kazakhstan -- Russia : 6,846 km ( 4,254 mi ) Canada -- United States : 6,414 km ( 3,985 mi ) Argentina -- Chile : 5,150 km ( 3,200 mi ) Shortest land borders between two countries : Canada -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) : 50 m ( 160 ft ) Botswana -- Zambia : 155 m ( 509 ft ) near Kazungula Gibraltar ( UK ) -- Spain : 1.2 km ( 0.75 mi ) Shortest single segments of land border : Canada -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) : 50 m ( 160 ft ) Åland Islands , Finland -- Sweden : 55 m ( 180 ft ) at Märket Morocco -- Spain : 75 m ( 246 ft ) at Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera Canada -- United States : 140 m ( 460 ft ) at the southern tip of Dall Island Finland -- Russia : 140 m ( 460 ft ) at Koiluoto Botswana -- Zambia : 155 m ( 509 ft ) Belgium -- Netherlands : 210 m ( 690 ft ) at Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Belgium -- Netherlands : 215 m ( 705 ft ) at Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Belgium -- Netherlands : 250 m ( 820 ft ) north of Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Belgium -- Netherlands : 260 m ( 850 ft ) at Baarle - Nassau / Baarle - Hertog Most separate segments of land borders between any two countries or territories : Belgium -- Netherlands : 31 Armenia -- Azerbaijan : 6 Belgium -- Germany : 6 Kyrgyzstan -- Uzbekistan : 6 Cyprus -- Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( UK ) : 6 Finland - Sweden : 4 Oman -- United Arab Emirates : 4 Highest number of bordering countries : China : 14 ( 16 if Hong Kong and Macau are included ) Russia : 14 ( 16 if Abkhazia and South Ossetia are included ) See also ( edit ) How Long Is the Coast of Britain ? Island nations Landlocked List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries List of countries that border only one other country List of land borders by date of establishment List of divided islands List of island nations List of political and geographic borders List of sets of countries that border one another List of bordering countries with greatest differences in GDP ( PPP ) per person Separation barrier References ( edit ) ^ `` CIA World Factbook '' . April 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . ^ The concept of state sovereignty is somewhat imprecise and there are disagreements about whether certain territories are sovereign . There are currently 195 states that are generally regarded as `` fully '' sovereign : this includes the 193 member states of the United Nations plus Vatican City and Palestine . Some of these states have under their jurisdiction territories , dependencies , or collectivities that are clearly non-sovereign geographical areas . These territories are generally regarded as being subsumed within the overarching sovereignty of the governing state . For example , the United Kingdom holds sovereignty over the territory of Gibraltar , even though Gibraltar is not considered to be part of the United Kingdom . There are a few territories in the world that are neither clearly sovereign nor clearly subsumed under another state 's sovereignty . Often , these territories have declared themselves to be sovereign , but they are either not widely recognized as such or lack some of the necessary conditions for sovereign statehood . In these cases , explanatory footnotes indicate how the territory is treated for the purposes of this list . ^ Note : land border lengths will vary depending on the scale by which they are measured , and therefore these figures without a source accompanied by an explanation of how they were measured and at what scale makes comparisons impossible ; for more information see coastline paradox . ^ This is a territorial claim in Antarctica . Territorial claims in Antarctica have been recognized only between the few countries making claims in the area . Because some of the claims overlap and there is a low number of recognition for these claims , Antarctic territorial claims are not included in this chart when listing countries ' neighbouring countries and territories . The specific Antarctic claims are included in this chart , but only in reference to each other . ^ This territory is part of the widely dispersed French Southern and Antarctic Lands , an overseas territory of France . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is a British overseas territory . Its territory constitutes part of the sovereign territory of the United Kingdom but strictly speaking is not part of the United Kingdom itself . ^ Akrotiri shares one border with Cyprus . Dhekelia shares one main boundary with Cyprus , but there are three separate enclaves of Cyprus within the main Dhekelia -- Cyprus border , which creates three additional borders . ^ In 2008 , Kosovo declared independence from Serbia . Although Kosovo 's sovereignty has been recognized by 111 UN member states , it is not a member of the United Nations and Serbia disputes its sovereignty , claiming that Kosovo remains one of its provinces . For purposes of this list , Kosovo is considered to be a sovereign country . If Kosovo is considered part of Serbia , some numbers in the table would be reduced by one ( e.g. , when a state borders both Serbia and Kosovo ) . Other numbers would remain the same ( e.g. , when a state borders Kosovo but not Serbia ) . ^ Western Sahara is a non-self - governing territory . Administration is split between Morocco and the largely unrecognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , both of which claim sovereignty over the entire territory ( see Legal status of Western Sahara ) . For purposes of this list , Western Sahara is considered to be a sovereign country . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is an insular area of the United States . U.S. territories are considered to be part of the sovereign territory of the United States . ^ 225 km abbr = on ) ) via Angola 's discontiguous Cabinda Province . ^ Claims to territory overlap . ^ 5,150 km abbr = on ) ) via the long continental border and 150 km abbr = on ) ) via the border on Tierra del Fuego . ^ 566 km abbr = on ) ) with Azerbaijan - proper and 221 km abbr = on ) ) with the Nakhichevan enclave . Additionally , in Armenia , there exist three Azerbaijani enclaves : Barxudarlı , Yuxarı Əskipara and Karki ( located north of the region of Nakhchivan ) Reciprocally , there exists one Armenian enclave , a village called Artsvashen in north - western Azerbaijan . This makes a total of 6 separate borders , including the 2 major borders . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands . For purposes of this list , Aruba , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and the Netherlands are considered constituent parts of one sovereign state . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is part of the sovereign territory of Australia . ^ One via Azerbaijan - proper and one via the Nakhichevan exclave . ^ Via the Nakhichevan exclave . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is an autonomous region of Portugal . Its territory constitutes a constituent part of the sovereign territory of Portugal . ^ On the India - Bangladesh border in the Indian district of Cooch - Behar , before 1 August 2015 , there were 92 Bangladeshi exclaves , with a total area of 47.7 km abbr = on ) ) 2 . Similarly , there were 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh , with a total area of 69.5 km abbr = on ) ) 2 . Twenty - one of the Bangladeshi exclaves were within Indian exclaves , and three of the Indian exclaves were within Bangladeshi exclaves . The largest Indian exclave , Balapara Khagrabari , surrounded a Bangladeshi exclave , Upanchowki Bhajni , which itself surrounded an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari , of less than one hectare . These 198 exclave borders plus the main border gave a total of 199 sections of border . Today the only remaining exclave is the Bangadeshi exclave of Dahagram - Angarpota . ( `` The end of the enclaves '' . The Economist . September 7 , 2011. ) ^ Madagascar claims sovereignty over Bassas da India , Europa Island , and Juan de Nova Island . ^ Germany has a group of 5 enclaves created by the Vennbahn railway trackbed between the towns of Roetgen and Monschau ( south of Aachen ) that was granted Belgian sovereignty . Belgium therefore has 5 borders with these exclaves and one border with the rest of Germany . ^ The town of Baarle in the southern Netherlands is made up of the municipality of Baarle - Hertog , a group of 22 Belgian enclaves within the Netherlands ; and of the Dutch municipality of Baarle - Nassau , which itself has one enclave in the main body of Belgium and 7 counter-enclaves inside two of the Belgian enclaves . There are therefore 30 separate enclave border sections , plus the main border for a total of 31 distinct sections . ^ The town of Sastavci ( part of Rudo municipality , Foča Region ) is completely surrounded by the Serbian municipality of Priboj , in Zlatibor District . ^ This territory is not sovereign and is a dependent territory of Norway . It is not part of the Kingdom of Norway , but it is considered to be part of the sovereign territory of Norway . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is an overseas department and an overseas region of France . As such , it is sovereign French territory that is an integral part of the French Republic . ^ 6,416 km abbr = on ) ) via the contiguous 48 states and 2,477 km abbr = on ) ) via Alaska . ^ For information on the Republic of China , see the listing in this table under `` Taiwan '' . ^ Hong Kong is not sovereign but since 1997 has been a Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . Hong Kong has a high degree of autonomy , including separate passports and a defined international boundary within China , but it is not considered a separate sovereign state for the purposes of this list . ^ Macau is not sovereign but since 1999 has been a Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . Macau has a high degree of autonomy , including separate passports and a defined international boundary within China , but it is not considered a separate sovereign state for the purposes of this list . ^ Pakistan borders China only via Kashmir , a territory disputed between Pakistan and India . If India 's territorial claims are accepted , China and Pakistan do not border one another . ^ Clipperton Island is not sovereign but is property of the government of France ; as such , it is part of the sovereign territory of France . ^ The Cook Islands is a self - governing country in free association with New Zealand . The Cook Islands controls a portion of its own foreign affairs , including the establishment and regulation of borders . However , the Cook Islands is not a member of the United Nations and is part of the Realm of New Zealand , with Cook Island people being New Zealand citizens . ^ Cuba has a 29 km border with the United States Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay . However , the naval base is sovereign Cuban territory and subject to a 1903 treaty is leased perpetually by the U.S. government ; therefore , this does not constitute an international border . ^ Northern Cyprus declared independence in 1983 , shortly after Turkey invaded the island in response to a coup d'état by Greek Cypriots that was backed by Greece . Cyprus disputes the declaration of sovereignty and considers Northern Cyprus to be part of its territory . The United Nations and the European Union also do not recognize the sovereignty of Northern Cyprus . The only sovereign state that recognizes Northern Cyprus 's sovereignty is Turkey . Northern Cyprus also lacks some of the indicators of legal sovereignty , relying heavily on Turkey for its continuing existence separate from Cyprus . Because of these factors , Northern Cyprus is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ Northern Cyprus borders Dhekelia only , not Akrotiri . ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook -- Czech Republic '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . ^ In 1988 , the Palestinian Liberation Organization declared as sovereign the State of Palestine . Palestinian sovereignty is recognized by 135 countries , and it has observer status at the United Nations . The State of Palestine consists of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . In this list , for purposes of counting bordering states , Palestine is considered to be a single sovereign entity . ^ This country is a part of the United Kingdom . ^ Via French Guiana ^ Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands , which is a British overseas territory . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is a country within the Kingdom of Denmark . For purposes of this list , Denmark , the Faroe Islands , and Greenland are considered constituent parts of one sovereign state . ^ Excluding French overseas departments , collectivities , and territories . ^ The town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory . France has one border with it and two sections of border with the rest of Spain ( separated by Andorra ) . ^ Excluding Adélie Land . ^ Via Saint Martin . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is an overseas collectivity of France , and as such it is part of the sovereign territory of France . ^ This territory is not sovereign but is an overseas territory of France . ^ Büsingen , Germany is an exclave in the canton of Schaffhausen , northern Switzerland . Switzerland has one border with it and one border with the rest of Germany . ^ Madagascar claims sovereignty over the Glorioso Islands . ^ This territory is not sovereign but it a British Crown Dependency . Crown Dependencies are possessions of the British Crown but strictly speaking are not part of the United Kingdom . ^ ( 4 not including the Palestinian Territories ) ^ ( 6 if the West Bank and Gaza strip are counted separately ; 4 if they are not counted ) ^ Campione d'Italia is enclaved in the canton of Ticino , Switzerland , although in practice it is administered as part of Switzerland . It is part of Swiss customs , uses the Swiss franc , its inhabitants have to pay income tax to Italy , though in a reduced measure , and it is under Italian sovereignty . Switzerland therefore has one border with it and one border with the rest of Italy . ^ The Tajik village of Vorukh , along with another small piece of land near Kairagach are embodied in Kyrgyz land . There are therefore 3 sections of border between the two countries . ^ Barak , a small Kyrgyz village , is surrounded by Uzbekistan . Reciprocally , the Uzbek towns of So'x ( 39 ° 58 ′ N 71 ° 08 ′ E  /  39.967 ° N 71.133 ° E  / 39.967 ; 71.133 ) and Shohimardon as well as the two tiny territories of Qal'acha and Khalmion ( north of So'x ) are all surrounded by Kyrgyz territory . There are therefore 5 enclave borders in addition to the main Kyrgyz / Uzbek border for a total of 6 . ^ Via Kaliningrad . ^ 6.3 km abbr = on ) ) via Ceuta ; 9.6 km abbr = on ) ) via Melilla ; 85 m via Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera ^ The Nagorno - Karabakh Republic declared independence from Azerbaijan in 1991 . However , neither Azerbaijan nor any other state or international organization has recognized Nagorno - Karabakh as a sovereign state . For this reason , Nagorno - Karabakh is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ Haiti claims sovereignty over Navassa Island , which is a United States insular area . ^ Does not include Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten . ^ New Caledonia is not sovereign but is a sui generis collectivity of France and as such it is part of the sovereign territory of France . ^ Niue is a self - governing country in free association with New Zealand . Niue controls a portion of its own foreign affairs , including the establishment and regulation of borders . However , Niue is not a member of the United Nations and is part of the Realm of New Zealand , with Niuean people being New Zealand citizens . ^ 51 km abbr = on ) ) via the Gaza Strip and 307 km abbr = on ) ) via the West Bank . ^ Consisting of one border of 362 km abbr = on ) ) and another of 169 km abbr = on ) ) . ^ Singapore is connected to Malaysia by a causeway and a bridge . ^ Somaliland declared independence from Somalia in 1991 . However , neither Somalia nor any other state or international organization has recognized Somaliland as a sovereign state . For this reason , Somaliland is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ This territory is not sovereign , but is a constituent part of the Kingdom of Norway . ^ In 1949 , during the Chinese Civil War , the government and leaders of the Republic of China ( ROC ) , led by Chiang Kai - shek , retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan . In Taiwan , the ROC continues to claim sovereignty over all China , including the mainland and Taiwan . The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , which has governed mainland China since the ROC government retreated , also claims to be the sole representative of all China , including Taiwan . Even though the ROC government in Taiwan has never asserted that Taiwan 's sovereignty is separate from that of China 's , for many practical purposes Taiwan is treated by other countries and international organizations as a country that is separate from the PRC . However , Taiwan is not considered to be a sovereign entity that is separate from China for purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ The Tajik village of Sarvan is in Uzbek territory . Uzbekistan has one border with it , and another with the rest of Tajikistan . ^ Tokelau is a non-self - governing territory within the Realm of New Zealand . For purposes of this list , Tokelau , the Cook Islands , New Zealand , and Niue are considered constituent parts of one sovereign state . ^ In the early 1990 , Transnistria attempted to separate itself , first from the Moldavian SSR and then from sovereign Moldova . Moldova disputes Transnistrian sovereignty and considers it to be part of its territory . There are no sovereign states that recognize Transnistria 's sovereignty . Because of the lack of international recognition , Transnistria is not considered a sovereign state for the purposes of this list and is not included in other countries ' listings of neighbouring countries and territories . ^ Madagascar claims sovereignty over Tromelin Island . ^ The United Kingdom does not include British overseas territories or Crown dependencies . ^ The Marshall Islands claims sovereignty over Wake Island , which is an insular area of the United States . ^ Via the 48 contiguous states . Lists of countries by geographical rankings Area Total Exclusive Economic Zone Forest Irrigated Extreme points Elevation highest average lowest Latitude Northernmost Southernmost Longitude Easternmost Westernmost Perimeter Coastline length Land border length Number of bordering countries land - only land and maritime maritime - only List of countries and territories by border / area ratio Other Freshwater resources withdrawal Time zones List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_territories_by_land_borders&oldid=808136877 '' Categories : Lists of countries by geography Geography - related lists Border - related lists Borders by country Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Português Suomi اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 02 : 48 . 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what country does france share a border with
[ "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\n\nCountry or territory\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n\n\n\nTotal length of land borders\nNo. of unique land borders\nNo. of unique land neighbours\n\n\n\nLand border neighbours\nand border length\n \n\n(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]\n(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory\n\n\n\n\n\nkm[3]\nmi\n\n\n Adélie Land[4][5] (France)\n0\n0\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)\n\n\n\n\n Afghanistan\n5,529\n3,436\n6 (7)\n6 (7)\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)\n Iran: 936 km (582 mi)\n Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7]\n\n\n\n\n Åland Islands (Finland)\n0.5\n0.31\n2\n1\n\n\n\n Albania\n720\n450\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 282 km (175 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Algeria\n6,343\n3,941\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Libya: 982 km (610 mi)\n Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)\n Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)\n Niger: 956 km (594 mi)\n Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)\n\n\n\n\n American Samoa[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Andorra\n120\n75\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Angola\n5,198\n3,230\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)\n Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Argentina\n9,665\n6,006\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Armenia\n1,254\n779\n5\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Iran: 35 km (22 mi)\n Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Aruba[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n0\n0\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n\n\n\n\n Austria\n2,562\n1,592\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 784 km (487 mi)\n Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)\n Italy: 430 km (270 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)\n Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)\n Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)\n Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n2,013\n1,251\n7\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]\n Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)\n Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Russia: 284 km (176 mi)\n Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Azores[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahamas \n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bahrain\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bangladesh\n4,246\n2,638\n3\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Barbados\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bassas da India, Europa Island, and Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Belarus\n2,900\n1,800\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)\n Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)\n Poland: 407 km (253 mi)\n Russia: 959 km (596 mi)\n Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belgium\n1,385\n861\n39\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)\n Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Belize\n516\n321\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)\n Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Benin\n1,989\n1,236\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)\n Niger: 266 km (165 mi)\n Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)\n Togo: 644 km (400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Bhutan\n1,075\n668\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)\n India: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bolivia\n6,743\n4,190\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)\n Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Chile: 861 km (535 mi)\n Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)\n Peru: 900 km (560 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n1,459\n907\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)\n Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Botswana\n4,015\n2,495\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bouvet Island[25]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brazil\n14,691\n9,129\n10\n10\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)\n Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)\n Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)\n Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)\n Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n\n\n\n\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)\n Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n\n\n\n\n British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Brunei\n381\n237\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Bulgaria\n1,808\n1,123\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Greece: 494 km (307 mi)\n Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)\n Romania: 608 km (378 mi)\n Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)\n Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n3,193\n1,984\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 306 km (190 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)\n Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Niger: 628 km (390 mi)\n Togo: 126 km (78 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Burundi\n974\n605\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)\n Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)\n Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cambodia \n2,572\n1,598\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Laos: 541 km (336 mi)\n Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cameroon\n4,591\n2,853\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Canada\n8,893\n5,526\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n\n\n\n\n Cape Verde\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Central African Republic\n5,213\n3,239\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)\n Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)\n South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)\n Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chad\n5,968\n3,708\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)\n Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)\n Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Chile\n6,171\n3,834\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]\n Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Peru: 160 km (99 mi)\n\n\n\n\n People's Republic of China[28]\n22,147\n13,762\n19\n16\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)\n Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)\n Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)\n India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)\n Laos: 423 km (263 mi)\n Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)\n Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Christmas Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Clipperton Island[32] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Colombia\n6,004\n3,731\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)\n Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)\n Panama: 225 km (140 mi)\n Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Comoros\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Democratic Republic of the Congo\n10,730\n6,670\n10\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]\n Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)\n Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)\n Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)\n Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)\n Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Republic of the Congo\n5,504\n3,420\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 201 km (125 mi)\n Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)\n Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)\n Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Cook Islands[33]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Costa Rica\n639\n397\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)\n Panama: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n3,110\n1,930\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)\n Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)\n Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)\n Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)\n Mali: 532 km (331 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Croatia\n2,197\n1,365\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)\n Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Crozet Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cuba\n0\n0[34]\n0[34]\n0[34]\n\n\n\n Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Cyprus\n152\n94\n6[7]\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]\n\n\n\n\n Northern Cyprus[35]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)\n Cyprus\n\n\n\n\n Czech Republic\n1,881\n1,169\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 362 km (225 mi)\n Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Poland: 658 km (409 mi)\n Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Denmark\n68\n42\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Germany: 68 km (42 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Djibouti\n516\n321\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)\n Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Dominica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n East Timor\n228\n142\n2\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ecuador\n2,010\n1,250\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)\n Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Egypt\n2,665\n1,656\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 266 km (165 mi)\n Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n\n\n\n\n El Salvador\n545\n339\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)\n\n\n\n\n England[39] (United Kingdom)\n411\n255\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)\n Wales: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n539\n335\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)\n Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Eritrea\n1,626\n1,010\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)\n Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)\n Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Estonia\n633\n393\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Russia: 294 km (183 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ethiopia\n5,328\n3,311\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)\n Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)\n Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)\n Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)\n\n\n\n\n European Union\n13,180\n8,190\n26\n20\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)\n Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)\n Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)\n Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)\n Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)\n Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Fiji\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Finland\n2,690\n1,670\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Norway: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)\n Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France[43]\n2,889\n1,795\n10\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)\n\n→includes: \n→ Clipperton Island\n→ French Guiana\n→ French Polynesia\n→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]\n→ Guadeloupe\n→ Martinique\n→ Mayotte\n→ New Caledonia\n→ Réunion\n→ Saint Barthélemy\n→ Saint Martin\n→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon\n→ Wallis and Futuna\n\n\n4,082\n2,536\n13\n11\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)\n Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)\n Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)\n Germany: 451 km (280 mi)\n Italy: 488 km (303 mi)\n Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)\n Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)\n Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Guiana[26] (France)\n1,183\n735\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)\n Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n French Polynesia[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Gabon\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)\n Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)\n Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n The Gambia\n740\n460\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]\n62\n39\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel: 51 km (32 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Georgia\n1,461\n908\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)\n Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)\n Russia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Germany\n3,621\n2,250\n15\n9\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 784 km (487 mi)\n Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)\n Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]\n Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)\n France: 451 km (280 mi)\n Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)\n Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)\n Poland: 456 km (283 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ghana\n2,094\n1,301\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)\n Togo: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)\n1.2\n0.75\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Greece\n1,228\n763\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 282 km (175 mi)\n Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)\n Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)\n Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Greenland[42] (Denmark)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Grenada\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guadeloupe[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guam[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guatemala\n1,687\n1,048\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 266 km (165 mi)\n El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)\n Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)\n Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Guinea\n3,399\n2,112\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)\n Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)\n Mali: 858 km (533 mi)\n Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n724\n450\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)\n Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Guyana\n2,462\n1,530\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)\n Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)\n Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Haiti\n360\n220\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Honduras\n1,520\n940\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)\n El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)\n Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)\n30\n19\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Hungary\n2,171\n1,349\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 366 km (227 mi)\n Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)\n Romania: 443 km (275 mi)\n Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)\n Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)\n Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)\n Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iceland\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n India\n14,103\n8,763\n10 (9)\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)\n Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)\n People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Indonesia\n2,830\n1,760\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)\n Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iran\n5,440\n3,380\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)\n Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)\n Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)\n Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)\n Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Iraq\n3,650\n2,270\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)\n Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)\n Syria: 605 km (376 mi)\n Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ireland\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Israel\n1,017\n632\n6[52]\n5[53]\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)\n Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)\n Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)\n Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 76 km (47 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Italy\n1,932\n1,200\n7\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 430 km (270 mi)\n France: 488 km (303 mi)\n San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)\n Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)\n Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Jamaica\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Japan\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jarvis Island[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jersey[51]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Jordan\n1,635\n1,016\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)\n Israel: 238 km (148 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Juan de Nova Island, Bassas da India, and Europa Island[5][21] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n12,012\n7,464\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kenya\n3,477\n2,161\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)\n Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)\n South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)\n Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)\n Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Kiribati\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n North Korea\n1,673\n1,040\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)\n South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n Russia: 19 km (12 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Korea\n238\n148\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kosovo[8]\n701\n436\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 112 km (70 mi)\n Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)\n Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kuwait\n462\n287\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n3,878\n2,410\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)\n Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Laos\n5,083\n3,158\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)\n Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Latvia\n1,150\n710\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)\n Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)\n Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)\n Russia: 217 km (135 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lebanon\n454\n282\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 79 km (49 mi)\n Syria: 375 km (233 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lesotho\n909\n565\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liberia\n1,585\n985\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)\n Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Libya\n4,348\n2,702\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)\n Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)\n Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)\n Niger: 354 km (220 mi)\n Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)\n Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n76\n47\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)\n Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Lithuania\n1,273\n791\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)\n Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)\n Poland: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Luxembourg\n359\n223\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)\n France: 73 km (45 mi)\n Germany: 138 km (86 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)\n0.34\n0.21\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macedonia\n7,666\n4,763\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 151 km (94 mi)\n Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)\n Greece: 246 km (153 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)\n Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madagascar\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Madeira[19] (Portugal)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Malawi\n2,881\n1,790\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)\n Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malaysia\n3,147\n1,955\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)\n Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)\n Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Maldives\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mali\n7,243\n4,501\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)\n Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)\n Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)\n Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Niger: 821 km (510 mi)\n Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Malta\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Martinique[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mauritania\n5,074\n3,153\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)\n Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)\n Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mauritius\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mayotte[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Mexico\n4,353\n2,705\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belize: 250 km (160 mi)\n Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)\n United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Midway Atoll[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Moldova\n1,389\n863\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Romania: 450 km (280 mi)\n Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Monaco\n4.4\n2.7\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Mongolia\n8,220\n5,110\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)\n Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montenegro\n625\n388\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Albania: 172 km (107 mi)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)\n Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)\n Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Morocco\n2,018\n1,254\n5\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)\nWestern Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)\n Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Mozambique\n4,571\n2,840\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)\n South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)\n Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)\n Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Myanmar\n5,876\n3,651\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)\n India: 1,463 km (909 mi)\n Laos: 235 km (146 mi)\n Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia\n Azerbaijan\n Iran\n\n\n\n\n Namibia\n3,936\n2,446\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)\n Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)\n Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nauru\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nepal\n2,926\n1,818\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)\n India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands[61]\n1,027\n638\n32\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Netherlands, Kingdom of the\n\n→includes: \n→ Aruba\n→ Curaçao\n→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)\n→ Sint Maarten\n\n\n1,037\n644\n33\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)\n Germany: 577 km (359 mi)\n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n New Caledonia[62] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n New Zealand\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Nicaragua\n1,231\n765\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)\n Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niger\n5,697\n3,540\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)\n Benin: 266 km (165 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)\n Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)\n Libya: 354 km (220 mi)\n Mali: 821 km (510 mi)\n Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Nigeria\n4,047\n2,515\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 773 km (480 mi)\n Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)\n Chad: 87 km (54 mi)\n Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Niue[63]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Norway\n2,551\n1,585\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland: 736 km (457 mi)\n Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n Russia: 196 km (122 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Oman\n1,374\n854\n6\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)\n United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Pakistan\n6,774\n4,209\n4 (3)\n4 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)\n People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)\n India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)\n Iran: 909 km (565 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palau\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Palestine[38]\n466\n290\n4\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)\n Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Panama\n555\n345\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)\n Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n820\n510\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Paraguay\n3,920\n2,440\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)\n Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)\n Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peru\n5,536\n3,440\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)\n Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)\n Chile: 160 km (99 mi)\n Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)\n Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Peter I Island[4]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Philippines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Poland\n2,788\n1,732\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)\n Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)\n Germany: 456 km (283 mi)\n Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)\n Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Portugal\n1,214\n754\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Puerto Rico[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Qatar\n60\n37\n1 (2)\n1 (2)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)\n\n\n\n\n Réunion[26] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Romania\n2,508\n1,558\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)\n Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)\n Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)\n Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)\n Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n\n\n\n\n Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)\n\n\n\n\n Russia\n20,017\n12,438\n16\n14\n\n\nIncludes: \n Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)\n Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)\n People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)\n Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)\n Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)\n Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)\n North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)\n Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)\n Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)\n Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)\n Norway: 196 km (122 mi)\n Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)\n Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Rwanda\n893\n555\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)\n Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saint Martin[47]\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)\n0.05\n0.031\n1\n1\nheaderstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Samoa\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n San Marino\n39\n24\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 39 km (24 mi)\n\n\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n4,431\n2,753\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)\n Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)\n Oman: 676 km (420 mi)\n Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)\n United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)\n Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)\n154\n96\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 154 km (96 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Senegal\n2,640\n1,640\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)\n Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)\n Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)\n Mali: 419 km (260 mi)\n Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Serbia\n2,027\n1,260\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)\n Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)\n Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)\n Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)\n Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)\n Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)\n Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)\n Romania: 476 km (296 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Seychelles\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n958\n595\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)\n Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Singapore\n0\n0[66]\n0[66]\n0[66]\n\n\n\n Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)\n10.2\n6.3\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovakia\n1,524\n947\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 91 km (57 mi)\n Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)\n Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)\n Poland: 444 km (276 mi)\n Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Slovenia\n1,334\n829\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria: 330 km (210 mi)\n Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)\n Italy: 232 km (144 mi)\n Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Somalia\n2,340\n1,450\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)\n Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Somaliland[67]\n0\n0\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)\n Ethiopia\n Somalia\n\n\n\n\n South Africa\n4,862\n3,021\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)\n Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)\n Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)\n Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)\n Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)\n\n\n\n\n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n South Sudan\n4,797\n2,981\n6\n6\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)\n Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)\n Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)\n Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Spain\n1,918\n1,192\n9\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)\n France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)\n Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)\n Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]\n\n\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Sudan\n6,764\n4,203\n7\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)\n Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)\n Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)\n Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)\n Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)\n Libya: 383 km (238 mi)\n South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Suriname\n1,707\n1,061\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)\n French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)\n Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Svalbard[68] (Norway)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Swaziland\n535\n332\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)\n South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Sweden\n2,233\n1,388\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)\n Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Switzerland\n1,852\n1,151\n8\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)\n France: 573 km (356 mi)\n Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)\n Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)\n Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Syria\n2,253\n1,400\n6\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)\n Israel: 76 km (47 mi)\n Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)\n Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)\n Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Taiwan[69]\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tajikistan\n3,651\n2,269\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)\n Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tanzania\n3,861\n2,399\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)\n Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)\n Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)\n Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)\n Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)\n Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)\n Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Thailand\n4,863\n3,022\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)\n Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)\n Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)\n Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Togo\n1,647\n1,023\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Benin: 644 km (400 mi)\n Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)\n Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tonga\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Transnistria[72]\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Moldova\n Ukraine\n\n\n\n\n Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tunisia\n1,424\n885\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)\n Libya: 459 km (285 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkey\n2,648\n1,645\n9\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)\n Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)\n Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)\n Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)\n Greece: 206 km (128 mi)\n Iran: 499 km (310 mi)\n Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)\n Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n3,736\n2,321\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)\n Iran: 992 km (616 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)\n Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Tuvalu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uganda\n2,698\n1,676\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)\n Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)\n Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)\n South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)\n Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Ukraine\n4,663\n2,897\n8\n7\n\n\nIncludes: \n Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)\n Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)\n Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)\n Poland: 526 km (327 mi)\n Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]\n Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)\n Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n867\n539\n5 (6)\n2 (3)\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom[74]\n499\n310\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)\n\n→including: \n→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia\n→ Anguilla\n→ Bermuda\n→ British Indian Ocean Territory\n→ British Virgin Islands\n→ Cayman Islands\n→ Falkland Islands\n→ Gibraltar\n→ Guernsey\n→ Isle of Man\n→ Jersey\n→ Montserrat\n→ Pitcairn Islands\n→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha\n→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\n→ Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n513\n319\n7\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)\n Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)\n Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States\n12,034\n7,478\n5\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]\n Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)\n\n\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Uruguay\n1,564\n972\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)\n Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n6,221\n3,866\n5\n5\n\n\nIncludes: \n Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)\n Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)\n Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)\n Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)\n Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vanuatu\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Vatican City\n3.2\n2.0\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Venezuela\n4,993\n3,103\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)\n Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)\n Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Vietnam\n4,639\n2,883\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)\n People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)\n Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wake Island[75] (United States)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n Wales[39] (United Kingdom)\n257\n160\n1\n1\n\n\nIncludes: \n England: 257 km (160 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n\n\n\n West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]\n404\n251\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Israel: 307 km (191 mi)\n Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Western Sahara[9]\n2,046\n1,271\n3\n3\n\n\nIncludes: \n Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)\n Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)\n Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Yemen\n1,746\n1,085\n2\n2\n\n\nIncludes: \n Oman: 288 km (179 mi)\n Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zambia\n5,667\n3,521\n8\n8\n\n\nIncludes: \n Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)\n Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)\n Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)\n Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)\n Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)\n Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)\n Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)\n Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n3,066\n1,905\n4\n4\n\n\nIncludes: \n Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)\n Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)\n South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)\n Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Andorra", "Belgium", "Germany", "Italy", "Luxembourg", "Monaco", "Spain", "Switzerland" ]
-1955691900478302377
Fast Five
Fast Five - wikipedia Fast Five This article is about the 2011 film . For other uses , see Fast Five ( disambiguation ) . Fast Five Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Lin Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Paul Walker Jordana Brewster Tyrese Gibson Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges Matt Schulze Sung Kang Dwayne Johnson Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Production companies Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 15 ) ( Rio de Janeiro ) April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $626.1 million Fast Five ( alternatively known as Fast & Furious 5 or Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist ) is a 2011 American action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan . It is the fifth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . It was released first in Australia on April 20 , 2011 , and then in the United States on April 29 , 2011 . Fast Five follows Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) , and Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) as they plan a heist to steal $100 million from corrupt businessman Hernan Reyes ( Joaquim de Almeida ) while being pursued for arrest by U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs ( Dwayne Johnson ) . While developing Fast Five , Universal Studios deliberately departed from the street racing theme prevalent in previous films in the series , to transform the franchise into a heist action series involving cars . By doing so , they hoped to attract wider audiences that might otherwise be put off by a heavy emphasis on cars and car culture . Fast Five is considered the transitional film in the series , featuring only one car race and giving more attention to action set pieces such as gun fights , brawls , and the heist of $100 million . The production mounted a comprehensive marketing campaign , marketing the film through social media , virtual games , cinema chains , automobile manufacturers , and at NASCAR races . Fast Five achieved financial success , breaking box office records for the highest - grossing April opening weekend and the second - highest spring opening weekend , and surpassing Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) to become the highest - grossing film in the franchise . Fast Five grossed over $625 million worldwide , making it number 66 on the all - time worldwide list of highest - grossing films , in unadjusted dollars , and the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2011 . Fast Five received mostly positive reviews , with critics praising the combination of comedy and `` action sequences that toy idly with the laws of physics '' ; some labeled it the best film in the series . Johnson was singled out for praise in numerous reviews for his performance , with critics calling him `` the best thing , by far , in Fast Five '' and remarking that scenes shared by Johnson and Diesel were often the `` best moments '' . Despite the positive response , many were critical of the film 's running time , considering it too long , and others criticized the treatment of women , stating `` ( Women ) cameo strikingly in buttock form . Others actually have first names . '' South American reviewers were critical of the film 's portrayal of Rio de Janeiro as a haven for drug trafficking and corruption , labeling it a `` stereotype '' . A sequel , Fast & Furious 6 , was released in May 2013 to box office success , surpassing Fast Five as the highest - grossing film in the franchise . Another sequel , Furious 7 , released in April 2015 , soon surpassed Fast & Furious 6 , grossing over $1.5 billion worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Vehicle stunts 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Brazilian critics 6.4 Accolades and recognition 6.5 Home media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Cast ( edit ) Top to bottom : Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , and Jordana Brewster reprised their roles from the original The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Further information on the characters : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto A professional criminal , street racer , and fugitive . Diesel was reportedly paid $15 million to star in and produce the film . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner A former FBI agent turned criminal . He is in a relationship with Mia Toretto . Walker did many of his own stunts for the film , training with parkour professional Paul Darnell to improve his movement . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto Dominic 's younger sister and Brian 's girlfriend . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce Brian 's childhood friend . Gibson 's involvement was confirmed on June 30 , 2010 . Gibson was committed to Transformers : Dark of the Moon at the time he signed on to Fast Five , so he flew between Puerto Rico and Atlanta to accommodate both films . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker Brian 's and Roman 's friend from Miami . Ludacris confirmed his involvement in the film on July 12 , 2010 , when he stated he had arrived in Puerto Rico to begin filming . Matt Schulze as Vince Dominic 's childhood friend . Schulze had appeared in the first film , and it was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that he would be returning . Sung Kang as Han Seoul - Oh A street racer who was Dominic 's business partner in the Dominican Republic . Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs A Diplomatic Security Service agent . According to producer Vin Diesel , the role of Hobbs was originally developed with Tommy Lee Jones in mind . However , when reading feedback on his Facebook page , Diesel noted a fan stating a desire to see Diesel and Johnson in a film together . Diesel and Lin then redesigned the role for Johnson . Johnson wanted to work with Universal Studios , citing their support for him during his transition from wrestling to acting . He described the role as a former bounty hunter turned US Marshal and as `` the government 's version of the best bounty hunter on the planet '' . He undertook an extensive daily workout regime to enlarge his physique , wanting his character to appear as a `` hunter '' and to be formidable enough to present a credible threat to the protagonists . Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar A former Mossad agent . Although Gadot had prior experience handling motorbikes , she was required to learn how to ride the larger , more powerful Ducati Streetfighter for the film . Joaquim de Almeida as Hernan Reyes A ruthless drug lord posing as a legitimate businessman . It was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that Almeida would play Reyes . Having previously played several antagonists , he hesitated to take this role , but accepted it after speaking with Lin and hearing his take on the character . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves A Rio police officer who works with Hobbs ' team and becomes Dominic 's love interest . It was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that Pataky would take this role . She underwent several days of tactical training with a police / military technical advisor and was required to learn how to handle her gun in a variety of situations to portray Elena believably . The central cast is rounded out by Puerto Rican singers Tego Calderón and Don Omar as Leo and Santos respectively , members of the heist team . Michael Irby plays Reyes ' right - hand man Zizi . Alimi Ballard , Fernando Chien , Yorgo Constantine , and Geoff Meedy portray Hobbs ' team members Fusco , Wilkes , Chato , and Macroy . Michelle Rodriguez appears in photographs as Letty Ortiz , Dominic 's girlfriend who is presumed dead following the events of Fast & Furious . Eva Mendes appears in an uncredited cameo as Agent Monica Fuentes , reprising her role from 2 Fast 2 Furious . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) By February 3 , 2010 , it was confirmed that a fifth film , referred to as Fast Five , was going into production in the Fast and Furious series , and that a sixth film was being planned . It was also confirmed that Diesel , Walker , writer Chris Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz would all return to their roles for the new installment . Moritz said that , following the success of Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) , which had reunited Diesel , Brewster , Walker and Rodriguez from the original film , the production wanted to bring them back again for the next one . Diesel felt that the story between the characters portrayed by himself and Walker should continue , envisioning it as three chapters , of which Fast Five would be the last . Diesel also wanted to bring back a variety of characters that had been in previous films without interacting , put them together and `` have a lot of fun '' . The production had originally intended to film on location in Rio de Janeiro . However , the Puerto Rican government offered tax incentives totaling nearly $11 million , influencing the decision to film there , using Puerto Rico to represent Rio de Janeiro . Universal intended to transform the series from street - racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and The French Connection ( 1971 ) , with Fast Five as the transitional movie . In April 2011 , Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said : The question putting Fast Five and Fast Six together for us was : Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago ? Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a `` ceiling '' on the number of people willing to see films in the series , and that , by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film , he hoped to increase the series ' audience . Writing ( edit ) `` For me , each chapter in this franchise is an extension of the first one , and they each get bigger . It is always a privilege to be able to revisit a good character - driven story . This franchise is more than street racing and tuner cars ; it really is about this larger family and community of racers . '' -- Morgan on his approach to writing the film Lin wanted to explore the elements of `` freedom and family '' in the film and collaborated with Morgan towards that ideal , both having worked together on previous installments of the franchise . Morgan worked with Diesel to produce a story arc that would further explore and develop Diesel 's character . An idea involving heisting a large safe had been conceived by Morgan during the production of Fast & Furious , but that film 's premise did not work with how Morgan envisioned it . He later incorporated it into Fast Five . Filming ( edit ) On a budget of $125 million , the shooting of Fast Five was scheduled for July and August 2010 . Shooting had started by July 14 , 2010 , but it took longer than forecast : the film was still being shot in early November 2010 . Three film units worked simultaneously . The main cast were required to travel to Rio at the behest of Lin , who felt it important to understand the area and its culture to give the film a good sense of place . Diesel agreed that it was important to shoot key scenes in Brazil , commenting `` we were able to shoot where other productions might not be able to shoot because our franchise has such good street cred . '' The Rio film unit captured aerial shots of the city including Sugarloaf Mountain , Fort Copacabana , Ipanema Beach , the Dona Marta lookout point and the Christ the Redeemer statue . Establishing shots of the heist team members were taken as each arrived in Rio . Gibson was filmed arriving in character at Galeão International Airport but , when it became publicly known that a scene was being shot at the airport , the cast and crew were mobbed . A similar situation occurred while Ludacris was shooting a scene in which his character buys a car to drive around the city . A scene where the completed heist team walk down a beach was filmed in Copacabana . The rooftop chase across favelas was filmed in Puerto Rico , where the production could have more control over the area . The main and second filming units began filming in and around the capital , San Juan . The island 's mixture of tropical greenery and wide streets allowed the production to re-create the densely populated favelas of Rio while completing the larger action and external scenes without incident . Production designer Peter Wenham had the task of transforming Puerto Rico and Atlanta into the previously scouted Rio locations in four weeks , as the production deemed Rio unsuitable for filming many of the larger scenes . Wenham had to reinforce buildings to support the heavy camera equipment , and to alter the colors of more than 30 buildings in the city to make them suitable for filming . His team needed to alter the buildings and strew debris to make the area look disheveled and appear as a Rio shantytown . Wenham remarked that , though the development was difficult , in part due to the heat , it was `` a walk in the park '' compared with filming in the Rio favelas themselves . Wenham aimed to maintain a monochromatic color scheme for the film , with muted blacks and grays , including his choice of colors for the cars used . He only chose to add a multitude of colors in the favela set . The Teodoro Moscosco bridge connecting San Juan to neighboring Isla Verde was used to film the final showdown between Dom and Reyes , while a U.S. Navy base pier 60 miles outside San Juan stood in for the bridge for scenes involving the vault smashing cars . Action scenes were also filmed in the Hato Rey and Río Piedras districts of San Juan . A foot pursuit in which Diesel , Brewster and Walker are chased across favela rooftops by Johnson and his team was filmed over the course of a week in the small hillside town of Naranjito , Puerto Rico . The scene was considered difficult to shoot , as pathways were slippery from moist tropical heat and the scene involved actors and stunt doubles running while avoiding dogs , chickens and other stray animals loose in the area . To capture the scene , a 420 - foot cable - camera rig was used to allow for a fast moving , birds - eye view of the action , and cameras on cranes were set up on rooftops and in alleyways . Walker and Brewster made multiple takes of the conclusion of the scene , requiring them to jump nearly 30 feet from a building onto a waiting safety mat . In total the production employed 236 technicians , 13,145 extras , and generated 16,824 room nights at hotels , contributing $27 million to the Puerto Rican community . Filming moved to Atlanta , Georgia for the final phase . Wenham and his team transformed a defunct train yard into an abandoned auto plant used by the protagonists as their headquarters . Redesigning the train yard took place over several months . It was required to allow enough space for stunt drivers to drive into the building , and it had to include an integrated lighting system . The design team removed walls , hauled out old railway cars , suspended rusted car parts and auto - plant car rails , and constructed smaller buildings within the main building to transform the site . With twenty - five pages of script to shoot in a limited time , cinematographer Stephen Windon and his team spent three weeks setting up a series of high - powered , motorized lights in the rafters of the building , that could be controlled remotely to allow lighting to be altered quickly while fully illuminating the set . An exterior scene involving Diesel and Walker attending a car party , involving several high - performance cars , was filmed near the Georgia Dome . The train heist scene was filmed in Rice , California over three weeks . A brawl scene between Johnson 's and Diesel 's characters was considered difficult to choreograph . The characters were written to be equally formidable , so the fight was punctuated with moments of character development , as Moritz felt this made the fight more exciting . The scene required several weeks of rehearsal and more than a week of filming by the actors and their stunt doubles , who incurred several minor injuries . Vehicle stunts ( edit ) Most of the climatic scenes were filmed in the Milla de Oro district in Hato Rey , Puerto Rico . The climactic vault heist required four weeks of preparation with every scene and camera angle determined in advance . The filmmakers hired stunt director Spiro Razatos and stunt coordinator Jack Gill to direct the second - unit action filming . The pair initially began research for the stunt by testing the capabilities of the prop vaults and the Dodge Chargers driven by Diesel and Walker . Filmed on the streets of Hato Rey , the chaotic scene demanded specific timing that had to be synchronized with the various character interactions also occurring during the scene . Razatos chose to use a series of camera cars including a crane - mounted camera atop a Porsche Cayenne , which allowed him to film from a variety of angles and heights while the vehicles were in motion , and a Subaru Impreza with a steel cage built around it that allowed for tracking shots . The Subaru 's driver Allen Padelford would occasionally accidentally collide with the vault , creating a shower of sparks that inadvertently became useful footage . Padelford also developed a top - mount dual - drive system for the Chargers that allowed a stunt driver to control the vehicle from the roof , while the actor focused on their performance inside the car . Six versions of the 8 - foot high vault were built , each with specific uses . One of the vaults was a façade built onto the front of a semitruck and was used for filming close shots of the vault destroying street cars . Another vault was a reinforced , four - wheel self - drive vehicle that was connected to 30 - foot cables and dragged through the streets of San Juan by the two stunt Dodge Chargers . The four - ton vault was driven by stunt driver Henry Kingi , who had to wear a temperature controlled suit to compensate for the temperatures within that could exceed 100 degrees . A scene where the vault tumbled as the cars rounded a corner was a practical effect , and the result was more violent than the filmmakers had anticipated . Over 200 vehicles were destroyed by the vault during filming . Several stunts had to be cut including a final scene that would have seen the vault hanging over the edge of the Teodoro Moscoso Bridge . This stunt was abandoned when it was determined that even the powerful Chargers would not be able to support the vault 's weight . The train heist presented several challenges . The filmmakers were required to effectively purchase a length of working railroad for filming and the trains necessary to ride the tracks . Then trucks had to be built that could race the train and meet the needs of the heist itself . Lin also required that the cars being carried on the train be able to jump out of the train at full speed . The scene took precise execution . The filmmakers chose to use cars they could cheaply replicate for the train heist -- a 1972 De Tomaso Pantera , a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette GS Roadster , and a Ford GT40 -- to avoid the expense of replacing a genuine $2 million Ford GT40 . Music ( edit ) Main articles : Fast Five ( soundtrack ) and Fast Five ( score ) Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on iTunes on April 25 , 2011 , and on CD on May 3 , 2011 , by ABKCO Records . It features many reggaeton and rhythmic Latin tracks , including songs by Don Omar , Busta Rhymes and many others , with three pieces from Tyler 's original score for the film : `` Assembling the Team '' , `` Mad Skills '' and `` Fast Five Suite '' . Music guide AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars out of 5 , commenting that `` The goal here is to accompany a picture that , as usual , is packed with driving sequences involving flashy cars , beautiful , scantily clad women , and muscled men . That goal is accomplished with this beat - heavy music and the gruff , aggressive Latin rapping . '' Ludacris collaborated with Slaughterhouse and Claret Jai for the soundtrack 's lead single , `` Furiously Dangerous '' . The film score was released on May 3 , 2011 , by Varèse Sarabande . The release has 25 tracks and plays for 78 minutes . The score spent four weeks on the Billboard 200 , peaking as high as number 60 and reaching number 24 on the digital albums chart and number 5 on the soundtrack - only chart . Marketing ( edit ) An example of Fast Five 's cross-media marketing . A Regal Entertainment Group - branded , virtual drive - in theater in Car Town , shows the trailer for Fast Five . The first trailer for Fast Five was released on Diesel 's Facebook page on December 14 , 2010 , in what was believed to be the first ever use of this marketing approach . At the time , Diesel 's page had over 20 million subscribers ( one of the top five personal sites of celebrities ) , providing a wide audience for the trailer . Following this debut , other members of the cast with personal social media platforms released the teaser trailer to their own fans . The Facebook game Car Town by Cie Games and the theater chain Regal Entertainment Group ( REG ) collaborated with Universal in a cross-media marketing promotion . Car Town allowed players to view the trailer for the film in an REG - branded , in - game drive - in theater and race around a virtual Rio de Janeiro . The game also featured missions and locations based on the plot of the film , while allowing players to race against Fast Five characters and take part in a bank heist . REG offered players of Car Town the ability to purchase tickets in - game via Fandango for films at REG theaters . By buying these tickets in - game , players were given promotional codes which in turn allowed them to unlock a virtual 1970s Dodge Charger , used by Diesel 's character in the original film . REG promoted the partnership between the film and the game in their theaters across 37 states , online and through social media , while Universal promoted it via their own Facebook , Twitter and YouTube sites . In October 2011 , it was claimed that over 200 million races had taken place within the virtual Rio de Janeiro environment in the six months since the campaign 's April launch . Automobile manufacturer Dodge collaborated with Universal in marketing the film , supplying several Dodge Chargers to use in it . The partnership with Dodge included the `` Fast Five '' Dodge Charger driven by Robby Gordon in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series throughout April 2011 -- the opening month of Fast Five . Dodge also sponsored the world premiere of the film in Rio de Janeiro . Release ( edit ) The premiere of Fast Five took place on April 15 , 2011 , at the Cinépolis Lagoon theater in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It was hosted by actress Susie Castillo and sponsored by car manufacturer Dodge . Box Office ( edit ) Fast Five grossed $209.8 million ( 33.5 % ) in the United States and Canada and $416.3 million ( 66.5 % ) in other territories for a total of $626.1 million . Worldwide , it is the seventy - first highest - grossing film , the seventh highest - grossing 2011 film , the fourth highest - grossing film in the Fast & Furious series ( behind Fast & Furious 6 , The Fate of the Furious , and Furious 7 ) , and the fifth highest - grossing Universal film . It achieved a worldwide opening weekend of $109.6 million . The film reached a peak of number 55 on the list of all - time highest - grossing films worldwide in October 2011 . It became the highest - grossing film of the series in worldwide grosses ( as well as separately in the US and Canada , and outside the US and Canada ) but was out - grossed in all three cases by Fast & Furious 6 . Outside the United States and Canada Fast Five is the ninth highest - grossing 2011 film , the third highest - grossing film of the Fast and Furious franchise ( behind Fast 6 and Furious 7 ) and the fifth highest - grossing Universal film . It was initially released in Australia on Wednesday , April 20 , 2011 -- nine days before the release date in North America -- followed by releases in the UK , South Korea and New Zealand . The earlier start in these countries was timed to coincide with their Easter holidays and avoided competition from forthcoming summer films , although this placed it in direct competition with Thor in some countries . By the end of its opening weekend , the film had accrued a total of $23.4 million from these countries . On its second weekend , Fast Five earned $46.3 million across 3,139 theaters in 14 countries , ranking first at the box office in each of its ten new markets . For the overall weekend , it ranked second behind Thor . In the third weekend of release , Fast Five topped the box office in a further 44 countries , playing in a total of 6,979 theaters across 58 countries . It ranked first during the weekend with $85.8 million . It set an opening - weekend record in the United Arab Emirates ( $1.65 million ) , holding this record for two weeks before being out - grossed by Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( $2.24 million ) . Across all markets , the film scored Universal 's highest - grossing opening weekend in Russia , Spain , Turkey , Argentina , Brazil , Chile , France , India , Italy , Malaysia , Mexico , the Netherlands , Thailand , the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam . United States and Canada Fast Five is the third highest - grossing film in the Fast and Furious franchise ( behind Fast 6 and Furious 7 ) , the sixteenth highest - grossing Universal film , the sixth highest - grossing 2011 film , the second highest - grossing heist / caper film , behind Inception , and the second highest - grossing car - racing film , behind Cars . According to Box Office Mojo , Fast Five is one of the most successful sequels of 2011 , when taking into account that it is one of few to have outperformed the immediately - preceding instalment of its franchise in the US and Canada . Fast Five opened on April 29 , 2011 , in 3,644 theaters , It took $3.8 million in midnight showings , setting new records for the Fast and the Furious series and Universal ( both records overtaken by Fast 6 ) . By the end of its opening day , it had accrued a total of $34.4 million ( including midnight earnings ) , setting an April opening - day record , replacing Fast & Furious ( $30.1 million ) , and marking the third largest Friday outside of the summer and holiday period , behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland . In total , Fast Five earned $86.2 million during its opening weekend , an average of $23,655 per theater , with IMAX showings contributing over $8 million . It thus set an opening - weekend record for the Fast and Furious series , for Universal , ( both records overtaken by Fast 6 ) and for films released in April ( the record was surpassed in 2014 by Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) . It also achieved the third - largest spring opening , behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland . The film also set an opening - weekend record among films starring Diesel , Walker , Brewster , Johnson , Moritz and Lin , records overtaken in all cases by Fast 6 . The film opened dropped 62 % on its second weekend , earning $32.4 million , and ranking second behind Thor . This result was partially attributed to the reduction in IMAX and large - format screens showing the film ( reduced from 244 to 20 ) , since IMAX only contributed $510,000 to the film 's second - weekend gross . On June 4 , 2011 , 37 days after release in the US , the film became the first of 2011 to accrue more than $200 million . The film received a one - week re-release in IMAX theaters on September 30 , 2011 . Release date ( s ) Budget Box office revenue Box office ranking ( current / peak ) US & Canada International Worldwide Release year All time US All time worldwide April 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) ( Australia ) April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) ( United States ) $125,000,000 $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 7 / # 1 # 116 / # 103 # 66 / # 55 Note ( s ) Box office ranking accurate as of February 2013 . Critical reception ( edit ) Dwayne Johnson received praise from several critics for his performance . Fast Five received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 77 % , based on 193 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sleek , loud , and over the top , Fast Five proudly embraces its brainless action thrills and injects new life into the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , praising it as `` a skillfully assembled 130 minutes at the movies , with actors capable of doing absurd things with straight faces , and action sequences that toy idly with the laws of physics '' , while Richard Corliss of Time considered it `` maybe the first great film of the post-human era '' . The New York Times said it deftly combined action and humor , stating `` The only time you wo n't be watching the screen is when your eyes have squeezed shut because you 're laughing so hard . '' The Telegraph appreciated the presence of Johnson and Diesel together , calling it a `` cosmic event '' , and added that director Lin had revitalized the series , saying `` the start and finish here , defying every imaginable law of physics , are series highs . '' Empire also heaped praise on Johnson , saying `` How to re-ignite an ageing franchise ? Drop ( Johnson ) on it . The best thing , by far , in Fast Five ... Dwayne Johnson hulks through the movie leaving testosterone trails in his wake . '' However , Empire took the view that the film itself was `` not , by any normal criteria , a good film '' , arguing that it was too long , although conceding that the action scenes , in particular the final car chase , made the film `` the most entertaining in the series . '' Anna Smith of Time Out London also commented that the film was too long and criticized the simplistic characters and dialog , but she called the film `` slick '' and stated that these criticisms could be overlooked because `` it does n't take itself too seriously . '' Variety focused on the roles of Johnson and Diesel , lamenting the current lack of 1980s - style `` brawny '' leading men and of the `` manly men '' typical of the 1950s and 1960s , and calling their pairing `` a welcome injection of tough - guy vigor '' . Variety commented that , based on Fast Five , a `` sixth entry could be something worth waiting for '' . The New Yorker called the action scenes `` spectacular '' , praising director Lin by saying his `` direction and the sharp editing never confuse or lose momentum '' , but also found the film too long and criticized the dialog , labeling it `` subpar Ocean 's Eleven - style banter '' . On the characters , The New Yorker considered Walker and Diesel `` serviceable '' , but singled out Johnson for praise for bringing a `` hip , comic knowingness to his role ... his enjoyment is infectious and keeps the movie speeding along . '' Total Film welcomed the return of Ludacris and Tyrese Gibson to `` ( inject ) the film with much - needed laughs '' and felt that Johnson fit into the established cast with ease , though it believed the film itself was `` no mould - breaker . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , who disliked the previous movies , gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 , praising the transformation of the series into a heist film ( `` Damn it , it works '' ) , commenting favorably on scenes between Johnson and Diesel , and judging that `` Fast Five will push all your action buttons , and some you have n't thought of . '' The Los Angeles Times felt that scenes shared by Diesel and Johnson were the `` best moments '' and appreciated the humor , but considered the pacing a `` strange mix '' , switching between exposition , comedy scenes and then sudden action . The reviewer echoed other critics ' sentiments concerning the running time of the film , but concluded that `` the sheer audacity of `` Fast Five '' is kind of breathtaking in a metal - twisting , death - defying , mission - implausible , B - movie - on - steroids kind of way `` , labeling it the `` best '' of the series . Both Empire and Variety noted that the final chase scene of Fast Five contained allusions to Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) : Variety stated that the scene `` seems inspired in part by a similarly spectacular scene in Bad Boys II '' ; Empire said that it `` nearly out - Bad - Boys - 2s Bad Boys 2 '' . Not all reviews were positive , however . Film4 criticized both the film 's long running time and its treatment of female characters , remarking `` ( Females ) cameo strikingly in buttock form . Others actually have first names '' . But Film4 praised Johnson 's role as DSS agent Luke Hobbs , saying he `` provides a more credible anti-antagonist to our anti-heroes than the straight up villains can manage '' . The Boston Herald gave a more mixed reaction : it derided the lack of realism as removing any sense of threat to the protagonists , but conceded that `` these films may be robustly anti-intellectual and deplorably commercialized , but they are the envy of the rest of the world . '' Despite giving the film a positive review and praising the action , The Hollywood Reporter was critical of its stars , saying `` it 's clear the budget was n't used on acting lessons for the cast . '' The New York Post 's Kyle Smith gave the film a negative review , criticizing the shortage of car - related action before the finale and calling it less a `` vroomer '' and more a `` knucklehead Ocean 's Eleven '' . Smith went on to call the film 's villain Reyes ( Almeida ) `` unforgivably dull '' and considered the long running time a result of taking `` that long to read every item in the cliché dictionary . '' Time Out New York stated that `` The Fast and the Furious movies have n't exactly gotten better as they 've gone along '' but gave the director a backhanded compliment , saying `` Justin Lin , taking his third turn behind the franchise 's wheel , is at least a competent hack . '' Ebert was more complimentary , saying `` Justin Lin is emerging as a first - rate director in this second - rate genre '' and Rolling Stone managed `` Justin Lin , who misdirected the last two sequels , finds his pace this time , staging dynamite action . '' Brazilian critics ( edit ) Fast Five cast in Rio de Janeiro Brazilian reviewers criticized the use of Rio de Janeiro in the film , claiming it was stereotyped as `` dominated by heavily armed drug traffickers , corrupt police , and sexy women '' . O Globo accused the producers of using `` aerial shots and quick editing '' to `` deceive the viewer '' into believing that the criminal acts take place in Rio . Globo also reacted negatively to the use of `` foreigners '' to represent Brazilians , `` speaking Portuguese with laughable accents '' . Veja agreed with O Globo , saying , `` The city of Rio and the Rio Film Commission supported the production . But the image that will spread across the world is exactly what the city does n't want . '' Accolades and recognition ( edit ) Tyler 's score for Fast Five earned him an award at the 2011 BMI Film Music Awards . The marketing components of Fast Five were nominated for three Golden Trailer Awards , winning one for Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot . For the 2011 Teen Choice Awards , Fast Five received five nominations , including Choice Action Movie and Choice Action Movie Actress . Three of the five available nomination slots for Choice Action Movie Actor were taken by actors from Fast Five : Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson and Paul Walker . The film ultimately received one Teen Choice Award , for Choice Action Movie . The film received two nominations for the 2011 People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Action Movie , and Favorite Action Movie Star for Diesel . Diesel was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture . The film 's sound and music editing was nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film by the Motion Picture Sound Editors society . The film also received two Saturn Award nominations from the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films for Best Action / Adventure Film and Best Editing for Kelly Matsumoto , Fred Raskin , and Christian Watner . In December , 2011 , Richard Corliss ranked the film number 10 on his list of the Top 10 Best Movies of 2011 , saying , `` A carnival of roguish heroes and pretty girls , car chases and cliffhangers , Fast Five is as much a tribute as The Artist or Hugo to the cinema 's primal thrills . '' Empire placed the film number 20 on its list of the Top 20 Films of 2011 , while IGN named it the `` Best Action Movie '' of 2011 . Fast Five was listed as the number 1 most illegally downloaded film of 2011 on BitTorrent with approximately 9.3 million downloads . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2011 BMI Film Music Award Film Music Brian Tyler Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Action TV Spot `` Fast Women '' -- Universal Pictures , AV Squad Nominated Best Summer 2011 Blockbuster Poster `` Fast Five '' -- Universal Pictures , Cold Open Nominated Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot `` Super Bowl '' -- Universal Pictures , AV Squad Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie -- Action Fast Five Won Choice Movie Actor -- Action Vin Diesel Nominated Dwayne Johnson Nominated Paul Walker Nominated Choice Movie Actress -- Action Jordana Brewster Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Fast Five Nominated Favorite Action Movie Star Vin Diesel Nominated Critic 's Choice Awards Best Action Movie Fast Five Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Vin Diesel Nominated Golden Reel Awards Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film Fast Five Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure Film Fast Five Nominated Best Editing Kelly Matsumoto , Fred Raskin , and Christian Watner Nominated Home Media ( edit ) On August 2 , 2011 , USA Network purchased the rights to the United States network premiere of Fast Five . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , and in the United States on October 4 , 2011 , in 2.35 : 1 aspect ratio with DTS HD Master Audio 5.1 sound . A triple pack was also released containing a Blu - ray , DVD , and digital copy of the film in either Blu - ray or DVD packaging . The Blu - ray versions contains several exclusive additional features , including behind - the - scenes footage , cast and crew interviews , a `` virtual car garage '' that provides further details on the vehicles used in the production , and music tracks from the film . Both the DVD and the Blu - ray contain a theatrical and extended cut of the film , director commentary , deleted scenes , a gag reel and features on the three central characters . Commenting on the extended cut , Lin said `` this is the version that I prefer . '' During first week sales in the United States the DVD was the number 1 selling DVD , the number 1 rental DVD , and the number 2 selling Blu - ray disc behind the Blu - ray re-release of The Lion King . 57 % of the total first week disc sales of Fast Five were the Blu - ray disc version . To promote the release of the DVD and Blu - ray , Universal Studios Home Entertainment sponsored the first race of the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series , at the Chicagoland Speedway . The event , renamed as the `` Fast Five 225 '' , took place on September 16 , 2011 , with Gibson and Brewster as Grand Marshals ; Gibson sang the American national anthem for the event and Brewster acted as honorary starter . The event served as the kickoff for the first weekend of the Chase for the Sprint Cup and was won by Austin Dillon . The deal marked the first time that a film promotion had been allowed to take over a NASCAR race as a title sponsor . Continuing the partnership with Car Town , the game was used as the exclusive means of pre-ordering the Blu - ray / DVD combo release at Walmart , via players clicking on a Walmart - themed truck , which in turn provided the player with Fast Five branded in - game rewards . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 A sixth film in The Fast and The Furious series was planned in February 2010 as development on Fast Five began , and in April 2011 , it was confirmed that Morgan had begun work on a script for the potential sixth film . Diesel and Moritz returned as producers for the film and Lin would return to direct . Fast & Furious 6 was released on May 24 , 2013 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . bbfc.co.uk . British Board of Film Classification . April 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five Becomes Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist and Picks Up New Poster '' . Scannain . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sharkey , Betsy ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Fast Five ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : de Semlyen , Nick ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bray , Catherine ( 2011 ) . `` Fast & Furious 5 '' . Film4 . Channel Four Television Corporation . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fast and the furious five ' causes violent portrait of Rio de Janeiro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Organizações Globo. April 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's Top 40 '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . March 2011 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Tyrese is Still Fast , Still Furious '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` This Fast Five Movie Is Getting Ludacris '' . Latino Review . July 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Fast and the Furious ' adds to cast '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson thanks Facebook fan for Fast 5 role '' . Hollywood.com. April 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faster the Chronicles : Dwayne Johnson -- Exclusive Interview that Covers Faster , Fast Five , The Other Guys , 3D , More '' . Collider . November 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Dwayne Johnson Reveals Details About His Badass Bounty Hunter In ' Fast Five ' '' . MTV . Viacom . June 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Roush , George ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Eva Mendes Says She Wo n't Be Returning For ' Fast Six ' '' . Screen Crush . Townsquare Media , LLC . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez returns for ' Machete Kills ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Universal revs up another ' Fast and Furious ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schrader , Chris ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast and the Furious 6 ′ Already in Development '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Production 2011 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . All Music . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listen : Ludacris f / Slaughterhouse `` F5 ( Furiously Dangerous ) '' `` . Complex . Complex Media . April 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . Billboard 200 . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Raup , Jordan ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Trailer Pits Vin Diesel Vs . The Rock '' . The Film Stage . Banquet Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Facebook Gets Vin Diesel ' Fast Five ' Trailer '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . 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Tribune Company . April 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Susie ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five World Premiere '' . Susie Castillo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . June 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses ( sorted by Studio ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Weekend Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' Holds # 1 Domestic With $344 M Worldwide ; ' Fast Five ' Still Tops Global With $440 M ; ' Bridesmaids ' Overperforms For $24.4 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Man of Steel ' Soars , Scores New June Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Yearly Box Office Results 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses ( sorted by Overseas ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Update : ' Fast Five ' Still No. 1 Down Under While ' Thor 3D ' Still Bigger Than ' Iron Man 1 '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Universal pic off to ' Fast ' start '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Rio ' Reigns Again , ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Duke It Out in Australia '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki . `` ' Fast Five ' Now No. 1 In UK Previews , Also Tops Korea And New Zealand '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` International Box Office : Paramount 's ' Thor ' Claims No. 1 With Stellar $83 Million Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mighty ' Thor ' Hammers $242 M Global Cume ; ' Fast Five ' $324 M ; ' Jumping Broom ' $13.7 M ; ' Something Borrowed ' $13.1 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . May 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' drives to No. 1 overseas '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' Or ' Fast Five ' # 1 In Foreign Markets While Studios Wage Global War Of Words '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Forecast : ' Fast Five ' Fever '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NORTH AMERICA : ' Fast & Furious 6 ' Snags Best Universal Opening Of All Time , Leads Record - Breaking Holiday Weekend With Massive $117 M Debut ; ' Hangover 3 ' Disappoints With $50.3 M , ' Epic ' Posts Healthy $42.8 M Opening '' . boxoffice.com . May 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Single Day Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Fast Five ' Hits Top Gear '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : Highest Grossing Fridays at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Fast Five ' Packs Record Heat '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Speeds to $165 M Cume ! Record Breaking $83.6 M North American Weekend ; Newbies ' Prom ' & ' Hoodwinked Too ' Bomb '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Fast 6 ' No. 1 With $300 Million Globally ; ' Hangover III ' Sputters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Captain America 2 ' Scores Record $96 M Debut , Tops $300 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . 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The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five Like Pixar 's Cars , but more cartoony '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Verniere , Jason ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast ' and loose '' . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , Megan ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Not So Fast '' . New York Post . News Corporation . 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The National Ledger . The National Ledger , LLC . June 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Teen Choice Awards -- All The Winners '' . RadarOnline . American Media , Inc . August 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards nominations 2012 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 NAACP Image Award Film And TV Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . January 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sound Editors Give ' Super 8 ′ , ' War Horse ' , ' Rise Of Planet Of Apes ' Most Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . January 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . 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Archived from the original on December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' is the most pirated movie of 2011 '' . MSN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 BMI Film / TV Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards nominations 2012 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Hugo & The Artist Lead Critics Choice Movie Award Nominations With 11 Each '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` USA Acquires 30 Movies From Universal , Including ' Bridesmaids ' , ' Fast 5 ' & ' Fockers ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Oliver ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` GQ&A : Jordana Brewster '' . GQ . Conde Nast Publications . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' sequel : Justin Lin looks for franchise finish line '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five '' . the-numbers.com . Nash Information Services , LLC . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Matthew ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five Blu - ray ( Updated ) '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast Five ' tops DVD sales , rental charts '' . United Press International . News World Communications . October 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Latchem , John ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Tops Overall DVD Sales , ' Lion King ' No. 1 for Blu - ray '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Dillon takes the win at the Fast Five 255 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series at Chicagoland Speedway '' . chicagolandspeedway.com . Chicagoland Speedway . September 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' vid to ride NASCAR tie - in '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Universal Schedules ' Fast & Furious 6 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Documents `` Fast Five '' ( PDF ) . Official Fast Five website . Universal Pictures . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fast Five Official website Fast Five at AllMovie Fast Five at Box Office Mojo Fast Five on IMDb Fast Five at Rotten Tomatoes Fast Five at Metacritic The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Tokyo Drift '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' `` Gang Up '' Category Films directed by Justin Lin Shopping for Fangs ( 1997 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Annapolis ( 2006 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Finishing the Game ( 2007 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Five&oldid=852862206 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American heist films American sequel films Prequel films Auto racing films The Fast and the Furious Films scored by Brian Tyler Films directed by Justin Lin Films set in Brazil Films set in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Films set in Florida Films set in Germany Films set in Monaco Films set in 2009 Films set in 2011 Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in California Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Puerto Rico Films shot in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) IMAX films One Race Films films Original Film films Universal Pictures films 2010s road movies American road movies Screenplays by Chris Morgan Sequel films Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 21 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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where was the train scene in fast five filmed
[ "Filming moved to Atlanta, Georgia for the final phase.[38] Wenham and his team transformed a defunct train yard into an abandoned auto plant used by the protagonists as their headquarters.[41] Redesigning the train yard took place over several months. It was required to allow enough space for stunt drivers to drive into the building, and it had to include an integrated lighting system. The design team removed walls, hauled out old railway cars, suspended rusted car parts and auto-plant car rails, and constructed smaller buildings within the main building to transform the site. With twenty-five pages of script to shoot in a limited time, cinematographer Stephen Windon and his team spent three weeks setting up a series of high-powered, motorized lights in the rafters of the building, that could be controlled remotely to allow lighting to be altered quickly while fully illuminating the set.[42] An exterior scene involving Diesel and Walker attending a car party, involving several high-performance cars, was filmed near the Georgia Dome.[42] The train heist scene was filmed in Rice, California over three weeks.[43]\n" ]
[ "Rice, California" ]
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Capital punishment in South Korea
Capital punishment in South Korea - wikipedia Capital punishment in South Korea Capital punishment is a legal penalty in South Korea . As of 2017 , there are at least 300 people in South Korea under a death sentence . Executions are carried out by hanging . On February 19 , 2016 , the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence passed on a man known by the surname ' Lim ' , a 24 - year - old conscripted Army sergeant who killed five fellow soldiers and injured seven others in a shooting rampage near the border with North Korea in 2014 . He became the 361st person on death row in South Korea . According to Yonhap , of the 361 people on death row , 45 , including Lim , were soldiers . Contents 1 History 2 Developments 3 Notable cases 4 Notes History ( edit ) Executions in Korea have existed since the Joseon Period . The purpose of executions was to cause reactions and stop crimes . Methods of executions included slow slicing , hanging , and dismemberment . Heads of executed people have always been used as warnings to others . Specifically , dismembered heads were displayed to the public both to serve as public warning and enforce military courtesy . However , bodies of executed people were allowed funeral proceedings . In contemporary history , the first execution law was established on March 25 , 1895 , by the Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan acting under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan . The first death sentence was given four days later , on March 29 , 1895 to Jeon Bongjun . Since 1948 , a total of 902 people have been executed . Currently , the Penal Code of South Korea regulates executions as a form of punishment for some crimes according to the Criminal Law section 41 . Those crimes include : Rebellion ( Section 87 ) , Conspiracy with foreign countries ( Section 92 ) , homicide ( Section 250 ) , robbery - homicide ( Section 338 ) , and other 12 sections . People under 18 can not be executed according to Juvenile Law ( Section 59 , Juvenile Law ) . Developments ( edit ) In February 1998 , then - president Kim Dae - jung enacted a moratorium on executions . This moratorium is still in effect as of 2013 . Thus , executions in Korea are considered to be abolished de facto . The last executions took place in December 1997 , when 23 people were put to death . However , there are still at least 60 people with a death sentence , as of 2013 . In 2010 the Constitutional Court of Korea ruled that capital punishment did not violate `` human dignity and worth '' in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea . In a five - to - four decision , capital punishment was upheld as constitutional . Institutions such as Amnesty International considered this a ' major setback for South Korea ' . Later in 2010 , Justice Minister Lee Kwi - nam alluded to a possibility of resuming executions . In 2013 , three bills which proposed abolishment of the death penalty lapsed at the end of the National Assembly 's term . Executions are still a matter of debate . People have called for executions for violent crimes , especially those involving rape of minors . A 2017 poll found younger South Koreans are more likely to support capital punishment than older ones . people in their 20s were the most supportive at 62.6 percent . Notable cases ( edit ) Kang Ho - sun was convicted of kidnapping and killing eight women between 2006 and 2008 , and of burning to death his wife and mother - in - law in 2005 . Kang , 38 , was arrested in January for the murder of a female college student and later confessed to killing and secretly burying seven other women . Other death row inmates include Yoo Young - chul and members of the Chijon family , a former gang of cannibals . In March 2010 , in contrast to prior speculations , Minister Lee Kwi - nam hinted that the executions of death row inmates will resume , breaking the virtual 13 - year moratorium . The remarks came a few days after Kim Kil - tae , who raped and murdered a 15 - year - old schoolgirl , was convicted . However , this did not happen . In December 2010 , Kimk 's death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment and the prosecutors did not appeal to the Supreme Court . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International Report 2013 ( PDF ) , Amnesty International Report , Amnesty International , 2013 , pp. 162 -- 164 Jump up ^ http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2016/02/19/0200000000AEN20160219006500315.html?input=www.tweeter.com Jump up ^ http://bigstory.ap.org/article/373e0fa302cc4154b6b8a75d4fdb3e2b/s-korea-top-court-oks-soldiers-death-penalty-over-rampage Jump up ^ `` 사형 '' . Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 사형 ( Todesstrafe , 死刑 ) '' . Doosan Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bright , Arthur . `` India uses death penalty : 5 other places where it 's legal but rare '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Korea death penalty abolition set back by Constitutional Court ruling '' . Amnesty International . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Korea must not resume use of the death penalty '' . Amnesty International . February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Park , Si - soo ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Minister Hints at Resuming Death Row Executions '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jaeyeon ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Hideous Crimes Spark Debate on Death Penalty '' . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2017/11/06/0200000000AEN20171106005500315.html Jump up ^ http://www.malaysiandigest.com/world/706299-over-half-of-s-korean-people-support-carrying-out-death-penalty-poll.html Jump up ^ `` Korean killer gets death penalty '' . BBC News . 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Minister Hints at Resuming Death Row Execution '' . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bae , Hyun - jung ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Rapist - murderer 's sentence reduced to life imprisonment '' . The Korean Herald English Edition . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Korea&oldid=852537663 '' Categories : South Korean law Capital punishment by country Death in South Korea Human rights in South Korea Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 മലയാളം 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 17 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the death penalty in south korea
[ "Capital punishment is a legal penalty in South Korea. As of 2017, there are at least 300 people in South Korea under a death sentence.[1] Executions are carried out by hanging. \n" ]
[ "hanging" ]
-1924068352076601884
Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki
Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki - Wikipedia Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Jump to : navigation , search Kasam -- Tere Pyaar Ki Also known as Kasam Genre Fiction Drama Romance Starring Kratika Sengar Sharad Malhotra Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 451 as of 12 December 2017 Production Producer ( s ) Ekta Kapoor Shobha Kapoor Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Balaji Telefilms Release Original network Colors TV Picture format 576i ( PAL ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 7 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) -- present External links Official website colors.in.com/in/shows/kasam-3699.html Kasam -- Tere Pyaar Ki ( English : Swear On Your Love ) is an Indian Hindi romantic television series . Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu / Tanuja and Rishi respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 After 17 Years 1.2 After 20 Years 1.3 After 7 Years 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Awards 4 International broadcast 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The story revolves around Tanushree Khurana , fondly called Tanu Khurana and Rishi Singh Bedi who are childhood friends . One day , Tanu saves Rishi and a sadhu woman ( Katyani Bai ) prophesies that Tanu and Rishi 's kundli matches very well , and Tanu will shield Rishi from danger . But Rano , Rishi 's mother , dislikes Tanu 's family and brainwashes her husband Raaj 's mind to move to America . After 17 years ( edit ) Tanu eagerly waits for Rishi to return . Rishi , who now is a boxer and does n't believe in love , has forgotten Tanu and also denies going to India but Raaj threatens Rano to donate all his wealth and they all are forced to go to India . Rishi and his family reach Patiala , where Tanu resides , and on the same day Tanu 's parents are killed in a terrorist attack . Raaj reaches Tanu 's home and comes to know that his friend has died . Bani , Tanu 's aunt , takes Rishi and family to Mumbai , where Bani 's own daughters , Swati and Neha reside . Bani changes her daughter Neha 's name to Tanu in front of Rishi 's family . Tanu and Ahana also reach Mumbai . On the same night , Rishi and Tanu meet , and Rishi instantly falls for Tanu , without knowing that she is Tanu . Rishi 's marriage is fixed with Neha . Bani changes Tanu 's name to Tanvi by saying that Raaj does n't like Tanu and Ahana . Tanu 's marriage gets fixed with Pawan , a man from Jalandhar . Rishi and Tanu 's marriage is going to take place on the same day . He finds out that Pawan is already married to a girl , Saloni and fails to expose them . On the day of their marriage , Tanu 's sister Ahana drugs Tanu and helps Rishi in kidnapping her. they both marry after Tanu reveals that she is the real Tanu but Pawan follows them . Everyone gets to know the truth by Ahana , Katyani Bai and Manpreet that Pawan is married to Saloni and Tanvi is real Tanu . Neha tells Sandy , his boyfriend that Rishi molested her and Sandy decides to kill Rishi . When Rishi and Tanu are about to travel back to home , Sandy shoots Tanu instead of Rishi and she dies . Rishi tries to commit suicide but Tanu 's soul comes and stops him . Her soul says that she will come back . After 20 years ( edit ) Tanu is reborn as Tanuja Vikram Sikand ( Sandy 's niece ) . Rishi becomes harsh due to Tanu 's death . In an accident , Tanuja 's face gets burnt badly and mistakenly she gets Tanu 's face . Rishi becomes more cold towards Tanuja . Also Rishi hates Tanuja as she is Sandy 's niece . On the day of Rishi 's marriage with his friend Malaika , who wants Rishi 's property . Raj sees her with her boyfriend Shekhar Singh Ahlawat . Raaj asks Tanuja to be the bride without knowing anyone while Malaika gets late for the marriage as she is in the traffic jam . Rishi marries Tanuja . Rishi 's hatred towards Tanuja increases but he realizes his love for Tanuja later . Rano and Malaika plot against Tanuja to separate her from Rishi but in vain . On the marriage day Rishi plays a smaller game with Malaika and open his real face and Later Malaika is thrown out of Bedi house after her secret is revealed as she had planned to destroy Bedi family along with her boyfriend Shekhar . On that very night Rishi and Tanuja consummate their marriage . Due to circumstances , Tanuja tells Rishi to divorce her as she thinks that she is unlucky for him and he will die if Tanuja remains in his life as his wife. Rishi agrees and they both sign divorce papers but later they are reunited as Tanuja gets to know she is right for Rishi . Rishi 's stepbrother Purab Vohra comes and demands 51 % shares of Rishi 's company to take revenge from Raj. Rishi goes to give him 51 % shares but Tanuja gets all Rishi 's property and Bedi family business on her name to stop Rishi giving 51 % shares to Purab as he wants to destroy Rishi . Divya , Yuvraj 's wife is with Purab as she thinks they treat Yuvraj badly . Netra , Rano 's friend 's daughter loves Rishi and Rano wants Netra to marry Rishi . Rishi agrees to marry Netra so he can make Tanuja jealous so she confesses her love . On the day of Rishi and Netra 's engagement , Rishi gets angry on Tanuja and tells her to sign property papers in 15 minutes and give his property back to him otherwise he will get engaged to Netra . Tanuja signs the property papers but Malaika steal the papers and gives it to Netra and asks her to take the credit of getting property back . Rishi gets engaged to Netra . Rishi gets drunk . Tanuja who is pregnant sees Rishi getting very close to Netra . Netra 's trap gets successful . Thus , Tanuja leaves from Bedi House . Rishi goes to stop her at the railway station but they have a fight there and rishi slaps tanujaandin anger Tanuja gets in the train . Tanuja realises that she is pregnant with Rishi 's child but it was too late . After 7 Years ( edit ) Tanuja lives with her friend Abhishek Khurana and her and Rishi 's daughter Natasha in London . Rishi lives with Netra and her daughter , Tanya . Natasha and Tanya assume Abhishek and Rishi as their respective father . Rishi and Abhishek also loves them as their own daughter . Tanuja is Abhishek 's house 's caretaker . Tanuja and Abhishek pretend to be husband and wife in front of the world so does Rishi and Netra . Abhishek comes to India with Tanuja and Natasha to take over Rishi company . Rishi and Abhishek are business competitors . Natasha gets admission in Tanya 's school . Natasha meets Rishi in her school . Rishi has developed bonding with Natasha . Rishi comes to know that Natasha is Abhishek 's daughter . Rishi and Tanuja meet at a restaurant but they have a fight . Rishi and Manpreet are trying to find Tanuja . Manpreet gets Tanuja ' phone number and address . Rishi and Abhishek 's bankers tell them to collaborate their businesses . Rishi and Abhishek at the beginning refuse but later agrees . Abhishek calls Rishi , Netra and Tanya to his house for a dinner . Abhishek introduces Tanuja to Rishi and Netra as his wife . Rishi is doing his best to have Tanuja back in her life but she does n't wants to go back . After Natasha saves Tanya from a car accident , Rishi finds out she is his daughter . Later , it is found out Tanya is n't Netra 's daughter , but Ahana and Manpreet 's granddaughter , whom they told their unwed daughter Smiley to abort . then came the news of Tanuja ' marriage with Abhishek Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Sharad Malhotra as Rishi Singh Bedi , Childhood friend / Lover ( later husband ) of Tanu and Tanuja Kratika Sengar as Tanushree Rishi Singh Bedi / Tanushree Veerender Singh Khurrana / Tanvi ( fake name ) / Tanuja Vikram Sikand / Tanuja Rishi Singh Bedi / Tanuja Abhishek Khuranna , Rishi 's wife , Abhishek Khuranaa 's fake wife , Natasha 's mother ( reincarnated Tanuja ) Now Tanuja as Rishi 's lover and wife . Shivani Tomar as Tanuja Vikram Sikand : Reincarnated version of Tanu . Tomar portrayed the role of Tanuja for approximately one month before Sengar returned to the series . Poor audience response due to a perceived lack of chemistry between Tomar and Malhotra was cited as a reason for her dismissal . Amit Tandon as Abhishek Khurana , Tanuja 's friend and Rishi 's business rival . Pranitaa Pandit as Netra , Rano 's friend 's daughter Shivika as Natasha singhBedi , Rishi & Tanuja _́ s daughter Chahat Tewani as Tanya Singh Bedi , Rishi 's adopted daughter Recurring cast ( edit ) Saba Mirza as Biji / Preeti Singh Bedi , Rishi 's grandmother Vijay Kashyap as Raj Singh Bedi , Rishi , Manpreet and Yuvraaj 's father Vibha Chibber as Rano Raj Bedi , Rishi 's mother Lalit Bisht as Yuvraj Singh Bedi , Raj 's adopted son Chetna Kaintura as Divya Yuvraj Singh Bedi , Yuvraaj 's wife Zuber K. Khan as Manpreet Singh Bedi , Rishi 's younger brother Shraddha Arya as Swati Bohra ( Cameo ) Aditi Sharma Ved as Ahana Manpreet Singh Bedi , Tanu 's sister and Manpreet 's wife Manorama Bhattishyam as Katyayni , Rishi and Tanu 's love astrologer Nikhil Khurana / Pranav Misshra as Nakul Singh Bedi , Yuvraaj 's son Farhad Khan / Chandni Sandhu as Smiley Singh Bedi , Manpreet 's daughter Devarsh Nirmal as Chintu Singh Bedi , Manpreet 's son Roma Bali as Bani Kuljeet Khurrana , Tanu 's aunt Chandan Kakrosh as Kuljeet Khurrana , Tanu 's uncle Arun Singh Rana / Sharhaan Singh as Sandeep Sikand / Sandy , Neha 's husband and Tanu 's murderer Renee Dhyani as Neha Sandeep Sikand , Bani 's daughter and Tanu 's murder Suman Jain as Swati Kuljeet Khurrana , Bani 's daughter Hema Sood as Nidhi Sandeep Sikand , Sandy and Neha 's daughter Shreya Gupta as Vidhi Sandeep Sikand , Sandy and Neha 's daughter Vishnu Sharma as Veerendra Khurrana , Tanu 's father Jyoti Gauba as Sharda Khurrana , Tanu 's mother Malhar Pandya as Pawan Malhotra , Tanu 's ex-fiancé . Sehrish Ali as Saloni Malhotra , Pawan 's wife Parveen Kaur as Savitri Malhotra , Pawan 's mother Smriti Khanna as Malaika Malhotra , Shekar 's girlfriend Rohit Sharma as Shekhar , Malaika 's boyfriend and a business rival of Rishi Puneet Sachdeva as Purab Bohra , Illegitimate son of Raaj Abhilash Kumar as Rohit , Smiley 's boyfriend Aansh Arora as Samar , Abhishek 's childhood friend Awards ( edit ) 2016 - Zee Gold Awards for Best Refresh Jodi of the year - Sharad Malhotra and Kratika Sengar ( won ) 2017 - Colors Golden Petal Awards for Best Favorite Jodi - Sharad Malhotra and Kratika Sengar ( won ) 2017 - Zee Gold Awards for Power pack performer of the year Male - Sharad Malhotra ( won ) International broadcast ( edit ) The series aired in Pakistan by Filmazia simultaneously with Colors TV till 15 October 2016 . The series is again running on Filmazia Mon to Fri from 10 : 00pm to 10 : 30 simultaneously with Colors TV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kasam Teri Pyaar Ki : Kratika Sengar a.k.a. Tanu to return on popular demand '' . India Today . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kasam-tere-pyaar-ki-ssharad-malhotra-aka-rishi-upset-shivani-tomar-aka-tanujas-exit-693455 Jump up ^ `` Pemra enforces blanket ban on Indian content in Pakistan '' . DAWN. 19 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Programs currently broadcast by Colors Reality show Bigg Boss 11 Entertainment Ki Raat Weekly drama Chandrakanta Mahakali Drama fiction Dil Se Dil Tak Ishq Mein Marjawan Karamafal Daata Shani Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki Laado Veerpur Ki Mardani Sasural Simar Ka Savitri Devi College & Hospital Shakti Tu Aashiqui Udaan Balaji Telefilms Key individuals Jeetendra Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Tusshar Kapoor Companies Balaji Telefilms Balaji Motion Pictures ALT Digital Media Entertainment BOLT Media Limited Film productions Kyo Kii ... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta 2003 Kucch To Hai Krishna Cottage 2005 Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Koi Aap Sa 2007 Shootout at Lokhandwala 2008 Mission Istanbul C Kkompany EMI -- Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega Love Sex aur Dhokha Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2011 Taryanche Bait Shor in the City Ragini MMS The Dirty Picture 2012 Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum 2013 Ek Thi Daayan Shootout at Wadala Lootera Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara ! 2014 Shaadi Ke Side Effects Ragini MMS 2 Main Tera Hero Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi Ek Villain 2016 Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 Azhar Udta Punjab Great Grand Masti Flying Jat 2017 Half Girlfriend Super Singh Lipstick Under My Burkha 2018 Vishwaroopam II ( Upcoming ) XXX ( Upcoming ) Veere Di Wedding ( Upcoming ) Kedarnath ( Upcoming ) Present TV shows Zee TV Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 - ) Kundali Bhagya ( 2017 - ) Star Plus Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( 2013 - ) Colors Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki ( 2016 - ) Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha ( 2017 - ) Naagin ( season 3 ) ( Upcoming ) DD National Yuva ( Upcoming ) Past TV shows Star Plus Chandra Nandni Dhhai Kilo Prem K. Street Pali Hill Kaahin Kissii Roz Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Kahiin to Hoga Kalash Karam Apnaa Apnaa Karma Kasautii Zindagii Kay Kasturi Kayamath Kesar Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil Kkavyanjali Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Nach Baliye 7 Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil Tere Liye Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna Zee TV Brahmarakshas Hum Paanch Jodha Akbar Kammal Kasamh Se Keshav Pandit Kohi Apna Sa Koshish Mano Ya Na Mano Pavitra Rishta Sony TV Bade Achhe Lagte Hain Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai Box Cricket League 1 Ghar Ek Mandir Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai Khwaish Kkoi Dil Mein Hai Kuchh Is Tara Kuchh Jhuki Palkain Kutumb Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat Kya Huaa Tera Vaada Pyaar Ka Bandhan Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do Colors Bairi Piya Box Cricket League 2 Kavach ... Kaali Shaktiyon Se Koi Aane Ko Hai Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Naagin ( season 1 ) Naagin ( season 2 ) Parichay - Naye Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka Life OK Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh Ek Thhi Naayika Kalash - Ek Vishwaas Mazaak Mazaak Mein Savdhaan India Imagine TV Bandini Kitani Mohabbat Hai Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2 Sarvggun Sampanna Channel V Confessions of an Indian Teenager Gumrah : End of Innocence Gumrah ( Season 2 ) Gumrah ( Season 3 ) Gumrah ( Season 4 ) Gumrah ( Season 5 ) V The Serial MTV India Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi DD National Kayaamat Pavitra Bandhan Star One Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani Sahara One Kahi To Milenge 9X Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki Kahe Naa Kahe Kya Dill Mein Hai Zoom Kyaa Kahein Metro Gold Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Kundali Sony Pal Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai &TV Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasam_Tere_Pyaar_Ki&oldid=815514489 '' Categories : 2016 Indian television series debuts Indian drama television series Colors ( TV channel ) series Hindi - language television programs Television shows set in Pune Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
kasam tere pyar ki serial actor real name
[ "Kasam — Tere Pyaar Ki (English: Swear On Your Love) is an Indian Hindi romantic television series. Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu/Tanuja and Rishi respectively.", "Kasam — Tere Pyaar Ki (English: Swear On Your Love) is an Indian Hindi romantic television series. Kratika Sengar and Sharad Malhotra play the roles of Tanu/Tanuja and Rishi respectively." ]
[ ". Kratika Sengar", "Sharad Malhotra" ]
8272111600619777208
Market system
Market system - wikipedia Market system This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not to be confused with market economy or market mechanism . A market system is any systematic process enabling many market players to bid and ask : helping bidders and sellers interact and make deals . It is not just the price mechanism but the entire system of regulation , qualification , credentials , reputations and clearing that surrounds that mechanism and makes it operate in a social context . Because a market system relies on the assumption that players are constantly involved and unequally enabled , a market system is distinguished specifically from a voting system where candidates seek the support of voters on a less regular basis . However , the interactions between market and voting systems are an important aspect of political economy , and some argue they are hard to differentiate , e.g. systems like cumulative voting and runoff voting involve a degree of market - like bargaining and trade - off , rather than simple statements of choice . Contents 1 Types 2 Protocols 3 Importance of trust 4 Criticisms 5 See also 6 References Types ( edit ) In economics , market forms are studied . These look at the impacts of a particular form on larger markets , rather than technical characteristics of how bidders and sellers interact . Heavy reliance on many interacting market systems and different forms of markets is a feature of capitalism , and advocates of socialism often criticize markets and aim to substitute markets with economic planning to varying degrees . Competition is the regulatory mechanism of the market system . This article does not discuss the political impact of any particular system nor applications of a particular mechanism to any particular problem in real life . For more on specific types of real - life markets , see commodity markets , insurance markets , bond markets , energy markets , flea markets , debt markets , stock markets , online auctions , media exchange markets , real estate market , each of which is explained in its own article with features of its application , referring to market systems as such if needed . One of the most important characteristics of a market economy , also called a free enterprise economy , is the role of a limited government ( citation needed ) . Protocols ( edit ) The market itself provides a medium of exchange for the contracts and coupons and cash to seek prices relative to each other , and for those to be publicized . This publication of current prices is a key feature of market systems , and is often relevant far beyond the current groups of buyers and sellers , affecting others ' supply and demand decisions , e.g. whether to produce more of a commodity whose price is now falling . Market systems are more abstract than their application to any one use , and typically a ' system ' describes a protocol of offering or requesting things for sale . Well - known market systems that are used in many applications include : auctions - the most common , including : Dutch auctions reverse auctions silent auctions rationing Administrative allocation ( including the command economy of some states ) regulated market ( including most real - life examples as above ) black market ( the term ' black ' indicating lack of regulation , or any trade , often illegal , operating in violation of official regulations ) The term ' laissez - faire ' ( `` let alone '' ) is sometimes used to describe some specific compromise between regulation and black market , resulting in the political struggle to define or exploit `` free markets '' . This is not an easy matter to separate from other debates about the nature of capitalism . There is no such thing as a `` free '' market other than in the sense of a black market , and most free - market advocates favor at least some form of regulated market , e.g. to prevent outright fraud , theft , and retain some degree of credibility with the larger public . This political debate is out of the scope of this article , other than to note that the `` free '' market is usually a `` less regulated '' market , but not qualitatively different from other regulated markets , in any society with laws , and that what opponents of `` free markets '' usually seek is some kind of moral purchasing rather than pure rationing . As this debate suggests , key debates over market systems relate to their accessibility , safety , fairness , and ability to guarantee clearance and closure of all transactions in a reasonable period of time . Importance of trust ( edit ) The degree of trust in a political or economic authority ( such as a bank or central bank ) is often critical in determining the success of a market . A market system depends inherently on a stable money system to ensure that units of account and standards of deferred payment are uniform across all players - and to ensure that the balance of contracts due within that market system are accepted as a store of value , i.e. as `` collateral '' of the holder of the contract , which justifies `` credit '' from a lender of cash . Banks , themselves , are often described in terms of markets , as `` transducers of trust '' between lenders ( who deposit money ) and borrowers ( who take it out again ) . Trust in the bank to manage this process makes more economic activity possible . However , critics say , this trust is also quite easy to abuse , and has many times proven difficult to limit or control ( see business cycle ) , resulting in ' runs on banks ' and other such ' crises of trust ' in ' the system ' . Criticisms ( edit ) In The Economics of Innocent Fraud , Economist John Kenneth Galbraith criticized the concept of the `` market system '' as nonsensical and as a weasel word intended to replace the term `` capitalism '' , but which does not specify anything specific . See also ( edit ) The Economics of Innocent Fraud Capitalism Financial capital Free price system Market abolitionism Market economy Market forms Money Moral purchasing Risk Voting system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Campb33ll R. McConnell , Stanley L. Brue ( 2005 ) . Economics : Principles , Problems , and Policies . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 281935 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_system&oldid=832695743 '' Categories : Economic systems Market ( economics ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 14 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which economic system relies on the interaction of buyers and sellers
[ "A market system is any systematic process enabling many market players to bid and ask: helping bidders and sellers interact and make deals. It is not just the price mechanism but the entire system of regulation, qualification, credentials, reputations and clearing that surrounds that mechanism and makes it operate in a social context.[1]\n" ]
[ "A market system" ]
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United States twenty-dollar bill
United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx . 1.0 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 1837 ) , Andrew Jackson , has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 ; the White House is featured on the reverse . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . About 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre -- Federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and Pocahontas 's marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design , with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate , with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note , with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note , with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on the front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . On August 31 , 2017 , Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=826373896 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 19 : 29 . 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who appeared on the 20 dollar bill in 1865
[ "\n1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.\n1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.\n1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.\n1865: A national bank note with \"The Battle of Lexington\" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.\n1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.\n1875: As above, except with a different reverse.\n1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.\n1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.\n1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.\n1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.\n1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.\n1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.\n1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.\n", "\n1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.\n1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.\n1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.\n1865: A national bank note with \"The Battle of Lexington\" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.\n1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.\n1875: As above, except with a different reverse.\n1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.\n1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.\n1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.\n1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.\n1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.\n1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.\n1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.\n" ]
[ "Pocahontas", "John Rolfe" ]
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Cochlear implant
Cochlear implant - wikipedia Cochlear implant Cochlear implant Cochlear implant MedlinePlus 007203 ( edit on Wikidata ) A cochlear implant ( CI ) is surgically implanted neuroprosthetic device that provides a sense of sound to a person with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss . Cochlear implants bypass the normal acoustic hearing process , instead they replace it with electric hearing . Namely , the sound sensation comes from the sound that is converted to electric signals which directly stimulate the auditory nerve . The brain adapts to the new mode of hearing , and eventually can interpret the electric signals as sound and speech . The implant has two main components . The outside component is generally worn behind the ear , but could also be attached to clothing , for example , in young children . This component , the sound processor , contains microphones , electronics that include DSP chips , battery , and a coil which transmits a signal to the implant across the skin . The inside component , the actual implant , has a coil to receive signals , electronics , and an array of electrodes which is placed into the cochlea , which stimulate the cochlear nerve . The surgical procedure is performed under general anesthesia . Surgical risks are minimal but can include tinnitus and dizziness . From the early days of implants in 70s and 80s , speech perception via an implant has steadily increased . Many users of modern implants gain reasonable to good hearing and speech perception skills post-implantation , especially when combined with lipreading . One of the challenges that remains with these implants is that the range of hearing and speech understanding skills after implantation show a wide range across individual implant users . Factors such as duration and cause of hearing loss , how the implant is situated in the cochlea , the overall health of the cochlear nerve , but also individual capabilities of re-learning are considered to contribute to this variation , yet no certain predictive factors are known . In children with severe to profound hearing loss , implants have shown to positively contribute to spoken language development . Despite providing the ability for hearing and oral speech communication to children and adults with severe to profound hearing loss , there is also controversy around the devices . Much of the strongest objection to cochlear implants has come from the deaf community . For some in the deaf community , cochlear implants are an affront to their culture , which as some view it , is a minority threatened by the hearing majority . An infant with a cochlear implant . Contents 1 History 2 Parts 3 Surgical procedure 4 Efficacy 5 Society and culture 5.1 Usage 5.2 Cost 5.3 Manufacturers 5.4 Criticism and controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) André Djourno and Charles Eyriès invented the original cochlear implant in 1957 . This original design distributed stimulation using a single channel . Two years later they went their separate ways due to personal and professional differences ( Svirsky M , 2017 ) . The first cochlear implant was invented by Dr. William House , in 1961 . In 1964 , Blair Simmons and Robert J. White implanted a six channel electrode in a patient 's cochlea at Stanford University . The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband , Erwin Hochmair , with the Hochmairs ' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark 's in August 1978 . Parts ( edit ) Cochlear implants bypass most of the peripheral auditory system which receives sound and converts that sound into movements of hair cells in the cochlea ; the inside - portion of these hair cells release potassium ions in response to the movement of the hairs , and the potassium in turn stimulates other cells to release the neurotransmitter , glutamate , which makes the cochlear nerve send signals to the brain , which creates the experience of sound . Instead , the devices pick up sound and digitize it , convert that digitized sound into electrical signals , and transmit those signals to electrodes embedded in the cochlea . The electrodes electrically stimulate the cochlear nerve , causing it to send signals to the brain . There are several systems available , but generally they have the following components : External An illustration of a cochlear implant . one or more microphones that pick up sound from the environment a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritize audible speech a transmitter that sends power and the processed sound signals across the skin to the internal device by radio frequency transmission Internal : The internal part of a cochlear implant ( model Cochlear Freedom 24 RE ) a receiver / stimulator , which receives signals from the speech processor and converts them into electric impulses . an electrode array embedded in the cochlea Surgical procedure ( edit ) The surgical procedure most often used to implant the device is called mastoidectomy with facial recess approach ( MFRA ) . If a person 's individual anatomy prevents MFRA , other approaches , such as through the suprameatal triangle are used . A systematic literature review published in 2016 found that studies comparing the two approaches were generally small , not randomized , and retrospective so were not useful for making generalizations ; it is not known which approach is safer or more effective . The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia . Risks of the procedures include mastoiditis , otitis media ( acute or with effusion ) , shifting of the implanted device requiring a second procedure , damage to the facial nerve , damage to the chorda tympani , and wound infections . The rate of complications is about 12 % for minor complications and 3 % for major complications ; major complications include infections , facial paralysis , and device failure . To avoid the risk of bacterial meningitis , which while low is about thirty times as high compared to people who do n't undergo CI procedures , the FDA recommends vaccination prior to the procedure . The rate of transient facial nerve palsy is estimated to be approximately 1 % . Device failure requiring reimplantation is estimated to occur in 2.5 - 6 % of the time . Up to one - third of people experience disequilibrium , vertigo , or vestibular weakness lasting more than 1 week after the procedure ; in people under 70 these symptoms generally resolve over weeks to months , but in people over 70 the problems tend to persist . Cochlear implants are only approved for people who are deaf in both ears ; as of 2014 a cochlear implant had been used experimentally in some people who had acquired deafness in one ear after they had learned how to speak , and none who were deaf in one ear from birth ; clinical studies as of 2014 had been too small to draw generalizations from . Efficacy ( edit ) A 2011 AHRQ review of the evidence of the effectiveness of CI in people with bilateral hearing loss - the device 's primary use - found low to moderate quality data that showed speech perception in noisy conditions was much better for people who had implants in both ears done at the same time compared to people who had only one . The data also showed that no conclusions could be drawn about changes in speech perception in quiet conditions and health - related quality - of - life . There was only one good study comparing implanting implants in both ears at the same time to implanting them sequentially ; this study found that in the sequential approach , the second implantation made no change , or made things worse . A 2012 review found that the ability to communicate in spoken language was better the earlier the implantation was done . This review also found that , overall , the efficacy of cochlear implants is highly variable , and that it was not possible to accurately predict which children will and will not acquire spoken language successfully . A 2015 review examined whether CI implantation to treat people with bilateral hearing loss had any effect on tinnitus . This review found the quality of evidence to be poor and the results variable : overall total tinnitus suppression rates varied from 8 % to 45 % of people who received CI ; decrease of tinnitus was seen in 25 % to 72 % , of people ; for 0 % to 36 % of the people there was no change ; increase of tinnitus occurred in between 0 % to 25 % of patients ; and , in between 0 and 10 % of cases , people who did not have tinnitus before the procedure , got it . A 2016 systematic review of CI for people with unilateral hearing loss ( UHL ) found that of the studies conducted and published , none were randomized , only one evaluated a control group , and no study was blinded . After eliminating multiple uses of the same subjects , the authors found that 137 people with UHL had received a CI . While acknowledging the weakness of the data , the authors found that CI in people with UHL improves sound localization compared with other treatments in people who lost hearing after they learned to speak ; in the one study that examined this , CI did improve sound localization in people with UHL who lost hearing before learning to speak . It appeared to improve speech perception and to reduce tinnitus . A 2015 literature review on the use of CI for people with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder found that , as of that date , description and diagnosis of the condition was too heterogeneous to make clear claims about whether CI is a safe and effective way to manage it . Society and culture ( edit ) Usage ( edit ) As of December 2012 , approximately 324,000 cochlear implant devices had been surgically implanted . In the U.S. , roughly 58,000 devices were implanted in adults and 38,000 in children . Cost ( edit ) In the United States , the overall cost of getting cochlear implants was about $100,000 as of 2017 . Some or all of this may be covered by health insurance . In the United Kingdom , the NHS covers cochlear implants in full , as does Medicare in Australia , and the Department of Health in Ireland , Seguridad Social in Spain and Israel , and the Ministry of Health or ACC ( depending on the cause of deafness ) in New Zealand . According to the US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders , the estimated total cost is $60,000 per person implanted . A study by Johns Hopkins University determined that for a three - year - old child who receives them , cochlear implants can save $30,000 to $50,000 in special - education costs for elementary and secondary schools as the child is more likely to be mainstreamed in school and thus use fewer support services than similarly deaf children . Manufacturers ( edit ) As of 2013 , the three cochlear implant devices approved for use in the U.S. were manufactured by Cochlear Limited ( Australia ) , Advanced Bionics ( a division of Sonova ) and MED - EL ( Austria ) . In Europe , Africa , Asia , South America , and Canada , an additional device manufactured by Neurelec ( France , a division of William Demant ) was available . A device made by Nurotron ( China ) was also available in some parts of the world . Each manufacturer has adapted some of the successful innovations of the other companies to its own devices . There is no consensus that any one of these implants is superior to the others . Users of all devices report a wide range of performance after implantation . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Much of the strongest objection to cochlear implants has come from within the deaf community , some of whom are pre-lingually deaf people whose first language is a sign language . For some in the deaf community , cochlear implants are an affront to their culture , which , as they view it , is a minority threatened by the hearing majority . This is an old problem for the deaf community , going back as far as the 18th century with the argument of manualism vs. oralism . This is consistent with medicalisation and the standardisation of the `` normal '' body in the 19th century , when differences between normal and abnormal began to be debated . It is important to consider the sociocultural context , particularly in regards to the deaf community , which considers itself to possess its own unique language and culture . This accounts for the cochlear implant being seen as an affront to their culture , as many do not believe that deafness is something that needs to be cured . However , it has also been argued that this does not necessarily have to be the case : the cochlear implant can act as a tool deaf people can use to access the `` hearing world '' without losing their deaf identity . Cochlear implants for congenitally deaf children are considered to be most effective when implanted at a young age , during the critical period in which the brain is still learning to interpret sound . Hence they are implanted before the recipients can decide for themselves , on the assumption that deafness is a disability . Deaf culture critics argue that the cochlear implant and the subsequent therapy often become the focus of the child 's identity at the expense of a possible future deaf identity and ease of communication in sign language , and claim that measuring the child 's success only by their mastery of hearing and speech will lead to a poor self - image as `` disabled '' ( because the implants do not produce normal hearing ) rather than having the healthy self - concept of a proudly deaf person . Children with cochlear implants are more likely to be educated orally , in the standard fashion , and without access to sign language and are often isolated from other deaf children and from sign language . Cochlear implants have been one of the technological and social factors implicated in the decline of sign languages in the developed world . Some of the more extreme responses from deaf activists have labeled the widespread implantation of children as `` cultural genocide '' . As the trend for cochlear implants in children grows , deaf - community advocates have tried to counter the `` either or '' formulation of oralism vs manualism with a `` both and '' approach ; some schools are now successfully integrating cochlear implants with sign language in their educational programs . See also ( edit ) Auditory brainstem response Auditory brainstem implant Bone - anchored hearing aid Bone conduction Brain implant Ear trumpet Electric Acoustic Stimulation Electrophonic hearing Hearing Aid Neuroprosthetics Noise health effects Visual prosthesis Language deprivation § Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clark , Graeme M. ( April 2015 ) . `` The multi-channel cochlear implant : Multi-disciplinary development of electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the resulting clinical benefit '' . Hearing Research . 322 : 4 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. heares. 2014.08. 002 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Robert V. ( February 2012 ) . `` Advances in auditory prostheses '' . Current Opinion in Neurology . 25 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1097 / WCO. 0b013e32834ef878 . Jump up ^ Blamey , Peter ; Artieres , Françoise ; Başkent , Deniz ; Bergeron , François ; Beynon , Andy ; Burke , Elaine ; Dillier , Norbert ; Dowell , Richard ; Fraysse , Bernard ; Gallégo , Stéphane ; Govaerts , Paul J. ; Green , Kevin ; Huber , Alexander M. ; Kleine - Punte , Andrea ; Maat , Bert ; Marx , Mathieu ; Mawman , Deborah ; Mosnier , Isabelle ; O'Connor , Alec Fitzgerald ; O'Leary , Stephen ; Rousset , Alexandra ; Schauwers , Karen ; Skarzynski , Henryk ; Skarzynski , Piotr H. ; Sterkers , Olivier ; Terranti , Assia ; Truy , Eric ; Van de Heyning , Paul ; Venail , Fréderic ; Vincent , Christophe ; Lazard , Diane S. ( 2013 ) . `` Factors Affecting Auditory Performance of Postlinguistically Deaf Adults Using Cochlear Implants : An Update with 2251 Patients '' . Audiology and Neurotology. 18 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 47 . doi : 10.1159 / 000343189 . Jump up ^ Başkent , D. ; Gaudrain , E. ; Tamati , T.N. ; Wagner , A. ( 2016 ) . Perception and psychoacoustics of speech in cochlear implant users , in Scientific Foundations of Audiology : Perspectives from Physics , Biology , Modeling , and Medicine , Eds . A.T. Cacace , E. de Kleine , A.G. Holt , and P. van Dijk . San Diego , CA , USA : Plural Publishing , Inc . pp. 285 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Pisoni , David B. ; Kronenberger , William G. ; Harris , Michael S. ; Moberly , Aaron C. ( December 2017 ) . `` Three challenges for future research on cochlear implants '' . World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 3 ( 4 ) : 240 -- 254 . doi : 10.1016 / j. wjorl. 2017.12. 010 . Jump up ^ Geers , Ann E. ; Nicholas , Johanna G. ; Sedey , Allison L. ( February 2003 ) . `` Language Skills of Children with Early Cochlear Implantation '' . Ear and Hearing . 24 ( Supplement ) : 46S -- 58S . doi : 10.1097 / 01. AUD. 0000051689.57380. 1B . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cochlear Implant Controversy , Issues And Debates '' . NEW YORK : CBS News . September 4 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( December 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. William F. House , Inventor of Pioneering Ear - Implant Device , Dies at 89 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mudry , A ; Mills , M ( May 2013 ) . `` The early history of the cochlear implant : a retrospective '' . JAMA Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery . 139 ( 5 ) : 446 -- 53 . PMID 23681026 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Lasker ~ DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award : Modern cochlear implant '' . The Lasker Foundation . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roche JP , Hansen MR ( 2015 ) . `` On the Horizon : Cochlear Implant Technology '' . Otolaryngol . Clin. North Am. 48 : 1097 -- 116 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otc. 2015.07. 009 . PMC 4641792 . PMID 26443490 . ^ Jump up to : NIH Publication No. 11 - 4798 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Cochlear Implants '' . National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yawn R , Hunter JB , Sweeney AD , Bennett ML ( 2015 ) . `` Cochlear implantation : a biomechanical prosthesis for hearing loss '' . F1000Prime Rep. 7 : 45 . doi : 10.12703 / P7 - 45 . PMC 4447036 . PMID 26097718 . ^ Jump up to : Bruijnzeel H , et al. Systematic Review on Surgical Outcomes and Hearing Preservation for Cochlear Implantation in Children and Adults . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Feb 16 . Review . doi : 10.1177 / 0194599815627146 PMID 26884363 Jump up ^ Tokita , J ; Dunn , C ; Hansen , MR ( October 2014 ) . `` Cochlear implantation and single - sided deafness '' . Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery . 22 ( 5 ) : 353 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / moo. 0000000000000080 . PMC 4185341 . PMID 25050566 . Jump up ^ Raman G , et al. Effectiveness of Cochlear Implants in Adults with Sensorineural Hearing Loss ( Internet ) . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( US ) ; 2011 Jun 17 . PMID 25927131 Free full text Jump up ^ Ganek , Hillary ; Robbins , Amy McConkey ; Niparko , John K. `` Language Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation '' . Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America . 45 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 185 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otc. 2011.08. 024 . PMID 22115689 . Jump up ^ Ramakers GG , van Zon A , Stegeman I , Grolman W ( 2015 ) . `` The effect of cochlear implantation on tinnitus in patients with bilateral hearing loss : A systematic review '' . Laryngoscope. 125 : 2584 -- 92 . doi : 10.1002 / lary. 25370 . PMID 26153087 . ^ Jump up to : Cabral Junior F , Pinna MH , Alves RD , Malerbi AF , Bento RF ( 2016 ) . `` Cochlear Implantation and Single - sided Deafness : A Systematic Review of the Literature '' . Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 20 : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0035 - 1559586 . PMC 4687988 . PMID 26722349 . Jump up ^ Harrison RV , Gordon KA , Papsin BC , Negandhi J , James AL ( 2015 ) . `` Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder ( ANSD ) and cochlear implantation '' . Int. J. Pediatr . Otorhinolaryngol. 79 : 1980 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijporl. 2015.10. 006 . PMID 26545793 . Jump up ^ `` Cochlear Implants '' . American Academy of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beaumont Hospital - Cochlear Implant - How to Refer '' . Jump up ^ John M. Williams ( 2000 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Do Health - Care Providers Have to Pay for Assistive Tech ? '' . Business Week . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lock , M. and Nguyen , V-K. , An Anthropology of Biomedicine , Oxford , Wiley - Blackwell , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Power D ( 2005 ) . `` Models of deafness : cochlear implants in the Australian daily press '' . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education . 10 ( 4 ) : 451 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / deafed / eni042 . PMID 16000690 . Jump up ^ Paul Oginni ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` UCI Research with Cochlear Implants No Longer Falling on Deaf Ears '' . New University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ NAD Cochlear Implant Committee . `` Cochlear Implants '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ringo , Allegra ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Understanding Deafness : Not Everyone Wants to Be ' Fixed ' '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Johnston , T ( 2004 ) . `` W ( h ) ither the deaf community ? Population , genetics , and the future of Australian sign language '' . American annals of the deaf . 148 ( 5 ) : 358 -- 75 . PMID 15132016 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , John B. ; Leigh , Irene W. ; Spencer , Patricia Elizabeth ; Lucker , Jay R. ( 2001 ) . Cochlear implants in children : ethics and choices ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Gallaudet University Press . pp. 304 -- 305 . ISBN 9781563681165 . Jump up ^ Denworth , Lydia ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Science Gave My Son the Gift of Sound '' . Time . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cochlear implants . Cochlear Implants at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) What is it like to live with a cochlear implant ? A short documentary video clip What do cochlear implants sound like ? An audio example Cochlear Implants Information from the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) . NASA Spinoff article on engineer Adam Kissiah 's contribution to cochlear implants beginning in the 1970s . Wilson , Blake S. ; Finley , Charles C. ; Lawson , Dewey T. ; Wolford , Robert D. ; Eddington , Donald K. ; Rabinowitz , William M. ( 1991 ) . `` Better speech recognition with cochlear implants '' . Nature . 352 ( 6332 ) : 236 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1991Natur. 352 ... 236W . doi : 10.1038 / 352236a0 . PMID 1857418 . NPR Story about improvements to improve the processing of music . Includes simulations of what someone with implants might hear . More recent NPR Story about improvements to improve the processing of music . Includes updated simulations of music , before and after these updates . Tuning In PBS article about advances in cochlear implant technology with simulations of what someone with each type of implant would hear . My Bionic Quest for Boléro ( Wired , November 2005 ) : Author Michael Chorost writes about his own implant and trying the latest software from researchers in a quest to hear music better . Charles Limb , `` Building the musical muscle '' , TEDMED 2011 , October 2011 NDL : 00577308 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochlear_implant&oldid=854411711 '' Categories : 1979 introductions 1979 in science Artificial organs Audiology Australian inventions Bionics Cybernetics Implants ( medicine ) Medical devices NASA spin - off technologies Neuroprosthetics Otology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 04 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who developed and commercialised the modern multichannel cochlear implant (bionic ear)
[ "The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair, with the Hochmairs' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.[10]\n", "The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair, with the Hochmairs' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.[10]\n", "The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair, with the Hochmairs' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.[10]\n" ]
[ "Graeme Clark", "Ingeborg Hochmair", "Erwin Hochmair" ]
-641034880286132983
Legal status of tattooing in the United States
Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia Legal status of Tattooing in the United states In the United States , there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing . However , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older . This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure . Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian , but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission , with the exception of medical necessity ( such as markings placed for radiation therapy ) . In all jurisdictions , individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings , such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal , or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo ( such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body ) . They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork , including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive , or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated . Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true , so as to avoid arguments with clients . Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent , signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules . can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor , punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation . Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo , body piercing , & body art facilities , and sets standards for their operation . Individual tattoo artists , piercers , etc. require a permit . Ala . Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities . Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian , can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider . no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony . There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona . Tattoos . Ariz . Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced . Ark . Stat . Ann . § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq . California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent . They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent , but not on their genitals or nipples . Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples , when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent . no restriction Body Art . Cal . Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal . Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists . Colo . Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians , or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician . no restrictions Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92a , Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists . DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced Del . Code Ann . Title 11 , Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del . Code Ann . Title 16 , Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship , both parent and minor must present photo ID , and a consent form must be notarized . for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla . Stat . § 381.00787 Fla . Stat. § 381.0775 et seq . Fla . Stat . § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes . '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket . no restrictions Ga . Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga . Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga . Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 14 Written informed consent of parent / guardian , executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their agent / employee . Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent . Piercing for medical procedures exempt . no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian . Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions Ill . Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill . Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind . Code Ann . § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa , however county or city laws may regulate it . no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent , written consent must be notarized , and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure . Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1953 Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky 16 Parent / guardian must give written , notarized consent . none ( ear piercing also requires written , notarized consent ) . Ky. Rev. Stat . § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat . § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent , and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos , but not for body piercings . no restrictions La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 14 : 93.2 La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 40 : 2831 et seq . Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian . Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent , which must be retained for 3 years . Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required , but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo , branding , or scarification at all . For piercing of areas other than the genitalia , a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document . Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation . no restriction County Health Department regulates body art , but all follow a model regulation set by the state . Artists must have a permit , and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written , informed consent of parent / guardian . Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced . Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required . Minors can not be tattooed . They can be body pierced , but not in the nipples or genitals . Branding , scarification , suspension , subdermal implantation , microdermal , and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors . can not have any body art procedures . Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear . no restriction Miss. Code Ann . § 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos , parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded or body pierced . violations are a misdemeanor , punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists , and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments . Mo . Rev. Stat . § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit , in - person '' consent . Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure . can not be tattooed or body pierced . A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children , punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail , or both . Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor , with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense . Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments . Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's . Mont . Code Ann . § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent , must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008 , 38 - 1009 , 38 - 1010 , 38 - 1011 , 38 - 1060 , 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos , piercings , or other body art . Regional health districts may regulate the practice . The southern Nevada Health District , for example , does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed , and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds . The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol . n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure . Minors can not be tattooed or branded . They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent . Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing . Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing . Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent . no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat . Ann . § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq . N.J. Stat . Ann . § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure . Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state , and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act . N.M. Stat . Ann . § 61 - 17B et seq. , N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq . New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent , signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner . Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings . no restrictions New York Public Health Law , Article 4 - A N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat . § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent . can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed . '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings . no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann . § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure . Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law . Scleral tattooing is illegal . can not be tattooed . Okla . Stat . Title 21 § 842.1 , 842.2 , 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity . Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician . Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced . Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples , even with parent / guardian consent . Piercing on testes , deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ) , uvula , eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited . can not be tattooed or pierced . Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor . Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ) . Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office . With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners , the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art . Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or . Rev. Stat . § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules , especially Divisions 900 , 905 , 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure . no restrictions Pa . Cons . Stat . Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure . no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ) , maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health , artists must be registered . RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written , notarized consent or be present during the procedure . Head , face , and neck tattoos are illegal . can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code , persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor . Upon conviction , they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year , or both . Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control . Tattoo facilities are licensed , body piercing facilities require a permit , and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form . can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor . Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules . Municipalities may set stricter regulations , and have the authority to license body artists . S.D. Codified Laws Ann . § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent , be present during the procedure . Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo , with parent / guardian consent . Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act , '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service . Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor , breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor . Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health , tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department . Tenn . Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure , sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may , with parent / guardian consent , be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive , gang - related , or drug - related content , or `` other words , symbols , or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited . Cannot be tattooed or pierced . Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo , or to get a piercing without parental consent , is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor , with each day of violation counting as a separate offense . Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann . § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure , give written permission , and provide proof of identity . Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor , shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation . Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered . Vt . Stat . Ann . Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced . Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers , as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments , are licensed by the state . Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments . Va . Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq . Va . Code § 15.2 - 912 Va . Code § 18.2 - 371.3 . Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos , body piercings , or other body art . Wash . Code § 26.28. 085 Wash . Code § 18.300 Wash . Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash . Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol . Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health , and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va . Code § 16 - 37 W. Va . Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department . Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent , presence during procedure . Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician , and piercing of the ear , do not count as body art for this law . no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense , punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 2 '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION OF FOOD , MILK , AND LODGING Chapter 420 - 3 - 23 BODY ART PRACTICE AND FACILITIES '' ( PDF ) . http://www.adph.org/ . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Chapter 17A : REGULATION OF TATTOOING , BRANDING , AND BODY PIERCING '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 8 : PENALTIES '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 7 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TATOOING AND BODY PIERCING : STATE LAWS , STATUTES AND REGULATIONS '' . http://www.ncsl.org/ . National Council of State Legislatures . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 . : Alaska Statutes - Section 08.13. 217. : Tattooing and permanent cosmetic coloring or body piercing on a minor '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Statutes - Chapter 08.13. : BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : Arizona Revised Statutes § 13 - 3721 . Tattoos , brands , scarifications and piercings ; minors ; anesthesia ; exception ; defense ; violation ; classification ; definitions . Jump up ^ Health regulations sought for Arizona tattoo shops , Tucson Citizen , Jul 05 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Arkansas Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 - 27 - 1502 - Unlawful to perform body art on a person under eighteen years of age . : : 2010 Arkansas Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . PEN . CODE § 653 : California Code - Section 653 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . HSC . CODE § 119302 : California Code - Section 119302 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` California Law - HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE ( HSC Sections 119300 . - 119328 . ) '' . regstoday.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nchd.org/Downloads/Body%20Art/Body%20Art%20Regulations%20final%203-26(2)-10.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Section 19a - 92g - Body piercing . : : 2012 Connecticut General Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` & § 47 -- 2853.76 e Prohibitions and penalties . : : 2014 District of Columbia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 11 '' . delaware.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes & Constitution '' . state.fl.us . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71.1 - Piercing of the body : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 12 - 5 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` HI Rev Stat § 321 - 379 : : Enforcement ; penalties . : : 2011 Hawaii Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=32700000&SeqEnd=33400000 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind . Code § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Indiana Code - Section 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Tattooing or body piercing a minor '' . Findlaw . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ISDH : Tattoo Information '' . in.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Code 135.37 '' . iowa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` 211.760 Tattooing and body piercing of humans by nonmedical personnel for remuneration -- Registration -- Administrative regulations -- Compliance checks -- Hearings. : : 2014 Kentucky Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` 902 KAR 45 : 070 . Body piercing and ear piercing '' . state.ky.us . Jump up ^ `` LA Rev Stat § 14 : 93.2 : : RS 14 : 93.2 -- Tattooing and body piercing of minors ; prohibition : : 2011 Louisiana Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4203 : Minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4323 : Body piercing of minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4321 : Definitions '' . mainelegislature.org . ^ Jump up to : `` COMAR 10.06. 01.06 '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Disclose the risks of the procedure , obtain the client 's written consent for the performance of the procedure or , in the case of a minor , the consent of the parent or guardian , and retain the consent on file for a period of 3 years and make it available to the health officer , if requested ; Jump up ^ `` COMAR 10.06. 01.02 Definitions '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ( 29 ) Skin - Penetrating Body Adornment Procedure ^ Jump up to : dph / environment . `` Body Art ( Body Piercing , Tattooing and Branding / Scarification ) '' ( PDF ) . Health and Human Services . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13102 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 - 131 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 : : Act 368 of 1978 : : Chapter 333 -- HEALTH : : 2006 Michigan Compiled Laws : : Michigan Compiled Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` 146B. 07 - 2014 Minnesota Statutes '' . mn.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 324.520 Definitions -- tattooing , branding , body piercing , prohibited , when , penalty . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 324.522 Licensing required , when -- rulemaking authority . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 - 5 - 623 . Unlawful transactions with children '' . mt.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 37.112. 158 : RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS - Administrative Rules of the State of Montana '' . mtrules.org . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 108 . Penalties -- misdemeanor '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 103 . Rulemaking authority '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 203 . Licensure and regulation by local boards of health '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 10,165 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1010 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments '' . southernnevadahealthdistrict.org . ^ Jump up to : http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Section 2C : 40 - 21 - Tattooing of a minor ; parental permission , required : : 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36. 5 '' . New Mexico Administrative Code . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . the signature of the client and , if the client is a minor , written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent ; ^ Jump up to : `` ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act '' . public.nmcompcomm.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 4 - A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing '' . ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf Jump up ^ `` GS_130A - 283 '' . state.nc.us . Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445 ^ Jump up to : `` Lawriter - ORC '' . ohio.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 21 - 842.1 . Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years -- Definitions. : : 2014 Oklahoma Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts ; exceptions . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` 6311 - Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2010 Pennsylvania Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 11 - 9 - 15 Tattooing of minors . : : CHAPTER 11 - 9 Children : : Title 11 Criminal Offenses : : 2010 Rhode Island General Laws : : Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 23 - 1 - 39 - Tattooing and / or body piercing . : : 2014 Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 44 - 34 - 100 - Unlawful acts ; penalties . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 120 . Minors or persons impaired by drugs , alcohol , or otherwise incapable of consenting ; unhealthy skin surfaces ; penalty . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 34 - 20 - Establishment of sterilization , sanitation , and safety standards ; licensing ; engaging in other retail business . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 20 . Sterilization , sanitation and safety standards ; certificate of completion of blood - borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course ; permits . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 34 - TATTOOING : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 26 - 10 - 19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 9 - 34 - 17 Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 310 - Penalty. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/ Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required . : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing : : 2010 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012 : TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT ; EXCEPTION '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025 : EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS ; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126 : TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018 : OFFENSE ; CRIMINAL PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019 : ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021 : EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS ; REGISTRATION REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002 : LICENSE REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutes - Chapter 146 : TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Legislature '' . utah.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Vermont Laws '' . vermont.gov . Jump up ^ `` Professions and Occupations '' . vermont.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 18.2 - 371.3 . Tattooing or body piercing of minors '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 703 . License required '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 704.1 . License required for barbershop , cosmetology salon , nail care salon , waxing salon , tattoo parlor , body - piercing salon , and esthetics spa '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 15.2 - 912 . Regulation of tattoo parlors and body - piercing salons ; definition ; exception '' . virginia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` RCW 26.28. 085 : Applying tattoo to a minor -- Penalty '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` WAC 246 - 145 - 015 : Restrictions '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 18.300 RCW : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , AND TATTOOING '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 246 - 145 WAC : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 70.54 RCW : MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS '' . wa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 38 - 3 . Operation standards . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 7 . Violations and penalties . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 6 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local or regional boards of health ; permit fees . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 37 - 3 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local boards of health ; posting of permit ; power of local board of health to order studio to close . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 38 . TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.70 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 252.23 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 14 - CHILDREN , CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION , ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS '' . legisweb.state.wy.us . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Peʻa ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union South Korea the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&oldid=856244050 '' Categories : Tattooing and law United States law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 21 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
legal age to get a tattoo in all states
[ "In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).\n" ]
[ "18 years or older" ]
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This Is Us (season 2)
This is Us ( season 2 ) - wikipedia This is Us ( season 2 ) This Is Us ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Parker Bates Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) -- March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of This Is Us episodes The second season of the American television series This Is Us continues to follow the lives and connections of the Pearson family across several time periods . The season was produced by Rhode Island Ave . Productions , Zaftig Films , and 20th Century Fox Television , with Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger serving as showrunners . A second and third season of This Is Us were ordered in January 2017 , with production for season two beginning that July . The season stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , Faithe Herman , and Lonnie Chavis . The second season , consisting of 18 episodes , aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season 's fourteenth episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie Eris Baker as Tess Pearson Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson Recurring ( edit ) Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Lyric Ross as Deja , Randall and Beth 's foster child . Debra Jo Rupp as Linda , a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . Caitlin Thompson as Madison , Kate 's group 's resident thin member , who Kate discovers is bulimic . Joy Brunson as Shauna , Deja 's mother . Guest ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as himself , an actor in Kevin 's movie . Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder , the judge in young adult William Hill 's case . Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley , the judge in Randall 's adoption case . Kate Burton as Barbara , a psychologist at Kevin 's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family . Garrett Morris as Lloyd , a resident of William 's old apartment building . Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson , a social worker . Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) , Rebecca 's former childbirth obstetrician . Susan Blakely as Anne , Dr. K 's wife . Pam Grier as G.G. , Shauna 's grandmother and Deja 's great - grandmother . Dan Lauria as Toby 's father Wendie Malick as Toby 's mother Melanie Liburd as Zoe , Beth 's cousin Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 On the Big Three 's 37th birthday , Randall wants to adopt a baby , but Beth convinces him they can honor William 's legacy by adopting an older child . Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin , but she returns to go through with it . She is rejected because of her inexperience , not her weight ; Kate is confident she can work her way up . Toby tells Kevin that he , not Kevin , needs to be Kate 's `` person . '' Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father 's death , and being Kate 's brother is the only thing he is really good at . In the past , Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack . Rebecca urges Jack to come home ; Jack admits his drinking is out of control . Later , the family house has burned and Rebecca , in the car with Jack 's possessions in a bag , screams and cries . 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 Kevin is invited back for the 100th `` The Manny '' episode . The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show , but Sophie helps him do it anyway . Randall , Beth , their girls , Rebecca , and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode . Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall 's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues . Also during the taping , Kate gets a call for her first gig ; however , she does not want her mother to criticize her performance , so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her , but they do anyway . Later , Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her . Rebecca seeks support from Toby , but he clearly sides with Kate , which wins Rebecca 's approval . After the episode taping , Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once : in asking her out . Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan . In flashbacks , Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem . Jack ( when on the wagon before ) vented his anger on a punching bag ; this time , he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting . 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 On Kevin 's movie set , Kate -- excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star -- bonds with `` Sly '' and tells him what his films meant to her father , and about his death . After talking with Stallone , Kevin 's memories of his dad surface , affecting his performance in a scene . Randall learns that a young girl , Deja , is being brought to his home . Later , when Deja yells at Beth for `` stealing '' her mom 's cigarettes , Randall defends his wife , and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression . Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca , as well as William . Kevin takes pain medication after his old football knee injury is reinjured during battle scene filming . In flashbacks , when the kids are teenagers , Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism ; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad , and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family 's money . 22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling , which does not go as expected . Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair and the two bond . Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety ; he invites her to come with him . Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee and continues to overuse his pain medication . Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound , revealing that she is pregnant . In flashbacks , Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it will not occur later for him . Rebecca 's mother pops in , intent on staying for a while , and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her and calling her a racist , which Randall overhears . Rebecca 's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall , recognizing for the first time how special he is . 23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy . Kevin , set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large - scale charity event she is hosting , gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription ; he misses the auction , embarrassing Sophie . Randall earns Deja 's trust . In the past , when Jack takes 10 - year - old Kevin and Randall camping , Rebecca learns that Jack 's father is dying . She calls Jack , but his past issues with his father combined with his focus on making sure Kevin gets along with Randall keep Jack from returning . Rebecca reassures Jack 's father ( who sees his granddaughter , Kate ) that Jack is a great father and husband . Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote reminders to himself on how to keep the peace between them , motivating him to be nice to Randall . Later , Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army . During Jack 's childhood , he and his never - before - seen brother await their father 's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar . 24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 In flashbacks , with the 10 - year - old Big Three , Rebecca takes Randall trick - or - treating while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house . Randall learns about Kyle 's death from the neighbors ; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption . In other flashbacks , with the Big Three being in their twenties , Kate finds out she is involved with a married man . Kevin , desperate for work as an actor , attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend . Meanwhile , Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter . Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca create a Facebook account . With no time to get to the hospital , Randall helps Beth through a home delivery . Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together . When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook , she gets a message from Miguel asking how she has been the last eight years . ( Jack 's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca . ) 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall 's adoption when Randall is a year old . Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation , but their judge is against interracial adoption . After Rebecca 's letter about being Randall 's mother , the judge recuses himself ; the new judge grants the adoption . Concurrently , William pleads guilty to a drug charge . Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record , William claims to be more disappointed , due to the loss of his loved ones and son . The judge visits William in jail , offering to reduce the sentence and get him help , if he stays sober . William keeps this promise for at least 30 years , until hearing his cancer is terminal . As he is about to use , Randall introduces himself as William 's biological son . In the present , Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison , but Shauna declines the visit . Randall later talks to Shauna , who intends to take Deja back after her release . He lets Shauna call Deja collect . Kevin 's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol . Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin , plan to get married at city hall , but then consider a big wedding . 26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 In flashbacks , baby Kevin walks first . Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter , thinking Pitt inferior , so Jack scolds Kevin . As Jack speaks with his sponsor , and recites the serenity prayer , Kevin remains flippant , but Jack apologizes to Kevin . A game injury ends Kevin 's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour . Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents , and will find his purpose . Kevin apologizes for his attitude . Jack gives him a pendant , symbolizing `` purpose '' , given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point . Jack says Kevin is his purpose . Present - day Kevin , exhausted by substance abuse , is an honored alumnus at his high school . His football coach introduces him ; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech . Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award . He pantomimes football on the field , giving play - by - play commentary on his failures . He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte , a doctor , and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery ; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter , having left the pendant in Charlotte 's house , but she keeps him out . He collapses , begging for help . He visits Randall , who assumes Kevin 's desire to talk concerns Kate 's miscarriage . 27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 In flashbacks , baby Kate walks second . Teenage Kate bonds with the dog , Louie . Kate seems unconcerned with college applications ; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate 's application for Berklee . At Kevin 's game , Kate accepts Rebecca 's praise just as Kevin is injured . At the hospital , Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca ; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance , but is ready to support Kate when needed . Kate watches her parents embrace . Present - day Kate talks to her unborn baby ; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care , but she miscarries . Kate leaves a singing gig , overcome at seeing a family ; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched . Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath . At home , Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby ; she tells Toby that the miscarriage did n't happen to him , but he asserts that he shares their loss . Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support . Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying ; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle 's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks . Kate tells Toby how she feels , and they agree to try again soon ; they reaffirm their love . 28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 In flashbacks , baby Randall walks third . Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard , but lets Randall tour Howard . Jack takes the official tour ; a friend shows Randall around . Randall tells Jack that others ' reactions make him feel `` off - balance '' as the only black family member . Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ; Jack felt off - balance when he returned from the war . Jack believes Randall will find balance and be `` spectacular '' . They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin ; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult . In the present , the charges against Deja 's mother Shauna are dropped ; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody . Randall recalls William 's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit ; he realized Randall had a full life without him , and left . Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja 's homecoming , and realizes Deja 's home is with Shauna ; Beth agrees . They attend Deja 's school presentation . Shauna takes Deja home ; Randall offers help . Randall and Beth agree to foster again ; a young boy meets with his social worker . Kevin arrives , but leaves quickly after drinking vodka . Kevin is speeding -- Tess , hidden in his backseat because she `` hates '' home , admonishes him ; Kevin is arrested for DUI ; Tess is safe . 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 When the kids are 10 , Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation , getting Kevin after football camp . Randall 's new glasses are missing . Rebecca notices Kate 's food obsession ; Jack has her exercise , but takes her for ice cream . During a thunderstorm , Kevin brings Randall 's glasses to their parents ' room -- where Kate and Randall are sleeping . He sleeps on the floor . Present - day Toby finds junk - food trash . Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave . The family visits Kevin at rehab ; Barbara , the facilitator , wants only immediate family at Kevin 's first session . Kevin apologizes to the family , but Barbara has him discuss family issues . Kevin says they are a family of addicts . Kevin felt like an outcast ( `` fifth wheel '' ) : Kate had Jack 's support ; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin . Randall scolds Kevin ; Rebecca , crying , says why Randall was easier to love . Toby , Beth , and Miguel , at a bar , discuss being outsiders , Miguel the only one who knew Jack . After the session , the Big Three reconcile . Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying . Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him , but they had their moments . ( In the flashback , Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor . ) 30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack 's job . Randall asks a redhead girl out . Though the teenagers are almost starting college , Jack again wants to start `` Big Three Homes '' ( which he put aside to support his family ) . Presently , William 's stray cat `` Clooney '' wanders . After rehab , Kevin stays with Rebecca -- whom Miguel is protecting , since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab . Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple , not individuals ; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive , but does now and is staying . Kate befriends Madison from support group ; they go wedding dress shopping ; Kate discovers Madison 's bulimia . Madison later faints and calls Kate for help . Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy . Randall visits Beth at work ; she says working again would help him . Randall gets William 's box from storage , searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew , and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday . Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run - down building with her . In the flashback , they forget smoke detector batteries . 31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 Around 1980 , an elderly couple look through their junk , including a jukebox which would play `` That 'll Be the Day '' . When their house gets a buyer , the man gives his neighbor , Jack , a slow cooker with a tricky switch . In 1998 , Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied -- Kevin is with Sophie , Randall is on a date , and Kate is making a music college audition tape ( which Jack videotapes , to Kate 's initial disapproval ) . In the present , Randall and Beth buy William 's old building . Kevin helps Randall do repairs ; they soon find themselves overwhelmed -- and bugs , so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called . When Toby looks for a dog on the internet , Kate -- with mixed feelings -- adopts a dog . Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie , receives his missing pendant in the mail -- and knows that he can not make amends to his dad . In 1998 , the old slow cooker 's faulty switch causes a house fire . 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 In 1998 , Jack evacuates the family ( Kevin is away ) from the burning house , then retrieves Kate 's dog and family mementos . Jack , hospitalized for smoke inhalation , dies suddenly of cardiac arrest , to Rebecca 's shock . She tells Miguel , Randall , and Kate ; Kate tells Kevin . On the 20th anniversary of Jack 's death , Kate 's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded -- and saved from the fire -- which she watches cathartically , blaming herself . Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized . Kate tells Toby he strengthens her , and Jack would have loved him . Kevin visits Jack 's memorial tree , admitting he has not lived up to Jack 's legacy , but pledging to make him proud . Rebecca makes Jack 's favorite lasagna , and bonds with Kevin . Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack , but is emotional when the family 's new pet lizard dies . Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling , fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a `` new life '' . He reassures her he will always be devoted to her ; she is happy the family participates in fostering . Deja unexpectedly arrives ; Randall and Beth comfort her . The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple ; the social worker is an adult Tess , whom an older Randall meets for dinner . 33 15 `` The Car '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it . The Pearsons , going to see `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears . Jack drives Rebecca , awaiting MRI results , to his `` favorite tree '' ( nearest a pay phone ) ; Rebecca is fine , as Jack anticipated . Jack predicts he will die first ; he asks to be outside , not buried . The brothers fight during Randall 's driving lesson ; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother , who died in Vietnam . Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette 's autograph session ; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen . Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack 's funeral , stalking the urn because she was not in Jack 's room when he died . Dr. K and his second wife attend the funeral ; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong . Kate decides to give away her dog ; Rebecca affirms that Jack 's death is not Kate 's fault -- Jack made his own decisions . The brothers bicker over manly duties ; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers ; they make peace . The Pearsons scatter Jack 's ashes at the tree ; Kate keeps some . Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night ; Rebecca drives the family to the concert -- crossing the bridge . 34 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) h 2AZC16 9.74 Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries -- she , with small thoughtful gifts ; he , with grand romantic gestures . The children , age 10 , plan a romantic anniversary celebration ( despite Rebecca 's desire not to celebrate ) , including an attempted dinner , and culminating in observing a meteor shower . Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary . In the present , Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas . Kevin , Randall , Beth , and others attend ; Toby has no close male friends , and Kate and Beth are not close . Kevin maintains his sobriety , despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut . Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna 's utility bill , Randall worries about Deja ; Beth wants to move on ; they argue . Kate tries to mediate , revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall 's life ; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth ; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts . Toby supports Kevin and Randall , saying his own brother never desired a close relationship . Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie . When returning home , Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja ; they find her and Shauna living in a car . 35 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 Flashbacks show other characters ' experiences paralleling Deja 's . 16 - year - old Shauna gives birth to Deja ; Shauna 's grandmother `` G.G. '' urges Shauna towards accountability . Three years later , G.G. financially supports Shauna . G.G. dies ; Shauna depends on Deja . Adolescent Deja injures herself cooking Shauna 's birthday dinner ; Linda removes Deja from her home . Stress drives Shauna to drug use and Deja stays in the foster system . Deja and her foster sister Raven , after shoplifting , are removed from a physically abusive foster father 's home ; Raven was willing to endure physical abuse for stability . Deja returns to Shauna ; Shauna 's mooching boyfriend Lonzo brings a gun into the home ; Deja 's alopecia begins amid the adults ' fighting . The gun is found in Shauna 's car ; Deja lives with the Pearsons , returning to Shauna after the charges are dropped . Shauna breaks up with Lonzo but spends her and Deja 's savings to bail him out of jail ; Deja attempts to raise money , but decides not to pawn G.G. 's brooch ; Shauna and Deja are evicted for unpaid rent . Randall and Beth take in Shauna and Deja . Deja concludes that the human experience is universal . Shauna believes she deprived Deja of a childhood ; she decides to leave Deja with the Pearsons . 36 18 `` The Wedding '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 As Kate 's wedding approaches , her recurring dream of Jack and Rebecca renewing their vows on their 40th wedding anniversary does not include Toby . After unsuccessfully seeking `` something old '' connected to Jack , Kate makes room in her heart for Toby by resolving her grief over Jack ; she scatters the remainder of Jack 's ashes near the Pearson cabin . Kate tells Rebecca she admires her . Toby 's divorced parents disapprove of the marriage , fearing a relapse of the depression Toby suffered after his first marriage ; Toby demands they celebrate the wedding or leave ; they stay to celebrate . Kate and Toby marry ; Jack once told Kate she would someday marry a man better than himself . Kevin allows himself to grieve over Jack . Deja is surly after Shauna requested termination of parental rights ; Beth 's cousin Zoe , the wedding photographer , consoles Deja by sharing how she accepted Beth 's family 's love after her own mother abandoned her . However , after Toby 's mother says Deja resembles Randall , Deja vandalizes Randall 's car . In the future , Kevin ( contemplating Jack and Nicky 's Vietnam War picture ) and Zoe fly to Vietnam together ; Kate nurses a cripplingly depressed Toby . Further in the future , Randall and adult Tess feel unprepared to see an unnamed female , though neither is ready to do so . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each , for a total of 36 additional episodes . Dan Fogelman , Isaac Aptaker , and Elizabeth Berger served as the season 's showrunners . Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , and Ron Cephas Jones returned from the first season as Jack Pearson , Rebecca Pearson , Randall Pearson , Kate Pearson , Kevin Pearson , Beth Pearson , Toby Damon , and William H. Hill , respectively . Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge , who recurred as Miguel and Sophie , respectively , throughout the first season , were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season . Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate , Niles Fitch as teenage Randall , Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin , Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate , Parker Bates as young Kevin , Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson , and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson . Lonnie Chavis began the season continuing as young Randall in a recurring role , but was ultimately promoted to series regular . In August 2017 , Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in guest starring roles . Filming ( edit ) The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season . Production on the season began on July 11 , 2017 , in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot , to anchor a new Must See TV lineup , alongside Will & Grace , Great News and Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders , with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining , `` While this is a bit risky , there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night . If there is one show we could move , it would be this one . '' However , on May 30 , 2017 , NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST , allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall . The season aired from September 26 , 2017 , to March 13 , 2018 , on NBC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . This Is Us served as the lead - out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.09 / 10 , and an average episode score of 95 % , based on 20 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` This is Us continues to tug at heartstrings with an emotional exploration of family that ensures viewers will want to keep the tissues close -- and their loved ones closer . '' This Is Us ( season 2 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` A Father 's Advice '' September 26 , 2017 3.9 / 13 12.94 2.6 6.93 6.5 19.87 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' October 3 , 2017 3.1 / 11 11.06 2.4 6.15 5.5 17.21 `` Déjà Vu '' October 10 , 2017 2.8 / 10 11.02 2.2 6.11 5.0 17.13 `` Still There '' October 17 , 2017 2.9 / 10 10.65 2.3 6.32 5.2 16.97 5 `` Brothers '' October 24 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.60 2.2 6.09 5.0 16.69 6 `` The 20 's '' October 31 , 2017 2.0 / 7 8.43 2.4 6.50 4.4 14.94 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' November 7 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.89 2.3 6.28 4.8 16.17 8 `` Number One '' November 14 , 2017 2.6 / 9 10.05 2.2 6.10 4.8 16.15 9 `` Number Two '' November 21 , 2017 2.5 / 9 9.34 2.0 5.71 4.5 15.05 10 `` Number Three '' November 28 , 2017 2.8 / 10 10.94 2.0 5.65 4.8 16.60 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' January 9 , 2018 2.7 / 9 9.65 2.3 6.34 5.0 15.99 12 `` Clooney '' January 16 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.82 2.5 6.35 5.0 16.18 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' January 23 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.37 2.6 7.10 5.2 16.58 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' February 4 , 2018 9.3 / 32 26.97 2.3 6.44 11.6 33.40 15 `` The Car '' February 6 , 2018 2.7 / 10 10.13 2.2 6.03 4.9 16.16 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' February 27 , 2018 2.5 / 9 9.74 2.0 5.65 4.5 15.39 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' March 6 , 2018 2.3 / 8 8.90 2.3 6.57 4.6 15.67 18 `` The Wedding '' March 13 , 2018 2.8 / 10 10.94 6.13 4.9 17.07 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert for `` Still There '' Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : 7 Young Actors Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coulston , John Connor ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Reveals Why William Never Contacted Randall '' . popculture.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Lost alum to guest on This Is Us '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Everything 's Deja new for ' This Is Us ' star Lyric Ross '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : That ' 70s Show star to play role in Randall 's adoption plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canfield , David ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us recap : ' Clooney ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' EP on Transracial Adoption , Kevin 's Worsening Addiction and a Pearson Wedding '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Season 2 Adds Sylvester Stallone in Guest Starring Role '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blickley , Leigh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin 's Addiction Will Surely Signal New Revelations About Jack On ' This Is Us ' '' . HuffPost . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us producer on that ominous clue about Jack 's death : ' We are very close ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Stacey ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` There 's a Very Slim Chance You Recognized Adult Tess on This Is Us '' . PopSugar . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us Recap : ' We 're Gonna Be OK ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us Recap : Deja 's View '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Season 2 Details : EP Dan Fogelman Talks ; Sylvester Stallone To Guest Star -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harnick , Chris ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Toby 's Parents on This Is Us Are TV Legends '' . E !. Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Kelsie ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Get to Know Beth 's Cousin on This Is Us , Because You 'll See a Lot of Her Next Season '' . PopSugar . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Final numbers for Super Bowl LII and ' This Is Us ' : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' & ' Timeless ' Among TV Projects Awarded California Tax Credits '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us creator , stars reveal photos from first day of filming season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Fall 2017 Schedule : ' This Is Us ' Moves To Thursday To Anchor New Must See TV With ' Will & Grace ' , ' Blacklist ' Relocates '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Will Stay On Tuesday As NBC Reverses Big Move , Tweaks Fall Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blyth , Antonia ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : NBC 's Jennifer Salke Says `` Season 2 Will Be Incredible '' -- ATX `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' This Is Us ' , ' Will & Grace ' , ' The Voice ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is Us : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . General references `` This Is Us Season 2 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- This Is Us on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of This Is Us episodes on IMDb List of This Is Us season 2 episodes at TV.com Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. 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when is season finale of this is us season 2
[ "The second season, consisting of 18 episodes, aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC. This Is Us served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season's fourteenth episode." ]
[ "March 13, 2018" ]
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List of highest-grossing Indian films
List of highest - grossing Indian films - Wikipedia List of highest - grossing Indian films Jump to : navigation , search This is a ranking of the highest grossing Indian films which includes films from various languages based on the conservative global box office estimates as reported by reputable sources . There is no official tracking of domestic box office figures within India , and Indian sites publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their domestic box office estimates . Indian films have been screened in markets around the world since the early 20th century . As of 2003 , there are markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . During the first decade of the 21st century , there was a steady rise in the ticket price , a tripling in the number of theaters and an increase in the number of prints of a film being released , which led to a large increase in the box office collections . The majority of highest - grossing Indian films are Bollywood ( Hindi ) films . As of 2014 , Bollywood represents 43 % of the net box office revenue in India , while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 % , and other regional industries constitute 21 % . See List of highest - grossing films in India for domestic gross figures and List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets for overseas gross figures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Global gross figures 2 Highest - grossing films by language 2.1 Bengali ( Tollywood ) 2.2 Bhojpuri 2.3 Gujarati 2.4 Hindi ( Bollywood ) 2.5 Kannada 2.6 Malayalam 2.7 Marathi 2.8 Punjabi 2.9 Tamil ( Kollywood ) 2.10 Telugu ( Tollywood ) 3 Highest - grossing films by year 4 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Global gross figures The following list shows India 's top 25 highest - grossing films , which include films from all the Indian languages . The figures are not adjusted for inflation . The following list of films is sorted in terms of Indian rupees . Currency conversions to US dollars are also given as reference points , but may not be consistent , as the dollar - rupee exchange rate has varied over time , from 48 rupees per dollar in 2009 to over 65 rupees per dollar in 2017 . * Denotes films still running in theatres Denotes films that ranked first when they were still playing Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Primary language Worldwide gross Source Dangal * 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios Hindi 330 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil 260 ! ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) Secret Superstar * 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions Hindi 150 ! ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan * 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films Hindi 141 ! ₹ 904.49 crore ( US $141 million ) 5 PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films Hindi 140 ! ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) 6 Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works Telugu Tamil 100 ! ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) 7 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi 092 ! ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $92 million ) 8 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films Hindi 101 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) 9 Padmaavat * 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Hindi 090 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) 10 Tiger Zinda Hai * 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films Hindi 087.32 ! ₹ 569 crore ( US $87.32 million ) 11 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Hindi 088 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $88 million ) 12 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sooraj R. Barjatya Fox Star Studios Rajshri Productions Hindi 067 ! ₹ 432 crore ( US $67 million ) 13 Chennai Express 2013 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 072 ! ₹ 423 crore ( US $72 million ) 14 Dilwale 2015 Rohit Shetty Red Chillies Entertainment Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi 064 ! ₹ 408.15 crore ( US $64 million ) 15 Kick 2014 Sajid Nadiadwala Nadiadwala Grandson Hindi 066 ! ₹ 402 crore ( US $66 million ) 16 Happy New Year 2014 Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 065 ! ₹ 397 crore ( US $65 million ) 17 Bajirao Mastani 2015 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Eros International Hindi 056 ! ₹ 356.2 crore ( US $55 million ) 18 Bang Bang ! 2014 Siddharth Anand Fox Star Studios Hindi 056 ! ₹ 340 crore ( US $56 million ) 19 Ek Tha Tiger 2012 Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films Hindi 060 ! ₹ 320 crore ( US $60 million ) 20 Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani 2013 Ayan Mukerji Dharma Productions Hindi 054 ! ₹ 318 crore ( US $54 million ) 21 Golmaal Again 2017 Rohit Shetty Rohit Shetty Productions Hindi 048 ! ₹ 309.45 crore ( US $47 million ) 22 Raees 2017 Rahul Dholakia Red Chillies Entertainment Hindi 045 ! ₹ 308.88 crore ( US $47 million ) 23 Krrish 3 2013 Rakesh Roshan Filmkraft Productions Hindi 050 ! ₹ 291.52 crore ( US $50 million ) 24 Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures Tamil 063 ! ₹ 289 crore ( US $63 million ) 25 Kabali 2016 Pa . Ranjith V Creations Tamil 045 ! ₹ 286 -- 499 crore ( US $45 -- 77 million ) Highest - grossing films by language Bengali cinema was the center of Indian cinema in the 1930s , and accounted for a quarter of India 's film output in the 1950s . Cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India 's cinema halls in the 1940s . In 2009 , South India accounted for 75 % of film revenues in India . As of 2014 , Bollywood ( Hindi cinema ) represents 43 % of net box office revenue in India , while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 % , and other regional industries constitute 21 % . Bengali ( Tollywood ) Main article : List of highest - grossing Bengali films Bengali cinema is the Bengali language film industry centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of Kolkata , West Bengal . It has been known by the nickname Tollywood , a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood , since 1932 . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Amazon Obhijaan * 2017 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 48.63 crore ( US $7.4 million ) Chander Pahar 2013 Kamaleswar Mukherjee Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 16.53 crore ( US $2.5 million ) Boss 2 : Back to Rule 2017 Baba Yadav Jeetz Fireworks Walzen Media Works Jaaz Multimedia ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Paglu 2011 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Surinder Films ₹ 9.92 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 5 Saathi 2002 Haranath Chakraborty Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 9.78 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 6 Rangbaaz 2013 Raja Chanda Surinder Films ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) 7 Praktan 2016 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 8 Awara 2012 Rabi Kinagi Shree Venkatesh Films ₹ 8.46 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 9 Khoka 420 2013 Rajiv Kumar Biswas Eskay Movies ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 10 Posto 2017 Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy Windows ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) Bhojpuri The Bhojpuri cinema produces films in the Bhojpuri language . It caters to an audience from eastern Uttar Pradesh , western Bihar and Nepal . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sasura Bada Paisawala Ajay Sinha Balaji Cinevision Pvt Ltd ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.4 million ) Gujarati The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Maharashtra . The film industry is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya 1998 Govindbhai Patel GN films ₹ 22 crore ( US $3.4 million ) Chhello Divas 2015 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 18 crore ( US $2.8 million ) Gujjubhai the Great 2015 Ishaan Randeria Siddharth Randeria Productions ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.3 million ) GujjuBhai - Most Wanted 2014 Ishaan Randeria Pen India , SRF ₹ 10 crore ( US $1.5 million ) 5 Bey Yaar 2014 Abhishek Jain CineMan productions ₹ 8.5 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 6 Karsandas Pay & Use 2017 Krishnadev Yagnik Belvedere Films ₹ 4 crore ( US $610,000 ) Hindi ( Bollywood ) See also : List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films The Hindi language film industry , based in Mumbai , India , is frequently known as Bollywood . Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Dangal * 2016 Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 330 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) Secret Superstar * 2017 Advait Chandan Aamir Khan Productions 150 ! ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan * 2015 Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films 141 ! ₹ 904.49 crore ( US $141 million ) PK 2014 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films Rajkumar Hirani Films 140 ! ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) 5 Sultan 2016 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films 092 ! ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $92 million ) 6 Dhoom 3 2013 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films 101 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) 7 Padmaavat * 2018 Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures 090 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) 8 Tiger Zinda Hai * 2017 Ali Abbas Zafar Yash Raj Films 087.32 ! ₹ 569 crore ( US $87.32 million ) 9 3 Idiots 2009 Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 088 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( US $88 million ) 10 Prem Ratan Dhan Payo 2015 Sooraj Barjatya Fox Star Studios Rajshri Productions 067 ! ₹ 432 crore ( US $67 million ) Kannada Bengaluru is the center for the Kannada cinema , films produced in the Kannada language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Sandalwood '' . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Raajakumara 2017 Santhosh Ananddram Hombale Productions ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) Mungaru Male 2006 Yogaraj Bhat E.K. Entertainers ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Kirik Party 2016 Rishab Shetty Paramvah Studios ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari 2014 Santhosh Ananddram Jayanna Combines ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) 5 Doddmane Hudga 2016 Duniya Soori Ajay Pictures ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna 2012 Naganna Sri Sangolli Rayanna Cine Combines ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Uppi 2 2015 Upendra Upendra Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) 8 Kotigobba 2 2016 K.S. Ravikumar Rambabu Productions ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) -- ₹ 38 crore ( US $5.8 million ) 9 Dandupalya 2012 Srinivas Raju Apple Blossom Creations ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) Shivalinga 2016 P. Vasu Jayanna Films ₹ 35 crore ( US $5.4 million ) Malayalam Malayalam cinema is a part of Indian cinema based in Kerala dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` Mollywood '' by certain media outlets . These are the top 10 highest grossing Malayalam films . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Pulimurugan 2016 Vysakh Mulakuppadam Films ₹ 152 crore ( US $23 million ) Drishyam 2013 Jeethu Joseph Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 75 crore ( US $11 million ) Oppam 2016 Priyadarshan Aashirvad Cinemas ₹ 65 crore ( US $10 million ) Premam 2015 Alphonse Puthren Anwar Rasheed Entertainments ₹ 60 crore ( US $9.2 million ) 5 Two Countries 2015 Shafi Rejaputhra Visual Media ₹ 55 crore ( US $8.4 million ) 6 Ennu Ninte Moideen 2015 R.S. Vimal Newton Movies ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Ezra 2017 Jay K AVA Productions , E4 Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol 2017 Jibu Jacob Weekend Blockbusters ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) The Great Father 2017 Haneef Adeni August Cinema ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) 10 Bangalore Days 2014 Anjali Menon Anwar Rasheed Entertainments , Weekend Blockbusters ₹ 49.5 crore ( US $7.6 million ) Marathi The Marathi cinema industry produces films in the Marathi language and is based in the state of Maharashtra , India . India 's first full - length film , Raja Harishchandra , was released in 1913 in Marathi . It is sometimes known by the nickname `` M - town '' by media . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Sairat 2016 Nagraj Manjule Essel Vision Productions , Aatpat Production ₹ 110 crore ( US $17 million ) Sachin : A Billion Dreams 2017 James Erskine 200 NotOut Productions ₹ 76.86 crore ( US $12 million ) Natsamrat 2016 Mahesh Manjrekar Fincraft Media & Entertainment & Great Maratha Entertainment ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Katyar Kaljat Ghusali 2015 Subodh Bhave Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Timepass 2 2015 Ravi Jadhav Essel Vision Productions ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) Lai Bhaari 2014 Nishikant Kamath Mumbai Film Company ₹ 40 crore ( US $6.1 million ) 7 Timepass 2014 Ravi Jadhav Zee Talkies ₹ 33 crore ( US $5.1 million ) 8 Duniyadari 2013 Sanjay Jadhav Dreaming 24 / 7 Productions ₹ 32 crore ( US $4.9 million ) 9 Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy 2009 Santosh Manjrekar Everest Entertainment ₹ 25.5 crore ( US $3.9 million ) 10 Ventilator 2016 Rajesh Mapuskar Purple Pebble Pictures ₹ 25 crore ( US $3.8 million ) Punjabi Punjabi cinema , producing films in the Punjabi language , is primarily based in the state of Punjab . Rank Movie Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source Chaar Sahibzaade 2014 Harry Baweja Baweja Movies ₹ 70 crore ( US $11 million ) Sardaar Ji 2015 Rohit Jugraj Chauhan White Hill Production ₹ 50 crore ( US $7.7 million ) Ambarsariya 2016 Mandeep Kumar Tips Industries Limited ₹ 21.22 crore ( US $3.3 million ) Punjab 1984 2014 Anurag Singh White Hill Production ₹ 21 crore ( US $3.2 million ) 5 Jatt & Juliet 2 2013 Anurag Singh White Hill Production ₹ 20 crore ( US $3.1 million ) 6 Sardaar Ji 2 2016 Rohit Jugraj Chauhan White Hill Production ₹ 19 crore ( US $2.9 million ) 7 Angrej 2015 Simerjit Singh Dara Productions ₹ 12.45 crore ( US $1.9 million ) 8 Chaar Sahibzaade : Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur 2016 Harry Baweja Baweja Movies ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Tamil ( Kollywood ) Tamil cinema , the Tamil language film industry is based in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is sometimes colloquially known as `` Kollywood '' , a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood . Worldwide gross figures ( including dubbed versions ) are given below . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Movie Year Director Studio Worldwide gross Source Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) # + Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures ₹ 289 crore ( US $44 million ) Kabali 2016 Pa . Ranjith V Creations ₹ 286 -- 499 crore ( US $45 -- 77 million ) 5 Mersal * 2017 Atlee Thenandal Studio Limited ₹ 250 crore ( US $38 million ) 6 2015 S. Shankar Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd ₹ 240 crore ( US $37 million ) 7 Vishwaroopam 2013 Kamal Haasan Raaj Kamal Films International ₹ 220 crore ( US $34 million ) # + 8 Dasavathaaram 2008 K.S. Ravikumar Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd ₹ 200 crore ( US $31 million ) 9 Thuppakki 2012 AR Murugadoss Sri Saravanaa Creations ₹ 180 crore ( US $28 million ) 10 Theri 2016 Atlee S. Dhanu ₹ 172 crore ( US $26 million ) Telugu ( Tollywood ) It has been suggested that List of highest - grossing Telugu films be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2016 . Main article : List of highest - grossing Telugu films Telugu cinema , also known by its nickname `` Tollywood '' is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language , in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and is centered in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar . # + Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version . Rank Title Year Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Ref ( s ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * 2017 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) # + Baahubali : The Beginning 2015 S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works ₹ 650 crore ( US $100 million ) # + Srimanthudu 2015 Koratala Siva G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment Pvt. Ltd Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 200 crore ( US $31 million ) Khaidi No. 150 2017 V.V. Vinayak Konidela Production Company ₹ 164 crore ( US $25 million ) 5 Gabbar Singh 2012 Harish Shankar Parameswara Art Productions ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) Magadheera 2009 S.S. Rajamouli Geetha Arts ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) Spyder 2017 A.R. Murugadoss NVR Cinema ₹ 150 crore ( US $23 million ) # + 8 Janatha Garage 2016 Koratala Siva Mythri Movie Makers ₹ 135 crore ( US $21 million ) 9 Attarintiki Daredi 2013 Trivikram Srinivas Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra ₹ 131 crore ( US $20 million ) -- ₹ 187 crore ( US $29 million ) 10 Jai Lava Kusa 2017 K.S. Ravindra N.T.R. Arts ₹ 129 crore ( US $20 million ) Highest - grossing films by year Year Title Director Studio ( s ) Worldwide gross Source 1940 Zindagi P.C. Barua New Theatres 0181 ! ₹ 55 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1941 Khazanchi Moti B. Gidwani Pancholi Art Pictures 0235 ! ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $35 million in 2016 ) 1942 Basant Amiya Chakrabarty Bombay Talkies 0235 ! ₹ 80 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 235 crore or US $36 million in 2016 ) 1943 Kismet Gyan Mukherjee Bombay Talkies 0309 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore or US $47 million in 2016 ) 1944 Rattan M. Sadiq Gemini Pictures 0275 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1945 Zeenat Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Eastern Pictures 0188 ! ₹ 70 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $29 million in 2016 ) 1946 Anmol Ghadi Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0249 ! ₹ 1 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 249 crore or US $38 million in 2016 ) 1947 Jugnu Shaukat Hussain Rizvi Shaukat Art Productions 0363 ! ₹ 50 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1948 Chandralekha S.S. Vasan Gemini Studios 0215 ! ₹ 1.55 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 215 crore or US $33 million in 2016 ) 1949 Barsaat Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0269 ! ₹ 2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 269 crore or US $41 million in 2016 ) 1950 Samadhi Ramesh Saigal N / A 0188 ! ₹ 1.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 188 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1951 Awaara Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0739 ! ₹ 5.75 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 739 crore or US $110 million in 2016 ) 1952 Aan Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0373 ! ₹ 3.57 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 373 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1953 Anarkali Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan 0296 ! ₹ 2.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1954 Nagin Nandlal Jaswantlal Filmistan 0363 ! ₹ 2.9 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 363 crore or US $55 million in 2016 ) 1955 Shree 420 Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0618 ! ₹ 4.94 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 618 crore or US $92 million in 2016 ) 1956 Jagte Raho Sombhu Mitra Amit Maitra R.K. Films 0477 ! ₹ 4.44 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 477 crore or US $72 million in 2016 ) 1957 Mother India Mehboob Khan Mehboob Productions 0961 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 961 crore or US $146 million in 2016 ) 1958 Madhumati Bimal Roy Bimal Roy Productions 0478 ! ₹ 4 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 478 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1959 Char Dil Char Rahen Khwaja Ahmad Abbas Naya Sansar 0591 ! ₹ 5.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1960 Mughal - e-Azam K. Asif Sterling Investment Corporation 2000 ! ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore ( US $310 million ) in 2017 ) 1961 Gunga Jumna Nitin Bose Citizen Films 1250 ! ₹ 11.27 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,250 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) 1962 Bees Saal Baad Biren Nag Geetanjali Pictures 0182 ! ₹ 3 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 182 crore or US $28 million in 2017 ) 1963 Mere Mehboob H.S. Rawail Rahul Theatre 0665 ! ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 665 crore or US $99 million in 2016 ) 1964 Sangam Raj Kapoor Mehboob Studio 0410 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 417 crore or US $64 million in 2017 ) 1965 Waqt Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0285 ! ₹ 6 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 285 crore or US $44 million in 2017 ) 1966 Phool Aur Patthar O.P. Ralhan Ralhan Productions 0847 ! ₹ 17.17 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 847 crore or US $128 million in 2016 ) 1967 Hamraaz B.R. Chopra United Producers 0759 ! ₹ 13.33 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 759 crore or US $113 million in 2016 ) 1968 Ankhen Ramanand Sagar Sagar Art International 0239 ! ₹ 6.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 239 crore or US $37 million in 2017 ) 1969 Aradhana Shakti Samanta United Producers 0805 ! ₹ 17.85 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 805 crore or US $121 million in 2016 ) 1970 Johny Mera Naam Vijay Anand Mehboob Studios 0276 ! ₹ 8 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 281 crore or US $43 million in 2017 ) 1971 Haathi Mere Saathi M.A. Thirumugam Devar Films 0611 ! ₹ 16.35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 611 crore or US $92 million in 2016 ) 1972 Seeta Aur Geeta Ramesh Sippy Sippy Films 0692 ! ₹ 19.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 692 crore or US $103 million in 2016 ) 1973 Bobby Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 1155 ! ₹ 30.24 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,155 crore or US $172 million in 2016 ) Roti Kapda Aur Makaan Manoj Kumar Filmistan 0224 ! ₹ 10.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 224 crore or US $34 million in 2017 ) Sholay Ramesh Sippy United Producers 1500 ! ₹ 35 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,700 crore or US $270 million in 2017 ) 1976 Barood Pramod Chakravorty Jugnu Enterprises 0591 ! ₹ 19.32 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 591 crore or US $88 million in 2016 ) 1977 Amar Akbar Anthony Manmohan Desai Hirawat Jain & Co . 0485 ! ₹ 15.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 485 crore or US $71 million in 2016 ) 1978 Muqaddar Ka Sikandar Prakash Mehra Prakash Mehra Productions 0631 ! ₹ 26.89 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 631 crore or US $94 million in 2016 ) 1979 Suhaag Manmohan Desai Sharma Cine Associates 0275 ! ₹ 10 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore or US $42 million in 2016 ) 1980 Qurbani Feroz Khan F.K. International 0296 ! ₹ 12 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 296 crore or US $45 million in 2016 ) 1981 Kranti Manoj Kumar V.I.P. Films 0410 ! ₹ 20 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 410 crore or US $62 million in 2016 ) 1982 Disco Dancer Babbar Subhash B. Subhash Movie Unit 1261 ! ₹ 100.7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,261 crore or US $189 million in 2016 ) Coolie Manmohan Desai Aasia Films 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 282 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 ) 1984 Jagir Pramod Chakravorty Pramod Films 0181 ! ₹ 15.79 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 181 crore or US $28 million in 2016 ) 1985 Ram Teri Ganga Maili Raj Kapoor R.K. Films 0326 ! ₹ 19 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 326 crore ( US $50 million ) in 2016 ) 1986 Karma Subhash Ghai Mukta Arts 0241 ! ₹ 14 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 241 crore ( US $37 million ) in 2016 ) Hukumat Anil Sharma N / A 0189 ! ₹ 11 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 189 crore ( US $29 million ) in 2016 ) 1988 Tezaab N. Chandra N / A 0275 ! ₹ 16 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 275 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 ) 1989 Maine Pyar Kiya Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 0481 ! ₹ 28 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 481 crore ( US $74 million ) in 2016 ) 1990 Dil Indra Kumar Maruti International 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $47 million ) in 2016 ) 1991 Saajan Lawrence D'Souza Eros Entertainment 0309 ! ₹ 18 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 309 crore ( US $47 million ) in 2016 ) 1992 Beta Indra Kumar Maruti International 0404 ! ₹ 23.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 404 crore ( US $62 million ) in 2016 ) 1993 Aankhen David Dhawan Chiragdeep International 0434 ! ₹ 25.25 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 434 crore ( US $66 million ) in 2016 ) 1994 Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 1316 ! ₹ 135 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2016 ) 1995 Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films 1087 ! ₹ 126.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $170 million ) in 2016 ) Raja Hindustani Dharmesh Darshan Cineyug 0711 ! ₹ 87.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) 1997 Dil To Pagal Hai Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0562 ! ₹ 71.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $86 million ) in 2016 ) 1998 Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Karan Johar Dharma Productions 0753 ! ₹ 106.74 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $120 million ) in 2016 ) 1999 Hum Saath Saath Hain Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions 0551 ! ₹ 81.71 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $84 million ) in 2016 ) 2000 Mohabbatein Aditya Chopra Yash Raj Films 0532 ! ₹ 90.01 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $81 million ) in 2016 ) 2001 Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Karan Johar Dharma Productions 0703 ! ₹ 135.53 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) 2002 Devdas Sanjay Leela Bhansali Red Chillies Entertainment 0456 ! ₹ 99.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 ) 2003 Kal Ho Naa Ho Nikhil Advani Dharma Productions 0284 ! ₹ 86.09 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 ) Veer - Zaara Yash Chopra Yash Raj Films 0288 ! ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 ) 2005 No Entry Anees Bazmee SK Film Entertainment 0203 ! ₹ 97.64 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $31 million ) in 2016 ) 2006 Dhoom 2 Sanjay Gadhvi Yash Raj Films 0340 ! ₹ 151.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 346 crore or US $53 million in 2017 ) 2007 Om Shanti Om Farah Khan Red Chillies Entertainment 0319 ! ₹ 149.87 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $49 million ) in 2016 ) 2008 Ghajini A.R. Murugadoss Geetha Arts 0460 ! ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) 2009 3 Idiots Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 0810 ! ₹ 459.96 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 824 crore or US $130 million in 2017 ) Enthiran S. Shankar Sun Pictures 0462 ! ₹ 289 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 462 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) 2011 Bodyguard Siddique Reel Life Productions 0338 ! ₹ 234.39 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 344 crore or US $53 million in 2017 ) 2012 Ek Tha Tiger Kabir Khan Yash Raj Films 0422 ! ₹ 320 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 429 crore or US $66 million in 2017 ) 2013 Dhoom 3 Vijay Krishna Acharya Yash Raj Films 0713 ! ₹ 589.2 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 713 crore or US $110 million in 2017 ) 2014 PK Rajkumar Hirani Vinod Chopra Films 0971 ! ₹ 854 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 971 crore or US $150 million in 2017 ) 2015 Bajrangi Bhaijaan * Kabir Khan Salman Khan Films Kabir Khan Films 0972 ! ₹ 904.49 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 972 crore or US $150 million in 2017 ) 2016 Dangal * Nitesh Tiwari Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures Walt Disney Studios 2200 ! ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 22 billion or US $330 million in 2017 ) 2017 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion * S.S. Rajamouli Arka Media Works 1713.59 ! ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) 2018 Padmaavat * Sanjay Leela Bhansali Bhansali Productions Viacom 18 Motion Pictures 0585 ! ₹ 585 crore ( US $90 million ) Highest - grossing franchises and film series The Khiladi franchise was the first film franchise to gross over ₹ 100 crore , followed by the Krrish film series . Baahubali is the only franchise to collect over ₹ 1,000 crore at the box office , and the only franchise where both its films have grossed more than ₹ 500 crore worldwide . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 23 March 2018 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Franchise / Series Total worldwide box office ( crore INR ) No. of films Average of films ( crore INR ) Highest - grossing film ( crore INR ) ( show ) Baahubali ₹ 2,363.59 ₹ 1,182 Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( ₹ 1,710.68 ) The Conclusion ( 2017 ) ₹ 1,713.59 The Beginning ( 2015 ) ₹ 650 ( show ) Tiger ₹ 889 ₹ 445 Tiger Zinda Hai ( ₹ 569 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) ₹ 569 Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) ₹ 320 ( show ) Dhoom ₹ 813.09 ₹ 271 Dhoom 3 ( ₹ 585 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 589.2 Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) ₹ 151.39 Dhoom ( 2004 ) ₹ 72.5 ( show ) Singam ₹ 655 5 ₹ 131 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) ( show ) Singham ( Hindi ) ₹ 355 ₹ 178 Singham Returns ( ₹ 215 ) Singham Returns ( 2014 ) ₹ 215 Singham ( 2011 ) ₹ 140 ( show ) Singam ( Tamil ) ₹ 300 ₹ 100 Singam II ( ₹ 125 ) Singam II ( 2013 ) ₹ 125 Si3 ( 2017 ) ₹ 110 Singam ( 2010 ) ₹ 65 5 ( show ) Golmaal ₹ 647.35 ₹ 162 Golmaal Again ( ₹ 309.45 ) Golmaal Again ( 2017 ) ₹ 309.45 Golmaal 3 ( 2010 ) ₹ 160 Golmaal Returns ( 2008 ) ₹ 108 Fun Unlimited ( 2006 ) ₹ 69.9 6 ( show ) Krrish ₹ 511.52 ₹ 171 Krrish 3 ( ₹ 291.52 ) Krrish 3 ( 2013 ) ₹ 291.52 Krrish ( 2006 ) ₹ 117 Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2003 ) ₹ 103 8 ( show ) Don ₹ 511.2 6 ₹ 85 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) ( show ) Don ( Hindi ) ₹ 335.2 ₹ 112 Don 2 ( ₹ 215 ) Don 2 ( 2011 ) ₹ 215 Don : The Chase Begins Again ( 2006 ) ₹ 113.2 Don ( 1978 ) ₹ 7 ( show ) Billa ( Tamil / Telugu ) ₹ 176 ₹ 59 Billa II ( ₹ 100 ) Billa II ( 2012 ) ₹ 100 Billa ( 2007 ) ₹ 50 Billa ( 2009 ) ₹ 26 7 ( show ) Housefull ₹ 500 ₹ 167 Housefull 3 ( ₹ 195 ) Housefull 3 ( 2016 ) ₹ 195 Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 186 Housefull ( 2010 ) ₹ 119 9 ( show ) Dabangg ₹ 470 ₹ 235 Dabangg 2 ( ₹ 250 ) Dabangg 2 ( 2012 ) ₹ 250 Dabangg ( 2010 ) ₹ 220 10 ( show ) Dulhania ₹ 310.34 ₹ 155 Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( ₹ 200.34 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) ₹ 200.34 Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) ₹ 110 11 ( show ) Tanu Weds Manu ₹ 299 ₹ 150 Tanu Weds Manu : Returns ( ₹ 243 ) Returns ( 2015 ) ₹ 243 Tanu Weds Manu ( 2011 ) ₹ 56 12 ( show ) Race ₹ 268 ₹ 134 Race 2 ( ₹ 162 ) Race 2 ( 2013 ) ₹ 162 Race ( 2008 ) ₹ 106 13 ( show ) Welcome ₹ 256 ₹ 128 Welcome Back ( ₹ 136 ) Welcome Back ( 2015 ) ₹ 136 Welcome ( 2007 ) ₹ 120 14 ( show ) Judwaa ₹ 251.79 ₹ 126 Judwaa 2 ( ₹ 227.51 ) Judwaa 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 227.51 Judwaa ( 1997 ) ₹ 24.28 15 ( show ) Gabbar Singh ₹ 250 ₹ 125 Gabbar Singh ( ₹ 150 ) Gabbar Singh ( 2012 ) ₹ 150 Sardaar Gabbar Singh ( 2016 ) ₹ 100 16 ( show ) Jolly LLB ₹ 234.3 ₹ 117 Jolly LLB 2 ( ₹ 197.3 ) Jolly LLB 2 ( 2017 ) ₹ 197.3 Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) ₹ 37 17 ( show ) Raaz ₹ 210.6 ₹ 53 Raaz 3 ( ₹ 97 ) Raaz 3 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97 Reboot ( 2016 ) ₹ 42.1 Raaz ( 2002 ) ₹ 37 The Mystery Continues ( 2009 ) ₹ 34.5 18 ( show ) ABCD ₹ 206 ₹ 103 ABCD 2 ( ₹ 130 ) ABCD 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 130 Any Body Can Dance ( 2013 ) ₹ 76 19 ( show ) Muni ₹ 203.7 ₹ 68 Kanchana 2 ( ₹ 120 ) Kanchana 2 ( 2015 ) ₹ 120 Muni 2 : Kanchana ( 2011 ) ₹ 68.7 Muni ( 2007 ) ₹ 15 20 ( show ) Baby ₹ 199.1 ₹ 100 Baby ( ₹ 143 ) Baby ( 2015 ) ₹ 143 Naam Shabana ( 2017 ) ₹ 56.1 21 ( show ) Khiladi ₹ 199 8 ₹ 25 Khiladi 786 ( ₹ 97.05 ) Khiladi 786 ( 2012 ) ₹ 97.05 Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi ( 1996 ) ₹ 25.16 Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi ( 1997 ) ₹ 16.75 International Khiladi ( 1999 ) ₹ 16.19 5 Sabse Bada Khiladi ( 1995 ) ₹ 16.06 6 Main Khiladi Tu Anari ( 1994 ) ₹ 13.84 7 Khiladi 420 ( 2000 ) ₹ 10.2 8 Khiladi ( 1992 ) ₹ 3.75 22 ( show ) Masti ₹ 187.8 ₹ 63 Grand Masti ( ₹ 142 ) Grand Masti ( 2013 ) ₹ 142 Masti ( 2004 ) ₹ 26.8 Great Grand Masti ( 2016 ) ₹ 19 23 ( show ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ₹ 186.2 ₹ 93 Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( ₹ 94.5 ) Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai ( 2010 ) ₹ 94.5 Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! ( 2013 ) ₹ 91.7 24 ( show ) Dhamaal ₹ 159.3 ₹ 80 Dhamaal ( ₹ 88.8 ) Dhamaal ( 2007 ) ₹ 88.8 Double Dhamaal ( 2011 ) ₹ 70.5 See also Bengali Cinema portal 100 Crore Club 500 Crore Club 1000 Crore Club List of highest - grossing films in India List of highest - grossing Indian films in overseas markets List of highest - grossing films in China List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales List of most expensive Indian films Lists of Bollywood films Lists of highest - grossing films Notes ^ Jump up to : Dangal worldwide gross : ₹ 2,122.3 crore ( US $330 million ) India -- ₹ 587 crore ( US $90 million ) Overseas -- ₹ 1,535.3 crore ( US $241.8 million ) Chinese markets -- ₹ 1,318.1 crore ( US $200 million ) China -- ₹ 1,254 crore ( US $190 million ) Taiwan -- ₹ 41 crore ( US $6.3 million ) Hong Kong -- ₹ 23.1 crore ( US $3.5 million ) Other territories -- US $31.8 million ( ₹ 217.2 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Baahubali 2 worldwide gross : ₹ 1,713.59 crore ( US $260 million ) India -- ₹ 1,416.9 crore ( US $220 million ) Overseas -- US $44,189,409 ( ₹ 296.69 crore ) Japan -- US $1,000,000 ( ₹ 6.51 crore ) Russia -- US $89,409 ( ₹ 58 lakh ) Other territories -- ₹ 289.6 crore ( $43.1 million ) ^ Jump up to : Secret Superstar worldwide gross : ₹ 965 crore ( US $150 million ) China : US $124.4 million ( ₹ 810 crore ) Other territories : ₹ 155 crore ( US $24 million ) ^ Jump up to : Bajrangi Bhaijaan worldwide gross -- ₹ 904.49 crore ( US $141 million ) India -- ₹ 433 crore ( US $ 67.41 million ) Overseas -- ₹ 471.49 crore ( US $73 million ) China -- US $40 million ( ₹ 260.44 crore ) Other territories -- US $30.9 million ( ₹ 211.05 crore ) ^ Jump up to : PK worldwide gross : ₹ 854 crore ( US $140 million ) Domestic : ₹ 489 crore ( US $80.2 million ) Overseas : US $53.4 million ( ₹ 365 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Sultan worldwide gross : ₹ 589.25 crore ( US $90 million ) Domestic : ₹ 421.25 crore ( US $65 million ) Overseas : ₹ 168 crore ( US $26 million ) ^ Jump up to : Dhoom 3 worldwide gross : ₹ 589.2 crore ( US $101 million ) Domestic gross : ₹ 372 crore Overseas gross : US $35.6 million ( ₹ 217.2 crore ) ^ Jump up to : 3 Idiots worldwide gross : ₹ 459.962 crore ( US $87.55 million ) Domestic : ₹ 273.82 crore ( US $57.05 million ) Overseas : US $30.5 million ( ₹ 186.142 crore ) Jump up ^ Dilwale worldwide gross : ₹ 408.15 crore ( US $63 million ) Domestic : ₹ 214.15 crore ( US $33 million ) Overseas : US $30.2 million ( ₹ 194 crore ) Jump up ^ Happy New Year worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 295 crore ( US $48 million ) Overseas : US $16.71 million ( ₹ 102 crore ) Jump up ^ Raees worldwide gross : Domestic : ₹ 213 crore ( US $33 million ) Overseas : US $14.1 million ( ₹ 95.88 crore ) ^ Jump up to : Box office gross values of ₹ 600 -- 675 crore were reported for Kabali in the first 13 days by several organisations including Financial Express and Indian Express , which were more than double the estimates made by other sources . International Business Times ( IBT ) and Firstpost criticized these estimates as inflated , explaining the discrepancy as due in part to the addition of `` pre-release business '' figures , such as music and satellite rights sales of ₹ 200 crore , being factored into the box office sales totals . Firstpost wrote , `` More conservative estimates put Kabali 's collections at around Rs 300 crores from worldwide ticket sales . '' IBT 's analysts in August 2016 estimated the film 's worldwide gross total of its first 13 days at around ₹ 3.5 billion ( US $54 million ) . Figures given in December 2016 by Financial Express indicated an estimated domestic gross of ₹ 215 crore and an international gross of ₹ 262 crore , which total ₹ 477 crore . A figure of USD $77 million given by Forbes in May 2017 converted to approximately ₹ 493 -- 499 crore . According to International Business Times in October 2017 , Kabali 's final worldwide gross was around ₹ 286 crore ( US $44 million ) . Jump up ^ 3.4804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1940 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $3.83 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 55 lakh ( US $1.58 million ) in 1940 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.3077 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1941 and 1942 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $4.03 per pound Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1941 ( US $35 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 80 lakh ( US $2.42 million ) in 1942 ( US $36 million or ₹ 235 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.3223 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1943 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.32 million ) in 1943 ( US $47 million or ₹ 309 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 3.302 Indian rupees per US dollar from in 1944 and 1945 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.03 million ) in 1944 ( US $42 million or ₹ 275 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 70 lakh ( US $2.12 million ) in 1945 ( US $29 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 3.309 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1946 Jump up ^ ₹ 1 crore ( US $3.02 million ) in 1946 ( US $38 million or ₹ 249 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 1 Indian rupee per US dollar in 1947 Jump up ^ ₹ 50 lakh ( US $5 million ) in 1947 ( US $55 million or ₹ 363 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.79 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1948 to 1950 Jump up ^ ₹ 1.55 crore ( US $3.24 million ) in 1948 ( US $33 million or ₹ 215 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2 crore ( US $4 million ) in 1949 ( US $41 million or ₹ 269 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 1.35 crore ( US $2.8 million ) in 1950 ( US $28 million or ₹ 188 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 4.7619 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1951 to 1965 ^ Jump up to : 4 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1950 to 1960 Jump up ^ Awaara : ₹ 5.75 crore ( US $12.08 million ) in 1954 ( ₹ 739 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2.3 crore ( US $4.83 million ) in 1951 ( US $46 million ( ₹ 302 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 29 million SUR ( US $7.25 million , ₹ 3.45 crore ) in 1954 ( US $66 million ( ₹ 437 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Aan worldwide gross : ₹ 3.5731 crore ( $6.04241 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 373.25 crore ( $54.7 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 2.8 crore ( $5.88 million ) , equivalent to $53.2 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 . Overseas gross : ₹ 773,060 ( $162,410 ) , equivalent to $1.5 million ( ₹ 10.25 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ ₹ 2.35 crore ( US $4.94 million ) in 1953 ( US $45 million ( ₹ 296 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 2.9 crore ( US $6.09 million ) in 1954 ( US $55 million ( ₹ 363 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 35 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ Shree 420 : ₹ 4.94 crore ( US $10.38 million ) in 1956 ( ₹ 618 crore ( US $92 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.9 crore ( US $8.19 million ) in 1955 ( US $75 million ( ₹ 490 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.75 million SUR ( US $2.19 million , ₹ 1.04 crore ) in 1956 ( US $20 million ( ₹ 128 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 33.6 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Jagte Raho in Soviet Union : 8.4 million SUR ( US $9.33 million , ₹ 4.44 crore ) in 1965 ( US $72 million or ₹ 477 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1956 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was CID , which grossed ₹ 2.5 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mother India : ₹ 8 crore ( US $16.8 million ) in 1957 ( US $146 million ( ₹ 961 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ ₹ 4 crore ( US $8.4 million ) in 1958 ( US $71 million ( ₹ 478 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 39.8 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ Char Dil Char Rahen in Soviet Union : 9.95 million SUR ( US $11.06 million , ₹ 5.27 crore ) in 1962 ( US $89 million or ₹ 591 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1959 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Anari , which grossed ₹ 3 crore in India . Jump up ^ Mughal - e-Azam domestic gross : ₹ 11 crore in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 2,000 crore in 2017 . Inflation rate of 200 times : ₹ 6 crore domestic nett in 1960 , equivalent to ₹ 1,300 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2017 . Jump up ^ 32.1 million Soviet tickets sold in 1965 , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks in the mid-1960s Jump up ^ 0.9 Soviet rubles per US dollar from 1961 to 1971 Jump up ^ Gunga Jumna : ₹ 11.27 crore ( US $23.53 million ) in 1965 ( ₹ 1250 crore ( US $186 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 7 crore ( US $14.7 million ) in 1961 ( US $120 million or ₹ 793 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 8.03 million SUR ( US $8.92 million , ₹ 4.25 crore ) in 1965 ( US $69 million or ₹ 457 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ Mere Mehboob : ₹ 6 crore ( US $12.6 million ) in 1963 ( US $101 million or ₹ 665 crore in 2016 Jump up ^ 46.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : 7.5 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1967 to 1970 Jump up ^ Phool Aur Patthar : India : ₹ 7.5 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 322 crore or US $49 million in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 11.6 million SUR ( US $12.89 million , ₹ 9.67 crore ) in 1970 ( US $81 million or ₹ 531 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 42.4 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 7.4919 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1971 Jump up ^ Hamraaz : ₹ 13.33 crore ( US $17.78 million ) in 1967 ( ₹ 759 crore ( US $113 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 4.5 crore ( US $6 million ) in 1967 ( US $44 million or ₹ 289 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 10.6 million SUR ( US $11.78 million , ₹ 8.83 crore ) in 1971 ( US $71 million or ₹ 470 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 47.4 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.829 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1972 ^ Jump up to : 7.5945 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1972 Jump up ^ Aradhana : India : ₹ 7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 258 crore or US $40 million in 2017 ) in 1969 Soviet Union : 11.85 million SUR ( US $14.29 million , ₹ 10.85 crore ) in 1972 ( US $84 million ( ₹ 551 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 34.8 million Soviet tickets sold , average Soviet ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.7536 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ 8.1016 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1974 Jump up ^ Haathi Mere Saathi : India : ₹ 7 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 238 crore or US $37 million in 2017 ) Soviet Union : 8.7 million SUR ( US $11.54 million , ₹ 9.35 crore ) in 1974 ( US $57 million or ₹ 376 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 55.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ) Jump up ^ 0.758 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1976 Jump up ^ Seeta Aur Geeta : ₹ 19.53 crore ( US $22.82 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 3.5 crore ( US $4.61 million ) in 1972 ( US $27 million or ₹ 175 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 13.8 million SUR ( US $18.21 million , ₹ 16.03 crore ) in 1976 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.742 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 62.6 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.73 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ 8.973 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Bobby : ₹ 30.24 crore ( US $35.65 million ) in 1975 ( ₹ 1155 crore ( US $172 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 11 crore ( US $14.21 million ) in 1973 ( US $78 million or ₹ 517 crore in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15.65 million SUR ( US $21.44 million , ₹ 19.24 crore ) in 1975 ( US $98 million ( ₹ 638 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 8.3759 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1975 Jump up ^ Sholay : ₹ 35 crore ( US $41.79 million ) , equivalent to ₹ 1,500 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 17 billion or US $260 million in 2017 ) in 2014 . Jump up ^ 8.804 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1973 Jump up ^ 60 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.706 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ 8.15 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1978 Jump up ^ Barood : ₹ 19.32 crore ( US $23.52 million ) in 1978 ( ₹ 591 crore ( US $88 million ) in 2016 ) India : ₹ 2 crore ( US $2.27 million ) in 1976 ( US $10 million ( ₹ 67 crore ) in 2016 ) Soviet Union : 15 million SUR ( US $21.25 million , ₹ 17.32 crore ) in 1978 ( US $97 million ( ₹ 524 crore ) in 2016 ) Note : The highest domestic grosser of 1973 , Dus Numbri , grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Amar Akbar Anthony domestic gross : ₹ 15.5 crore in 1977 , equivalent to $18.05 million ( ₹ 8.5858 per US dollar in 1977 ) , or $73 million ( ₹ 485 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 25.2 million tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks ^ Jump up to : Disco Dancer : 60 million Soviet rubles in 1984 , 0.791 rubles per US dollar in 1984 ^ Jump up to : 12.43 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1984 Jump up ^ Muqaddar Ka Sikandar : India : ₹ 17 crore in 1978 , equivalent to $20.66 million ( ₹ 8.2267 per US dollar in 1978 ) , or $78 million ( ₹ 510 crore ) in 2016 . Soviet Union : 6.3 million SUR ( US $7.96 million , ₹ 9.89 crore ) in 1984 , equivalent to US $19 million ( ₹ 121 crore ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.1258 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1979 Jump up ^ Suhaag domestic gross : ₹ 10 crore ( US $12.31 million ) in 1979 ( US $42 million or ₹ 242 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 7.8629 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1980 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 12 crore ( US $15.26 million ) in 1980 ( US $45 million or ₹ 296 crore in 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : 1993 inflation rate of 17.18 times : Darr 's domestic nett of ₹ 10.73 crore in 1993 equivalent to ₹ 184.37 crore in 2016 . Jump up ^ 8.6585 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1981 Jump up ^ Qurbani domestic gross : ₹ 20 crore ( US $23.1 million ) in 1981 ( US $62 million or ₹ 410 crore in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 9.79 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1982 Jump up ^ Disco Dancer : ₹ 100.68 crore in 1984 ( ₹ 1261 crore or US $186 million in 2016 ) India : ₹ 6.4 crore ( US $ 6.54 million ) in 1982 ₹ 88 crore ( US $13 million ) in 2016 Soviet Union : US $75.85 million ( ₹ 94.28 crore ) in 1984 ( US $179 million ( ₹ 1176 crore ) in 2016 ) Jump up ^ 38 million Soviet tickets sold , average ticket price of 25 kopecks Jump up ^ 0.7585 Soviet rubles per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ 12.6108 Indian rupees per US dollar in 1986 Jump up ^ Jagir in Soviet Union : 9.5 million SUR ( US $12.52 million , ₹ 15.79 crore ) in 1986 ( US $28 million or ₹ 181 crore in 2016 ) Note : 1984 's highest - grossing film at the domestic Indian box office was Tohfa , which grossed ₹ 9 crore in India . Jump up ^ Hum Aapke Hain Koun : ₹ 135 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,316 crore ( US $200 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 9.73 times : ₹ 72.47 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 705 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge : ₹ 126.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 1,087 crore ( US $170 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 106.5 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 20 crore . Inflation rate of 8.59 times : ₹ 53.31 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 458 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Raja Hindustani : ₹ 87.5 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 711 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Domestic gross : ₹ 85 crore . Overseas gross : ₹ 2.5 crore . Inflation rate of 8.13 times : ₹ 48 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 390 crore ( US $60 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Dil To Pagal Hai : ₹ 71.87 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 562 crore ( US $86 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.82 times : ₹ 34.97 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 273.34 crore ( US $42 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuch Kuch Hota Hai : ₹ 106.74 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 753 crore ( US $120 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 7.05 times : ₹ 46.87 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 330.26 crore ( US $51 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Hum Saath Saath Hain : ₹ 81.71 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 551 crore ( US $84 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 6.74 times : ₹ 39.18 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 264.13 crore ( US $40 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohabbatein : ₹ 90.01 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 532 crore ( US $81 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.91 times : ₹ 41.88 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 247.51 crore ( US $38 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham : ₹ 135.53 worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 703 crore ( US $110 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 5.19 times : ₹ 55.65 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 288.72 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Devdas : ₹ 99.87 crore worldwide gross , ( equivalent to ₹ 456 crore ( US $70 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 4.57 times : ₹ 41.66 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 190.36 crore ( US $29 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Kal Ho Naa Ho : ₹ 86.09 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 284 crore ( US $43 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 3.3 times : ₹ 38.55 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 127.2 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Veer - Zaara : ₹ 97.64 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 288 crore ( US $44 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.95 times : ₹ 41.86 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 123.68 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ No Entry : ₹ 74.14 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 203 crore ( US $31 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.74 times : ₹ 44.72 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 122.58 crore ( US $19 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Om Shanti Om : ₹ 149.87 crore worldwide gross , equivalent to ₹ 319 crore ( US $49 million ) in 2016 . Inflation rate of 2.13 times : ₹ 78.17 crore domestic nett , equivalent to ₹ 166.48 crore ( US $25 million ) in 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghajini worldwide gross : ₹ 232 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 460 crore or US $71 million in 2017 ) Domestic : ₹ 162 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 321 crore or US $49 million in 2017 ) Overseas : ₹ 70 crore ( equivalent to ₹ 139 crore or US $21 million in 2017 ) Jump up ^ Don : The Chase Begins Again worldwide gross : 113.2 crore Domestic : ₹ 77.5 crore Overseas : $7.88 million ( ₹ 35.7 crore ) References Jump up ^ Priya Gupta ( 23 Nov 2013 ) . `` Box Office column discontinued '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : * Burra , Rani Day & Rao , Maithili ( 2006 ) , `` Cinema '' , Encyclopedia of India ( vol. 1 ) , Thomson Gale , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31350 - 4 . Jump up ^ * Khanna , Amit ( 2003 ) , `` The Future of Hindi Film Business '' , Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema : historical record , the business and its future , narrative forms , analysis of the medium , milestones , biographies , Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Private Limited , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . p 158 Jump up ^ Binoy Prabhakar ( 26 Aug 2012 ) . `` Business of Rs 100 - cr films : Who gets what and why '' . Indiatimes The Economic Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Digital March Media & Entertainment in South India '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Journey of Indian rupee since independence , The Times of India . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 48 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 65.11 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's ' Secret Superstar ' Winds Down Its Domestic Run With ₹ 83 Cr. / $12.8 M Gross '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 25 November 2017 ) . `` How to tell whether ' Secret Superstar 's Taiwan numbers signal future success in China '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` ' Secret Superstar ' Tracking Well Against ' Dangal ' Taiwan Run With $285 K / ₹ 1.85 Cr . Through Day 6 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Continues Record Hong Kong Run To Cross ₹ 23 Cr. / $3.5 M '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Tops $300 Million , Becoming The 5th Highest - Grossing Non-English Movie Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exchange Rates ( 68.3 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All time box office revenue of the highest grossing Bollywood movies worldwide '' . Statista . December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar earns seven times more money in China in 1 week than what it did in India '' . Hindustan Times . 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 ( Bahubali 2 ) box office collection : SS Rajamouli 's film mints Rs 1,706.50 cr in 140 days '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Japan loves Baahubali The Conclusion and here 's proof . Watch video '' . Hindustan Times . 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo. 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Box Office > China ( 02 / 18 / 2018 ) '' . Entgroup . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Karan ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's Secret Superstar BEATS Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai to become the Biggest Worldwide Bollywood grosser of 2017 '' . Bollywood Life . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepika Padukone 's Padmaavat beats Aamir Khan 's Dhoom 3 and Salman Khan 's Tiger Zinda Hai at the box office '' . Times Now . 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2015 : Top 6 highest grossing films '' . Daily News and Analysis . 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office > China '' . EntGroup . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 overseas box office collection : Rajamouli 's film beats Chennai Express , Kabali 's lifetime record in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . ^ Jump up to : 10 highest worldwide grossing Bollywood movies , Asianet News , 8 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 61 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Baahubali 2 3 - day worldwide box - office collection : SS Rajamouli 's film crosses Rs 500 cr mark in 1st weekend '' . International Business Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore ; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres '' . 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What does the success of Baahubali mean for Indian cinema ? '' . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sultan - Box Office '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 58.512332 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bollywood 200 Crore Club Movies : Hindi Films '' . Bollywood Movie Review . 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 61.01 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Padmaavat ' a very special film for Deepika , Ranveer and Shahid - Here 's why '' . Zee News . 16 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates ( 61.03 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2013 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 20 March 2016 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' Aims To Continue Movie Megastar 's Global Hit Streak '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates ( 64.2 INR per USD ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2015 . Jump up ^ Mobhani , Suleman. ( 13 January 2015 ) , Box Office : Comparison of the Top Grossers of 2014 . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved on 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Worldwide Grossers All Time '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Collection : ' Bang Bang ' Earns ₹ 340 cr Worldwide ; ' Super Nani ' Dull , ' Roar ' Steady '' . International Business Times . 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` New ' Tiger Zinda Hai ' Poster Brings Back The Salman Khan Fans Want To See '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 53.420806 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Golmaal Again '' . Bollywood Hungama. 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raees box office collection day 13 : Shah Rukh Khan film crosses Rs 150 mark in India '' . The Indian Express . 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2nd Saturday Box Office Collection : Baahubali Beats Endhiran 's Lifetime Record in 9 Days '' . Ibtimes.co.in. 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 46 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth starrer Kabali box office collections rise to over Rs 650 crore , turns No. 1 movie in India - The Financial Express '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kabali ' box office collection : Reports of Rajinikanth - starrer raking in Rs. 675 crore in 13 days are fake '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajinikanth 's Kabali has earned Rs 600 crore at the global box office . Or has it ? - Firstpost '' . 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kabali ' Box Office collection '' . International Business Times India . 4 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajinikanth birthday today ; As superstar Rajni turns 65 , wishes pour in '' . 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Armies Of Ajith Fans Mobilize To Blast ' Vivegam ' Teaser To Record Views '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Kabali , which starred blockbuster hero Rajinikanth , went on to gross nearly 5 billion rupees ( US $77 million ) worldwide , making it the 6th highest grossing Indian film in history at the time . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Mersal box office collection : A crowning - moment for Vijay as his film joins Rs 200 - crore club '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Bhaskar ( 2008 ) . `` The Melodramas of Globalization '' . Cultural Dynamics . 20 : 31 -- 51 ( 34 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 0921374007088054 . Jump up ^ `` Pather Panchali : Its history , the genius behind it , and Satyajit Rays style of working '' . Jump up ^ `` Southern movies account for over 75 % of film revenues '' . The Times of India . 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazon Obhijan ' becomes highest grossing Bengali film ever '' . The Statesman. 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://padhonews.com/amazon-obhijaan-box-office-collection/ Jump up ^ `` বক্স অফিসের নতুন চুড়ায় চাঁদের পাহাড় '' . আনন্দবাজার প্রত্রিকা. 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Tollywood delivers only five - six hits a year '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paglu Box Office Collection in India '' . Jump up ^ `` Saathi Box Office Collection in India '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 films that rocked the box office this year '' . Jump up ^ `` Out of the box : Of bad reviews and good collections in Tollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Best film of 2012 in Tollywood '' . Spicyonion.com . Jump up ^ http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=32352&boxid=15131326 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` posto 's success is special for us said jisshu sengupta and mimi chakraborty ( ' পোস্ত'র সাফল্যটা স্পেশ্যাল , বললেন মিমি - যিশু ) , ১৪ দিনের হিসাবে ৩. ৫ কোটির মত ব্যবসা করেছে ছবিটি '' . Jump up ^ `` Posto creates history , makes 1 crore in 4 days '' . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance of things future - Himal Southasian '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gujarati films : Cheaper is not better '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Good shot '' . 22 June 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Govt clerks arrested for leaking Chello Divas '' . 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarati Films to hit a century this year '' . 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Webdunia . `` ' ગુજ્જુભાઈ મોસ્ટ વોન્ટેડ ' પ્રથમ ફિલ્મ જેણે કર્યો , કમાણી 10 કરોડ પહોંચી '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hari Narayan ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Gujarati film industry , still a work in progress '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H. `` ' Karsandas Pay & Use ' week 1 box office collection : Mayur - Deeksha starrer turns big Gujarati money spinner of 2017 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterji , Saibal ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Pvt Ltd . pp. 10 -- 18 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pippa de Bruyn ; Niloufer Venkatraman ; Keith Bain ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's India . Frommer 's . p. 579 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 79434 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Janet ( 2003 ) . How Hollywood works . SAGE . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 6814 - 8 . Jump up ^ K. Jha ; Subhash ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to Bollywood . Roli Books . p. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 378 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` This man is the highly paid actor in Kannada film industry '' . Jump up ^ `` Stage set for Mungaru Male sequel '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh all set for Mungaru Male 2 '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rakshit Shetty 's Kirik Party Telugu remake rights sold ; talks on for other language rights '' . International Business Times . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari enters 50 crore club '' . Jump up ^ `` Dodmane Hudga lifetime collection is over ₹ 40 crore '' . www.ibtimes.co.in . Jump up ^ `` Sangolli Rayanna set to complete 100 days '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ A Sharadhaa ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Sandalwood hits Rangitaranga and Uppi 2 Run to Full House in USA '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sandalwood 2016 : Highest - grossing Kannada movies of 2016 at the box office '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya collected ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka and along with it 's Telugu dubbed version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . www.sify.com . Jump up ^ `` Dandupalya said to have made ₹ 25 crore in Karnataka '' . m.timesofindia.com . `` Dubbed Telugu version collected ₹ 10 crore '' . m.indiaglitz.com . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` 2016 Box Office Kings : Mohanlal is the only Malayalam actor among top 5 , Aamir Khan tops the list , followed by Akshay Kumar and Salman Khan '' . Catch News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ R. , Manoj Kumar ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` Aamir Khan 's Dangal rules Kerala box office , no new Malayalam releases this Friday '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DC ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Mohanlal 's Pulimurugan becomes first Malayalam film to gross over 100 crore rupees '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ DNA Web Desk ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Kerala film awards : ' Premam ' snubbed says audience '' . Daily News and Analysis . Archived from the original on 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jha , Lata ( 12 August 2017 ) . `` The continued reign of Mohanlal '' . Mint . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ വാരിയർ , ഉണ്ണി കെ. ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` മോഹൻലാൽ ; 400 കോടീശ്വരൻ '' . Malayala Manorama ( in Malayalam ) . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Onmanorama Staff ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Producers put their money on debutant directors '' . Malayala Manorama . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` ' Endhiran 2 ' director Shankar praises Malayalam movie ' Premam ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Kaumudi Online ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Nivin 's hands are full '' . Kerala Kaumudi . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Srivatsan ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Premam box office collection : Naga Chaitanyas film earns Rs 20 crore in 5 days '' . India Today . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Vamsi , Krishna ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Premam box office collection : Chaitanya 's movie mints over Rs 15 crore '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kavirayani , Suresh ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Sunil to star in remake of Malayalam movie Two Countries '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Content triumphed over star power in southern filmdom ( 2015 in Retrospect ) '' . Business Standard . Indo - Asian News Service . 19 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ezra : Prithviraj starrer emerges 8th Rs. 50 crore grosser of Malayalam cinema '' . Catch News . 13 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Nair , Sree Prasad ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Kerala Box Office : Mohanlal 's Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol completes 50 days , the actor 's fifth Rs. 50 crore blockbuster '' . Catch News . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Box Office : Mammootty 's The Great Father emerges as the actor 's first Rs 50 cr blockbuster '' . 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Nivin Pauly : Journey of an engineer who has become youth icon of Malayalam films '' . International Business Times . 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sairat , Chauthi Koot , Tithi : Apart from Visaranai , a list of films that could have made the Oscars cut '' . 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pradhan , Bharathi ( Senior Journalist and Author ) ( 22 November 2016 ) . Show Business : How Ventilator won the battle against Demonetization ( Show Business with Actor Producer Viveck Vaswani ) ( Motion picture ) . India : Lehren TV . Event occurs at 6 : 46 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sachin -- A Billion Dreams - Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sairat ' Is The Highest Grossing Marathi Film Ever , But Have You Heard About It Yet ? '' . indiatimes.com . Jump up ^ `` With Sairat , Marathi cinema flies high on box office , appreciation '' . The Indian Express . 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ritesh Deshmukh And Nargis Fakhri Starrer Was Planned As A Marathi Film ? - Movie Talkies '' . Movie Talkies . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ N , Ganesh ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as popcorn - loving movie - goers prefer Hindi and English blockbusters '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Gayatri ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` After Duniyadari , will Lai Bhaari break Timepass ' record ? '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Ganesh N ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Struggle for success : Marathi films lose out in the multiplex race as the popcorn - loving movie - goer prefers Hindi and English blockbusters Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Bollywood is jumping on the Marathi cinema bandwagon '' . mid-day. 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Narayan , Hari . `` Marathi , Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Malvania , Urvi ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Harry Baweja 's Chaar Saahibzaade gives 250 % returns '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ Singh , Jasmine ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` The turbaned prince '' . Spectrum . The Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Ambarsariya Continues Strong Run '' . Box Office India . 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` ' Ambarsariya ' continues to dominate ' Love Punjab , ' ' Ardaas ' at overseas box office '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chak De Pollywood - Namrata Joshi - Aug 04 , 2014 '' . outlookindia.com. 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Last heard , it had grossed Rs 21 crore worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Jatt and Juliet 2 makes a record collection at the box office '' . The Times of India . 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . The film has made a box office collections nearing Rs. 20 crores approx ( All India ) Jump up ^ `` Box office collection : ' Udta Punjab ' and ' Raman Raghav 2.0 ' record a slow week ; ' Sardaarji 2 ' doing well worldwide '' . International Business Times . 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . The worldwide box office collection of `` Sardaarji 2 '' stands at Rs. 19 crore . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` ' Angrej ' 17 - Day Box Office Collection : Amrinder Gill Film Pips ' Ramta Jogi ' in 3rd Weekend '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooli , Shekhar H. `` Chaar Sahibzaade 2 overseas box office collection : Harry Baweja 's film remains undeterred by Dear Zindagi '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Groves , Don . `` Currency Withdrawals Short Change New Releases ' Rock On 2 ' And ' Chaar Sahibzaade ' 2 In India '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Chaar Sahibzaade - Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur performs well ; Rock On ! ! 2 is a colossal disaster in overseas - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ilayathalapathy Vijay 's Mersal creates history ; breaches Rs 250 crore mark '' . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Prakash ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` SS Rajamouli 's Baahubali to Ajith 's Vedalam : The Top 10 Highest grossing Tamil movies in 2015 '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vishwaroopam ' Box Office Collection : Kamal Haasan Starrer Earns ₹ 220 Crores '' . International Business Times . 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baahubali to Thuppakki : Tamil Cinemas 100 Cr Films - NDTV Movies '' . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gopalan , Krishna ( 4 April 2009 ) . `` Nayagan '' . The Economic Times . p. 14 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Ghilli to Theri : 10 Ilayathalapathy Vijay action blockbusters one should know ! '' . CatchNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Year of success for tinsel town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1 year of Srimanthudu : 8 interesting facts about the Mahesh Babu - Shruti Haasan blockbuster '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Mahesh Babu to Srimanthudu Director , With Love - NDTV Movies '' . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mahesh Babu 's hit film Srimanthudu to premier on Zee Telugu on Sunday , November 8 - Times of India '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khaidi No 150 : Chiranjeevi 's blockbuster mints Rs 164 cr worldwide '' . Hindustan Times . 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khaidi No 150 box office collections : At Rs 164 cr , Chiranjeevi 's comeback action movie sets new record '' . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gabbar Singh highest grosser in south Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . - India Today Retrieved 6 February 2015 Dated 19 July 2012 Jump up ^ V.P , Nicy ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` ' Baahubali ' First Weekend Box Office Collection : Rajamouli Film Breaks Lifetime Records of ' Magadheera ' , ' Attarinitik Daaredi ' in Three Days '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Web Desk , Express ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Spyder box office : Mahesh Babu - AR Murugadoss film touches the 150 cr mark in 11 days '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` '' Janatha '' garage 32 days box office collection : jr ntr film emerges as the highest grosser of 2016 `` . IBTimes. 3 Oct 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hooli , Shekhar H. `` ' Janatha Garage ' box office collection : Will Jr NTR 's film beat ' Sarrainodu , ' ' Srimanthudu , ' ' Magadheera ' lifetime records '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` South India dominates regional language film industry '' . Business Standard . 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jai Lava Kusa box 0ffice : NTR starrer grosses Rs 129 cr worldwide in final '' . The Times of India . 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Earners 1940 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : V.S. Somanath , International Financial Management , page 53 , I.K. International , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Computing ' Real Value ' Over Time with a Conversion between U.K. Pounds and U.S. Dollars , 1774 to Present , MeasuringWorth ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Average Rates ( 67.175856 INR per USD in 2016 ) '' . OFX . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1941 '' . www.boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1942 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1943 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ China 's Foreign Trade Statistics , 1864 - 1949 , page 196 , Harvard University Asia Center , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1944 '' . Box Office India . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . 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Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajinder , Dudrah ; Jigna , Desai ( 2008 ) . The Bollywood Reader . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 65 . ISBN 9780335222124 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator ( overseas gross ) '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1953 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1954 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1955 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ A Taste for Indian Films : Negotiating Cultural Boundaries in Post-Stalinist Soviet Society , page 163 , Indiana University , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Moscow Prime Time : How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War , page 48 , Cornell University Press , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Sergey Kudryavtsev ( 3 August 2008 ) . `` Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате ( Индия ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1956 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office 1957 , Box Office India , archived 22 September 2012 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1958 '' . Box Office India . 30 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1959 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1960 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 70 iconic films of Indian cinema '' . Mint. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1961 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : The Routledge Handbook of the Cold War , page 357 , Routledge , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1962 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1963 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1964 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1965 '' . Box Office India . 14 October 2013 . 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Box Office India . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India - Publications '' . www.rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1974 '' . Box Office India . 20 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Top 10 biggest commercial hits of Amitabh Bachchan , Business Standard , 11 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Sholay emerges as Bollywood 's most successful re-run product even after 20 years '' . India Today . 15 September 1995 . Jump up ^ `` B - Town rewind : The tale of the first Bollywood crore '' . Mid Day . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 1976 '' . Box Office India . 20 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1977 '' . Box Office India . 20 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 1978 '' . Box Office India . 20 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1979 '' . Box Office India . 20 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1980 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1981 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1982 '' . Box Office India . 5 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Monthly Commentary on Indian Economic Conditions , Volume 28 , page xv , Indian Institute of Public Opinion , 1986 Jump up ^ Bollywood returns to Russian screens Archived 25 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , Russia Beyond , September 2009 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1983 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1984 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1985 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1986 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1987 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1987 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1989 '' . Box Office India . 15 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1990 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1991 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1992 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1993 '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Darr '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME : 37 Films Hit 100 Crore '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century , Box Office India , 8 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1995 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kohli - Khandekar , Vanita ( 2013 ) . The Indian Media Business . SAGE Publications . p. 188 . ISBN 9788132117889 . Jump up ^ `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1996 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 1996 '' . Box Office India . 22 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Grossers : 1996 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1997 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Adjusted Nett Grossers All Time '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1998 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 1999 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2000 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2001 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers 2002 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2003 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2004 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2005 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WORLDWIDE GROSSERS 2006 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WORLDWIDE GROSSERS 2007 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Meena Iyer ( 8 January 2009 ) . `` ' Ghajini ' first Hindi movie to cross Rs200cr mark '' . TimesOfIndia . TNN . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ghajini collection details submitted to court '' . The Hindu . 28 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office 2010 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Enthiran ( 2010 ) grossed ₹ 289 crore . The highest 2010 grosser listed on Box Office India , Dabangg , grossed ₹ 220 crore . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2011 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2012 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2013 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2014 '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoom Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Top Lifetime South WW Grossing Films - AndhraBoxOffice.com '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 July 2015 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Top Ten All Time Worldwide Grossers '' . Box Office India . 21 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office 2006 '' . Box Office India . 21 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Don - The Chase Begins Again '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rate of the Indian Rupee ( 45.3 INR per USD ) '' . Reserve Bank of India . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' # 3YearsofBilla2 ' Trends on Twitter as Ajith Fans Celebrate Three Years of Film 's Release '' . International Business Times . 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlyn Chopra sets temperatures soaring with her hot photoshoot '' . Movified. 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # Birthdayspecial : Before the grand success of Baahubali , Prabhas delivered these hits '' . Times Now . 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Housefull 3 - Movie - Box Office India '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania - Movie - Box Office India '' . boxofficeindia.com . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood . `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of Welcome Back - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Judwaa 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama. 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judwaa '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 11 February 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Akshay Kumar 's Jolly LLB 2 - Bollywood Hungama '' . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : Box Office : Worldwide Collections of ABCD - Any Body Can Dance - 2 - Box Office , Bollywood Hungama '' . Jump up ^ `` Kollywood 2015 : Top 10 Highest Grossing Tamil Movies in the Year '' . 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Total Box Office Collections in India , Overseas , Worldwide '' . Indicine.com. 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladi 786 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sabse Bada Khiladi '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Main Khiladi Tu Anari '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khiladi 420 '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Akshay Kumar Hits , Flops , Blockbusters : Box Office Analysis '' . TalkingMoviez . August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 4 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . 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which is the highest collection movie in tamil
[ "\n\nRank\nMovie\nYear\nDirector\nStudio\nWorldwide gross\nSource\n\n\n1\nBaahubali 2: The Conclusion *\n2017\nS. S. Rajamouli\nArka Media Works\n₹1,713.59 crore (US$260 million) #+\n[n 2]\n\n\n2\nBaahubali: The Beginning\n2015\nS. S. Rajamouli\nArka Media Works\n₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+\n[29]\n\n\n3\nEnthiran\n2010\nS. Shankar\nSun Pictures\n₹289 crore (US$44 million)\n[50]\n\n\n4\nKabali\n2016\nPa. Ranjith\nV Creations\n₹286–499 crore (US$45–77 million)\n[n 12]\n\n\n5\nMersal *\n2017\nAtlee\nThenandal Studio Limited\n₹250 crore (US$38 million)\n[135]\n\n\n6\nI\n2015\nS. Shankar\nAascar Films Pvt.Ltd\n₹240 crore (US$37 million)\n[136]\n\n\n7\nVishwaroopam\n2013\nKamal Haasan\nRaaj Kamal Films International\n₹220 crore (US$34 million) #+\n[137]\n\n\n8\nDasavathaaram\n2008\nK. S. Ravikumar\nAascar Films Pvt.Ltd\n₹200 crore (US$31 million)\n[138][139]\n\n\n9\nThuppakki\n2012\nAR Murugadoss\nSri Saravanaa Creations\n₹180 crore (US$28 million)\n[140]\n\n\n10\nTheri\n2016\nAtlee\nS. Dhanu\n₹172 crore (US$26 million)\n[140]\n\n" ]
[ "Baahubali 2: The Conclusion" ]
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Bob Ross
Bob Ross - wikipedia Bob Ross American painter and television host For other people named Bob Ross , see Bob Ross ( disambiguation ) . Bob Ross Robert Norman Ross ( 1942 - 10 - 29 ) October 29 , 1942 Daytona Beach , Florida , U.S. July 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 04 ) ( aged 52 ) Orlando , Florida , U.S. Occupation Painter art instructor television host Years active 1981 -- 1994 Spouse ( s ) Vivian Ridge ( m . 1965 ; div. 1977 ) Jane Ross ( m . 1977 ; her death . 1992 ) Lynda Brown ( m . 1995 ; his death . 1995 ) Children Military career Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Air Force Years of service 1961 -- 1981 Rank Master Sergeant Website bobross.com Robert Norman Ross ( October 29 , 1942 -- July 4 , 1995 ) was an American painter , art instructor , and television host . He was the creator and host of The Joy of Painting , an instructional television program that aired from 1983 to 1994 on PBS in the United States , and also aired in Canada , Latin America , and Europe . Ross went from being a public television personality in the 1980s and 1990s to being an Internet celebrity in the 21st century , becoming popular with fans on YouTube and many other websites after his death . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Military career 2 Career as a painter 2.1 Technique 2.2 Influences 2.3 Style 3 Other media appearances 4 Personal life 5 Illness and death 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life Ross was born in Daytona Beach , Florida , to Jack and Ollie Ross ( a carpenter and waitress , respectively ) , and raised in Orlando , Florida . As a child , Ross entertained himself by caring for injured animals , purportedly including an armadillo , snake , and alligator . One of these animals , a squirrel named Peapod , was featured in a few episodes of his show . He had a half - brother , Jim , whom he mentioned in passing on his show . Ross dropped out of high school in the 9th grade to work as a carpenter with his father , Jack Ross , when he lost part of his left index finger . This , however , did not affect the way he held his palette while painting . Military career In 1961 , then 18 - year - old Ross enlisted in the United States Air Force and was put into service as a medical records technician . He eventually rose to the rank of master sergeant and served as the first sergeant of the U.S. Air Force Clinic at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska , where he first saw the snow and mountains that later became recurring themes in his artwork . He developed his quick - painting technique to create art for sale during brief daily work breaks . Having held military positions that required him to be , in his own words , `` tough '' and `` mean '' , `` the guy who makes you scrub the latrine , the guy who makes you make your bed , the guy who screams at you for being late to work '' , Ross decided that if he ever left the military , he would never yell or raise his voice again . Career as a painter During his 20 - year tenure with the U.S. Air Force , Ross developed a taste for painting after attending an art class at the Anchorage U.S.O. club . He found himself frequently at odds with many of his painting instructors , who were more interested in abstract painting . In Ross ' own words : `` They 'd tell you what makes a tree , but they would n't tell you how to paint a tree . '' Ross was working as a part - time bartender when he discovered a TV show called The Magic of Oil Painting , hosted by German painter Bill Alexander . Alexander touted a 16th - century style of painting called `` Alla Prima '' ( Italian for `` first attempt '' ) , better known as `` wet - on - wet '' , that allowed him to finish a painting in a little under 30 minutes . Ross studied and became quite good at Alla Prima through Alexander 's show , and began selling Alaskan landscapes painted on the inside of novelty gold pans . When Ross began making more money from selling the gold pans than his military job , he retired from the Air Force in 1981 after 20 years of service , having the rank of Master Sergeant . He first went to Florida and studied painting under Alexander , then joined the `` Alexander Magic Art Supplies Company '' and became a traveling salesman and tutor . Annette Kowalski , who had attended one of his sessions , became convinced that there was a great opportunity for Ross to succeed on his own , and persuaded him to do so . She invested her life savings in the company , as did Ross and his wife . The business struggled at first ; his permed hairstyle came about as a cost - cutting measure , when his regular crewcut haircuts became too expensive . Ross grew increasingly uncomfortable with the style in his later years , but kept it throughout his career . The origins of the TV show , The Joy of Painting , are unclear . It was filmed at the studio of the PBS station WIPB in Muncie , Indiana . The show ran from January 11 , 1983 to May 17 , 1994 , but reruns still continue to appear in many broadcast areas and countries , including the non-commercial digital subchannel network Create . During each half - hour segment , Ross would instruct viewers in oil painting using a quick - study technique from the imagination that used a limited palette of paints and broke down the process into simple steps . Art critic Mira Schor compared him to Fred Rogers , host of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , noting that Ross ' soft voice and the slow pace of his speech were similar . With help from Annette Kowalski , Ross built a $15 million business , Bob Ross Inc. , selling his line of art supplies and how - to books , and marketing painting classes taught by instructors trained in the `` Bob Ross method '' . All of his income , he said , was derived from those sources ; the show was intended to be a vehicle to promote his classes and products . All of his paintings , including those created during his shows , were donated to PBS stations . Ross also filmed wildlife , squirrels in particular , usually in his garden , and he would often take in injured or abandoned squirrels and other animals . Small animals often appeared on his Joy of Painting canvasses . Technique Ross used the wet - on - wet oil painting technique , in which the painter continues adding paint on top of still - wet paint rather than waiting a lengthy amount of time to allow each layer of paint to dry . From the beginning , the program kept the selection of tools and colors simple so that viewers would not have to make large investments in expensive equipment . Ross frequently recommended odorless paint thinner ( aka odorless mineral spirits ) for brush cleaning . Combining the wet painting method with the use of large one - and two - inch brushes , as well as painting knives , allowed Ross to paint trees , clouds , mountains , and water in a matter of seconds . Each painting would start with simple strokes that appeared as nothing more than smudges of color . As he added more and more strokes , the blotches would transform into intricate landscapes . Ross painted three versions of almost every painting featured on his show . The first was painted prior to taping , and sat on an easel , off - camera , during filming , where Ross used it as a reference to create the second copy -- the one viewers actually watched him paint . After filming the episode , Ross painted a third , more detailed version for inclusion in his instructional books . Influences Ross dedicated the first episode of the second season of The Joy of Painting to Bill Alexander , explaining that `` years ago , Bill taught me this fantastic ( wet - on - wet ) technique , and I feel as though he gave me a precious gift , and I 'd like to share that gift with you ( the viewer ) '' . As Ross 's popularity grew , his relationship with Alexander became increasingly strained . `` He betrayed me , '' Alexander told the New York Times in 1991 . `` I invented ' wet on wet ' , I trained him , and ... he thinks he can do it better . '' Art historians have pointed out that the `` wet - on - wet '' ( or alla prima ) technique actually originated in Flanders during the 15th century , and was used by Frans Hals , Diego Velázquez , Caravaggio , Paul Cezanne , John Singer Sargent , and Claude Monet , among many others . Style Ross was well known for the catchphrases he used while painting such as `` happy little trees '' . In most episodes of The Joy of Painting , Ross would note that one of his favorite parts of painting was cleaning the brush . Specifically , he was fond of his method of drying off a brush that he had dipped in odorless thinner by striking it against the thinner can ( then striking a box for early seasons , and trashcan for later seasons ; occasionally he would strike the brush hard on the trashcan , and say he `` hit the bucket '' ) and easel . He would smile and often laugh aloud as he said to `` beat the Devil out of it '' . He also used a palette that had been lightly sanded down , which was necessary to avoid catching the reflections of the strong studio lighting . Ross wore clothes that he believed would be a `` timeless look '' ( jeans and a button - down shirt ) . He also used a minimalist set and spoke as if he were only addressing one viewer . When asked about his laid - back approach , and his calm and contented demeanor , he commented , I got a letter from somebody here a while back , and they said , `` Bob , everything in your world seems to be happy . '' That 's for sure . That 's why I paint . It 's because I can create the kind of world that I want , and I can make this world as happy as I want it . Shoot , if you want bad stuff , watch the news . The landscapes he painted -- typically mountains , lakes , snow , and log cabin scenes -- were strongly influenced by his years living in Alaska , where he was stationed for the majority of his Air Force career . He repeatedly stated on the show his belief that everyone had inherent artistic talent and could become an accomplished artist given time , practice , and encouragement , and to this end was often fond of saying , `` We do n't make mistakes ; we just have happy accidents . '' In 2014 , the blog FiveThirtyEight conducted a statistical analysis of the 381 episodes in which Ross painted live , concluding that 91 percent of Ross ' paintings contained at least one tree , 44 percent included clouds , 39 percent included mountains and 34 percent included mountain lakes . By his own estimation , Ross completed more than 30,000 paintings in his lifetime . Other media appearances Ross was fond of country music , and in 1987 he was invited on stage by Hank Snow at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville , Tennessee . The audience gave him a huge ovation ; he was a little nervous at first , but felt better after cracking a joke to the crowd . Snow was later given a private painting lesson by Ross . Ross visited New York City to promote his hardcover book , The Best of the Joy of Painting with Bob Ross , and painting techniques to a studio audience several times . One visit in 1989 he appeared on The Joan Rivers Show . He returned in 1992 for a live show with hosts Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford . There was one in 1994 , when Phil Donahue , who watched his videos and loved his painting technique , invited him to the show to promote his work . Ross took five audience members on - stage to do a painting and even Phil himself did a painting and showed it in that episode . In the early 1990s , Ross did several MTV promotional spots that , according to the American City Business Journals , `` dovetailed perfectly with Generation X 's burgeoning obsession with all things ironic and retro . '' Personal life Ross had one son , Steven Ross , with his first wife , Vivian Ridge . Steven , also a talented painter , occasionally appeared on The Joy of Painting and became a Ross - certified instructor . The last episode of Season 1 was a question - and - answer forum in which Steven read a series of general `` how - to '' questions sent in by viewers during the season , and Bob answered them one at a time , technique by technique , until he had completed an entire painting . Ross and Ridge 's marriage ended in divorce in 1977 . Ross and his second wife , Jane , had no children together . In 1992 , Jane died from cancer . In 1995 , two months before his death , Ross remarried for a third time to Lynda Brown . Ross is known to have been very secretive about his life and had a great liking for privacy , with only a tight circle of friends . Some of the only interviews with his close - knit circle of friends and his family can be found in the 2011 PBS documentary Bob Ross : The Happy Painter . His company , Bob Ross Inc. , is protective of his intellectual property and his privacy to this day . Illness and death Ross was diagnosed with lymphoma in the spring of 1994 , which eventually forced his retirement after The Joy of Painting 's final episode aired on May 17 , 1994 . He died at the age of 52 on July 4 , 1995 . His remains are interred at Woodlawn Memorial Park in Gotha , Florida , under a plaque marked : `` Bob Ross ; Television Artist '' . Notably , Ross kept his diagnosis a secret from the general public , and his lymphoma was not known outside of his circle of family and friends until after his death . Bob Ross T - shirts at Spencers in Washington State Legacy This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) Since his death , Ross has been embedded in multiple instances of pop culture . Commenting for a 2017 news story about him , entertainment website Screen Rant would note that the artist `` continues to have one of the most remarkable second lives of any media figure of the past several decades '' References to him have been included in television shows including Family Guy , The Boondocks , and Peep Show . He would also appear in the YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History . His videos became popular with devotees of the autonomous sensory meridian response ( ASMR ) . Google celebrated the 70th anniversary of his birth with a Google Doodle on October 29 , 2012 . It portrayed Ross painting a depiction of the letter `` g '' with a landscape in the background . In 2015 , Bob Ross was included in a commercial for HGTV Sherwin - Williams paint along with Leonardo da Vinci , Andy Warhol , Michelangelo and Vincent van Gogh . As part of the launch of Twitch Creative , Twitch.tv hosted a nine - day marathon of Bob Ross ' The Joy of Painting series which started on October 29 , 2015 in commemoration of what would have been his 73rd birthday . Twitch reported that 5.6 million viewers watched the marathon , and due to its popularity , created a weekly rebroadcast with one season of The Joy of Painting to air on Twitch each Monday , and will have a marathon of episodes each October 29 . A portion of the advertising revenue has been promised to charities , including St. Jude Children 's Research Hospital . In June 2016 , Ross ' series Beauty Is Everywhere was added to the Netflix lineup . The 30 - minute episodes are taken from seasons 20 , 21 and 22 of the original The Joy of Painting series . In May 2017 , Ross ' likeness was added as a skin for Sylvanus in the MOBA video game Smite Of the inclusion , website Venturebeat would go on to call it , `` one of the most bizarre crossovers in gaming history , '' At one point Ross was going to have his own video game to be released on Wii , the Nintendo DS and PC with development handled by AGFRAG Entertainment Group although this never came to fruition . In 2017 , a board game titled Bob Ross : The Art of Chill was released and carried by Target Stores . In November 2017 , a spoof of Bob Ross and his TV show , The Joy of Painting , was used as the basis of a teaser trailer for the movie Deadpool 2 . The same month , a Chia Pet model in Bob Ross 's likeness was also released . References Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross Was an Internet Celebrity Before the Internet '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Editors , Biography.com ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bob Ross Biography '' . The Biography.com website . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Ross , Television 's Favorite Artist '' . Bob Ross Incorporated . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Congdon , Kristin G. ; Blandy , Doug ; Coeyman , Danny ( April 21 , 2014 ) . Happy Clouds , Happy Trees : The Bob Ross Phenomenon . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 9781626740990 . Jump up ^ Schenck , Sally ( director ) ( April 19 , 2008 ) . `` Home Before Nightfall '' . The Joy of Painting . Season 28 . Episode 13 . 2 : 48 minutes in . PBS . ^ Jump up to : Congdon , Kristin ; Blandy , Doug ; Coeyman , Danny ( 2014 ) . Happy Clouds , Happy Trees : The Bob Ross Phenomenon . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1617039950 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before they were famous , Airman edition '' . U.S. Air Force Live . ^ Jump up to : Linda , Shrieves ( July 7 , 1990 ) . `` Bob Ross uses his brush to spread paint and joy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Surprisingly Mysterious Life of Famed Artist Bob Ross '' . Today I Found Out . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Ross 52 , Dies ; was a painter on TV '' . The New York Times . July 13 , 1995 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kloc , Joe ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` The Soothing Sounds of Bob Ross '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Schor , Mira ( 1997 ) . Wet : on painting , feminism , and art culture . Durham : Duke University Press . p. 176 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1915 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( December 22 , 1991 ) . `` Bob Ross , the Frugal Gourmet of Painting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Series 11 Disk 2 ( DVD ) Episode `` Towering Glacier '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Annuals + Bob Ross = Such Fun '' . Wired . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened to Bob Ross ' Paintings ? '' . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Joy of Painting with Bob Ross : Meadow Lake , season 2 , episode November 1 , 1983 Jump up ^ Stanley , A. ( December 22 , 1991 ) . Bob Ross , the Frugal Gourmet of Painting . New York Times archive , retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taubes , F. Mastery of Alla Prima Painting . F&W Pub. ( 1980 ) , pp. 22 - 4 . ISBN 0891340297 . Jump up ^ Gury , A. Alla Prima : A Contemporary Guide to Traditional Direct Painting . Watson - Guptill ( 2009 ) , p. 16 . ISBN 0823098346 . Jump up ^ Pegley , Kip ( 2008 ) . Coming to wherever you are : MuchMusic , MTV , and youth identities . Middletown : Wesleyan University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6870 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Katherine ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Here Is Bob Ross Beating Paint Brushes For Over Three Minutes . You 're Welcome '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Haven in the Valley '' . Beauty is Everywhere . Season 1 . Episode 26 . Event occurs at 18 : 30 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Season 15 , Episode 12 , Forest Lake . YouTube . The Joy of Painting . Jump up ^ Bennett , Kaylen ( 2005 ) . Rick Benzel , ed . Inspiring Creativity : An Anthology of Powerful Insights And Practical Ideas to Guide You to Successful Creating . Playa del Rey : Creativity Coaching Assoc . Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 9767371 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rife , Katie ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Study the happy little numbers with a statistical analysis of Bob Ross ' Joy Of Painting '' . The A.V. Club ... Jump up ^ Patrick Wensink ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` 23 Happy Little Bob Ross Facts Most Viewers Never Knew '' . RealClear . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Ross ; Annette Kowalski ( 1989 ) The Best of the Joy of Painting with Bob Ross , W. Morrow , NY ISBN 978 - 0 - 68809 - 246 - 7 Jump up ^ Harris , Scott ( February 9 , 2009 ) `` Happy accidents and the legacy of Bob Ross '' . American City Business Journals Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross , 52 , Dies ; Was Painter on TV '' . The New York Times . 1995 . Jump up ^ Linda , Shrieves ( July 8 , 1995 ) . `` Painter Bob Ross Dies At 52 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Happy Clouds , Happy Trees Jump up ^ Morfit , Cameron ( November 18 , 2001 ) . `` The Mellow , and Undying , Magic of Happy Little Trees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan . `` Bob Ross Just Became A Video Game Character '' . Screen Ranted . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haque , Ahsan ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Family Guy Flashback : `` 15 Minutes of Shame '' Review `` . PC Review . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross : 13 Happy Little Facts About the Iconic PBS Painter '' . Biography . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Peep Show '' The Interview ( TV Episode 2003 ) `` . Jump up ^ YouTube , Epic Rap Battles of History ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Boss Ross vs. Pablo Picasso '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Ross Paints ' Happy Little Trees ' for Google Doodle '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly , `` Bob Ross : How did he get so mellow ? ( + video ) '' , Christian Science Monitor , October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe 's TV Commercial , ' Masters ' '' . iSpot.tv . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Ross Marathon Underway on Twitch TV '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Twitch launches `` Creative '' category , eight - day Bob Ross Painting marathon `` . Arstechnica . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross channel on twitch.tv '' . The Joy of Painting Marathon - Celebrating the official launch of Twitch Creative ! # painting # oilpaint # bobross . October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` 5.6 Million People Watched Bob Ross 's Twitch Marathon '' . IGN . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayley Cuccinello Entertainment Writer , The Huffington Post ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` You Can Relax Now , Because Netflix Is Streaming Bob Ross '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William . `` Painting guru Bob Ross is on Netflix now , so there 's your weekend '' . News . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Ross is coming to Smite as a happy little Sylvanus skin '' . pcgamer . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike . `` Bob Ross is now on Smite -- yes , that Bob Ross '' . Venturebeat . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim . `` Wii , DS , PC Bob Ross game dries up ? '' . Gamespot . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephan . `` Video game based on bob ross ' ' joy of painting ' in the works '' . MTV . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` Target is selling a Bob Ross board game and it looks delightful '' . Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thuy Ong ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Deadpool paint and shoot things in the new teaser trailer '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ `` There Is A Bob Ross Chia Pet And I Am Crying Happy Little Tears '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Further reading `` PBS Video Mashup Honors ' Joy Of Painting ' Host '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bob Ross External video July 26 , 2012 . `` Bob Ross Remixed -- Happy Little Clouds . '' on YouTube Public Broadcasting Service Digital Studios . Official website Bob Ross at Find a Grave Bob Ross 's channel on YouTube Bob Ross on IMDb Bob Ross on Twitch.tv Bob Ross Gravesite GND : 140662030 ISNI : 0000 0000 7735 8060 LCCN : n84166326 RKD : 118168 VIAF : 8794127 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Ross&oldid=854123643 '' Categories : 1942 births 1995 deaths 20th - century American educators 20th - century American military personnel 20th - century American painters American landscape painters American male painters American television hosts Art educators ASMRtists Burials in Florida Deaths from cancer in Florida Deaths from lymphoma Educators from Alaska Educators from Florida Media people from Florida Military personnel from Alaska Military personnel from Florida Painters from Alaska Painters from Florida PBS people People from Daytona Beach , Florida People from New Smyrna Beach , Florida People from North Pole , Alaska People from Orlando , Florida United States Air Force airmen Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with trivia sections from July 2018 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 03 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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who was the guy that painted on pbs
[ "Robert Norman Ross (October 29, 1942 – July 4, 1995) was an American painter, art instructor, and television host. He was the creator and host of The Joy of Painting, an instructional television program that aired from 1983 to 1994 on PBS in the United States, and also aired in Canada, Latin America, and Europe. Ross went from being a public television personality in the 1980s and 1990s to being an Internet celebrity in the 21st century, becoming popular with fans on YouTube and many other websites after his death.[1][2]\n" ]
[ "Robert Norman Ross" ]
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Muhsin
Muhsin - wikipedia Muhsin Jump to : navigation , search `` Mohsen '' redirects here . For thevillage in Khuzestan Province , Iran , see Mohsen , Iran . Muhsin Pronunciation Arabic : ( ˈmʊħsɪn , ˈmoħsen ) Gender Male Origin Language ( s ) Arabic Other names Variant form ( s ) Mohssen Muhsin ( also spelled Mohsen , Mohsin , Mehsin , Mosan or Muhsen , Arabic & Persian : محسن ‎ ) , meaning Helper , attractive , Beneficent , charitable in Arabic , Notable persons with that name include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Persons with the given name 2 Persons with the surname 3 See also 4 References Persons with the given name ( edit ) Mohsen Mohsen Araki ( born 1956 ) , Iranian scholar , cleric , university lecturer , and politician Mohsen Badawi , Egyptian businessman Muhsen Basma ( born 1966 ) , Syrian football referee Muhsen Bilal ( born 1944 ) , Syrian politician Mohsen Hamidi ( born 1985 ) , Iranian footballer Mohsen Kadivar ( born 1959 ) , Iranian philosopher Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born 1957 ) , Iranian filmmaker Mohsen Mehralizadeh ( born 1956 ) , former vice president of Iran Mohsen Mirdamadi , Iranian politician , Mohsen Namjoo ( born 1976 ) , Iranian musician Mohsen Rastani ( born 1958 ) , Iranian photographer Mohsen Shadi ( born 1988 ) , Iranian rower Mohsen Vaziri - Moghaddam ( born 1924 ) , Iranian painter and art professor Mohsin Mohsin ( cricketer ) , Pakistani cricketer Mohsin Ahmad al - Aini ( born 1932 ) , Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic five times between 1967 and 1975 Muhsin al - Hakim , Iraqi ayatollah Mohsin Ali , Pakistani track and field athlete Mohsin Bhopali ( born 1932 ) , Pakistani Urdu poet Mohsin Changezi , ( born 1979 ) , Pakistani Urdu poet Muhsin Ertuğral , Turkish football coach Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri , Malaysian politician Mohsin Hamid ( born 1971 ) , Pakistani author Mohsin Harthi ( born 1976 ) , Saudi Arabian footballer Mohsin Iqbal ( born 1983 ) , Indian cricketer Mohsin Kamal ( born 1963 ) , Pakistani cricketer Mohsin Mighiana ( born 1956 ) , Pakistani physician , writer , columnist and humorist Mohsin Mulla ( born 1981 ) , Canadian cricketer Mohsin Naqvi , Pakistani Urdu poet Mohsin Razi ( born 1955 ) , Pakistani diplomat Mohsin Zulfiqar , British - Pakistani academic Mohsin - ul - Mulk ( born 1837 ) , Indian politician Muhsin Muhsin al - Ramli , Iraqi writer Muhsin ibn Ali , son of Fatimah bint Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib Muhsin Mahdi , Iraqi - American islamologist and Arabist Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu , Turkish politician Persons with the surname ( edit ) Mohsen Zuheir Mohsen ( 1936 -- 1979 ) , Palestinian leader Mohsin Hani Mohsin ( 1965 -- 2006 ) , Malaysian celebrity , actor and television host Jugnu Mohsin , Pakistani publisher and newspaper editor Moni Mohsin ( born 1963 ) , Pakistani - British writer Muhammad Mohsin ( 1732 -- 1812 ) , Indian Bengali philanthropist Saima Mohsin ( born 1977 ) , British journalist Muhsen Ghassan Muhsen ( born 1945 ) , Iraqi painter Zana Muhsen ( born 1965 ) , British author Muhsin Thamir Muhsin ( 1938 -- 1995 ) , Iraqi football manager See also ( edit ) Daulatpur Mohsin High School , high school located in Daulatpur , Khulna District , in southern Bangladesh Government Hazi Mohammad Mohshin College , government college in Chittagong , Bangladesh Hooghly Mohsin College , undergraduate college in Chinsurah , Bardhaman , in West Bengal , India Kotla Mohsin Khan , 16th century domed tombs and majestic gateway in the old city of Peshawar References ( edit ) This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhsin&oldid=824309556 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Arabic - language surnames Arabic masculine given names Iranian masculine given names Turkish masculine given names Pakistani masculine given names Hidden categories : Articles containing Persian - language text All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 16 : 07 . About Wikipedia
what is the meaning of the name mohsin
[ "Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن‎), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:", "Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن‎), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:", "Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن‎), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:", "Muhsin (also spelled Mohsen, Mohsin, Mehsin, Mosan or Muhsen, Arabic & Persian: محسن‎), meaning Helper, attractive, Beneficent, charitable in Arabic, Notable persons with that name include:" ]
[ "Helper", "attractive", "Beneficent", "charitable" ]
847898095427744953
Grease (musical)
Grease ( musical ) - wikipedia Grease ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1978 film based on the musical , see Grease ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grease Original Broadway Cast Recording Music Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Lyrics Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Book Jim Jacobs Warren Casey Productions 1971 Chicago 1972 Broadway 1973 West End 1978 Film 1979 West End revival 1993 West End revival 1994 Broadway revival 1994 US Tour 1996 Düsseldorf 1999 Madrid 2001 West End revival 2002 Toronto 2006 Barcelona 2007 West End revival 2007 Broadway revival 2008 Second US Tour 2011 Barcelona 2011 Chicago 2011 Gdynia 2012 Copenhagen 2012 Madrid 2012 Spain Tour 2013 Philadelphia 2013 Hong Kong 2014 Karachi 2015 Sutton Coldfield 2016 Québec 2016 Television special 2017 UK Tour 2017 Paris Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey . Named after the 1950s United States working - class youth subculture known as greasers , the musical is set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School ( based on William Howard Taft School in Chicago , Illinois ) and follows ten working - class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of peer pressure , politics , personal core values , and love . The score borrows heavily from the sounds of early rock and roll . In its original production in Chicago , Grease was a raunchy , raw , aggressive , vulgar show . Subsequent productions sanitized it and tamed it down . The show mentions social issues such as teenage pregnancy , peer pressure and gang violence ; its themes include love , friendship , teenage rebellion , sexual exploration during adolescence , and , to some extent , class consciousness / class conflict . Jacobs described the show 's basic plot as a subversion of common tropes of 1950s cinema , since the female lead , who in many 1950s films transformed the alpha male into a more sensitive and sympathetic character , is instead drawn into the man 's influence and transforms into his fantasy . Grease was first performed in 1971 in the original Kingston Mines nightclub in Chicago ( since demolished ) . From there , it has been successful on both stage and screen , but the content has been diluted and its teenage characters have become less Chicago habitués ( the characters ' Polish - American backgrounds in particular are ignored with last names often changed , although two Italian - American characters are left identifiably ethnic ) and more generic . At the time that it closed in 1980 , Grease 's 3,388 - performance run was the longest yet in Broadway history , although it was surpassed by A Chorus Line a few years later . It went on to become a West End hit , a successful feature film , two popular Broadway revivals in 1994 and 2007 , and a staple of regional theatre , summer stock , community theatre , and high school and middle school drama groups . It remains Broadway 's 15th longest - running show . Grease was adapted in 1978 as a feature film also named Grease , which removed some plot elements , characters and songs while adding new songs and elaborating on some plot elements only alluded to in the musical . Some of these revisions have been incorporated into revivals of the musical ( John Farrar , who wrote two of the new songs , is credited alongside Jacobs and Casey for the music in these productions ) . A 2016 live TV musical used elements from both the original stage version and the film . A 1982 film sequel Grease 2 , which featured only a few supporting characters from the film and musical , had no involvement from Jacobs or Casey ; Jacobs is on record disapproving of Grease 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 1.1 Original productions and Broadway 1.2 1973 London 1.3 1993 London revival 1.4 1994 Broadway revival and U.S. tour 1.5 1996 U.S. tour 1.6 2003 U.S. tour 1.7 2007 Broadway and London revivals 1.8 2008 U.S. tour 1.9 2010 -- 2011 U.S. tour 1.10 Chicago revival ( 2011 ) 1.11 2013 / 14 Australian Production 1.12 2016 Royal Caribbean 1.13 International productions 2 Adaptations 2.1 Films 2.2 Television production 3 Synopsis 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 3.3 Revival changes 3.4 School Version 4 Cast and characters 5 Musical numbers 5.1 1972 production 5.2 Grease : School Version 5.3 1993 revival 5.4 1994 revival 5.5 2007 revival 6 Awards and honors 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 1993 West End revival 6.3 1994 Broadway revival 6.4 2007 Broadway revival 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Production history ( edit ) Original productions and Broadway ( edit ) The show 's original , aggressive and profane 1971 incarnation was directed by Guy Barile , choreographed by Ronna Kaye and produced by the Kingston Mines Theater Company founded by June Pyskacek on Chicago 's Lincoln Avenue . The script was based on Jim Jacobs ' experience at William Taft High School , Chicago . Warren Casey collaborated with Jim and together they wrote the music and lyrics . It ran for eight months . The cast : Doug Stevenson ( Danny ) , Leslie Goto ( Sandy ) , Sue Williams ( Rizzo ) , Polly Pen ( Patty ) , Gary Houston ( Roger ) , Marilu Henner ( Marty ) , James Canning ( Doody ) , Hedda Lubin ( Frenchy ) , Bruce Hickey ( Kenickie ) , Sheila Ray Ceaser ( Jan ) , Bill Cervetti ( Miller ) , Jerry Bolnick ( Sonny ) , Judy Brubaker ( Miss Lynch ) , Mike O'Connor ( Vince Fontaine ) , Steve Munro ( Eugene ) , Barbara Munro ( Cha Cha ) , Mac Hamilton ( Teen Angel ) and George Lopez ( Bum ) . In addition to the `` R - rated '' profanity and deliberate use of shock value , the Chicago version of Grease included an almost entirely different songbook , which was shorter and included multiple references to real Chicago landmarks . Producers Ken Waissman and Maxine Fox saw the show and made a deal to produce it Off - Broadway . The team headed to New York City to collaborate on the New York production of Grease . The new production , directed by Tom Moore and choreographed by Patricia Birch ( who later choreographed the film adaptation , and directed the ill - fated sequel ) , opened Off - Broadway at the Eden Theatre in downtown Manhattan on February 14 , 1972 . Though Grease opened geographically off - Broadway , it did so under first class Broadway contracts . The show was deemed eligible for the 1972 Tony Awards , receiving seven Tony Award nominations . On June 7 , 1972 , the production moved to the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway , and on November 21 , it moved to the Royale Theatre there , where it ran until January 27 , 1980 . For the five final weeks of the run , the show moved to the larger Majestic Theatre . By the time it closed on April 13 , 1980 , it had run 3,388 performances . The original Broadway cast included Barry Bostwick as Danny and Carole Demas as Sandy , with Adrienne Barbeau as Rizzo , Timothy Meyers as Kenickie , Alan Paul , and Walter Bobbie and Marya Small in supporting roles . Replacements later in the run included Jeff Conaway ( who had been the original understudy for Danny ) , Gail Edwards , Marilu Henner , Peter Gallagher , Ilene Graff , Judy Kaye , Patrick Swayze , John Travolta , Jerry Zaks and Treat Williams . Richard Gere was an understudy for many roles in this production , including Danny Zuko , Teen Angel , and Vince Fontaine . 1973 London ( edit ) The London production opened at the New London Theatre in June 1973 with a cast that included a then - unknown Richard Gere as Danny , Stacey Gregg as Sandy , Stephen Bent as Roger , Jacqui - Ann Carr as Rizzo , and Derek James as Doody . Later Paul Nicholas and Elaine Paige , who had been in the London production of Hair , took over the leads . Kim Braden would also play Sandy . It was revived in London at the Astoria in 1979 with Su Pollard and Tracey Ullman in the two lead roles . 1993 London revival ( edit ) The revival opened at the Dominion Theatre and transferred to the Cambridge Theatre in October 1996 , where it ran until September 11 , 1999 . Directed by David Gilmore , the opening cast included Craig McLachlan ( Danny ) ; Debbie Gibson ( Sandy -- Sonia , then Samantha Janus later replaced Gibson as Sandy ) ; Mike Doyle ( Vince Fontaine ) ; Tamzin Outhwaite ( Patty ) ; Shane Ritchie ( Kenickie ) and Sally Ann Triplett ( Rizzo ) . ( Variety , Review Abroad Grease , August 2 -- August 8 , 1993 ) Other performers who played Danny were Shane Richie , Luke Goss , Ian Kelsey and Darren Day . The huge success led to the 1st National Tour featuring Shane Ritchie as Danny , Helen Way as Sandy , Toby Hinson as Vince F ontaine / Teen Angel , Ben Richards / Alex Bourne as Kenickie and Michele Hooper as Rizzo to name but a few . The original score includes four songs written for the film adaptation : `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' , `` Sandy '' , `` You 're the One That I Want '' , and the title number . The Burger Palace Boys ' name is the T - Birds in this revival . 1994 Broadway revival and U.S. tour ( edit ) After 20 previews , a Broadway revival directed and choreographed by Jeff Calhoun opened on May 11 , 1994 , at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre , where it ran for 1,505 performances . Featured were Ricky Paull Goldin ( Danny ) , Brooke Shields and Rosie O'Donnell ( Rizzo ) , Susan Wood ( Sandy ) , Hunter Foster ( Roger ) , Sam Harris ( Doody ) , Megan Mullally ( Marty ) , Heather Stokes ( Jan ) , and Billy Porter ( Teen Angel ) . A U.S. national tour of the 1994 production started in September 1994 in New Haven , Connecticut , and ran for several years . The opening tour cast included Sally Struthers ( Miss Lynch ) , who stayed with the tour for several years , Angela Pupello ( Rizzo ) , Rex Smith ( Danny ) , Trisha M. Gorman ( Sandy ) , and Davy Jones ( Vince Fontaine ) . Brooke Shields ( Rizzo ) started on the tour in November 1994 before joining the Broadway cast . Other notable performers on the tour were Micky Dolenz ( Vince Fontaine ) , Adrian Zmed ( Danny ) , Debbie Gibson , Heather Stokes , Sheena Easton , Mackenzie Phillips and Jasmine Guy ( Rizzo ) , Sutton Foster ( Sandy understudy ) and Marissa Jaret Winokur ( Jan ) , and Lucy Lawless and Linda Blair ( Rizzo , 1997 ) . 1996 U.S. tour ( edit ) This tour , produced by the Troika Organization , was a non-union bus & truck playing mostly one - nighters and split week engagements primarily in smaller markets . The production , which ran for two years , was directed by Ray DeMattis with choreography by Tony Parise and music direction by Helen Gregory . The original cast featured Randy Bobish ( Danny Zuko ) , Nicole Greenwood ( Sandy Dumbrowski ) , Gary Martin ( Kenickie ) , Christine Hudman ( Betty Rizzo ) , Timothy Quinlan ( Roger ) , Kimberly Wharton ( Jan ) , Bruce Smith ( Doody ) , Kathleen Connolly ( Frenchy ) , Jeffrey Shubart ( Sonny LaTierri ) , Laura Hornberger ( Marty ) , Debbie Damp ( Patty Simcox ) , Michael Giambrone ( Eugene Florczyk ) , Juan Betancourt ( Johnny Casino ) , Jamie Patterson ( Teen Angel ) , and Steven Sackman ( Vince Fontaine ) . Frankie Avalon starred as the Teen Angel for a one - week engagement at the Jackie Gleason Theater in Miami Beach ( December 10 -- 15 , 1996 ) . 2003 U.S. tour ( edit ) This tour was directed by Ray DeMattis and featured choreography by Christopher Gattelli . The cast starred Frankie Avalon as the Angel , with Jamey Isenor ( Danny Zuko ) and Hanna - Liina Võsa ( Sandy Dumbrowski ) , Jason Harper ( Roger ) , Danny Smith ( Sonny LaTierri ) , John Ashley ( Kenickie ) , Sarah Hubbard ( Frenchy ) , Craig McEldowney ( Doody ) , Kirsten Allyn Michaels ( Marty ) , Jaqueline Colmer ( Betty Rizzo ) , Cortney Harper ( Jan ) and Arthur J. Callahan ( Vince Fontaine ) . 2007 Broadway and London revivals ( edit ) A second Broadway revival , directed and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall , began previews at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on July 24 , 2007 and opened on August 19 , 2007 . Max Crumm and Laura Osnes were selected to portray Danny and Sandy via viewer votes cast during the run of the NBC reality series Grease : You 're the One that I Want ! . The original score includes four songs written for the film adaptation : `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' , `` Sandy '' , `` You 're the One That I Want '' , and the title number . The Burger Palace Boys ' name is the T - Birds in this revival . The production ended on January 4 , 2009 after 31 previews and 554 performances . A West End revival opened at the Piccadilly Theatre , London on August 8 , 2007 , and ran for nearly four years ( the longest running show in the Piccadilly Theatre 's history ) . The leads were similarly cast via ITV 's Grease Is the Word , with Danny Bayne and Susan McFadden playing Danny and Sandy . The production closed on April 30 , 2011 after over 1,300 performances with a U.K. tour to begin on May 6 , 2011 in Edinburgh . The UK tour features Danny Bayne as Danny , Carina Gillespie as Sandy , Ricky Rojas as Kenickie , Kate Somerset How as Rizzo , Derek Andrews as Roger , Laura Wilson as Jan , Richard Vincent as Doody , Lauren Stroud as Frenchy , Josh Dever as Sonny , Lois Urwin as Marty , Darren John as Eugene , Sammy Kelly as Patty , Jason Capewell as Teen Angel / Vince Fontaine , Nancy Hill as Miss Lynch , and Sophie Zucchini as Cha Cha . In 2017 , Grease started touring the UK again , this time starring The Wanted 's Tom Parker as Danny Zuko , BBC Over The Rainbow winner Danielle Hope as Sandy and Strictly Come Dancing 's Louisa Lytton . 2008 U.S. tour ( edit ) A U.S. national tour began on December 2 , 2008 in Providence , Rhode Island and closed on May 23 , 2010 at the Palace Theatre in Cleveland , Ohio . Taylor Hicks reprised his role as the Teen Angel after playing the part on Broadway , with Eric Schneider as Danny and Emily Padgett as Sandy . Lauren Ashley Zakrin replaced Emily Padgett as Sandy in October and Ace Young joined the tour as Danny on December 1 , 2009 . In the U.S. Tour , before the show begins , the DJ of WAXX , Vince Fontaine , plays music from the 1950s for the audience to sing . Thereafter , he reminds about safety instructions before the show begins . 2010 -- 2011 U.S. tour ( edit ) A U.S. national tour began October 12 , 2010 in Denver , Colorado and closed May 15 , 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Directed by David John O'Brien and choreographed by Joyce Chittick , the cast featured Dominic Fortuna as DJ Vince Fontaine , Alyssa Herrera as Sandy and Matt Nolan as Danny . The tour also included Patrick Cragin as Kenickie , Chris Duir as Eugene , Audrey Filson as Patty Simcox , Kelly Teal Goyette as Miss Lynch , Patrick Joyce as Sonny , Alicia Kelly as Marty , Brad Lawson as Roger , Ashley Rubin as Frenchy , Lauren Elaine Taylor as Rizzo , Lauren Turner as Jan , and Marc Winski as Doody . Chicago revival ( 2011 ) ( edit ) American Theater Company artistic director P.J. Paparelli and Grease co-creator Jim Jacobs staged the restored original version of Grease on Chicago 's North Side , starting on April 21 , 2011 and ending on August 21 , to coincide with the fortieth anniversary of the musical 's debut . This was a revival of the original 1971 version first staged at the old Kingston Mines Theatre in Chicago . Procuring the rights to the original music was , for the most part , easy , while certain legal issues were preventing this production from being staged . This production went on to win ' Best Production -- Musical ' at the 2011 Equity Joseph Jefferson Awards on November 7 , 2011 . The Original Revival Cast reconvened to perform their a cappella version of `` We Go Together , '' the finale to Act 1 in the production . Despite many nominations and personal wins for performers and designers , this is the first time in the storied history of `` Grease '' that the show itself has actually won an award . 2013 / 14 Australian production ( edit ) Produced by The Gordon Frost Organization , the revival version of the show opened at Brisbane 's Lyric Theatre on August 27 , 2013 before heading on an Australian tour . It is the first time Grease has been performed in Australia in a Proscenium Arch theatre ( as opposed to an Arena Tour ) in 22 years . The tour played seasons in Brisbane , Sydney , Melbourne , Hobart , Singapore , Perth and Adelaide . After tickets were initially released , the first season playing Brisbane was almost immediately extended due to strong ticket sales . The cast included Rob Mills ( Danny ) , Gretel Scarlett ( Sandy ) , Anthony Callea ( Johnny Casino ) , Stephen Mahy ( Kenickie ) , Lucy Maunder ( Rizzo ) , Todd McKenney ( Teen Angel ) , and Bert Newton as Vince Fontaine . 2016 Royal Caribbean ( edit ) In 2016 , Grease premiered on Royal Caribbean 's Harmony of the Seas and Independence of the Seas . The Independence of the Seas original cast included Cory Lloyd ( Danny ) , Katrina Diehm ( Sandy ) , Dominic Fortuna ( Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ) , Terry Palasz ( Miss Lynch ) , Maxim Gukhman ( Kenickie ) , Stephanie Miller ( Rizzo ) , Kristian Morse ( Roger ) , Louise Willoughby ( Jan ) , Bradley Judge ( Sonny ) , Sarah Agar ( Marty ) , Zach Sorrow ( Doody ) , Lizzie Rees ( Frenchy ) , Betty Marie Muessig ( Patty Simcox ) , Jake Sokoloff ( Eugene ) Samantha Rae Cobb ( Cha Cha ) with the ensemble played by Josh Donovan , Elijah Dillehay , Paul Flannigan , Veronica Fulton , Adam Mandela , Erica Messioner , Emily Monk and Holly Wilder . The Harmony of the Seas original cast included Joe Giacone ( Danny ) , Laura Sillett ( Sandy ) , Ross James McKnight ( Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ) , Rebecca Kelly ( Miss Lynch ) , Nick Hayes ( Kenickie ) , Sarah Drake ( Rizzo ) , Oliver Jacobson ( Roger ) , Emma Salvo ( Jan ) , Curtis Brown ( Sonny ) , Rebecca Stenhouse ( Marty ) , Mike Eborall ( Doody ) , Leigh Jacobson ( Frenchy ) , Betty Marie Muessig ( Patty Simcox ) , Sean Widener ( Eugene ) , Kayla Radam ( Cha Cha ) with the ensemble played by Jacob Bradford , Adam Crossley , Emily Dunn , Laura Jane Fenney , Lucy Fitzgerald , Matt Powell , Nathan Saxon and Charlotte Scally International productions ( edit ) There have been professional productions of Grease in Argentina ( cast : Zenon Recalde / Marisol Otero / Florencia Peña / Gustavo Monje ) , Austria ( cast : Pia Douwes , Andreas Bieber , Susanne Eisenkolb , Brian Carmack , Eric Minsk ) , Belgium , Brazil , French Canada ( a 1998 French spoken / English sung version incorporating songs from the movie starring Marina Orsini as Rizzo and Serge Postigo as Danny ) , Denmark , Estonia , Czech Republic , Colombia , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Israel , Italy , Mexico , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Pakistan , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden and Poland . In 1984 , the Mexican pop band Timbiriche , starred in the musical , with Sasha Sokol and Benny Ibarra in the leading roles , getting an overwhelming success . Also recorded a CD with musical themes ( Timbiriche Vaselina ) . Also participating the other members of Timbiriche ( Diego Schoening , Mariana Garza , Alix Bauer , Paulina Rubio and Erik Rubin ) , besides other children singers and actors like Eduardo Capetillo , Stephanie Salas , Thalía , Edith Márquez , Lolita Cortés , Hector Suarez Gomis , Usi Velasco and Angélica Ruvalcaba among others . The musical was produced by the Mexican actress and producer Julissa . In 1994 , the musical was revived at the Hidalgo Theater in Mexico City , by producers Alejandro Ibarra and Julissa . The cast included Alejandro Ibarra , Juan Carlos Casasola , and Arturo G. Alvarez , among others . In 2002 , the musical was revived in Toronto by producer Joan Mansfield . It played at the Atlantis Theatre from June 30 , 2002 -- September 2 , 2002 . The cast included Neil Hicks as Danny and Robyn Sears as Sandy . The show was produced by Mansfield through her own production company , jjazmans productions . A Spanish revival ran successfully at Teatre Victòria , Barcelona from October 3 , 2006 to January 6 , 2008 . After a short national tour , the production was transferred to Teatro Nuevo Alcalá , Madrid , where it ran from October 14 , 2008 to January 31 , 2010 and then continued touring Spain until it finally closed on August 1 , 2010 , becoming one of the Spain 's longest running production in history with 1090 performances . Directed by Ricard Reguant , the original cast included Carlos Solano ( later alternating the role with Tony Bernetti ) as Danny Zuko , María Adamuz as Sandy ( later Replaced by Edurne and Gisela ) , Elena Gadel as Betty Rizzo , Daniel Millet as Kenickie ( later replaced by Marc Parejo ) , Marisa Gerardi as Miss Lynch and Xavier Mateu as Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ( later replaced by Victor Díaz ) . In October 2015 Baleart Music ( BAM ) premiered its version of Grease at the Teatre Principal in Palma , Majorca , with Victoria Maldi as Sandy , Ricky Merino as Danny , Tamara Fajardo as Rizzo and Bernat Molina as Kenickie . The role of Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel was performed by Alex Tejedor . The New Zealand Production , based on the London West End Revival , ran at the Civic Theatre in Auckland during August 2010 . The production featured the South African cast , with Jonathan Roxmouth as Danny , Bethany Dickson as Sandy and Genna Galloway as Rizzo . A second Spanish revival directed and choreographed by Coco Comín ran at Cúpula Las Arenas , Barcelona from November 15 , 2011 to January 22 , 2012 and then was transferred to Teatro Coliseum , Madrid from March 6 , 2012 to May 6 , 2012 , before starting a national tour . The original cast included Jordi Coll as Danny Zuko , Edurne reprising the role of Sandy , Manuela Nieto as Rizzo ( later replaced by Diana Roig ) , Iván Santos as Kenickie ( later replaced by Albert Martínez ) , Patrizia Barbieri as Miss Lynch ( later replaced by Sandra de Victoria ) and Carles Torregosa as Vince Fontaine / Teen Angel ( later replaced by José Antonio Moreno ) . During the Madrid run , the singer Julio Iglesias , Jr. guest starred as Teen Angel in some performances . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Main article : Grease ( film ) The Robert Stigwood Organization adapted Grease into a feature film also entitled Grease in 1978 , directed by Randal Kleiser and choreographed by Patricia Birch , who had also choreographed the show on Broadway . In addition to Birch , three performers from the stage version carried over to the cast : Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan , John Travolta performed as lead Danny Zuko while Jeff Conaway played Kenickie , whose character was given a closer friendship to Danny than seen in the musical . Australian country / easy listening singer Olivia Newton - John was cast as Sandy ; to accommodate the casting move , the character was rewritten so that she was Australian , also adding two songs ( the big - band inspired `` You 're the One that I Want '' and ballad `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ) from John Farrar , Newton - John 's personal producer and songwriter . Other stars included Stockard Channing as Rizzo , Didi Conn as Frenchy , Dinah Manoff as Marty ( whose last name is given as Maraschino ) , Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri , Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox , Eddie Deezen as Eugene , Annette Charles as Cha - Cha , Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine , Sha - Na - Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers , and Frankie Avalon as the Teen Angel . Barry Pearl played a character named Doody that lacked much of the character 's distinctive personality . The character of Roger / Rump , along with all of his scenes and both of his songs , were written out of the film , with Putzie , a new character played by Kelly Ward , filling in gaps in the script . Miss Lynch was rewritten as a double act , with Eve Arden and Dody Goodman playing a principal and vice-principal tandem . In addition to the removal of the Roger character and specifying Sandy 's origins , the film made several other changes to the narrative and gave some unseen characters an on - screen role . Coach Calhoun , only briefly mentioned and unnamed in the musical , is portrayed by Sid Caesar . Cha - Cha 's boyfriend and the primary rival to the Greasers is named Craterface and played by Dennis Cleveland Stewart . One prominent addition to the storyline is Craterface 's pinks race against Greased Lightnin ' . One of the jocks vying for Sandy 's attention , again only mentioned briefly in the musical , appears on - screen , portrayed by Lorenzo Lamas . Grease was a major success for both Stigwood and Paramount Pictures , who re-released the film several times ; the film soundtrack made international hits out of several of the songs . Paramount also produced a sequel Grease 2 , which had no involvement from Jacobs ( who openly disapproved ) or Casey and followed a younger class of students at Rydell High School . A few supporting characters ( Frenchy , Eugene , Craterface and most of the school staff ) reprised their roles , with Birch taking on directing duties in addition to choreography , while Adrian Zmed came over from the stage version . Grease 2 was both a critical failure and , while barely profitable , a financial disappointment given the high expectations set by the original film . Television production ( edit ) Main article : Grease : Live On January 31 , 2016 , in the wake of similar productions that NBC had performed for other musicals , Fox broadcast a live production of Grease , known as Grease : Live , as a television special starring Julianne Hough , Aaron Tveit , and Vanessa Hudgens . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The musical begins with all of the cast coming to school and getting ready ( `` Grease is the word '' ) and continues with a Rydell High School Class of 1959 reunion headed by old maid English teacher , Miss Lynch , who starts off with a recitation of the school anthem ( `` Alma Mater '' ) . She welcomes former cheerleader / yearbook - editor Patty Simcox Honeywell and class valedictorian Eugene Florczyk . Eugene gives a rousing speech , mentioning that the alumni who are missing from the reunion are surely present in - spirit . Suddenly , the greaser gang known as the Burger Palace Boys ( known in later versions of the production as the `` T - Birds '' ) and their auxiliary , the `` Pink Ladies '' , appear and recite their own parody of the Rydell anthem ( `` Alma Mater ( Parody ) '' ) . In the 2007 Broadway revival , the play begins differently , taking cues from the film adaptation . Here , we are introduced to Sandy Dumbrowski and Danny Zuko spending their last day of summer romance together . Sandy asks her lover Danny , `` Is it all over ? '' , and Danny reassures her that their love has only started . Then , as this scene fades away , the other greasers take the stage and sing about their rebellious lifestyle ( `` Grease '' ) . The play fades away into Rydell High 's first day of the new school year . The Pink Ladies sit in the lunchroom , and the Burger Palace Boys sit at the entrance to the school . There is a new girl at school , Sandy Dumbrowski , who had been unjustly rejected from a Catholic school . She describes to the Pink Ladies ( Frenchy , Sandy 's new neighbor and a sweet but academically struggling aspiring beautician ; Marty , an attractive young woman who is experienced in adult vices ; Jan , a romantically frustrated and homely girl with a voracious appetite ; and Betty Rizzo , the cynical alpha female leader ) how she had a brief love affair the summer before , which ended with unresolved love . In describing the fling , Sandy focuses on the romance , while Danny exaggerates to the other Burger Palace Boys ( Doody , a young and innocent musician ; Roger , a sardonic fast food aficionado known by the rest of the cast only as `` Rump ; '' Dominic `` Sonny '' LaTierri , a trouble - making wannabe womanizer ; and Kenickie , the group 's tough - guy auto enthusiast ) regarding the physical aspects of their relationship ( `` Summer Nights '' ) . The Pink Ladies soon after realize that Sandy 's summer fling was the same Danny Zuko that attends Rydell High and arrange for the two to bump into each other at school ; the resulting meeting is tense and awkward , as Danny had previously told Sandy that he attended a private academy and does not want to admit to the Burger Palace Boys that she was the woman he was talking about . As the Burger Palace Boys leave , Sandy is heartbroken , but the Pink Ladies calm her down and invite her over to Marty 's pajama party . Shortly afterwards , the teenagers gather in the hall as Doody , the youngest Burger Palace Boy , shows off his new guitar . The rock star wannabe gives an impromptu concert in the hall ( `` Those Magic Changes '' ) . At Marty 's pajama party , the girls experiment with wine , cigarettes , and pierced ears ; and talk about boys . Marty tells about her long - distance courtship with a Marine named Freddy , which it implied she only maintains because of the lavish gifts he sends her from Japan ( `` Freddy , My Love '' ) . That same night , the Burger Palace Boys are busy stealing hubcaps and teasing Kenickie about his `` new '' used car , Greased Lightning . An unfazed Kenickie firmly believes that with some upgrades , the car will be a racing - worthy chick magnet ( `` Greased Lightnin ' '' ) . Danny sees Sandy again at her cheerleader practice , and tries to apologize for his behavior . Head cheerleader Patty Simcox interrupts and flirts with Danny . Patty informs Danny that track try - outs are nearing , and Danny tells Sandy that he will join the track team to prove that he is sophisticated . After Danny leaves , Patty and Sandy practice their cheer choreography ( `` Rydell Fight Song '' ) . The Burger Palace Boys and Pink Ladies take their newfangled portable radios for a picnic in the park . Danny reveals to the rest of the greasers that he has joined the track team , much to their dismay and skepticism . After Roger and Jan bicker about food , drink and religion , she asks him how he earned the nickname Rump ; he explains that , as `` King of the Mooners , '' he has a hobby of baring his backside to unsuspecting victims , and in the process , both reveal their affections for each other ( `` Mooning '' ) . Rizzo teases Danny for falling for a girl who resembles the excessively proper teenage ingénue , Sandra Dee , and the other greasers join in as she makes fun of Sandy , who has not arrived to the picnic yet ( `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' ) . Sandy , working on a biology assignment with Eugene , comes in just as the greasers finish making fun of her , attacks Rizzo in a fit of rage and erroneously assumes Danny is the one behind the mockery . Furious , she tells Danny that she wishes she never met him and storms out of the picnic . Danny shrugs off Sandy 's negative response , and the greasers pair off for the upcoming sock hop . Danny teases Marty for not having a date ( recommending Eugene ) , and the greasers all laugh , declaring that they will be friends no matter what ( `` We Go Together '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) It is the night of the school dance where everyone is having fun dancing in the gym ( `` Shakin ' At the High School Hop '' ) . Sandy is at home by herself , listening to the radio and crying over how much she misses Danny ( `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' ) . Meanwhile , Kenickie comes into the dance with his date , Cha - Cha DiGregorio , a sexually provocative girl from a different school known as Saint Bernadette 's . Kenickie dumps his date Cha - Cha and pairs off with Rizzo , whom Danny entered the dance contest with , leaving Danny with Cha - Cha . The MC Vince Fontaine , an enthusiastic radio disc jockey , begins the hand jive dance contest , and everyone eagerly participates as he tags the contestants out ( `` Born to Hand Jive '' ) . In the end , Danny and Cha - Cha are the winners . Amongst the awards given to the couple , Danny receives two free drive - in movie tickets . In the 2007 Broadway revival , this scene continues : Sandy shows up at the dance shortly after the awards are handed out . The attendees are leaving , and Danny does not notice Sandy when he exits the room . Sandy can not stop thinking about Danny despite how he has treated her ( `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ) . Sometime later outside of the Burger Palace hangout , Kenickie , Doody , and Sonny run into Frenchy . The boys are armed with an `` arsenal '' of household items and reveal that , to their surprise , Cha - Cha was the girlfriend of someone in the Burger Palace Boys ' rival gang , the Flaming Dukes . Cha - Cha told the Flaming Dukes about how she danced with Danny , and , as a response , the Flaming Dukes challenged the Burger Palace Boys to a rumble . Danny sprints into the scene , wearing a track suit after having joined the Rydell track team , to the disapproval and confusion of the other Burger Palace boys . Danny turns down their urgent invitation to the Flaming Dukes rumble due to time conflicts with a track race , which he sprints off to . The three remaining Burger Palace Boys go into the Burger Palace for a snack before the fight , and Frenchy laments at what to do with her life , having dropped out of beauty school in frustration at failing all of her classes . The heavenly Teen Angel appears with a chorus of back - up singing angels and tells her to return to high school ( `` Beauty School Dropout '' ) . Shortly afterwards , the three Burger Palace Boys exit the Burger Palace . They wait for the Flaming Dukes , but the rival gang never turns up . The greasers realize that Roger is missing . Just as they decide to leave , Roger finally turns up with a car antenna as his weapon , and the greasers criticize him for showing up so late with such a pathetic excuse for a weapon . Roger challenges the three Burger Palace Boys , who proceed to run off with Roger 's pants and shoes . In the next scene , Danny and Sandy are in Greased Lightning , watching a drive - in movie . Danny tells Sandy how upset his buddies are at him , and how sorry he is for his companion 's behavior during the picnic . After Danny offers Sandy his ring , he attempts to get intimate with her , but moves too fast , and she leaves . Danny misses Sandy , and wishes that they could be together again ( `` Alone at a Drive - In Movie '' or `` Sandy '' , in the 2007 Broadway revival ) . Several days later , Sandy and the greasers -- without Danny -- are having a party in Jan 's basement as Doody , on guitar , performs alongside Roger ( `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' ) . Rizzo , who missed her period , suspects she is pregnant and tells the Pink Ladies that the father is a stranger who had sex with her with a cheap , broken condom . The Burger Palace Boys offer support , which Rizzo rejects . Rizzo is left alone with Sandy , who questions Rizzo on why she rejected her friends and deduces that Kenickie was the presumptive father . Rizzo responds by saying that she is a better person than others make her out to be and that showing weakness is the worst thing she knows ( `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' ) . Rizzo leaves , and Sandy decides what she needs to do to fit in with the greasers ( `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' ( Reprise ) ) . The next day , the Burger Palace Boys are hanging out at the Burger Palace . Patty Simcox comes in , miserable and emotionally hurt . She tells them that Danny quit the track team and gave the finger to the coach . The Burger Palace Boys laugh and congratulate Danny , who returns . Sandy comes in alongside the Pink Ladies , having transformed herself into a greaser 's dream date , punching out a dismayed Patty . Danny is delighted at this change and the couple express their mutual feelings for each other ( `` All Choked Up '' or `` You 're the One That I Want '' , in the 2007 Broadway revival ) . Afterwards , the other Burger Palace Boys and Pink Ladies cheer for Danny and Sandy being together again . They happily invite Patty to watch The Mickey Mouse Club with them at Roger 's house , and she agrees . Frenchy takes a job as a makeup saleswoman at Woolworth 's , Rizzo reveals that she is not pregnant , and she and Kenickie reunite . All ends happily , and the Burger Palace Boys , the Pink Ladies , Sandy , and Patty sing about how they will always be friends to the end ( `` We Go Together '' ( Reprise ) ) . Revival changes ( edit ) Due to the popularity of the 1978 film adaptation , which made several changes to the musical 's songs and themes ( many to accommodate its casting choice for Sandy , singer Olivia Newton - John ) , the subsequent revivals adopted several of the changes made in the film , particularly the replacement of several songs , and the renaming of the Burger Palace Boys to their film name , the T - Birds . However , in the revival , the role of Sandy Dumbrowski is not changed from the original Broadway production . School version ( edit ) In order to make the original musical suitable for young performers and audiences , Jim Jacobs decided to write a `` School Version '' of the musical . This edition eliminates all of the references and uses of Cigarettes & Alcohol , as well as any swearing or bad language . Practically all of the songs have undergone changes as well ; the numbers are all shortened tremendously and edited for content / language . Some plot lines are missing from the school version , such as Rizzo 's pregnancy and her song `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' . This section is entirely cut from the script and score . The beginning of the pajama party in Marty 's bedroom is cut as well . ( In this version , the Pink Ladies do not offer Sandy cigarettes or wine . Instead it begins directly with piercing her ears . ) Overall , this version is considered to be G - rated . In addition to the removal of `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do , '' the following songs of the School Version have undergone lyric changes : `` Alma Mater Parody '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Freddy , My Love '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' The remainder of the songs have been edited severely for time , deleting several verses from the original songs . A version of the play is available that keeps some of the adult references and innuendo but excises some of the more explicit lyrics . Cast and characters ( edit ) Role Chicago world premiere ( 1971 ) Kingston Mines Theatre Company Broadway premiere ( 1972 ) Broadhurst Theatre London premiere ( 1973 ) New London Theatre Motion picture ( 1978 ) London revival ( 1993 ) Dominion Theatre Broadway revival ( 1994 ) Eugene O'Neill Theatre Broadway revival ( 2007 ) Brooks Atkinson Theatre Chicago 40th anniversary revival ( 2011 ) American Theater Company FOX television production ( 2016 ) Royal Caribbean ( 2016 ) Independence of the Seas Danny Zuko Doug Stevenson Barry Bostwick Richard Gere / Patrick Swayze John Travolta Craig McLachlan Ricky Paull Goldin Max Crumm Adrian Aguilar Aaron Tveit Cory Lloyd Sandy Dumbrowski ( renamed Olsson for the film and Young for the 2016 TV production ) Leslie Goto Carole Demas Stacey Gregg Olivia Newton - John Debbie Gibson Susan Wood Laura Osnes Kelly Davis Wilson Julianne Hough Katrina Diehm Kenickie Bruce Hickey Timothy Meyers Peter Armitage Jeff Conaway Shane Richie Jason Opsahl Matt Saldivar Tony Clarno Carlos PenaVega Xim Gukhmana Doody Jim Canning James Canning Derek James Barry Pearl John Combe Sam Harris Ryan Patrick Binder Bubba Weiler Jordan Fisher Zach Sorrow Sonny LaTierri Gerald Bolnick Jim Borrelli Doug Fisher Michael Tucci Richard Calkin Carlos Lopez José Restrepo Patrick De Nicola Andrew Call Bradley Judge Roger ( replaced with Putzie for the film ) Gary Houston Walter Bobbie Stephen Bent Kelly Ward Louis St. Louis * Drew Jaymson Hunter Foster Daniel Everidge Rob Colletti David Del Rio * Kristian Morse Betty Rizzo Susan Williams Adrienne Barbeau Jacqui - Ann Carr Stockard Channing Sally Ann Triplett Rosie O'Donnell / Brooke Shields Jenny Powers Jessica Diaz Vanessa Hudgens Stephanie Miller Frenchy Hedda Lubin Marya Small Felicity Harrison Didi Conn Jo Bingham Jessica Stone Kirsten Wyatt Jessie Fisher Carly Rae Jepsen Lizzie Rees Marty Marilu Henner Katie Hanley Hilary Labow Dinah Manoff Charlotte Avery Megan Mullally Robyn Hurder Carol Rose Keke Palmer Sarah Agar Jan Sheila Ray Ceaser Garn Stephens Colette Kelly Jamie Donnelly Liz Ewing Heather Stokes Lindsay Mendez Sadieh Rifai Kether Donohue Louise Willoughby Miss Lynch ( rewritten as Principal McGee in film and television productions ) Judy Brubaker Dorothy Leon Ann Way Eve Arden Myra Sands Marcia Lewis Susan Blommaert Peggy Roeder Ana Gasteyer Terry Palasz Eugene Florczyk ( renamed Felsnick in film ) Steve Munro Tom Harris Stephen Marsh Eddie Deezen Aidan Treays Hank Rion Jamison Scott Adam Shalzi Noah Robbins Jake Sokoloff Patty Simcox Polly Pen Ilene Kristen Claire Faulcon Bridge Susan Buckner Tamzin Outhwaite Michelle Blakely Allison Fischer Alaina Mills Elle McLemore tty Marie Muessige Vince Fontaine Mike O'Connor Don Billett Roy Desmond Edd Byrnes Gary Martin / Mike Doyle Toby Hinson Jeb Brown Michael Accardo Mario Lopez Dominic Fortuna Johnny Casino Alan Paul Steve Alder Screamin ' Scott Simon Glenn Carter Paul Castree Bryan Howard Conner Joe Jonas Charlene `` Cha - Cha '' DiGregorio Barbara Munro Kathi Moss Julie Henderson Annette Charles Heather Robbins Sandra Purpuro Natalie Hill Hannah Gomez Yvette Gonzalez - Nacer Samantha Cobb Teen Angel Mac Hamilton Alan Paul Steve Alder Frankie Avalon Andrew Kennedy / Toby Hinson Billy Porter Stephen R. Buntrock / Taylor Hicks Bryan Howard Conner Boyz II Men Dominic Fortuna * The character of Roger does not appear in the film or television versions . Putzie , a non-singing character , appears in Roger 's stead , portrayed by Kelly Ward in the film and David Del Rio in the teleplay . Roger 's songs were included on the film 's soundtrack , performed by Louis St. Louis ; they were left out of the teleplay . A number of characters in the musical are unseen characters : Freddy Strulka , Marty 's boyfriend and a member of the United States Marine Corps who showers Marty with lavish gifts from Japan ; the coach of the track team ; the Flaming Dukes , an adversary of the Burger Palace Boys who never show up to a threatened rumble ; and Mr. Drucker , a perverted economic teacher who has made passes at the Pink Ladies . In the film , the Flaming Dukes are renamed the Scorpions and have an on - screen role , as does the track coach ( who is surnamed Calhoun and is portrayed by Sid Caesar ) . Musical numbers ( edit ) 1972 production ( edit ) Act I `` Alma Mater '' -- Miss Lynch , Patty , Eugene and Company `` Alma Mater ( Parody ) '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' - Pink Ladies and Rizzo `` We Go Together '' -- Company Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Radio Singer `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop ( Reprise ) '' -- Company `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel , Frenchy and Choir `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie '' -- Danny and T - Birds `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` All Choked Up '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies and T - Birds `` We Go Together ( Reprise ) '' -- Company * The 1972 version is the standard version licensed to professionals and amateurs through Samuel French , Inc . Grease : school version ( edit ) Act I `` Alma Mater '' -- Miss Lynch , Patty , Eugene and Company `` Alma Mater ( Parody ) '' -- Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , Burger Palace Boys and Patty `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody , Burger Palace Boys and Pink Ladies `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and Burger Palace Boys `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys Act II `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Radio Singer `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- Company `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel , Frenchy and Choir `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie '' -- Danny and Burger Palace Boys `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` All Choked Up '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys `` We Go Together ( Reprise ) '' -- Company * Some aspects are not present in this edition of the play at all , including Rizzo 's pregnancy and her song `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' . Many of the musical numbers have undergone lyric changes , and have been arranged to make the songs much shorter . 1993 revival ( edit ) Act I `` Sandy '' -- Danny and Sandy `` Grease '' -- Company `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , T - Birds `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody and T - Birds `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy , Patty and Girls `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- The Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Donna Sue `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' * -- Sandy `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Sandy '' * -- Danny `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` You 're the One That I Want '' * -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies , and T - Birds `` Finale '' -- The Company 1994 revival ( edit ) Act I `` Alma Mater ( We Go Together ) '' -- Company `` We Go Together '' -- Kids , Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , Burger Palace Boys , Eugene and Patty `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody and Burger Palace Boys `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and Burger Palace Boys `` Greased Lightnin ' ( Reprise ) '' -- Rizzo and Burger Palace Boys `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` Since I Do n't Have You '' -- Sandy `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and Burger Palace Boys Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- The Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy , Jan and Radio Singers `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop ( Reprise ) '' -- Orchestra and Kids `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Johnny Casino and Company `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Alone at a Drive - in Movie '' -- Danny and Burger Palace Boys `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy and Rizzo `` Finale Medley '' ( includes `` All Choked Up '' ) -- Cast 2007 revival ( edit ) Act I `` Prologue '' -- Instrumental `` Grease '' * -- Company `` Summer Nights '' -- Sandy , Danny , Pink Ladies , T - Birds , Eugene and Patty `` Those Magic Changes '' -- Doody and T - Birds `` Freddy , My Love '' -- Marty and Pink Ladies `` Greased Lightnin ' '' -- Kenickie and T - Birds `` Rydell Fight Song '' -- Sandy and Patty `` Mooning '' -- Roger and Jan `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee '' -- Rizzo `` We Go Together '' -- Pink Ladies and T - Birds Act II `` Shakin ' at the High School Hop '' -- The Company `` It 's Raining on Prom Night '' -- Sandy and Jan `` Born to Hand Jive '' -- Vince Fontaine and Company `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' * -- Sandy `` Beauty School Dropout '' -- Teen Angel and Female Angels `` Sandy '' * -- Danny `` Rock ' N ' Roll Party Queen '' -- Doody and Roger `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' -- Rizzo `` Look at Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' -- Sandy `` You 're the One That I Want '' * -- Danny , Sandy , Pink Ladies , and T - Birds `` We Go Together ( Reprise ) '' -- Cast `` Grease Medley '' -- Cast Note * : `` Grease Medley '' is sung during the final curtain call . * The 2007 revival incorporates some changes from the popular film version . Some numbers were eliminated , and others were added to the score : `` Grease '' was written by Barry Gibb , `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' and `` You 're the One That I Want '' are written by John Farrar , and `` Sandy '' is by Louis St. Louis and Scott Simon . These additional songs require a separate license from the Robert Stigwood Organisation . Orchestration The original score calls for a piano , two tenor saxophones , bass guitar , percussion , and two guitars . The 2007 revival includes two pianos , two reeds , trombone , trumpet , guitar , bass guitar , and percussion . Awards and honors ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1972 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Choreography Patricia Birch Won Outstanding Costume Design Carrie Robbins Won Theatre World Award Adrienne Barbeau Won Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Barry Bostwick Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Timothy Meyers Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Adrienne Barbeau Nominated Best Choreography Patricia Birch Nominated Best Costume Design Carrie Robbins Nominated 1993 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Theater Choreography Arlene Philips Nominated 1994 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1994 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Sam Harris Nominated Outstanding Choreography Jeff Calhoun Nominated Theatre World Award Brooke Shields Won Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Marcia Lewis Nominated Best Choreography Jeff Calhoun Nominated 2007 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2007 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated See also ( edit ) Grease : You 're the One that I Want ! Grease : the School Musical Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defiglio , Pam ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` Debate plays on for Chicago guitarist 's induction into Taft High School 's Hall of Fame : Group wants late guitarist added to school hall of fame '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Alumni honored in Taft 's Hall of Fame include ... Jim Jacobs , who based his musical `` Grease '' on Taft High School Jupe . ^ Jump up to : Woulfe , Molly . `` ' Grease ' has deep , dark Chicago roots '' NW Times , January 2 , 2009 , retrieved January 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miller , Scott ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Inside Grease '' . New Line Theatre . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newmark , Judith ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` ' Grease ' gets the splashy Muny treatment Theater reviews '' . Stltoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Time , May 26 , 2008 , p. 51 : this musical ranked as the sixth most frequently produced musical by United States high schools in 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill.com . August 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton 's ' Thomas Kail Makes the Leap to TV for `` Bold '' Take on ' Grease : Live ' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . What we 're doing here is taking the spine of the film and then also having access to parts of the stage play . Jump up ^ http://my.chicagotribune.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-85724145/ Jump up ^ `` Bring back our own , original R - rated ' Grease ' '' . 8 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Guernsey , edited by Otis L. ( 1972 ) . The Best plays of 1971 -- 1972 . New York : Dodd , Mead . p. 492 . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06698 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Green , Stanley. `` ' Grease ' , London , 1973 '' Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre , Da Capo Press , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Hepple , Peter. `` ' Grease ' history '' glenncarter.com ( from The Stage ) , October 10 , 2002 , accessed August 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Lucy Lawless is Rizzo in Broadway 's Grease ! Musical September 1997 '' . Lucylawless.info . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2004 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grease National Tour '' . Abouttheartists.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grease ' Listing at TUTS , October 14 -- November 2 , 2003 '' HoustonTheatre.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` GREASE to Close on Broadway January 4 , 2009 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Tom. `` Review Round - Up of London Opening : Grease Not the Word for Critics '' Archived September 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Whatsonstage.com , August 9 , 2007 Jump up ^ Grease in London ThisIsTheatre.com , retrieved March 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark. `` London Production of Grease to Shutter April 30 , Prior to New U.K. Tour '' Archived January 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` ' Grease ' National Tour to Play Final Performance May 23 '' BroadwayWorld.com , accessed May 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Grease Tour , with `` American Idol '' Winner Hicks , Kicks Off Dec. 2 in RI '' Archived January 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill.com , December 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Ace Young , Allison Fischer , Laura D'Andre , Jesse JP Johnson and Jamison Scott Join GREASE TOUR '' . Broadwayworld.com . November 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert. `` ' Grease ' Returns to Its R - Rated Roots in New Chicago Production ; Jim Jacobs Explains '' Archived July 31 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , March 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Jones , Chris. `` The original , R - rated ' Grease ' comes home to Chicago '' Chicago Tribune , March 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Cameron Pegg ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Latest Grease little less slick '' . Arts . The Australian . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GREASE Cast Announced '' . Stage Whispers . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peerzada Salman ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Grease lightning '' . Dawn.Com . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vaselina 94 '' . Redteatral.net . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Support '' . Julissa.com.mx . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greasse ' Overview '' Archived April 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . lunchbox-productions.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Ward - Smythe , Kate. `` The Campest ' Grease ' Ever '' theatreview.org.nz , August 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Grease Live ! ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Orders ' Grease Live ' Broadcast for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://ststanskostka.org/wordpress/?p=5913 Jump up ^ `` Grease : School Version '' . Samuel French UK . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grease : School Version '' . Samuel French UK . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Internet Broadway Database : Grease Production Credits '' . Ibdb.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database listing , ' Grease ' , 2007 revival ibdb.com , retrieved January 26 , 2010 References ( edit ) Synopsis and other information Winer , Linda . `` Hopelessly Devoted to Grease '' , Newsday , January 7 , 2007 Understudy , Vol. 1 , September 2006 ; magazine of the Fulton Theatre , Lancaster , Pennsylvania `` The 1970s , Part I : Rock Musicals , '' John Kenrick , Musicals101.com , accessed on 19 May , 2017 , https://www.musicals101.com/1970bway1.htm Miller , Scott . `` inside GREASE . '' In Sex , Drugs , Rock & Roll , and Musicals . Lebanon , New Hampshire : University Press of New England , 2011 . http://www.newlinetheatre.com/greasechapter.html External links ( edit ) Grease at the Internet Broadway Database Grease Official website for Australian production Official website for Spanish production Official website for 2011 remake of original Kingston Mines production Ovrtur page for original Kingston Mines production Ovrtur page for 2011 remake of original Kingston Mines production New York Times review , August 20 , 2007 Grease on Floormic.com Longest - running plays on Broadway , Off - Broadway , London , Toronto , Melbourne , Paris , Vienna , and Berlin Preceded by Fiddler on the Roof Longest - running Broadway show 1979 -- 1983 Succeeded by A Chorus Line Grease Adaptations Grease ( film ) Grease 2 Grease : Live Songs `` Grease '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' `` Sandy '' `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Soundtracks / albums Grease ( film ) soundtrack Grease 2 soundtrack 2007 Broadway cast recording TV series Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! Grease Is the Word Grease : The School Musical Miscellaneous Grease ( video game ) Grease Dance Glee : The Music Presents Glease Greased Andrew Lloyd Webber musical revival search Series and contestants How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? ( 2006 ) Connie Fisher Helena Blackman Siobhan Dillon Aoife Mulholland Abi Finley Leanne Dobinson Simona Armstrong Any Dream Will Do ( 2007 ) Lee Mead Keith Jack Lewis Bradley Ben James - Ellis Daniel Boys Rob McVeigh I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 ) Jodie Prenger Jessie Buckley Samantha Barks Rachel Tucker Niamh Perry Sarah Lark Francesca Jackson Tara Bethan Over the Rainbow ( 2010 ) Danielle Hope Sophie Evans Lauren Samuels Stephanie Fearon Jessica Robinson Stephanie Davis Amy Diamond Superstar ( 2012 ) Ben Forster Special shows When Joseph Met Maria ( 2007 ) International versions United States Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! ( 2007 ) Canada How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? ( 2008 ) Over the Rainbow ( 2012 ) Belgium Op zoek naar Maria ( 2009 ) Netherlands Op zoek naar Evita ( 2007 ) Op zoek naar Joseph ( 2008 ) Op zoek naar Mary Poppins ( 2009 ) Op zoek naar Zorro ( 2011 ) Musicals The Sound of Music Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Oliver ! The Wizard of Oz Jesus Christ Superstar Grease Evita Mary Poppins Zorro GND : 300645813 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grease_(musical)&oldid=815790370 '' Categories : 1971 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Original musicals 1959 in fiction 1960 in fiction Plays set in the 1950s Plays set in the 1960s Teen musicals Grease ( musical ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 33 . 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who wrote the music and lyrics for grease
[ "Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. Named after the 1950s United States working-class youth subculture known as greasers, the musical is set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School (based on William Howard Taft School in Chicago, Illinois[1])[2] and follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of peer pressure, politics, personal core values, and love. The score borrows heavily from the sounds of early rock and roll. In its original production in Chicago, Grease was a raunchy, raw, aggressive, vulgar show. Subsequent productions sanitized it and tamed it down.[3] The show mentions social issues such as teenage pregnancy, peer pressure and gang violence; its themes include love, friendship, teenage rebellion, sexual exploration during adolescence, and, to some extent, class consciousness/class conflict. Jacobs described the show's basic plot as a subversion of common tropes of 1950s cinema, since the female lead, who in many 1950s films transformed the alpha male into a more sensitive and sympathetic character, is instead drawn into the man's influence and transforms into his fantasy.[4]" ]
[ "Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey" ]
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1985 in the United States
1985 in the United States - wikipedia 1985 in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1985 in the United States Years 1984 1985 1986 Flag 50 stars ( 1960 -- present ) Timeline of United States history History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Events from the year 1985 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Incumbents 1.1 Federal Government 1.2 Governors 1.3 Lieutenant Governors 2 Events 2.1 January 2.2 February 2.3 March 2.4 April 2.5 May 2.6 June 2.7 July 2.8 August 2.9 September 2.10 October 2.11 November 2.12 December 2.13 Undated 2.14 Ongoing 3 Births 4 Deaths 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incumbents ( edit ) Federal Government ( edit ) President : Ronald Reagan ( R - California ) Vice President : George H.W. Bush ( R - Texas ) Chief Justice : Warren E. Burger ( Minnesota ) Speaker of the House of Representatives : Tip O'Neill ( D - Massachusetts ) Senate Majority Leader : Howard Baker ( R - Tennessee ) ( until January 3 ) , Bob Dole ( R - Kansas ) ( starting January 3 ) Congress : 98th ( until January 3 ) , 99th ( starting January 3 ) ( show ) Governors and Lieutenant Governors Governors ( edit ) Governor of Alabama : George Wallace ( Democratic ) Governor of Alaska : Bill Sheffield ( Democratic ) Governor of Arizona : Bruce Babbitt ( Democratic ) Governor of Arkansas : Bill Clinton ( Democratic ) Governor of California : George Deukmejian ( Republican ) Governor of Colorado : Richard Lamm ( Democratic ) Governor of Connecticut : William A. O'Neill ( Democratic ) Governor of Delaware : Pierre S. du Pont , IV ( Republican ) ( until January 15 ) , Michael Castle ( Republican ) ( starting January 15 ) Governor of Florida : Bob Graham ( Democratic ) Governor of Georgia : Joe Frank Harris ( Democratic ) Governor of Hawaii : George Ariyoshi ( Democratic ) Governor of Idaho : John V. Evans ( Democratic ) Governor of Illinois : James R. Thompson ( Republican ) Governor of Indiana : Robert D. Orr ( Republican ) Governor of Iowa : Terry E. Branstad ( Republican ) Governor of Kansas : John W. Carlin ( Democratic ) Governor of Kentucky : Martha Layne Collins ( Democratic ) Governor of Louisiana : Edwin W. Edwards ( Democratic ) Governor of Maine : Joseph E. Brennan ( Democratic ) Governor of Maryland : Harry R. Hughes ( Democratic ) Governor of Massachusetts : Michael Dukakis ( Democratic ) Governor of Michigan : James Blanchard ( Democratic ) Governor of Minnesota : Rudy Perpich ( Democratic ) Governor of Mississippi : William Allain ( Democratic ) Governor of Missouri : Kit Bond ( Republican ) ( until January 14 ) , John Ashcroft ( Republican ) ( starting January 14 ) Governor of Montana : Ted Schwinden ( Democratic ) Governor of Nebraska : Bob Kerrey ( Democratic ) Governor of Nevada : Richard Bryan ( Democratic ) Governor of New Hampshire : John H. Sununu ( Republican ) Governor of New Jersey : Thomas Kean ( Republican ) Governor of New Mexico : Toney Anaya ( Democratic ) Governor of New York : Mario Cuomo ( Democratic ) Governor of North Carolina : Jim Hunt ( Democratic ) ( until January 5 ) , James G. Martin ( Republican ) ( starting January 5 ) Governor of North Dakota : Allen I. Olson ( Republican ) ( until January 1 ) , George A. Sinner ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of Ohio : Dick Celeste ( Democratic ) Governor of Oklahoma : George Nigh ( Democratic ) Governor of Oregon : Victor G. Atiyeh ( Republican ) Governor of Pennsylvania : Dick Thornburgh ( Republican ) Governor of Rhode Island : J. Joseph Garrahy ( Democratic ) ( until January 1 ) , Edward D. DiPrete ( Republican ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of South Carolina : Richard Riley ( Democratic ) Governor of South Dakota : William J. Janklow ( Republican ) Governor of Tennessee : Lamar Alexander ( Republican ) Governor of Texas : Mark White ( Democratic ) Governor of Utah : Scott M. Matheson ( Democratic ) ( until January 7 ) , Norman H. Bangerter ( Republican ) ( starting January 7 ) Governor of Vermont : Richard A. Snelling ( Republican ) ( until January 10 ) , Madeleine M. Kunin ( Democratic ) ( starting January 10 ) Governor of Virginia : Chuck Robb ( Democratic ) Governor of Washington : John Spellman ( Republican ) ( until January 16 ) , Booth Gardner ( Democratic ) ( starting January 16 ) Governor of West Virginia : Jay Rockefeller ( Democratic ) ( until January 14 ) , Arch A. Moore , Jr . ( Republican ) ( starting January 14 ) Governor of Wisconsin : Tony Earl ( Democratic ) Governor of Wyoming : Edgar J. Herschler ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governors ( edit ) Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : Bill Baxley ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Alaska : Stephen McAlpine ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : Winston Bryant ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of California : Leo T. McCarthy ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Nancy E. Dick ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Joseph J. Fauliso ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : Michael N. Castle ( Republican ) ( until January 15 ) , Shien Biau Woo ( Democratic ) ( starting January 15 ) Lieutenant Governor of Florida : Wayne Mixson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Georgia : Zell Miller ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii : John D. Waihee III ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : David H. Leroy ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : George H. Ryan ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : John Mutz ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : Robert T. Anderson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : Thomas R. Docking ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Steve Beshear ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : Robert `` Bobby '' Freeman ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Maryland : J. Joseph Curran ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : John Kerry ( Democratic ) ( until January 2 ) , vacant ( starting January 2 ) Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : Martha W. Griffiths ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : Marlene Johnson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Brad Dye ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : Kenneth Rothman ( Democratic ) ( until January 14 ) , Harriett Woods ( Democratic ) ( starting January 14 ) Lieutenant Governor of Montana : George Turman ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Donald F. McGinley ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Bob Cashell ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Mike Runnels ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of New York : Alfred DelBello ( Democratic ) ( until February 1 ) , vacant ( starting February 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : James C. Green ( Democratic ) ( until month and day unknown ) , Robert B. Jordan , III ( Democratic ) ( starting month and day unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Ernest Sands ( Republican ) ( until month and day unknown ) , Ruth Meiers ( Democratic ) ( starting month and day unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : Myrl H. Shoemaker ( Democratic ) ( until July 30 ) , vacant ( starting July 30 ) Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : Spencer Bernard ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : William Scranton , III ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : Thomas R. DiLuglio ( Democratic ) ( until January 1 ) , Richard A. Licht ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : Michael R. Daniel ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : Lowell C. Hansen II ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : John S. Wilder ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Texas : William P. Hobby , Jr . ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Utah : David Smith Monson ( Republican ) ( until January 7 ) , W. Val Oveson ( Republican ) ( starting January 7 ) Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Peter Plympton Smith ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : Richard Joseph Davis ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Washington : John Cherberg ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : James T. Flynn ( Democratic ) Events ( edit ) January ( edit ) Ronald Reagan , the President of the United States , began his second term on January 20 January 20 U.S. President Ronald Reagan is privately sworn in for a second term in office ( publicly sworn in , January 21 ) . Super Bowl XIX : The San Francisco 49ers defeat the Miami Dolphins 38 -- 16 at Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto , California . January 28 -- In Hollywood , California , the charity single `` We Are the World '' is recorded by USA for Africa . Like the enormously successful `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' that was recorded by Band Aid in the UK two months prior , the single raises money to combat the ongoing famine in Ethiopia . The American act consists of high - profile performers , including Michael Jackson , Lionel Richie , Tina Turner , Cyndi Lauper and Diana Ross . February ( edit ) February 5 -- Australia cancels its involvement in United States - led MX missile tests . February 9 -- U.S. drug agent Enrique Camarena is kidnapped and murdered in Mexico ( his body is discovered on March 5 ) . February 14 CNN reporter Jeremy Levin is freed from captivity in Lebanon . 21 - year - old female singer Whitney Houston releases her debut album -- Whitney Houston . March ( edit ) March 1 -- The GNU Manifesto by Richard Stallman is published for the first time . March 4 -- The Food and Drug Administration approves a blood test for AIDS , used since then to screen all blood donations in the United States . March 6 -- Mike Tyson makes his professional debut in Albany , New York , a match which he wins by a first - round knockout . March 8 -- A car bomb planted in Beirut by CIA mercenaries attempts to kill Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah and kills more than eighty people , injuring 200 . March 16 -- Associated Press newsman Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut ( he is eventually released on December 4 , 1991 ) . March 25 -- The 57th Academy Awards are held in Los Angeles , California with Amadeus winning Best Picture . March 31 -- WrestleMania debuts at Madison Square Garden . April ( edit ) National Archives and Records Administration established as an independent federal agency . April 1 -- Eighth seeded Villanova defeats national powerhouse Georgetown 66 -- 64 to win the first 64 team field NCAA Tournament in Lexington , Kentucky . April 11 -- The USS Coral Sea collides with the Ecuadorian tanker ship Napo off the coast of Cuba . April 12 -- 1985 El Descanso bombing : A terrorist bombing attributed to the Islamic Jihad Organization in the El Descanso restaurant near Madrid , Spain , mostly attended by U.S. personnel of the Torrejon Air Force Base , causes eighteen dead ( all Spaniards ) and 82 injured . April 23 -- Coca - Cola changes it 's recipe and releases New Coke . The response is overwhelmingly negative , and the original formula is back on the market within less than three months . May ( edit ) May 5 -- U.S. President Ronald Reagan joins West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl for a controversial funeral service at a cemetery in Bitburg , Germany , which includes the graves of 59 elite S.S. troops from World War II . May 11 -- The FBI brings charges against the suspected heads of the five Mafia families in New York City . May 13 -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mayor Wilson Goode orders police to storm the radical group MOVE 's headquarters to end a stand - off . The police drop an explosive device into the headquarters , killing eleven members of MOVE and destroying the homes of 61 city residents in the resulting fire . May 15 -- An explosive device sent by the Unabomber injures John Hauser at UC Berkeley . May 19 -- John Anthony Walker Jr. , is arrested by the FBI for passing classified Naval communications onto the Soviets . May 31 -- Forty - one tornadoes hit in Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York and Ontario , killing 76 people . June ( edit ) June 9 -- Los Angeles Lakers win the NBA championship . June 13 -- In Auburn , Washington , police defuse a Unabomber bomb sent to Boeing . June 14 -- TWA Flight 847 , carrying 153 passengers from Athens to Rome , is hijacked by a Hezbollah fringe group . One passenger , U.S. Navy Petty Officer Robert Stethem , is killed . June 17 -- John Hendricks launches the Discovery Channel in the United States . June 24 -- STS - 51 - G : Space Shuttle Discovery completes it 's mission , best remembered for having Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , the first Arab and first Muslim in space , as a Payload Specialist . June 26 -- The Walt Disney World Resort Monorail Gold catches fire on the EPCOT beam around 9 : 00p. m , due to friction caused by a flat tyre . June 27 -- U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned . July ( edit ) July 13 : Live Aid in Philadelphia July 3 -- Back to the Future opens in American theatres and ends up being the highest - grossing film of 1985 in the United States , and the first film in the successful franchise . July 13 Live Aid pop concerts in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and London raise over £ 50,000,000 for famine relief in Ethiopia . U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush serves as Acting President for eight hours , while President Ronald W. Reagan undergoes colon cancer surgery . July 19 -- U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush announces that New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe will become the first school teacher to ride aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger . July 20 -- The main ship wreck site of the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha ( which sank in 1622 ) is found forty miles off the coast of Key West , Florida by treasure hunters who begin to excavate $400,000,000 in coins and silver . July 24 -- Commodore launches the Amiga personal computer at the Lincoln Center in New York City . August ( edit ) August 2 -- Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashes near Dallas , Texas , killing 137 people . August 4 -- Major League Baseball player Rod Carew of the California Angels becomes the sixteenth player to achieve 3,000 hits in a career . August 25 -- Samantha Smith , `` Goodwill Ambassador '' between the Soviet Union and the United States for writing a letter to Yuri Andropov about nuclear war , and eventually visiting the Soviet Union at Andropov 's request , dies in the Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 plane crash . She was thirteen years old . August 31 -- Richard Ramirez , the serial killer known as the Night Stalker , is captured in Los Angeles . September ( edit ) September 6 -- Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105 , a Douglas DC - 9 , crashes just after takeoff from Milwaukee , Wisconsin , killing 31 people . October ( edit ) October 4 -- The Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts , USA . October 7 The cruise ship Achille Lauro is hijacked in the Mediterranean Sea by four heavily armed Palestinian terrorists . One passenger , American Leon Klinghoffer , is killed . The Mameyes landslide kills close to three hundred people in the worst ever landslide in North American history . October 18 -- The Nintendo Entertainment System is released in U.S. stores . November ( edit ) November 15 -- In separate events , mail bombs kill two people in Salt Lake City , Utah ; a third bomb explodes the next day , injuring career counterfeiter Mark Hofmann . The ensuing police investigation leads to the arrest of Hofmann for the two murders . November 18 -- The comic strip Calvin and Hobbes debuts in 35 newspapers . November 19 -- Cold War : In Geneva , U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time . November 20 -- Microsoft Corporation releases the first version of Windows , Windows 1.0 . November 26 -- U.S. President Ronald Reagan sells the rights to his autobiography to Random House for a record US $3,000,000 . December ( edit ) December 1 -- The Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable are released for sale to the public . December 12 -- Arrow Air Flight 1285 , a Douglas DC - 8 , crashes after takeoff in Gander , Newfoundland , killing 256 , 248 of whom were U.S. servicemen returning to Fort Campbell , Kentucky from overseeing a peacekeeping force in Sinai . December 16 -- In New York City , Mafia bosses Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti are shot dead in front of Spark 's Steak House , making hit organizer John Gotti the leader of the powerful Gambino crime family . December 24 -- Right wing extremist David Lewis Rice murders civil rights attorney Charles Goldmark as well as Goldmark 's wife and two children in Seattle . Rice suspected the family of being both Jewish and Communist , and claimed his dedication to the Christian Identity movement drove him to the crime . December 27 -- American naturalist Dian Fossey is found murdered in Rwanda . December 31 -- The last issue of The Columbus Citizen - Journal is circulated . Undated ( edit ) `` The Year of the Spy '' , name given by media to 1985 because of large number of foreign spies arrested in the United St . 1985 Recordings which raised funds for famine relief USA for Africa ( `` We Are the World '' ) and Live Aid NeXT is founded by Steve Jobs after he resigns from Apple Computer . The Tommy Hilfiger brand is established . The Asian tiger mosquito , an invasive species , is first found in Houston , Texas . Ongoing ( edit ) Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Iran -- Contra affair ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Births ( edit ) January 11 -- Aja Naomi King , actress January 29 -- Mikey Hachey , bass player February 6 -- Crystal Reed , actress February 7 -- Deborah Ann Woll , actress February 19 Haylie Duff , actress , singer , and songwriter Arielle Kebbel , actress February 22 -- Sean Garballey , politician March 15 -- Eva Amurri , actress and daughter of Susan Sarandon and Franco Amurri March 21 -- Sonequa Martin - Green , actress and producer March 26 -- Jonathan Groff , actor and singer March 31 -- Jessica Szohr , actress April 15 Chris Cates , baseball player John Danks , baseball player Aaron Laffey , baseball player April 17 -- Rooney Mara , actress May 8 -- Usama Young , American football player May 12 -- Tally Hall , soccer player June 6 -- Chris Henry , American football player June 25 -- Annaleigh Ashford , actress and singer June 30 Michael Phelps , swimmer Cody Rhodes , wrestler June 24 -- Jandy Nelson , writer June 28 -- Cory Blair , rugby player July 2 -- Ashley Tisdale , actress , singer , and producer August 9 -- Anna Kendrick , actress and singer August 15 -- Emily Kinney , actress , singer , and songwriter August 16 -- Cristin Milioti , actress and singer August 27 -- Kayla Ewell , actress August 29 -- Marc Rzepczynski , baseball player October 8 -- Bruno Mars , singer - songwriter , producer , and actor October 11 -- Michelle Trachtenberg , actress , producer , and singer October 28 -- Troian Bellisario , actress and daughter of Donald P. Bellisario November 12 -- Arianny Celeste , model and actress November 15 -- Charron Fisher , basketball player November 25 -- Dan Carpenter , American football player November 30 Kaley Cuoco , actress Chrissy Teigen , model December 1 -- Janelle Monáe , singer , songwriter , actress , and model December 3 -- Amanda Seyfried , actress , singer , and songwriter December 5 -- Frankie Muniz , actor , musician , writer , producer and racecar driver December 21 -- James Stewart , Jr. , motorcycle racer December 26 -- Beth Behrs , actress Deaths ( edit ) See also : Deaths in 1985 February 21 -- John G. Trump , American electrical engineer , inventor , and physicist ( b . 1907 ) February 22 -- Alexander Scourby , actor ( born 1913 ) March 13 -- Annette Hanshaw , singer ( b . 1901 ) April 1 -- Douglass Wallop , author and playwright ( b . 1920 ) October 2 -- Rock Hudson , actor ( b . 1925 ) October 10 Yul Brynner , Russian - born American actor ( b . 1920 ) Orson Welles , actor and director ( born 1915 ) November 16 -- John Sparkman , United States Senator from Alabama from 1946 till 1979 . ( b . 1899 ) November 25 -- Ray Jablonski , American baseball player ( b . 1926 ) See also ( edit ) 1985 in American television List of American films of 1985 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kifner , John ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) . `` U.S. TV Reporter Free In Lebanon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Milestones of the U.S. Archival Profession and the National Archives , 1800 - 2011 '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 1985 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 1985 in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985_in_the_United_States&oldid=797212623 '' Categories : 1985 in the United States 1985 by country Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 16 : 43 . 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who was the president of the united states back in 1985
[ "President: Ronald Reagan (R-California)" ]
[ "Ronald Reagan" ]
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List of United Nations organizations by location
List of United Nations organizations by location - wikipedia List of United Nations organizations by location Jump to : navigation , search The Palace of Nations . The United Nations Office at Geneva ( Switzerland ) is the second most important UN centre , after the United Nations Headquarters . While the Secretariat of the United Nations is headquartered in New York City , its many bodies , specialized agencies and related organizations are situated in other parts of the world , particularly in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 1.1 Europe 1.2 North America 1.3 South America 1.4 Africa 1.5 Middle East 1.6 Asia 2 Statistics 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Locations ( edit ) Country City Organizations Europe ( edit ) Austria Vienna Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission International Atomic Energy Agency Office for Outer Space Affairs United Nations Commission on International Trade Law United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Office at Vienna United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations Postal Administration United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Denmark Copenhagen Inter-Agency Procurement Services Office France Paris International Institute for Educational Planning United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization Germany Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Volunteers United Nations Platform for Space - based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response World Volunteer Web Italy Rome Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security World Food Programme Trieste Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology International Centre for Science and High Technology Turin United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute International Training Centre of the ILO United Nations System Staff College Malta Valletta International Institute on Ageing Netherlands The Hague International Court of Justice International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( working relationship with United Nations ) Norway Oslo United Nations Common Supplier Database Spain Madrid United Nations World Tourism Organization Sweden Malmö World Maritime University Switzerland Berne Universal Postal Union Geneva Economic Commission for Europe Global Programme on Globalization , Liberalization and Sustainable Human Development High Level Committee on Management High Level Committee on Programmes International Bureau of Education International Computing Centre International Labour Organization International Organization for Migration International Strategy for Disaster Reduction International Telecommunication Union International Trade Centre Joint Inspection Unit Joint Inter-Agency Meeting on Computer - Assisted Translation and Terminology Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ReliefWeb United Nations Compensation Commission United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research United Nations Institute for Training and Research United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service United Nations Office at Geneva United Nations Research Institute for Social Development United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition World Health Organization World Intellectual Property Organization World Meteorological Organization World Trade Organization United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Kingdom London International Maritime Organization North America ( edit ) Canada Montreal International Civil Aviation Organization Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat Dominican Republic Santo Domingo International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women Jamaica Kingston International Seabed Authority United States New York City United Nations Security Council Former Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality Inter-Agency Working Group on Evaluation International Civil Service Commission Panel of External Auditors of the United Nations the Specialized Agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Board of Auditors United Nations Capital Development Fund United Nations Children 's Fund United Nations Communications Group United Nations CyberSchoolBus United Nations Development Fund for Women United Nations Development Group United Nations Development Programme United Nations Fund for International Partnerships United Nations Geographic Information Working Group United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force United Nations International School United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund United Nations Mine Action Service United Nations Office for Project Services United Nations Population Fund United Nations Resident Coordinators Network United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination WomenWatch Washington , D.C. International Monetary Fund United Nations Atlas of the Oceans World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency South America ( edit ) Chile Santiago Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Costa Rica Ciudad Colón ( University for Peace ) ( associated ) Africa ( edit ) Kenya Nairobi United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations Office at Nairobi Ethiopia Addis Ababa Economic Commission for Africa Tanzania Arusha International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Middle East ( edit ) Jordan Amman United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East ( co-located in the Gaza Strip ) Lebanon Beirut Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Asia ( edit ) Japan Tokyo United Nations University Macau São Lázaro United Nations University Institute on Computing and Society Thailand Bangkok Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Statistics ( edit ) Relative sizes of the main offices of the United Nations ( in 2015 ) Location Number of employees in offices of the United Nations New York City 10,000 Geneva 9,800 Nairobi 4,000 Vienna 4,000 Rome 3,200 Copenhagen 1,350 See also ( edit ) United Nations United Nations System List of United Nations Organizations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Le Temps , Friday 3 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Main UN Offices Worldwide UN System of Organisations ( hide ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Peter Thomson , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture United Nations portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location&oldid=788011212 '' Categories : United Nations properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 23 : 24 . About Wikipedia
where is the headquater of the united nations situated
[ "While the Secretariat of the United Nations is headquartered in New York City, its many bodies, specialized agencies and related organizations are situated in other parts of the world, particularly in Europe." ]
[ "New York City" ]
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List of Quantum Leap episodes
List of quantum Leap episodes - wikipedia List of quantum Leap episodes Jump to : navigation , search Quantum Leap is an American television series that first aired on NBC from March 1989 to May 1993 . The series was created by Donald P. Bellisario , and stars Scott Bakula as Dr. Sam Beckett . This list is in chronological order of broadcasts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1989 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1989 -- 1990 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 1991 -- 1992 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release date First aired Last aired Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 9 March 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 26 ) May 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 17 ) June 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 08 ) November 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 08 ) May 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 02 ) 22 September 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 20 ) May 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 09 ) December 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) October 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 31 ) February 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) 22 September 28 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 28 ) May 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 22 ) May 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) May 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) June 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 07 ) 22 September 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 18 ) May 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 20 ) March 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 28 ) June 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 ) 5 22 September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) May 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 05 ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) December 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 26 ) February 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1989 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 1 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Prod . code `` Genesis '' David Hemmings Donald P. Bellisario Edwards Air Force Base , Blockfield , California September 13 , 1956 / Waco , Texas Summer 1968 March 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 26 ) 83549 `` Star - Crossed '' Mark Sobel Deborah Pratt Marion , Ohio June 15 , 1972 March 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 31 ) 65003 `` The Right Hand of God '' Gilbert Shilton John Hill Sacramento , California October 24 , 1974 April 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 07 ) 65002 5 5 `` How the Tess Was Won '' Ivan Dixon Deborah Arakelian Texas August 5 , 1956 April 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 14 ) 65004 6 6 `` Double Identity '' Aaron Lipstadt Donald Bellisario Brooklyn , New York November 8 , 1965 April 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 21 ) 65001 7 7 `` The Color of Truth '' Michael Vejar Deborah Pratt Alabama August 8 , 1955 May 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 03 ) 65013 8 8 `` Kamikazi Kid '' Alan J. Levi Paul Brown Los Angeles , California June 6 , 1961 May 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 10 ) 65014 9 9 `` Play It Again , Seymour '' Aaron Lipstadt Story by : Donald Bellisario , Scott Shepard & Tom Blomquist Teleplay by : Donald Bellisario & Scott Shepard New York City , New York April 14 , 1953 May 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 17 ) 65009 Season 2 ( 1989 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 2 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Production code 10 `` Honeymoon Express '' Aaron Lipstadt Donald P. Bellisario 1957 / New York , New York April 27 , 1960 September 20 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 20 ) 65411 11 `` Disco Inferno '' Gilbert M. Shilton Paul Brown Burbank , California April 1 , 1976 September 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 27 ) 65401 12 `` The Americanization of Machiko '' Gilbert M. Shilton Charlie Coffey Oak Creek , Ohio August 4 , 1953 October 11 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ) 65406 13 `` What Price Gloria ? '' Alan J. Levi Deborah Pratt Detroit , Michigan October 16 , 1961 October 25 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 25 ) 65017 14 5 `` Blind Faith '' David G. Phinney Scott Shepard New York , New York February 6 , 1964 November 1 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 01 ) 65402 15 6 `` Good Morning , Peoria '' Michael Zinberg Chris Ruppenthal Peoria , Illinois September 9 , 1959 November 8 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 08 ) 65408 16 7 `` Thou Shalt Not ... '' Randy Roberts Tammy Ader Los Angeles , California February 2 , 1974 November 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 15 ) 65409 17 8 `` Jimmy '' James Whitmore , Jr . Paul M. Belous & Robert Wolterstorff Oakland , California October 14 , 1964 November 22 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 22 ) 65407 18 9 `` So Help Me God '' Andy Cadiff Deborah Pratt Louisiana July 29 , 1957 November 29 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 29 ) 65410 19 10 `` Catch A Falling Star '' Donald Bellisario Paul Brown Syracuse , New York May 21 , 1979 December 6 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 06 ) 65413 20 11 `` A Portrait for Troian '' Michael Zinberg Story by : John Hill & Scott Shepard Teleplay by : Donald Bellisario & Scott Shepard Near Los Angeles , California February 7 , 1971 December 13 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 13 ) 65409 21 12 `` Animal Frat '' Gilbert M. Shilton Chris Ruppenthal Meeks College in California October 19 , 1967 January 3 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 03 ) 65417 22 13 `` Another Mother '' Joseph L. Scanlan Deborah Pratt Scottsdale , Arizona September 30 , 1981 January 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 10 ) 65415 23 14 `` All - Americans '' John Cullum Paul Brown & Donald P. Bellisario Woodland Hills , California November 6 , 1962 January 17 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 17 ) 65418 24 15 `` Her Charm '' Christopher T. Welch Story by : Donald Bellisario , Deborah Pratt , Paul M. Belous & Robert Wolterstorff Teleplay by : Donald Bellisario & Deborah Pratt Boston , Massachusetts September 26 , 1973 February 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 07 ) 65416 25 16 `` Freedom '' Alan J. Levi Chris Ruppenthal Nevada November 22 , 1970 February 14 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 14 ) 65423 26 17 `` Good Night , Dear Heart '' Christopher T. Welch Paul Brown Riven Rock , Massachusetts November 9 , 1957 March 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 07 ) 65424 27 18 `` Pool Hall Blues '' Joe Napolitano Randy Holland Chicago , Illinois September 4 , 1954 March 14 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 14 ) 65422 28 19 `` Leaping in Without a Net '' Christopher T. Welch Tommy Thompson Near Denver , Colorado November 18 , 1958 March 28 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 28 ) 65421 29 20 `` Maybe Baby '' Michael Zinberg Julie Brown & Paul Brown Texas March 11 , 1963 April 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 04 ) 65428 30 21 `` Sea Bride '' Joe Napolitano Deborah Pratt RMS Queen Mary in the Upper New York Bay June 3 , 1954 May 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 02 ) 65430 31 22 `` M.I.A. '' Micheael Zinberg Donald Bellisario San Diego , California April 1 , 1969 May 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 09 ) 65412 Season 3 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 3 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Production code 32 `` The Leap Home ( Part 1 ) '' Joe Napolitano Donald P. Bellisario Elk Ridge , Indiana November 25 , 1969 September 28 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 28 ) 66401 33 `` The Leap Home ( Part 2 ) -- Vietnam '' Michael Zinberg Donald P. Bellisario Vietnam April 7 , 1970 October 5 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 05 ) 66402 34 `` Leap of Faith '' James Whitmore , Jr . Story by : Nick Harding , Karen Hall and Tommy Thompson Teleplay by : Tommy Thompson Philadelphia , Pennsylvania August 19 , 1963 October 12 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 12 ) 66408 35 `` One Strobe over the Line '' Michael Zinberg Chris Ruppenthal New York City June 15 , 1965 October 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 19 ) 66409 36 5 `` The Boogieman '' Joe Napolitano Chris Ruppenthal Coventry , Maine October 31 , 1964 October 26 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 26 ) 66410 37 6 `` Miss Deep South '' Christopher T. Welch Tommy Thompson Louisiana June 7 , 1958 November 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 02 ) 66406 38 7 `` Black on White on Fire '' Joe Napolitano Deborah Pratt Watts , Los Angeles , California August 11 , 1965 November 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 09 ) 66403 39 8 `` The Great Spontini '' James Whitmore , Jr . Cristy Dawson & Beverly Bridges Oakland , California May 9 , 1974 November 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 16 ) 66412 40 9 `` Rebel Without a Clue '' James Whitmore , Jr . Story by : Nick Harding & Paul Brown Teleplay by : Randy Holland & Paul Brown Near Big Sur , California September 1 , 1958 November 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 30 ) 66407 41 10 `` A Little Miracle '' Michael Watkins Story by : Sandy Fries Teleplay by : Sandy Fries and Robert A. Wolterstorff New York , New York December 24 , 1962 December 21 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 21 ) 66414 42 11 `` Runaway '' Michael Katleman Paul Brown Carbon County , Wyoming July 4 , 1964 January 4 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 04 ) 66405 43 12 `` 81⁄2 Months '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Claremore , Oklahoma November 15 , 1955 March 6 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 06 ) 66421 44 13 `` Future Boy '' Michael Switzer Tommy Thompson St. Louis , Missouri October 6 , 1957 March 13 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 13 ) 66417 45 14 `` Private Dancer '' Debbie Allen Paul Brown New York City October 6 , 1979 March 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 20 ) 66416 46 15 `` Piano Man '' James Whitmore , Jr . Ed Scharlach Tularosa , New Mexico November 10 , 1985 March 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 27 ) 66419 47 16 `` Southern Comforts '' Chris Ruppenthal Tommy Thompson New Orleans , Louisiana August 4 , 1961 April 3 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 03 ) 64422 48 17 `` Glitter Rock '' Andy Cadiff Chris Ruppenthal Detroit , Michigan April 12 , 1974 April 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 10 ) 64404 49 18 `` A Hunting We Will Go '' Andy Cadiff Beverly Bridges Arkansas June 18 , 1976 April 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 18 ) 66424 50 19 `` Last Dance Before An Execution '' Michael Watkins Story by : Bill Bigelow , Donald Bellisario & Deborah Pratt Teleplay by : Deborah Pratt Tallahassee , Florida May 12 , 1971 May 1 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 01 ) 66421 51 20 `` Heart of a Champion '' Joe Napolitano Tommy Thompson Atlanta , Georgia July 23 , 1955 May 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 08 ) 66425 52 21 `` Nuclear Family '' James Whitmore , Jr . Paul Brown Homestead , Florida October 26 , 1962 May 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 15 ) 66426 53 22 `` Shock Theater '' Joe Napolitano Deborah Pratt Havenwell , Pennsylvania October 3 , 1954 May 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 22 ) 66428 Season 4 ( 1991 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 4 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Production code 54 `` The Leap Back '' Michael Zinberg Donald P. Bellisario Crown Point , Indiana June 15 , 1945 September 18 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 18 ) 67303 55 `` Play Ball '' Joe Napolitano Tommy Thompson Galveston , Texas August 6 , 1961 September 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 25 ) 67305 56 `` Hurricane '' Michael Watkins Chris Ruppenthal Jackson Point , Mississippi August 17 , 1969 October 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 02 ) 67306 57 `` Justice '' Rob Bowman Toni Graphia Alabama May 11 , 1965 October 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 09 ) 67309 58 5 `` Permanent Wave '' Scott Bakula Beverly Bridges Beverly Hills , California June 2 , 1983 October 16 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 16 ) 67302 59 6 `` Raped '' Michael Zinberg Beverly Bridges Mill Valley , California June 20 , 1980 October 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 30 ) 67312 60 7 `` The Wrong Stuff '' Joe Napolitano Paul Brown Cape Canaveral , Florida January 24 , 1961 November 6 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 06 ) 67308 61 8 `` Dreams '' Anita W. Addison Deborah Pratt Malibu , California February 28 , 1979 November 13 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) 67320 62 9 `` A Single Drop of Rain '' Virgil W. Vogel Story by : Donald Bellisario , Ralph Meyering , Jr . & Richard C. Okie Teleplay by : Richard C. Okie Clover Bend , Texas September 7 , 1953 November 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 20 ) 67317 63 10 `` Unchained '' Michael Watkins Paris Qualles Talawaga County , Alabama November 2 , 1956 November 27 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 27 ) 67314 64 11 `` The Play 's the Thing '' Eric Laneuville Beverly Bridges New York City September 9 , 1969 January 8 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 08 ) 67301 65 12 `` Running For Honor '' Bob Hulme Bobby Duncan Near Lakeside , Macomb County , Michigan June 11 , 1964 January 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 15 ) 67319 66 13 `` Temptation Eyes '' Christopher Hibler Paul Brown San Francisco February 1 , 1985 January 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 22 ) 67322 67 14 `` The Last Gunfighter '' Joe Napolitano Story by : Sam Rolfe Teleplay by : Sam Rolfe & Chris Ruppenthal Coffin , Arizona November 28 , 1957 January 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 29 ) 67318 68 15 `` A Song for the Soul '' Michael Watkins Deborah Pratt Chicago , Illinois April 7 , 1963 February 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 26 ) 67304 69 16 `` Ghost Ship '' Anita W. Addison Donald Bellisario & Paris Qualles Bermuda Triangle August 13 , 1956 March 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 04 ) 67307 70 17 `` Roberto ! '' Scott Bakula Chris Ruppenthal Destiny , New Mexico January 27 , 1982 March 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 11 ) 67326 71 18 `` It 's A Wonderful Leap '' Paul Brown Story by : Danielle Alexandra Teleplay by : Danielle Alexandra & Paul Brown New York City May 10 , 1958 April 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 01 ) 67324 72 19 `` Moments to Live '' Joe Napolitano Tommy Thompson Los Angeles , California May 4 , 1985 April 8 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 08 ) 67325 73 20 `` The Curse of Ptah - Hotep '' Joe Napolitano Chris Ruppenthal Saqqara , Egypt March 2 , 1957 April 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 22 ) 67328 74 21 `` Stand Up '' Michael Zinberg Deborah Pratt Glendale , Arizona April 30 , 1959 May 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) 67315 75 22 `` A Leap for Lisa '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald Belllisario San Diego Naval Air Station , California June 25 , 1957 May 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 20 ) 67329 Season 5 ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Main article : Quantum Leap ( season 5 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Leap location & date Original air date Prod . code 76 `` Lee Harvey Oswald ( Part 1 ) -- Leaping on a String '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald P. Bellisario Dallas , Texas March 21 , 1963 / Atsugi , Kanagawa , Japan October 5 -- 7 , 1957 / Tustin , California January 6 , 1959 September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) 68102A 77 `` Lee Harvey Oswald ( Part 2 ) -- Leap to Judgement '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald P. Bellisario Lubyanka in Moscow , Russia October 21 , 1959 / Dallas , Texas April 10 , 1963 / New Orleans , Louisiana August 9 , 1963 / Dallas , Texas November 21 -- 22 , 1963 September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) 68102B 78 `` Leaping of the Shrew '' Alan J. Levi Robin Jill Bernheim & Richard C. Okie Aegean Sea September 27 , 1956 September 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 29 ) 68104 79 `` Nowhere to Run '' Alan J. Levi Tommy Thompson San Diego , California August 10 , 1968 October 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) 68103 80 5 `` Killin ' Time '' Michael Watkins Tommy Thompson Pine County , Oklahoma June 18 , 1958 October 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 68116 81 6 `` Star Light , Star Bright '' Christopher Hibler Richard C. Okie Charlemont , Massachusetts May 21 , 1966 October 27 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 27 ) 68101 82 7 `` Deliver Us From Evil '' Bob Hulme Deborah Pratt , Robin Jill Bernheim & Tommy Thompson Oakland , California March 19 , 1966 November 10 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 10 ) 68109 83 8 `` Trilogy ( Part 1 ) -- One Little Heart '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Pottersville , Louisiana August 8 , 1955 November 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 17 ) 68105 84 9 `` Trilogy ( Part 2 ) -- For Your Love '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Pottersville , Louisiana June 14 , 1966 November 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 24 ) 68112 85 10 `` Trilogy ( Part 3 ) -- The Last Door '' James Whitmore , Jr . Deborah Pratt Baton Rouge , Louisiana July 28 , 1978 November 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 24 ) 68113 86 11 `` Promised Land '' Scott Bakula Gillian Horvath & Tommy Thompson Elk Ridge , Indiana December 22 , 1971 December 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 15 ) 68110 87 12 `` A Tale of Two Sweeties '' Christopher Hibler Robin Jill Bernheim Pompano Beach Airpark , Florida February 25 , 1958 January 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 05 ) 67301 88 13 `` Liberation '' Bob Hulme Chris Abbott & Deborah Pratt Connecticut October 16 , 1968 January 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 12 ) 68108 89 14 `` Dr. Ruth '' Stuart Margolin Robin Jill Bernheim Manhattan , New York April 25 , 1985 January 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 19 ) 68114 90 15 `` Blood Moon '' Alan J. Levi Tommy Thompson Outside of London , England March 10 , 1975 February 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 09 ) 68117 91 16 `` Return of the Evil Leaper '' Harvey Laidman Richard C. Okie North Falls , New York October 8 , 1956 February 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) 68124 92 17 `` Revenge of the Evil Leaper '' Debbie Allen Deborah Pratt Mallard , Ohio September 16 , 1987 February 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) 68125 93 18 `` Goodbye Norma Jean '' Christopher Hibler Richard C. Okie Hollywood , California April 4 , 1960 March 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 02 ) 68115 94 19 `` The Beast Within '' Gus Trikonis John D'Aquino Washington State November 6 , 1972 March 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 16 ) 68122 95 20 `` The Leap Between The States '' David Hemmings Richard C. Okie Mansfield County , Virginia September 20 , 1862 March 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 30 ) 68121 96 21 `` Memphis Melody '' James Whitmore , Jr . Robin Jill Bernheim Memphis , Tennessee July 3 , 1954 April 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 20 ) 67325 97 22 `` Mirror Image '' James Whitmore , Jr . Donald Bellisario Cokeburg , Pennsylvania August 8 , 1953 / San Diego , California April 3 , 1969 May 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 05 ) 68126 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005JM3A Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00061S0BY Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0002NY81C Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000B73H8O Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007UDCX0 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000BRPX5O Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000CQM4YM Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000FFJVJ6 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000HT3Q2I Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000JJ7C1M Jump up ^ http://thumbs.worthpoint.com/zoom/images2/1/0716/14/vintage-original-1988-quantum-leap_1_300f7c4c9039c0abebf63236c2d097da.jpg External links ( edit ) Quantum Leap on IMDb ( hide ) Quantum Leap Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Good Night , Dear Heart '' `` Pool Hall Blues '' Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Sam Beckett Al Calavicci Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Quantum_Leap_episodes&oldid=798760155 '' Categories : Drama television navigational boxes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Time travel television episodes Quantum Leap Hidden categories : Pages with disallowed DISPLAYTITLE modifications Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Magyar Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 17 : 32 . 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how many episodes are there in quantum leap
[ "\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nLeap location & date\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\n\n\n76\n1\n\"Lee Harvey Oswald (Part 1)\n– Leaping on a String\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDonald P. Bellisario\nDallas, Texas\nMarch 21, 1963 /\nAtsugi, Kanagawa, Japan\nOctober 5–7, 1957 /\nTustin, California\nJanuary 6, 1959\nSeptember 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)\n68102A\n\n\n77\n2\n\"Lee Harvey Oswald (Part 2)\n– Leap to Judgement\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDonald P. Bellisario\nLubyanka in Moscow, Russia\nOctober 21, 1959 /\nDallas, Texas\nApril 10, 1963 /\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nAugust 9, 1963 /\nDallas, Texas\nNovember 21–22, 1963\nSeptember 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)\n68102B\n\n\n78\n3\n\"Leaping of the Shrew\"\nAlan J. Levi\nRobin Jill Bernheim\n& Richard C. Okie\nAegean Sea\nSeptember 27, 1956\nSeptember 29, 1992 (1992-09-29)\n68104\n\n\n79\n4\n\"Nowhere to Run\"\nAlan J. Levi\nTommy Thompson\nSan Diego, California\nAugust 10, 1968\nOctober 6, 1992 (1992-10-06)\n68103\n\n\n80\n5\n\"Killin' Time\"\nMichael Watkins\nTommy Thompson\nPine County, Oklahoma\nJune 18, 1958\nOctober 20, 1992 (1992-10-20)\n68116\n\n\n81\n6\n\"Star Light, Star Bright\"\nChristopher Hibler\nRichard C. Okie\nCharlemont, Massachusetts\nMay 21, 1966\nOctober 27, 1992 (1992-10-27)\n68101\n\n\n82\n7\n\"Deliver Us From Evil\"\nBob Hulme\nDeborah Pratt,\nRobin Jill Bernheim\n& Tommy Thompson\nOakland, California\nMarch 19, 1966\nNovember 10, 1992 (1992-11-10)\n68109\n\n\n83\n8\n\"Trilogy (Part 1)\n– One Little Heart\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDeborah Pratt\nPottersville, Louisiana\nAugust 8, 1955\nNovember 17, 1992 (1992-11-17)\n68105\n\n\n84\n9\n\"Trilogy (Part 2)\n– For Your Love\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDeborah Pratt\nPottersville, Louisiana\nJune 14, 1966\nNovember 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)\n68112\n\n\n85\n10\n\"Trilogy (Part 3)\n– The Last Door\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDeborah Pratt\nBaton Rouge, Louisiana\nJuly 28, 1978\nNovember 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)\n68113\n\n\n86\n11\n\"Promised Land\"\nScott Bakula\nGillian Horvath &\nTommy Thompson\nElk Ridge, Indiana\nDecember 22, 1971\nDecember 15, 1992 (1992-12-15)\n68110\n\n\n87\n12\n\"A Tale of Two Sweeties\"\nChristopher Hibler\nRobin Jill Bernheim\nPompano Beach Airpark, Florida\nFebruary 25, 1958\nJanuary 5, 1993 (1993-01-05)\n67301\n\n\n88\n13\n\"Liberation\"\nBob Hulme\nChris Abbott &\nDeborah Pratt\nConnecticut\nOctober 16, 1968\nJanuary 12, 1993 (1993-01-12)\n68108\n\n\n89\n14\n\"Dr. Ruth\"\nStuart Margolin\nRobin Jill Bernheim\nManhattan, New York\nApril 25, 1985\nJanuary 19, 1993 (1993-01-19)\n68114\n\n\n90\n15\n\"Blood Moon\"\nAlan J. Levi\nTommy Thompson\nOutside of London, England\nMarch 10, 1975\nFebruary 9, 1993 (1993-02-09)\n68117\n\n\n91\n16\n\"Return of the Evil Leaper\"\nHarvey Laidman\nRichard C. Okie\nNorth Falls, New York\nOctober 8, 1956\nFebruary 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)\n68124\n\n\n92\n17\n\"Revenge of the Evil Leaper\"\nDebbie Allen\nDeborah Pratt\nMallard, Ohio\nSeptember 16, 1987\nFebruary 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)\n68125\n\n\n93\n18\n\"Goodbye Norma Jean\"\nChristopher Hibler\nRichard C. Okie\nHollywood, California\nApril 4, 1960\nMarch 2, 1993 (1993-03-02)\n68115\n\n\n94\n19\n\"The Beast Within\"\nGus Trikonis\nJohn D'Aquino\nWashington State\nNovember 6, 1972\nMarch 16, 1993 (1993-03-16)\n68122\n\n\n95\n20\n\"The Leap Between The States\"\nDavid Hemmings\nRichard C. Okie\nMansfield County, Virginia\nSeptember 20, 1862\nMarch 30, 1993 (1993-03-30)\n68121\n\n\n96\n21\n\"Memphis Melody\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nRobin Jill Bernheim\nMemphis, Tennessee\nJuly 3, 1954\nApril 20, 1993 (1993-04-20)\n67325\n\n\n97\n22\n\"Mirror Image\"\nJames Whitmore, Jr.\nDonald Bellisario\nCokeburg, Pennsylvania\nAugust 8, 1953 /\nSan Diego, California\nApril 3, 1969\nMay 5, 1993 (1993-05-05)\n68126\n\n" ]
[ "97" ]
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Adam-12
Adam - 12 - wikipedia Adam - 12 Jump to : navigation , search For the 1990 TV series , see Adam - 12 ( 1990 TV series ) . For the human gene , see ADAM12 . Adam - 12 Adam - 12 title screen , season 4 Genre Police procedural Created by R.A. Cinader Jack Webb Starring Martin Milner Kent McCord Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 174 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jack Webb Running time 30 Minutes Production company ( s ) Mark VII Limited Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution ( current ) Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC Audio format Mono Original release September 21 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 20 , 1975 ( 1975 - 05 - 20 ) Martin Milner and Kent McCord Adam - 12 is a television police drama that followed two police officers of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) , Pete Malloy and Jim Reed , as they rode the streets of Los Angeles in their patrol unit , 1 - Adam - 12 . Created by R.A. Cinader and Jack Webb , also known for creating Dragnet , the series starred Martin Milner and Kent McCord and purported to capture realistically a typical day in the life of police officers . The show originally ran from September 21 , 1968 , through May 20 , 1975 , and helped introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 2 Name 3 Premise 4 Cultural impact 5 Other notable actors and actresses 6 Police cars 7 Connections to other Mark VII shows 8 Episode availability 8.1 DVD releases 8.2 Broadcast 8.3 Internet 9 References 10 External links Locations ( edit ) Adam - 12 featured the year - old LAPD Rampart Division station at 2710 West Temple Street as the setting for the series . However , according to the radio call sign of the unit `` 1 - Adam - 12 '' , the patrol area was within the Central Division ( Division One ) , which serves Downtown Los Angeles , rather than Rampart ( Division Two ) . Many of the filming locations were in the San Fernando Valley , and the garage used tow trucks from the North Hollywood Division , close to Universal Studios , which co-produced the show with Mark VII Limited . The Temple Street building was closed in 2008 , as a newer and larger station now houses the Rampart Division ; the old building is being renovated to serve as headquarters for LAPD 's Metro Division , an elite reserve unit that includes counterterrorism and SWAT platoons . Name ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The designation `` 1 - Adam - 12 '' is a combination of three elements . The first element indicates the unit 's LAPD division . The second element indicates the type of unit . The third element identifies the patrol car 's number . The one in 1 - Adam - 12 means the patrol car operates in Division 1 ( Central Division ) . LAPD assigns two - person units the letter `` A '' . In the LAPD phonetic alphabet , the letter `` A '' is spoken as `` Adam '' . The third element is the last two numbers of the patrol car 's full unit number . In the program , 1 - Adam - 12 typically operated in the Rampart Division , Division 2 , not the Central Division , Division 1 , meaning the unit 's call sign should have technically been 2 - Adam - 12 . There was never an actual patrol car with the call sign of 1 - Adam - 12 . Premise ( edit ) Adam - 12 was a realistic - style police drama following the lives of two officers of the Los Angeles Police Department , veteran Police Officer II ( P - 2 ) Pete Malloy , Badge 744 ( Martin Milner ) and his rookie partner , probationary Police Officer I ( P - 1 ) Jim Reed , Badge 2430 ( Kent McCord ) . Each episode of the series , like those of Dragnet , was based on actual cases with names changed to protect the innocent , and covered a variety of incidents that the officers encountered during a shift , from the tragic to the trivial . In the series ' first episode ( filmed in September 1967 , a year before the pilot was picked up , and directed by Jack Webb ) , Reed is less than a week out of the prestigious Los Angeles Police Academy , and is eager to begin his career . Three weeks before , Malloy 's patrol partner ( and friend ) had been killed in an attempt to apprehend an armed robbery suspect ; Malloy is deeply saddened , to the extent that he plans to resign from the force . ( This situation would be revisited in the Emmy Award - nominated episode `` Elegy for a Pig . '' ) On what is to be Malloy 's last shift , the watch commander Lieutenant Moore ( Art Gilmore ) ( Malloy 's first training officer seven years earlier ) assigns Malloy to take the rookie Reed out for his first patrol . While Reed shows tremendous potential on his first night on the job , Malloy realizes that his new partner has plenty to learn , and with renewed purpose the veteran officer decides to stay on the job and guide Reed during his nine - month probationary period . His comment to Reed at the end of their first watch together was : `` I could n't turn you loose on the citizens of Los Angeles , not without a leash . '' Reed and Malloy comfort a boy whose sister was the victim of a hit and run driver . Reed 's probationary period is played out during the first and second seasons , after which he is promoted to a full officer . Reed and Malloy remain beat partners . In later seasons , Malloy and Reed began patrolling other beats of Los Angeles , including the L.A. International Airport , the Los Angeles Harbor , the Foothill District , the West Valley area , Venice , Van Nuys , Hollywood , Rampart , and North Hollywood . With Reed having completed his probationary police officer training period and now holding the rank of Police Officer II ( P - 2 ) , several episodes featured the officers working with other rookie officers , with guest actors playing these one - time characters ; some episodes had Reed serving as the training officer , whereas Malloy , having been promoted to the rank of a Senior Lead Officer ( P - 3 + 1 ) , who coordinates patrols in many neighborhoods , worked as the acting shift supervisor . Malloy displays a `` Distinguished Expert '' shooting medal , Reed displays a `` Sharpshooter '' medal . Malloy and Reed reported to Shift Supervisor ( Sergeant 1 ) William `` Mac '' MacDonald ( William Boyett ) , who occasionally took a black - and - white command cruiser ( a Plymouth station wagon carrying extra police equipment ) with the call sign 1 - L - 20 into the field . Reed once questioned why Malloy had not taken the sergeant 's exam , as he would have rated higher than Mac did . Malloy related he preferred working patrol on the street to supervision . Malloy later showed he could supervise when Mac was ill , and Malloy filled in . Several of their fellow officers were recurring characters ; the most frequent were Jerry Woods ( Fred Stromsoe ) , Ed Wells ( Gary Crosby ) , Detective Sgt Jerry Miller ( Jack Hogan ) , and Officer Brinkman ( Claude Johnson ) . Shaaron Claridge , a real - life LAPD dispatcher , was the dispatcher . Over the course of the series , Sergeant `` Mac '' MacDonald was promoted to Sergeant 2 . Lt Moore was promoted to Captain , and served as the commanding officer of the division , apparently replacing Captain Grant ( Art Balinger ) . The personal lives of Malloy and Reed come up on occasion , and are always tied into their duties . Malloy is a bachelor who has at least two girlfriends during the course of the series ( the last being Judy ( Aneta Corsaut ) ) , while Reed is married to a woman named Jean ( played by several actresses including Kristin Nelson ) and later becomes a father . Cultural impact ( edit ) The police vehicles were central characters in that `` mobile patrol units ( became ) associated with the black and white units made famous in such television shows as Adam - 12 '' . It was one of the shows that portrayed `` the professionalism of the officers and police departments '' . Ronald Wayne Rodman pointed out that the theme of Adam - 12 referred to a `` military style topic while portraying a sense of contemporary action '' . Douglas Rushkoff noted : `` Adam - 12 also marked ( the ) last gasp of the righteous style of cop TV . '' Their set was not a squad room or an office , but the actors `` watched the changes in American culture through the windshield of their squad car '' . In 1999 , Mattel toys paid homage to Adam - 12 by producing a die - cast toy police car based on the series a part of their `` Star Car '' series . Other notable actors and actresses ( edit ) Episode 2 , `` Log 141 : The Color TV Bandit '' , stars Cloris Leachman and Melody Patterson . Episode 8 , `` Log 72 : El Presidente '' guest stars James Sikking , later of Hill Street Blues fame ( Lt. Howard Hunter ) and other various character roles , as an armed robber . Episode 10 , `` Log 132 : Producer '' , stars Karen Black ( Easy Rider , Five Easy Pieces , Airport 1975 , Dogtown ) and James McEachin ( DJ in Play Misty for Me ) . McEachin also appeared in five additional episodes , each time in a different role , as well as several episodes of EMERGENCY ! as a Sheriff 's Detective . Episode 16 , `` Log 62 : Grand Theft Horse ? '' , guest stars Tim Matheson as a horse thief . Episode 19 , `` Log 51 : A Jumper , Code 2 '' stars Hal Smith of The Andy Griffith Show . Episode 22 , `` Log 152 : A Dead Cop Ca n't Help Anyone '' , stars Barry Williams ( Greg Brady of The Brady Bunch ) . Episode 25 , `` Log 92 : Tell Him He Pushed Back a Little Too Hard '' guest stars Dick Sargent ( Darrin Stephens # 2 of Bewitched ) and Jacqueline Scott ( who played Donna Taft , the sister of Dr. Richard Kimble , in four episodes of The Fugitive ) . Episode 26 , `` Log 22 : So This Little Guy Goes into This Bar , and ... '' guest stars Harry Dean Stanton as a welfare hustler . Episode 43 , `` Log 24 : A Rare Occasion '' stars David Cassidy of The Partridge Family . Episode 58 , `` Log 55 : Missing Child '' guests stars Jodie Foster as the playmate of a missing child . Episode 66 , `` Log 115 : Gang War '' guests stars Trini Lopez as a local Latino priest who tries to help the officers prevent a rumble between two Latino gangs . Lopez would also appear the following year as `` Steve Hernandez '' in Episode 95 , : `` The Parole Violator '' . Episode 69 , `` Log 66 : The Vandals '' guest stars George Maharis as a father of a teenage girl . This episode reunited Maharis and Martin Milner , who both starred in the TV series Route 66 . Episode 77 , `` Log 88 - Reason to Run '' guest stars Randolph Mantooth as `` Neil Williams '' ; and in an Emergency ! cross-over episode as paramedic `` John Gage '' , Episode 106 , `` Lost and Found '' This episode also guest starred Linda Kaye Henning of Petticoat Junction . Episode 80 , `` The Million Dollar Buff '' , guests stars Lindsay Wagner ( The Bionic Woman ) as a jewelry store attendant . Episode 81 , `` The Grandmother '' guest starred Ozzie Nelson of The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet fame . He also directed this episode . Episode 82 , `` The Radical '' guest starred Robert Conrad ( uncredited ) as Paul Ryan of the DA 's office . This episode was a crossover with Conrad 's series , The D.A. Episode 91 , `` The Pickup '' guest starred Barbara Hale of Perry Mason and Kathy Garver of Family Affair . Episode 100 , `` Who Won '' guest starred Dick Clark of American Bandstand and Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve fame as Benson , the drag strip owner . Episode 103 , `` Dirt Duel '' guest starred Edd Byrnes of 77 Sunset Strip and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees as bikers . Episode 104 , `` The Late Baby '' guest stars both Tina Sinatra and Frank Sinatra , Jr. as unrelated characters . Episode 108 , `` Badge Heavy '' features Jack Bailey , host of Queen for a Day and Truth or Consequences . Episode 137 , `` Northwest Division '' guest stars Johnny Whitaker of Family Affair as a juvenile on a minibike . In addition , Martin Milner 's real - life son Andrew played Whitaker 's stunt double in the minibike chase scene . Episode 150 , `` Clinic on Eighteenth Street '' guest stars Sharon Gless , later of Cagney & Lacey fame and most recently co-star of Burn Notice on USA Network and Frank Sinatra Jr. in his second role on the show . Episode 158 , `` X-Force '' guest stars Paul Gleason as a father of a kidnapped girl . Gleason guest - starred in other various roles throughout the series . Episode 159 , `` Alcohol '' guest stars Dick Van Patten , later of Eight Is Enough fame , as a belligerent drunk who believes himself to be Albert Einstein . Episode 164 , `` Victim of the Crime '' features Martin Milner 's real - life daughter Amy Milner as Debbie McMahon , the shopkeeper 's daughter . Episode 170 , `` Operation Action '' features Kent McCord 's real - life daughter Kristen McCord as a child named Debra , who is playing hopscotch when Reed pulls up behind Malloy 's abandoned car . Episode 171 , `` Gus Corbin '' , guest stars Mark Harmon , the star of NCIS since 2003 . Episode 174 , `` Loan Sharks '' guest stars Eve McVeagh , film actress of High Noon , Tight Spot , and television series The Clear Horizon and Faraway Hill . Police cars ( edit ) The production of the program involved showing all aspects of correct police procedures , and `` Webb wanted the vehicle itself to be considered a character . '' The show specifically centered on police radio cars and helped reinforce `` the sound of radio as an anti-crime technology . '' The police vehicles used in the production of show were purchased from local dealerships and outfitted by the prop department to LAPD cruiser specs . 1967 Plymouth Belvedere - pilot 1968 Plymouth Belvedere - season one 1969 Plymouth Belvedere - seasons two and three 1971 Plymouth Satellite - season four 1972 and 1973 AMC Matador - seasons five through seven In seasons two and three , there were many instances where Reed and Malloy would be seen driving a 1969 Plymouth one minute , then with a camera or scene change , they would be in a 1968 . The two years were very similar , with only minor differences between them . Connections to other Mark VII shows ( edit ) Dragnet , Adam - 12 , and Emergency ! take place in the same universe and depict different aspects of the public safety infrastructure of Los Angeles , California . There are several `` crossover '' episodes on each series with characters from other Mark VII shows . Officers Pete Malloy and Jim Reed appear on the Dragnet episode `` Internal Affairs : DR - 20 '' , The D.A. episode `` The People vs. Saydo '' ( the conclusion to a crossover that begins on `` The Radical '' ) and the Emergency ! pilot movie , `` The Wedsworth - Townsend Act '' . Sergeant MacDonald appears on the Dragnet episode `` Personnel : The Shooting '' . The episode `` Lost And Found '' was set at Rampart General Hospital and featured the Emergency ! cast . However , during an Emergency ! episode , Adam - 12 is shown as a TV show that the paramedics like to watch , causing somewhat of a paradox between the shows . Several years after Adam - 12 was cancelled , Kent McCord was signed to appear in a planned third series of Dragnet playing Sgt . Friday 's partner , but the project was cancelled due to Jack Webb 's sudden death in 1982 ; since none of the scripts Webb wrote for the project were ever produced or released , it is not clear if he intended McCord to play a different character or to revive the Jim Reed character . Episode availability ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) Main article : List of Adam - 12 episodes Universal Studios Home Entertainment released Season 1 of Adam 12 on DVD in Region 1 on August 23 , 2005 . In fall 2008 , Shout ! Factory acquired the distribution rights through an agreement with Universal . They have subsequently released the remaining 6 seasons , with season 7 packaging titled `` The Final Season . '' In Region 4 , Umbrella Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia . DVD name Ep # Release date Region 1 Region 4 Season 1 26 August 23 , 2005 May 11 , 2011 Season 2 26 September 30 , 2008 August 3 , 2011 Season 3 26 August 11 , 2009 TBA Season 4 24 February 23 , 2010 TBA Season 5 24 August 10 , 2010 TBA Season 6 24 January 17 , 2012 TBA Season 7 24 April 10 , 2012 TBA Broadcast ( edit ) As of January 5 , 2015 , episodes of Adam - 12 air on Cozi TV . The series had been airing on Me - TV from May 2013 until January 1 , 2015 , when its place in the network 's weekday afternoon line up was taken by Adventures of Superman . Adam - 12 previously aired on Me - TV 's competitor Antenna TV until April 2013 , and on Retro Television Network before that . Internet ( edit ) Episodes from Adam - 12 's first four seasons are available for on - line streaming on Hulu in some regions . Amazon and Apple 's iTunes Store offer only Season 1 as available for sale as permanent downloadable files . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Adam - 12 episode / season list ( season 7 of 7 ) '' . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adam - 12 Technical Specs '' . imdb . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adam - 12 ( 1968 -- 1975 ) '' . imdb . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Metro Police Station '' . John A. Martin & Associates . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : City of Los Angeles . Los Angeles Police Department Annual Report , 1973 ( PDF ) . National Criminal Justice Reference Service . p. 24 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Unit Designations '' . 1 - Adam - 12 : Continue Patrol . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Phonetic Alphabet '' . ThePhoneticAlphabet.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Police Department News Release Thursday , April 10 , 2003 '' . LAPDOnline.org . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rathjen , Brian . `` Adam - 12 plot summary '' . imdb . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam - 12 : episode `` Log 1 - The Impossible Mission . '' Jump up ^ Episode 7 / 21 , `` Gus Corbin . '' First aired April 1 , 1975 . Jump up ^ http://www.lapdcops.com/?page_id=210 Jump up ^ Episode 7 / 22 , `` Dana Hall . '' First aired April 29 , 1975 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062539/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Bruce L. ( 1999 ) . Policing in Modern Society . Elsevier Science . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 9867 - 2 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Richard H. ; Homant , Robert J. ; Fowler , Austin ; Kennedy , Daniel B. ; Curran , James T. ( 1985 ) . Police and law enforcement . 3 . AMS Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 11207 - 3 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Ronald Wayne ( 2009 ) . Tuning in : American narrative television music . Oxford University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534024 - 2 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rushkoff , Douglas ( 1996 ) . Media virus ! : hidden agendas in popular culture . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 39774 - 4 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Best '' . Hollywood-diecast.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' The Color TV Bandit ( TV episode ) `` . imdb . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' Producer ( TV Episode 1968 ) `` . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' Producer ( TV Episode 1969 ) `` . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Randolph Mantooth in Episode 77 , `` Log 88 - Reason to Run '' `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Randolph Mantooth in Episode 106 , `` Lost and Found '' `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Adam - 12 '' Million Dollar Buff ( TV episode 1971 ) `` . imdb . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snauffe , Douglas ( 2006 ) . Crime television . Greenwood Publishing . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98807 - 4 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Suisman , David ; Strasse , Susan ( 2009 ) . Sound in the age of mechanical reproduction . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4199 - 0 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adam - 12 ( 1968 ) Did You Know ? '' . IMDb com . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's New to Me '' . Me - TV ( Memorable Entertainment Television ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` COZI TV 2015 Schedule '' . COZI TV . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam - 12 . The Official Kent McCord Archives : Adam - 12 1Adam12-1Adam12.com Everything Adam - 12 Adam - 12 on IMDb Adam - 12 at TV.com Adam - 12 at TVguide ( hide ) Jack Webb / Mark VII Limited Television series Dragnet Noah 's Ark Pete Kelly 's Blues GE True 77 Sunset Strip Adam - 12 The D.A. O'Hara , U.S. Treasury Emergency ! Emergency + 4 Hec Ramsey Escape Chase Sierra Mobile One Project U.F.O. Sam Radio series Dragnet Pete Kelly 's Blues Films Dragnet Pete Kelly 's Blues Red Nightmare The D.I. - 30 - The Last Time I Saw Archie Miscellaneous Dragnet ( theme music ) List of Emergency ! characters Joe Friday St. George and the Dragonet San Franciscan Nights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam-12&oldid=817625339 '' Categories : Adam - 12 1960s American television series 1970s American television series American crime television series American drama television series American mystery television series Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Police procedural television series 1968 American television series debuts 1975 American television series endings American Motors English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by Mark VII Limited Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played jim reed's wife on adam 12
[ "The personal lives of Malloy and Reed come up on occasion, and are always tied into their duties. Malloy is a bachelor who has at least two girlfriends during the course of the series (the last being Judy (Aneta Corsaut)), while Reed is married to a woman named Jean (played by several actresses including Kristin Nelson) and later becomes a father." ]
[ "several actresses including Kristin Nelson" ]
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St. Johns River
St. Johns River - wikipedia St. Johns River Jump to : navigation , search For rivers with similar names , see Saint John River ( disambiguation ) . St. Johns River St. Johns River near Astor Name origin : Spanish : San Juan del Puerto Country United States State Florida Tributaries - left Mills Creek River , Econlockhatchee River , Wekiva River , Alexander Springs , Salt Springs Run , Ocklawaha River , Rice Creek / Simms Creek , Black Creek ( Clay County ) , Ortega River , Trout River - right Murphy Creek / Dunn 's Creek , Julington Creek , Pottsburg Creek , Intracoastal Waterway / Sisters Creek Cities Sanford , Deltona , DeLand , Palatka , Green Cove Springs , Orange Park , Jacksonville Landmarks Blue Cypress Lake , Lake Hell ' n Blazes , Sawgrass Lake , Lake Washington , Lake Winder , Lake Poinsett , Lake Harney , Lake Jesup , Lake Monroe , Lake Beresford , Lake Woodruff , Lake George , Doctors Lake Source St. Johns Marsh - location near Vero Beach , Indian River County , Florida - elevation 30 ft ( 9 m ) - coordinates 27 ° 57 ′ 18 '' N 80 ° 47 ′ 3 '' W  /  27.95500 ° N 80.78417 ° W  / 27.95500 ; - 80.78417 Mouth Atlantic Ocean - location Jacksonville , Duval County , Florida - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 30 ° 24 ′ 05 '' N 81 ° 24 ′ 3 '' W  /  30.40139 ° N 81.40083 ° W  / 30.40139 ; - 81.40083 Coordinates : 30 ° 24 ′ 05 '' N 81 ° 24 ′ 3 '' W  /  30.40139 ° N 81.40083 ° W  / 30.40139 ; - 81.40083 Length 310 mi ( 500 km ) Basin 8,840 sq mi ( 22,900 km ) Discharge for Mayport , Florida - average 15,000 cu ft / s ( 400 m / s ) - max 150,000 cu ft / s ( 4,200 m / s ) St. Johns River surrounding with corresponding watersheds designated by the St. Johns River Water Management District : 1 . Upper basin , 2 . Middle basin , 3 . Lake George basin , 4 . Lower basin , 5 . Ocklawaha River basin Wikimedia Commons : St. Johns River The St. Johns River ( Spanish : Río San Juan ) is the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida and its most significant one for commercial and recreational use . At 310 miles ( 500 km ) long , it winds through or borders twelve counties , three of which are the state 's largest . The drop in elevation from headwaters to mouth is less than 30 feet ( 9 m ) ; like most Florida waterways , the St. Johns has a very low flow rate 0.3 mph ( 0.13 m / s ) and is often described as `` lazy '' . Popular belief in the St. Johns area holds that it is one of the few rivers that flow north , although north - flowing rivers are common . Numerous lakes are formed by the river or flow into it , but as a river its widest point is nearly 3 miles ( 5 km ) across . The narrowest point is in the headwaters , an unnavigable marsh in Indian River County . The St. Johns drainage basin of 8,840 square miles ( 22,900 km ) includes some of Florida 's major wetlands . It is separated into three major basins and two associated watersheds for Lake George and the Ocklawaha River , all managed by the St. Johns River Water Management District . A variety of people have lived on or near the St. Johns , including Paleo - indians , Archaic people , Timucua , Mocama , French and Spanish settlers , Seminoles , slaves and freemen , Florida crackers , land developers , tourists and retirees . It has been the subject of William Bartram 's journals , Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ' books , and Harriet Beecher Stowe 's letters home . Although Florida was the location of the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States , it was the last U.S. territory on the east coast to be developed ; it remained an undeveloped frontier into the 20th century . When attention was turned to the state , however , much of the land was rapidly overdeveloped in a national zeal for progress . The St. Johns , like many Florida rivers , was altered to make way for agricultural and residential centers . It suffered severe pollution and human interference that has diminished the natural order of life in and around the river . In all , 3.5 million people live within the various watersheds that feed into the St. Johns River . The St. Johns , named one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998 , was number 6 on a list of America 's Ten Most Endangered Rivers in 2008 . Restoration efforts are under way for the basins around the St. Johns as Florida continues to deal with population increases in the river 's vicinity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and ecology 1.1 Upper basin 1.2 Middle basin 1.3 Lake George 1.4 Ocklawaha River 1.5 Lower basin 2 Formation and hydrology 2.1 Geologic history 2.2 Springs and aquifers 2.3 Rainfall and climate 2.4 Flow rates and water quality 3 Human history 3.1 Pre-Columbian people 3.2 Colonial era 3.3 Territorial Florida and statehood 3.4 Land boom 3.5 Restoration 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 Bibliography 8 External links Geography and ecology ( edit ) Starting in Indian River County and meeting the Atlantic Ocean at Duval County , the St. Johns is Florida 's primary commercial and recreational waterway . It flows north from its headwaters , originating in the direction of the Lake Wales Ridge , which is only slightly elevated at 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) above sea level . Because of this low elevation drop , the river has a long backwater . It ebbs and flows with tides that pass through the barrier islands and up the channel . Uniquely , it shares the same regional terrain as the parallel Kissimmee River , although the Kissimmee flows south . Upper basin ( edit ) The St. Johns River is separated into three basins and two associated watersheds managed by the St. Johns River Water Management District . Because the river flows in a northerly direction , the upper basin is located in the headwaters of the river at its southernmost point . Indian River County is where the river begins as a network of marshes , at a point west of Vero Beach aptly named the St. Johns Marsh in central Florida . The St. Johns River is a blackwater stream , meaning that it is fed primarily by swamps and marshes lying beneath it ; water seeps through the sandy soil and collects in a slight valley . The upper basin measures approximately 2,000 square miles ( 5,200 km ) ; the St. Johns transforms into a navigable waterway in Brevard County . The river touches on the borders of Osceola and Orange Counties , and flows through the southeast tip of Seminole County , transitioning into its middle basin a dozen miles ( 19 km ) or so north of Titusville . The upper basin of the St. Johns was significantly lowered in the 1920s with the establishment of the Melbourne Tillman drainage project . This drained the St. Johns ' headwaters eastward to the Indian River through canals dug across the Ten - Mile Ridge near Palm Bay . As of 2015 , these past diversions are being partially reversed through the first phase of the Canal 1 Rediversion project . The river is at its narrowest and most unpredictable in this basin . Channel flows are not apparent and are usually unmarked . The most efficient way to travel on this part of the river is by airboat . Approximately 3,500 lakes lie within the overall St. Johns watershed ; all are shallow , with maximum depths between 3 and 10 feet ( 1 and 3 m ) . The river flows into many of the lakes , which further confuses navigation . Eight larger lakes and five smaller ones lie in the upper basin ; one of the first is named Lake Hell ' n Blazes ( sometimes polished to read as Lake Helen or Hellen Blazes ) , referencing oaths yelled by boatmen and fishermen in the early 19th century , frustrated when trying to navigate through floating islands of macrophytes , or muck and weeds , as the islands changed location with the creeping flow . Lakes Washington , Winder , and Poinsett -- named for Joel Roberts Poinsett , a diplomat who brought the poinsettia to the United States -- are located further along this stretch of the river . The northernmost points of the upper basin contain the Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area , created in 1977 to assist with filtration of waters flowing into the larger St. Johns . Cypress trees in the Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area showing dark water marks on the flared trunks , evidence of water level flux Wetlands in the upper and middle basin are fed by rainwater , trapped by the structure of the surrounding land . It is an oxygen - and nutrient - poor environment ; what grows usually does so in peat which is created by centuries of decaying plant material . Water levels fluctuate with the subtropical wet and dry seasons . Rain in central and north Florida occurs seasonally during summer and winter , but farther south rain in winter is rare . All plants in these basins must tolerate water fluctuation , both flooding and drought . Sweetbay ( Magnolia virginiana ) , cypress ( Taxodium ) , and swamp tupelo ( Nyssa biflora ) trees often find great success in this region on raised land called hammocks . Trees that live in water for long periods usually have buttressed trunks , tangled , braided roots , or protrusions like cypress knees to obtain oxygen when under water , but the majority of plant life is aquatic . Wetland staples include the American white waterlily ( Nymphaea odorata ) , pitcher plants , and Virginia iris ( Iris virginica ) . In the southernmost points of the river , Cladium , or sawgrass , grows in vast swaths of wet prairie that at one time extended into the Everglades . These wetland flora are remarkably successful in filtering pollutants that otherwise find their way into the river . Middle basin ( edit ) The St. Johns immediately south of Sanford shows a narrow channel with large areas of aquatic plants and wetlands . For 37 miles ( 60 km ) the river passes through a 1,200 - square - mile ( 3,100 km ) basin fed primarily by springs and stormwater runoff . This basin , spreading throughout Orange , Lake , Volusia , and Seminole Counties , is home to the greater Orlando metropolitan area , where two million people live and major tourist attractions are located . The topography of the middle basin varies between clearly distinguishable banks along the river and broad , shallow lakes . Two of the largest lakes in the middle basin are created by the river : Lake Harney and Lake Monroe . The shallow 9 - square - mile ( 23 km ) Lake Harney is fed by the long narrow Puzzle Lake ; immediately north is the Econlockhatchee River , which joins to increase the volume of the St. Johns to where navigation becomes easier for larger boats . The river veers west , touching on Lake Jesup before it empties into Lake Monroe , passing the city of Sanford . It is at this point that the St. Johns ' navigable waterway dredged and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with channel markers maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard begins . Lake Monroe , a large lake at 15 square miles ( 39 km ) with an average depth of 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) , drains a surrounding watershed of 2,420 square miles ( 6,300 km ) . Sanford has adapted to the lake by building some of its downtown area on the waterfront ; citizens use boat transportation and Sanford 's public dock to commute into town . Optimally an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) deep channel about 100 yards ( 91 m ) wide after leaving Lake Monroe , the St. Johns meets its most significant tributary in the middle basin , the spring - fed Wekiva River , discharging approximately 42,000,000 US gallons ( 160,000,000 L ) a day into the St. Johns . Near this confluence are the towns of DeBary and Deltona . Forests surrounding the Wekiva River are home to the largest black bear ( Ursus americanus floridanus ) population in Florida ; several troops of Rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) have adapted to live near the river as well . The monkeys ' introduction to Florida is unclear ; they were reportedly brought either to serve in backdrop scenes of Tarzan movies filmed around the Silver River in the 1930s , or to lend an air of authenticity to `` jungle cruises '' provided by an enterprising boat operator around the same time . St. Johns River near Blue Spring State Park showing more distinct banks and trees instead of marshes Of most vital importance to marshes are invertebrate animals , the foundation of food webs . Amphibious invertebrates such as apple snails ( Pomacea paludosa ) , crayfish , and grass shrimp consume plant material , hastening its decomposition and acting as a food source for fish and birds . Insect larvae use water for breeding , feeding upon smaller copepods and amphipods that live in microscopic algae and periphyton formations . Mosquitos , born in water , are in turn the favorite food of 112 species of dragonflies and 44 species of damselflies in Florida . These animals are water hardy and adaptable to dry conditions when water levels fluctuate from one season to the next or through drought and flood cycles . Of vertebrates , numerous species of frog , salamander , snake , turtle , and alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) proliferate in marsh waters . Most of these animals are active at night . Frog choruses are overwhelming ; during alligator mating season the grunts of bulls join in . The marshes around the St. Johns River upper basin teem with birds . A recent study counted 60,000 birds in one month , nesting or feeding in the upper basin . Wading and water birds like the white ibis ( Eudocimus albus ) , wood stork ( Mycteria americana ) , and purple gallinule ( Porphyrio martinicus ) depend on the water for raising their young : they prey upon small fish and tadpoles in shallow water and puddles in the dry season . In successful seasons , their colonies can number in the thousands , creating a cacophony of calls and fertilizing trees with their droppings . Birds found in the middle and upper St. Johns River basins American white ibis ( Eudocimus albus ) Barred owl ( Strix varia ) Wood stork ( Mycteria americana ) Limpkin ( Aramus guarauna ) American black vulture ( Coragyps atratus ) Yellow - crowned night heron ( N. violacea ) Red - shouldered hawk ( Buteo lineatus ) Anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga ) Lake George ( edit ) Main article : Lake George ( Florida ) Manatees spend the winter months in Blue Spring and are protected by the Hontoon Island State Park . The river turns north again as it rolls through a 46,000 - acre ( 190 km ) basin spreading across Putnam , Lake , and Marion Counties , and the western part of Volusia County . Slightly north of the Wekiva River is Blue Spring , the largest spring on the St. Johns , producing over 64,000,000 US gallons ( 240,000,000 L ) a day . Florida springs stay at an even temperature of 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) throughout the year . Because of this , Blue Spring is the winter home for West Indian manatees ( Trichechus manatus latirostris ) , and they are protected within Blue Spring State Park . Manatees are large , slow - moving herbivorous aquatic mammals whose primary threats are human development and collisions with swiftly moving watercraft . Many parts of the St. Johns and its tributaries are no - wake zones to protect manatees from being critically or fatally injured by boat propellers . Human interaction with manatees in Blue Spring State Park is forbidden . Bordering to the north of Blue Spring State Park is Hontoon Island State Park , accessible only by boat . In 1955 an extremely rare Timucua totem representing an owl was found buried and preserved in the St. Johns muck off of Hontoon Island . The figure may signify that its creators were part of the owl clan . Representing different clans of the Timucua , two more totems -- in all , the only totems in North America to have been found outside of the Pacific Northwest -- shaped like a pelican and otter were found in 1978 after being snagged by a barge at the bottom of the river . River otters ( Lutra canadensis ) can be found through the length of the St. Johns and its tributaries , living in burrows or in the roots of trees bordering waterways . They eat crayfish , turtles , and small fish , and are active usually at night , playful but shy of human contact . Lake George is the second largest lake in Florida and the largest created by the St. Johns . The St. Johns creeps into the southern tip of Lake George , the second largest lake in Florida at 72 square miles ( 190 km ) , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) wide and 12 miles ( 19 km ) long . The watershed surrounding Lake George expands through 3,590 square miles ( 9,300 km ) , lying within Ocala National Forest and Lake George State Forest , that protect an ecosystem dominated by pine and scrub more than 380,000 acres ( 1,500 km ) and 21,000 acres ( 85 km ) in size , respectively . Flatwoods forests dominate the Lake George watershed , with slash pines ( Pinus elliottii ) , saw palmetto ( Serenoa repens ) , and over 100 species of groundcover or herbal plants that grow in poor , sandy soil . Flatwoods pine forests stay relatively dry , but can withstand short periods of flooding . Larger land animals such as wild turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo ) , sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) , and the largest population of southern bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus ) in the contiguous U.S , find it easier to live in the flatwoods . Typical mammals that live in these ecosystems , such as raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) , bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) , and white tailed - deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , are ones that prefer dry , flat areas with good ground cover and available nesting sites . Ocklawaha River ( edit ) Main article : Ocklawaha River The Ocklawaha River flows north and joins the St. Johns as the largest tributary , and one of significant historical importance . The Ocklawaha ( also printed as Oklawaha ) drainage basin expands through Orange , Lake , Marion , and Alachua Counties , comprising a total of 2,769 square miles ( 7,170 km ) . Ocala , Gainesville , and the northern suburbs of the Orlando metropolitan area are included in this basin . There are two headwaters for the Ocklawaha : a chain of lakes , the largest of which is Lake Apopka in Lake County , and the Green Swamp near Haines City in Polk County , drained by the Palatlakaha River . The Silver River , fed by one of Florida 's most productive springs expelling 54,000,000 US gallons ( 200,000,000 L ) daily , is located about midway along the 96 - mile ( 154 km ) Ocklawaha . Confederate Captain John William Pearson named his milita after the Ocklawaha River called the Ocklawaha Rangers in the American Civil War . Prior to the civil war , Pearson ran a successful health resort in Orange Springs . After the civil war Pearson 's Orange Springs resort declined in popularity due to the increasing attention to nearby Silver Springs -- the source of the Silver River -- at the turn of the 20th century , popularizing the Ocklawaha . Georgia - born poet Sidney Lanier called it `` the sweetest waterlane in the world '' in a travel guide he published in 1876 . The river gave Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings access to the St. Johns from her homestead at Orange Lake . The region served as a major fishing attraction until a decline in water quality occurred in the 1940s , and since then further degradation of the river and its sources have occurred . In particular , Lake Apopka earned the designation of Florida 's most polluted lake following a chemical spill in 1980 that dumped DDE in it . It has experienced chronic algal blooms caused by citrus farm fertilizer and wastewater runoff from nearby farms . The proliferation of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) , black crappie ( Pomoxis nigromaculatus ) , and bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) in central Florida is a major attraction for fishermen from all over the country . The St. Johns is home to 183 species of fish , 55 of which appear in the main stem of the river . One , the southern tessellated darter ( Etheostoma olmstedi ) is found only in the Ocklawaha . Some are marine species that either migrate upriver to spawn or have found spring - fed habitats that are high in salinity , such as a colony of Atlantic stingrays ( Dasyatis sabina ) that live in Lake Washington in the upper basin . Ocean worms , snails , and white - fingered mud crabs ( Rhithropanopeus harrisii ) have also been found far upriver where tidal influences are rare . In contrast , American eels ( Anguilla rostrata ) live in the St. Johns and Ocklawaha and spawn in the Sargasso Sea in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean . After a year living in the ocean , many of them find their way back to the St. Johns to live , then , prompted by the phases of the moon , make the return journey to spawn and die . Lower basin ( edit ) From the intersection of the Ocklawaha River , 101 miles ( 163 km ) to the Atlantic Ocean , the St. Johns lies within the lower basin , draining a total area of 2,600 square miles ( 6,700 km ) in Putnam , St. Johns , Clay , and Duval Counties . Twelve tributaries empty into the river in the lower basin . The St. Johns River widens considerably on the north end of Lake George ; between Lake George and Palatka the river ranges between 600 and 2,640 feet ( 180 and 800 m ) wide . Between Palatka and Jacksonville , that widens further to between 1 and 3 miles ( 1.6 and 4.8 km ) . This portion of the river is the most navigable and shipping is its primary use . The Army Corps of Engineers maintains shipping channels at least 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) deep and 100 feet ( 30 m ) wide . North of Jacksonville , the channels are expanded to 40 feet ( 12 m ) deep and between 400 and 900 feet ( 120 and 270 m ) wide . Cypress trees frame a sunset over the St. Johns near Picolata and Tocoi , former ferry landings in St. Johns County . The towns and cities along the lower basin of the river are some of the oldest in Florida , and their histories have centered on the river . Both Palatka and Green Cove Springs have been popular tourist destinations in the past . Several smaller locations along the river sprang up around ferry landings , but when rail lines and then Interstate highways were constructed closer to the Atlantic Coast , many of the towns experienced significant economic decline , and ferry landings were forgotten . The final 35 miles ( 56 km ) of the river 's course runs through Jacksonville , the largest city by area in the contiguous United States , with a population of more than a million . Much of the economic base of Jacksonville depends on the river : 18,000,000 short tons ( 16,000,000 t ) of goods are shipped in and out of Jacksonville annually . Exports include paper , phosphate , fertilizers , and citrus , while major imports include oil , coffee , limestone , cars , and lumber . The Port of Jacksonville produces $1.38 billion in the local economy and supports 10,000 jobs . The U.S. Navy has two bases in the Jacksonville area : Naval Station Mayport , at the mouth of the river , serves as the second largest Atlantic Fleet operation and home port in the country . Naval Air Station Jacksonville is one of the service 's largest air installations , home to two air wings and over 150 fixed - wing and rotary - wing aircraft , and the host for one of only two full - fledged Naval Hospitals remaining in Florida . If I could have , to hold forever , one brief place and time of beauty , I think I might choose the night on that high lonely bank above the St. Johns River -- Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings in Cross Creek Using an unofficial nickname of `` The River City '' , Jacksonville has a culture centered on the St. Johns . An annual footrace named the Gate River Run accepts 18,000 participants who travel a course along and over the river twice . The largest kingfishing tournament in the U.S. is held on a St. Johns tributary , where sport fishers concentrate on king mackerel ( Scomberomorus cavalla ) , cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) , dolphin ( Coryphaena hippurus ) and Wahoo ( Acanthocybium solandri ) . The home stadium for the Jacksonville Jaguars faces the river , as does most of the commercial center of downtown . Seven bridges span the St. Johns at Jacksonville ; all of them allow tall ships to pass , although some restrict passing times when train or automobile traffic is heavy . Tides cause seawater to enter the mouth of the St. Johns River and can affect the river 's level into the middle basin . As a result , much of the river in Jacksonville is part seawater , making it an estuarine ecosystem . The animals and plants in these systems can tolerate both fresh and salt water , and the fluctuations in saline content and temperatures associated with tidal surges and heavy rainfall discharge . Marine animals such as dolphins and sharks can be spotted at times in the St. Johns at Jacksonville as can manatees . Fish such as mullet ( Mullidae ) , flounder ( Paralichthys lethostigma ) , shad ( Alosa sapidissima ) , and blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) migrate from the ocean to freshwater springs upriver to spawn . Although freshwater invertebrates inhabiting and comprising algae and periphyton make the foundation of food webs in the middle and lower basin , zooplankton and phytoplankton take that role in the estuarine habitat . Mollusks gather at the St. Johns estuary in large numbers , feeding on the bottom of the river and ocean floors . The abundance and importance of oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) is apparent in the many middens left by the Timucua in mounds many feet high . Oysters and other mollusks serve as the primary food source of shorebirds . The large trees that line the river from its source to south of Jacksonville begin to transition into salt marshes east of the city . Mayport is home to approximately 20 shrimping vessels that use the mouth of the St. Johns to access the Atlantic Ocean . Downtown Jacksonville 's commercial district on the St. Johns River Formation and hydrology ( edit ) Florida platform ( outer boundary ) as it appeared the first time humans inhabited the peninsula Geologic History ( edit ) Lying within a coastal plain , the St. Johns River passes through an area that was at one time barrier islands , coastal dunes , and estuary marshes . The Florida Peninsula was created primarily by forces and minerals from the ocean . It lies so low that minor fluctuations in sea levels can have a dramatic effect on its geomorphology . Florida was once part of the supercontinent Gondwana . Lying underneath the visible rock formations is a basement of igneous granite and volcanic composition under a sedimentary layer formed during the Paleozoic era 542 to 251 million years ago . During the Cretaceous period ( 145 to 66 million years ago ) , the basement and its sedimentary overlay were further covered by calcium carbonate and formations left by the evaporation of water called evaporites . What covers the peninsula is the result of simultaneous processes of deposits of sands , shells , and coral , and erosion from water and weather . As ocean water has retreated and progressed , the peninsula has been covered with sea water at least seven times . Waves compressed sands , calcium carbonate , and shells into limestone ; at the ocean 's edge , beach ridges were created by this depositional forming . North - south axis rivers , such as the St. Johns , were created by past beach ridges which were often divided by swales . As ocean water retreated , lagoons formed in the swales , which were further eroded by acidic water . Barrier islands , furthermore , formed along the Atlantic Coast , surrounding the lagoon with land and forming a freshwater river . From its origins to approximately the area of Sanford , the St. Johns flows north . It takes a sharp turn west near Sanford for a few miles -- which is referred to as the St. Johns River offset , but shortly changes direction to flow north again . Geologists hypothesize that the west - flowing offset may have formed earlier than the north flowing portions , possibly during the late Tertiary or early Pleistocene era 66 to 12 million years ago . Some fracturing and faulting may also be responsible for the offset . Although seismic activity in Florida is mostly insignificant , several minor earthquakes have occurred near the St. Johns River , caused by the trough created by Pangaean rifting . Springs and aquifers ( edit ) The hydrologic cycle in Florida , showing the Floridan aquifer and formation of springs and sinkholes All of Florida 's abundant fresh water is the result of precipitation that returns to the atmosphere in a process called evapotranspiration that involves evaporation and transpiration of moisture from plants . As rains fall , most of the water is directed to lakes , streams , and rivers . However , a significant amount of fresh water is held underground but close to the surface in aquifers . A surficial aquifer consisting mostly of clay , shells , and sand is over a confining layer of denser materials . Wells are drilled in the surficial aquifer , which supplies better quality water in areas where the deepest aquifer has a high mineral content . Occasionally the confining layer is fractured to allow breaches of water to percolate down to recharge the layer below . The Floridan Aquifer , underneath the confining layer , underlies the entire state and portions of Georgia , Alabama , and South Carolina . It is particularly accessible in the northern part of Florida , serving as the fresh water source of metropolitan areas from St. Petersburg north to Jacksonville and Tallahassee . Acidic rainwater erodes the limestone and can form underground caverns . When the overlay of these caverns is particularly thin -- less than 100 feet ( 30 m ) -- sinkholes can form . Where the limestone or sand / clay overlay dissolves over the aquifer and the pressure of the water pushes out , springs form . The upper and middle basins of the St. Johns River are located in a portion of the peninsula where the aquifer system is thinly confined , meaning springs and sinkholes are abundant . Springs are measured in magnitude of how much water is discharged , which is dependent upon season and rainfall . The greatest discharge is from first magnitude springs that emit at least 100 cubic feet ( 2.8 m ) of water per second . There are four first magnitude springs that feed the St. Johns River : Silver Springs in Marion County , emitting between 250 and 1,290 cubic feet ( 7.1 and 36.5 m ) / second ; Silver Glen Spring straddling Marion and Lake Counties , emitting between 38 and 245 cubic feet ( 1.1 and 6.9 m ) / second ; Alexander Springs in Lake County , emitting between 56 and 202 cubic feet ( 1.6 and 5.7 m ) / second ; and Blue Spring in Volusia County , emitting between 87 and 218 cubic feet ( 2.5 and 6.2 m ) / second . Rainfall and climate ( edit ) Tropical Storm Fay caused record flooding in Geneva in 2008 . The St. Johns River lies within a humid subtropical zone . In summer months , the temperature ranges from 74 and 92 ° F ( 23 and 33 ° C ) , and between 50 and 72 ° F ( 10 and 22 ° C ) in the winter , although drops may occur in winter months to below freezing approximately a dozen times . Water temperatures in the river correlate to the air temperatures . The average range of water temperatures is between 50 and 95 ° F ( 10 and 35 ° C ) , rising in the summer months . Where the river widens between Palatka and Jacksonville , wind becomes a significant factor in navigation , and both whitecap waves and calm surface waters are common . Rain occurs more frequently in late summer and early fall . Tropical storms and nor'easters are common occurrences along the Atlantic coast of Florida ; the St. Johns River lies between 10 and 30 miles ( 16 and 48 km ) inland , so any storm striking the counties of Indian River north to Duval produces rain that is drained by the St. Johns River . Tropical Storm Fay in 2008 deposited 16 inches ( 410 mm ) of rain in a 5 - day period , most of it located near Melbourne . The St. Johns near Geneva in Seminole County rose 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in four days , setting a record . The river near Sanford rose 3 feet ( 1 m ) in 36 hours . Fay caused severe flooding in the middle basin due not only to the deluge but the flat slopes of the river . Typically , however , the St. Johns basin receives between 50 and 54 inches ( 1,300 and 1,400 mm ) of rain annually , half of it in summer months . The rate of evapotranspiration corresponds to rainfall , ranging between 27 and 57 inches ( 690 and 1,450 mm ) a year , most of it occurring in the summer . Average monthly rainfall for three cities on the St. Johns Flow rates and water quality ( edit ) Fog on a calm St. Johns River at the Shands Bridge near Green Cove Springs The entire river lies within the nearly flat Pamlico terrace , giving it an overall gradient of 0.8 inches ( 2.0 cm ) per mile ( km ) ; it is one of the flattest major rivers on the continent . Its proximity to the ocean in the lower basin affects its rise and fall with tides and salinity . Tides regularly affect water levels as far south as Lake George ; when combined with extreme winds , the river 's tidal effects can extend to Lake Monroe 161 miles ( 259 km ) away and have on occasion reached Lake Harney . Tides typically raise the river level about 1.2 feet ( 0.37 m ) at Jacksonville , decreasing some to 0.7 feet ( 0.21 m ) at Orange Park where the river widens , and increasing back to 1.2 feet ( 0.37 m ) at Palatka as it narrows . As a result of tidal effects , discharge measurements in the lower basin are often inaccurate . However , the estimated rate of discharge between the Ocklawaha River and the center of Jacksonville ranges from 4,000 to 8,300 cubic feet ( 110 to 240 m ) per second . The nontidal discharge at the mouth at Mayport averages 15,000 cubic feet ( 420 m ) per second , but with tides it exceeds 50,000 cubic feet ( 1,400 m ) per second , and following heavy rains combined with tides can top 150,000 cubic feet ( 4,200 m ) per second . Farther upriver , the discharge rate ranges from 1,030 cubic feet ( 29 m ) per second near Lake Poinsett to 2,850 cubic feet ( 81 m ) per second near DeLand . The confluence of numerous springs , the Econlockhatchee River , and the Wekiva River causes the average discharge to increase by 940 cubic feet ( 27 m ) per second between Lake Harney and DeLand , representing the greatest annual average increase of streamflow along the St. Johns . As distance between the mouth of the St. Johns and the middle and upper basins increases , the salinity in the river gradually decreases . Marine water measures at 35 parts per thousand ( ppt ) or more while fresh water measures below 2 ppt . What ranges in between is characterized as brackish water . Near the center of Jacksonville , average measures have been collected at 11.40 ppt . Farther south at the Buckman Bridge , joining the south side of Jacksonville to Orange Park , it decreases to 2.9 ppt and falls again to 0.81 ppt at the Shands Bridge near Green Cove Springs . Dissolved oxygen in fresh water is measured to indicate the health of plant and animal life . It enters water through the atmosphere and from aquatic plant photosynthesis , and is affected by water pressure and temperature . Rapid decomposition of organic materials will decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the river , as will nutrients added to the water artificially by wastewater treatment runoff or drainage from fertilized agricultural fields . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Florida recommend no less than 5 mg of oxygen per liter . Several locations on the St. Johns or its tributaries reported at or below these minimums in the 1990s , including the mouth of the Wekiva River , the St. Johns at the town of Christmas , and in the early 2000s at Blue Spring and Blackwater Creek . Sustained low levels of dissolved oxygen may create algal blooms , which may also cause a further decrease in dissolved oxygen . Like all blackwater streams in Florida , the color of most of the St. Johns is black , owing to the tannins in leaf litter and decaying aquatic plants . Spring fed streams , on the other hand , are remarkably clear and visibility is very high , even when the river bottom is dozens of feet below . Human History ( edit ) Main article : History of Florida Pre-columbian people ( edit ) Humans arrived on the Florida Peninsula about 12,000 years ago when the ocean was about 350 feet ( 110 m ) lower than today , and the peninsula was double its current size . These earliest people are called Paleo - Indians . They were primarily hunter -- gatherers who followed large game , such as mastodons , horses , camels , and bison . Much of the land was far from water -- most fresh water was contained in glaciers and polar ice caps . As a result , Florida was an arid landscape with few trees , dominated by grasslands and scrub vegetation . An extremely rare Timucua owl totem , found buried in muck near Hontoon Island , on display at Fort Caroline National Memorial Around 9,000 years ago , the climate warmed , melting much of the polar ice caps and many glaciers , creating a wetter environment and submerging half the peninsular shelf . As Paleo - Indians now did not have to travel as far to find water , their camps became more permanent , turning into villages . With evidence of a wide variety of tools constructed around this time , archeologists note the transition into Archaic people . The Archaic people made tools from bone , animal teeth , and antlers . They wove fibers from plants such as cabbage palms and saw palmettos . A few burial sites have been excavated -- including the Windover Archaeological Site in Brevard County near Titusville -- that provide evidence of burial rituals . Archaic peoples interred their dead in shallow peat marshes , which preserved much of the human tissue . Further climate change between 5,000 and 3,000 years ago led to the Middle Archaic period ; evidence suggests that human habitation near the St. Johns River first occurred during this era . Populations of indigenous people increased significantly at this time , and numerous settlements near the St. Johns have been recorded from this era ; the banks of the St. Johns and its arteries are dotted with middens filled with thousands of shells , primarily those of Viviparus georgianus -- a freshwater snail -- and oysters . The advent of regional types of pottery and stone tools made of flint or limestone marked further advancements around 500 BCE . The Archaic people transitioned into settled groups around Florida . From the central part of the state north , along the Atlantic Coast lived people in the St. Johns culture , named for the most significant nearby natural formation . Around 750 CE , the St. Johns culture learned to cultivate corn , adding to their diet of fish , game , and gourds . Archeologists and anthropologists date this agricultural advancement to coincide with a spread of archeological sites , suggesting that a population increase followed . When European explorers arrived in north Florida , they met the Timucua , numbering about 14,000 , the largest group of indigenous people in the region . The later Seminole people called the river Welaka or Ylacco . These forms may derive from the Creek wi - láko , `` big water '' , a compound usually applied to large rivers that run through lakes ; the St. Johns forms and borders numerous lakes . Alternately , the Seminole name may derive from walaka ( from wi - alaka , `` water '' and `` coming '' ) , perhaps a reference to the river 's slow discharge and the tidal effects on it . The name is sometimes rendered as `` Chain of Lakes '' in English . Colonial era ( edit ) Replica of the French monument at Fort Caroline overlooking the St. Johns River The first known European reference to Florida is in a 1502 map by Cantino , which maps Florida and aptly describes the unique vegetation rafts in the St. Johns Rivers by originally naming the river the Rio de las Almadias ( River of Rafts ) . Later , in 1513 Juan Ponce de León arrived near Cape Canaveral , and not until 1562 did Europeans settle the north Atlantic coast of the peninsula . Early Spanish explorers named the river Rio de Corientes ( River of Currents ) . The St. Johns River became the first place colonized in the region and its first battleground : when French explorer Jean Ribault erected a monument south of the river 's mouth to make the French presence known , it alarmed the Spanish who had been exploring the southern and western coast of the peninsula for decades . Ribault was detained after he returned to Europe . In 1564 , René Goulaine de Laudonnière arrived to build Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River ; they called the river Rivière de Mai because they settled it on May 1 . An artist named Jacques LeMoyne documented what he saw among the Timucuan people in 1564 , portraying them as physically powerful and not lacking for provisions . Fort Caroline did not last long , though relations with the local Timucua and Mocamas were friendly . The colony was unable to support itself ; some of the French deserted . Those who remained were killed in 1565 by the Spanish , led by Pedro Menéndez , when they marched north from St. Augustine and captured Fort Caroline . The river was renamed San Mateo by the Spanish in honor of the Apostle Matthew , whose feast was the following day . Capturing Fort Caroline allowed the Spanish to maintain control of the river . The French and Spanish continued to spar over who would control the natural resources and native peoples of the territory . The Timucua , who had initially befriended the French , were not encouraged to make the Spanish allies because of colonial governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés ' abhorrence of French Protestantism and his view that the Timucuan beliefs were `` Satanic '' . By 1573 , the Timucua were in outright rebellion , testing the governor 's patience and forcing Spanish settlers to abandon farms and garrisons in more interior parts of Florida ; the Spanish could not persuade the Timucua to keep from attacking them . Over a hundred years later , missionaries had more success , setting up posts along the river . Spanish Franciscan missionaries gave the river its current name based on San Juan del Puerto ( St. John of the Harbor ) , the mission established at the river 's mouth following the demise of the French fort . The name first appeared on a Spanish map created between 1680 and 1700 . The Timucua , as other groups of indigenous people in Florida , began to lose cohesion and numbers by the 18th century . A tribe located in modern - day Georgia and Alabama called the Creeks assisted with this ; in 1702 , they joined with the Yamasee and attacked some of the Timucua , forcing them to seek protection from the Spanish who forced them into slavery . The Creeks began assimilating other people and spread farther south until they were known by 1765 as Seminoles by the British , a term adapted from cimarrones that meant `` runaways '' or `` wild ones '' . The Seminoles employed a variety of languages from the peoples the Creeks had assimilated : Hitchiti , Muskogee , as well as Timucua . Between 1716 and 1767 , the Seminoles gradually moved into Florida and began to break ties with the Creeks to become a cohesive tribe of their own . The St. Johns provided a natural boundary to separate European colonies on the east bank and indigenous lands west of the river . William Bartram 's sketch of alligators on the St. Johns , created either in 1773 or 1774 After Florida came under the Kingdom of Great Britain 's jurisdiction in 1763 , Quaker father and son naturalists John and William Bartram explored the length of the river while visiting the southeastern United States from 1765 to 1766 . They published journals describing their experiences and the plants and animals they observed . They were charged by King George III to find the source of the river they called the Picolata or San Juan , and measured its widths and depths , taking soil samples as they traveled southward . William returned to Florida from 1773 to 1777 and wrote another journal about his travels , while he collected plants and befriended the Seminoles who called him `` Puc Puggy '' ( flower hunter ) . William 's visit took him as far south as Blue Spring , where he remarked on the crystal clear views offered by the spring water : `` The water is perfectly diaphanous , and here are continually a prodigious number and variety of fish ; they appear as plain as though lying on a table before your eyes , although many feet deep in the water . '' Bartram 's journals attracted the attention of such prominent Americans as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton . The success of these journals inspired other naturalists such as André Michaux to further explore the St. Johns , as he did in 1788 , sailing from Palatka south to Lake Monroe , and gave names to some of the plants described by the Bartrams ' journals . Michaux was followed by William Baldwin between 1811 and 1817 . Subsequent explorers , including John James Audubon , have carried William 's Travels Through North & South Carolina , Georgia , East & West Florida with them as a guide . In 1795 , Florida was transferred back to Spain which lured Americans with cheap land . A former loyalist to Britain who left South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War , a planter and slave trader named Zephaniah Kingsley seized the opportunity and built a plantation named Laurel Grove near what is now Doctors Lake , close to the west bank of the St. Johns River , south of where Orange Park is today . Three years later , Kingsley took a trip to Cuba and purchased a 13 - year - old Wolof girl named Anna Madgigine Jai . She became his common - law wife , and managed Laurel Grove while Kingsley traveled and conducted business . The plantation grew citrus and sea island cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) . In 1814 , they moved to a larger plantation on Fort George Island , where they lived for 25 years , and owned several other plantations and homesteads in what is today Jacksonville and another on Drayton Island at the north end of Lake George . Kingsley later married three other freed women in a polygamous relationship ; Spanish - controlled Florida allowed interracial marriages , and white landowners such as James Erwin , George Clarke , Francisco Sánchez , John Fraser , and Francis Richard , Jr. -- early settlers along the river -- all were married to or in extramarital relationships with African women . Territorial Florida and statehood ( edit ) Map of the lower St. Johns printed in 1876 The first years following Florida 's annexation to the United States in 1821 were marked with violent conflicts between white settlers and Seminoles , whose bands often included runaway African slaves . The clashes between American and Seminole forces during the establishment of the Florida territory are reflected in the towns and landmarks along the St. Johns named for those who were directly involved . Even before Florida was under U.S. jurisdiction , Major General Andrew Jackson was responsible for removing the Alachua Seminoles west of the Suwannee River , either killing them or forcing them farther south towards Lake County , in 1818 . Jackson 's efforts became the First Seminole War , and were rewarded by the naming of a cattle crossing across a wide portion of the St. Johns near the Georgia border -- previously named Cowford -- to Jacksonville . The result of Jackson 's offensive was the transfer of Florida to the U.S. Following the Seminole Wars , a gradual increase in commerce and population occurred on the St. Johns , made possible by steamship travel . Steamboats heralded a heyday for the river , and before the advent of local railroads , they were the only way to reach interior portions of the state . They also afforded the citizens of Jacksonville a pastime to watch competing races . By the 1860s , weekly trips between Jacksonville , Charleston , and Savannah were made to transport tourists , lumber , cotton , and citrus . The soil along the St. Johns was considered especially successful for producing sweeter oranges . Florida 's involvement in the U.S. Civil War was limited compared to other Confederate states because it had a fraction of the populations of states that had been developed . Florida provided materials to the Confederacy by way of steamboats on the St. Johns , although the river and the Atlantic coasts were blockaded by the U.S. Navy . One action in Florida 's role in the Civil War was the sinking of the USS Columbine , a Union paddle steamer used for patrolling the St. Johns to keep materials from reaching the Confederate Army . In 1864 , near Palatka , Confederate forces under the command of Capt . John Jackson Dickison captured , burned , and sank the USS Columbine , making her perhaps the only ship commandeered by the Confederacy . The same year and farther downriver , Confederates again sank a Union boat , the Maple Leaf , which struck a floating keg filled with explosives and settled into the muck near Julington Creek , south of Jacksonville . Part of the shipwreck was recovered in 1994 , when it was discovered that many Civil War - era artifacts , including daguerreotypes and wooden matches , had been preserved in the river muck . Although the Spanish had colonized Florida for two centuries , the state remained the last part of the east coast of the United States to be developed and explored . Following the Civil War , the State of Florida was too far in debt to build roads and rail lines to further its progress . Florida Governor William Bloxham in 1881 appealed directly to a Pennsylvania - based industrialist named Hamilton Disston , initially to build canals to improve steamboat passage through the Caloosahatchee River , and later to drain lands in the central part of the state for agriculture . Disston was furthermore persuaded to purchase 4,000,000 acres ( 16,000 km ) of land in central Florida for $1 million , which at the time was reported to be the largest purchase of land in human history . Disston was ultimately unsuccessful in his drainage attempts , but his investment sparked the tourist industry and made possible the efforts of railroad magnates Henry Morrison Flagler and Henry Bradley Plant to construct rail lines down the east coast of Florida , including a rail link between Sanford and Tampa . Disston was responsible for creating the towns of Kissimmee , St. Cloud , and several others on the west coast of Florida . Stereoscopic view of Harriet Beecher Stowe 's house in Mandarin A New York Times story reporting on Disston 's progress in 1883 stated that before Disston 's purchase and the subsequent development , the only places worth seeing in Florida were Jacksonville and St. Augustine , with perhaps an overnight trip on the St. Johns River to Palatka ; by 1883 tourist attractions had extended 250 miles ( 400 km ) south . More attention was paid to the St. Johns with the increasing population . Florida was portrayed as an exotic wonderland able to cure failing health with its water and citrus , and the region began to be highlighted in travel writings . To relieve his bronchitis , Ralph Waldo Emerson stayed briefly in St. Augustine , calling north Florida `` a grotesque region '' that was being swarmed by land speculators . Emerson poignantly disliked the public sale of slaves , adding to his overall distaste . Following the Civil War , however , famed author Harriet Beecher Stowe lived near Jacksonville and traveled up the St. Johns , writing about it with affection : `` The entrance of the St. Johns from the ocean is one of the most singular and impressive passages of scenery that we ever passed through : in fine weather the sight is magnificent . '' Her memoir Palmetto Leaves , published in 1873 as a series of her letters home , was very influential in luring northern residents to the state . The results of introducing water hyacinths to Florida , sparking a state - led battle against the invasive plant One unforeseen aspect of more people coming to Florida proved to be an overwhelming problem . A woman living in a winter home near Palatka introduced water hyacinths ( Eichhornia crassipes ) to the St. Johns in an attempt to beautify her backyard . Ten years later , the purple - flowered hyacinths had grown to reside in 50,000,000 acres ( 200,000 km ) of the river and its arteries , becoming a serious invasive species . Hyacinths grow so densely that they prevent the navigation of watercraft , fishing , and sunlight from reaching the depths of the river , affecting both plant and animal life . The government of Florida found the plants to be so vexing that it spent almost $600,000 between 1890 and 1930 in an unsuccessful bid to rid the creeks and rivers of north Florida of them . Land boom ( edit ) Progress of Fellsmere Farms in 1912 An Englishman named Nelson Fell , persuaded by Disston 's advertisements to make his fortunes in Florida , arrived in the 1880s . An engineer by trade , Fell purchased 12,000 acres ( 49 km ) near Lake Tohopekaliga to create a town named Narcoossee , which had a population of more than 200 English immigrants by 1888 . A spate of poor luck and tense British - American relations followed , prompting Fell to spend some years investing in infrastructure in Siberia , but he returned in 1909 with ideas of developing wetlands in central Florida . He was further encouraged by the political promises of Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward to drain the Everglades during his 1904 campaign . In 1910 Fell purchased 118,000 acres ( 480 km ) of land for $1.35 an acre and started the Fellsmere Farms Company to drain the St. Johns Marsh in 1911 and send water into the Indian River Lagoon , promoting the engineered canals and other structures as wondrously efficient in providing land to build a massive metropolis . Some progress was made initially , including the establishment of the town of Fellsmere in which land was sold for $100 an acre , but sales lagged because of a scandal regarding land sale fraud and faulty draining reports from the Everglades . The company then found itself short of funds due to mismanagement . Torrential rains ruptured the newly constructed levees and dikes and forced the company by 1916 to go into receivership . Fell left Florida for Virginia in 1917 . Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings used the St. Johns as a backdrop in her books South Moon Under and The Yearling , and several short stories . In 1933 she took a boat trip along the St. Johns with a friend . In the upper basin , she remarked on the difficulty of determining direction due to the river 's ambiguous flow , and wrote in a chapter titled `` Hyacinth Drift '' in her memoir Cross Creek that she had the best luck in watching the way the hyacinths floated . Rawlings wrote , `` If I could have , to hold forever , one brief place and time of beauty , I think I might choose the night on that high lonely bank above the St. Johns River . '' Florida in the 20th century experienced a massive migration into the state . Undeveloped land sold well and draining to reclaim wetlands has often gone unchecked , and often encouraged by government . The St. Johns headwaters decreased in size from 30 square miles ( 78 km ) to one between 1900 and 1972 . Much of the land was reclaimed for urban use , but agricultural needs took their toll as fertilizers and runoff from cattle ranching washed into the St. Johns . Without wetlands to filter the pollutants , the chemicals stayed in the river and flushed into the Atlantic Ocean . Boaters destroyed the floating islands of muck and weeds in the upper basin with dynamite , causing the lakes to drain completely . A portion of the completed Cross Florida Barge Canal near Palatka What could have been the most serious human impact on nature in central Florida was the Cross Florida Barge Canal , an attempt to connect the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the state by channeling the Ocklawaha River , first authorized in 1933 . The canal was intended to be 171 miles ( 275 km ) long , 250 feet ( 76 m ) wide , and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) deep . Canal construction was top among the engineering priorities in the state , and by 1964 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction on the Cross Florida Barge Canal . Flood control was the primary impetus behind its construction , though the broader reasoning and feasibility of the project remained unclear . The Army Corps of Engineers was also constructing hundreds of miles of canals in the Everglades at the same time and by the 1960s was being accused of wasting tax money through its unnecessary construction projects . In 1969 the Environmental Defense Fund filed suit in federal court to stop construction on the canal , citing irreparable harm that would be done to Florida waterways and the Floridan Aquifer , central and north Florida 's fresh water source . A separate canal , the St. Johns - Indian River Barge Canal , was planned to link the river with the Intracoastal Waterway ; the project never broke ground , and was canceled soon after the Cross Florida Barge Canal was suspended . Restoration ( edit ) Former headwater marshes drained for agricultural use near Brevard and Indian River Counties When steamboats were superseded by the railroad , the river lost much of its significance to the state . The influx of immigrants to Florida settled primarily south of Orlando , adversely affecting the natural order of wetlands there . Within the past 50 years , however , urban areas in the northern and central parts of the state have grown considerably . In the upper basin , population increased by 700 percent between 1950 and 2000 , and is expected to rise another 1.5 million by 2020 . Nitrates and phosphorus used as lawn and crop fertilizers wash into the St. Johns . Broken septic systems and seepage from cattle grazing lands create pollution that also finds its way into the river . Storm water washes from street drains directly to the river and its tributaries : in the 1970s , the Econlockhatchee River received 8,000,000 US gallons ( 30,000,000 L ) of treated wastewater every day . Wetlands were drained and paved , unable to filter pollutants from the water , made worse by the river 's own slow discharge . Algal blooms , fish kills , and deformations and lesions on fish occur regularly in the river from Palatka to Jacksonville . Although most of the pollutants in the river are washed from the southern parts of the river , the Jacksonville area produces approximately 36 percent of them found in the lower basin . The State of Florida implemented a program named Surface Water Improvement and Management ( SWIM ) in 1987 to assist with river cleanups , particularly with nonpoint source pollution , or chemicals that enter the river by soaking into the ground , as opposed to direct piped dumping . SWIM assists local jurisdictions with purchasing land for wetlands restoration . The St. Johns River Water Management District ( SJRWMD ) is charged by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) with restoring the river . The first step in restoration , particularly in the upper basin , is the purchase of public lands bordering the river ; ten different reserves and conservation areas have been implemented for such use around the St. Johns headwaters . Around Lake Griffin in the Ocklawaha Chain of Lakes , the SJRWMD has purchased 6,500 acres ( 26 km ) of land that was previously used for muck farming . More than 19,000 acres ( 77 km ) have been purchased along Lake Apopka to restore its wetlands , and the SJRWMD has removed nearly 15,000,000 pounds ( 6,800,000 kg ) of gizzard shad ( Dorosoma cepedianum ) , a fish species that stores phosphorus and adds to algae problems . The SJRWMD has also set minimum levels for the lakes and tributaries in the St. Johns watersheds to monitor permitted water withdrawals and declare water shortages when necessary . To assist with river cleanup and the associated funds for improving water quality in the St. Johns , Mayor John Delaney of Jacksonville waged a campaign to get it named as an American Heritage River , beginning in 1997 . The designation by the Environmental Protection Agency is intended to coordinate efforts among federal agencies to improve natural resource and environmental protection , economic revitalization , and historic and cultural preservation . The campaign was controversial as the Republican mayor defended asking for federal government assistance , writing `` Other rivers have relied heavily on federal help for massive environmental clean - ups . It 's the St. Johns ' turn now . '' Twenty - two towns along the St. Johns and environmental , sporting , recreation , boating , and educational organizations also supported its designation , but several prominent Republican politicians expressed concerns over increased federal regulations and restrictions on private property ownership along the river ; the Florida House of Representatives passed a resolution asking President Bill Clinton not to include the St. Johns . Despite this , Clinton designated the St. Johns as one of only 14 American Heritage Rivers out of 126 nominated in 1998 for its ecological , historic , economic and cultural significance . The continuing increase of population in Florida has caused urban planners to forecast that the Floridan Aquifer will no longer be able to sustain the people living in north Florida . By 2020 , 7 million people are predicted to live in the St. Johns basins , double the number living there in 2008 . Proposals to use 155,000,000 US gallons ( 590,000,000 L ) a day from the St. Johns , and another 100,000,000 US gallons ( 380,000,000 L ) from the Ocklawaha River , for fresh water are controversial , prompting a private organization named St. Johns Riverkeeper to nominate it to the list of the Ten Most Endangered Rivers by an environmental watchdog group named American Rivers . In 2008 , it was listed as # 6 , which was met with approval from Jacksonville 's newspaper , The Florida Times - Union , and skepticism from the SJRWMD . The St. Johns River is under consideration as an additional water source to meet growing public water needs . In 2008 , the river 's Water Management District undertook a Water Supply Impact Study of the proposed water withdrawals and asked the National Research Council to review science aspects of the study as it progressed . This resulted in a series of four reports that assessed the impact of water withdrawal on river level and flow , reviewed potential impacts on wetland ecosystems , and presented overall perspectives on the Water Management District study . The National Research Council found that , overall , the District performed a competent job in relating predicted environmental responses , including their magnitude and general degree of uncertainty , to the proposed range of water withdrawals . However , the report noted that the District 's final report should acknowledge such critical issues as include future sea - level rises , population growth , and urban development . Although the District predicted that changes in water management would increase water levels and flows that exceed the proposed surface water withdrawals , these predictions have high uncertainties . The report also noted concerns about the District 's conclusion that the water withdrawals will have few deleterious ecological effects . This conclusion was based on the model findings that increased flows from upper basin projects and from changes in land use ( increases in impervious areas ) largely compensated for the impacts of water withdrawals on water flows and levels . Although the upper basin projects are positive insofar as they will return land to the basin ( and water to the river ) , the same can not be said about increased urban runoff , the poor quality of which is well known . See also ( edit ) List of lakes of the St. Johns River List of crossings of the St. Johns River List of Florida rivers South Atlantic - Gulf Water Resource Region Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The St. Johns is frequently cited as being a rare north - flowing river in North America , ( Benke & Chusing , p. 100 ) ( Randazzo , p. 12 ) though in fact most rivers in Canada and in parts of the United States also drain north . ( Verdin , K.L. ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` A System for Topologically Coding Global Drainage Basins and Stream Networks '' Archived January 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , ESRI . ) ( Gonzalez , M.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America '' , North Dakota Geological Survey Newsletter North Dakota Geological Survey 30 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 -- 7 . ) Jump up ^ In 1717 , some of the groups were reorganized by the colonial governor ; 248 Timucua were counted . The restructuring also included Yamasee , Mocama , Apalachee , and Guale : in total no more than 1,500 Indians remained in north Florida . Disease and violent conflicts with the Spanish and other tribes continued to decrease their numbers , and by 1763 , 100 of the last remaining indigenous people of Florida chose to be relocated to Cuba with the Spanish . ( Gannon , p. 94 . ) Jump up ^ Lake Monroe on the St. Johns was named for President James Monroe , who persuaded the U.S. government to finance the First Seminole War . As American settlers trickled in to farms and homesteads in north and central Florida , they came into increased conflict with several Seminole bands for food and sometimes took the Seminoles as slaves . The Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823 placed Seminoles on a reservation near Lake Okeechobee , but further U.S. policy strongly encouraged them to leave Florida for Indian Territory in what would become Oklahoma . ( Tebeau , p. 156 . ) by 1835 , the Seminoles rebelled , inspired and led by Osceola , whose name is one of the most widely used for landmarks and structures in the state . ( McCarthy , p. 17 . ) Lake Jesup 's namesake is the American military leader in Florida , Major General Thomas Jesup , who captured Osceola in 1837 . Lake Harney was named for Brigadier General William S. Harney , who led several raids against Seminoles in west and south Florida . ( McCarthy , p. 12 . ) Jump up ^ When Rawlings and her friend stopped in Sanford to purchase gasoline , a yacht owner offered to have his crew take her to town to buy it , but he was interrupted when his wife , resplendent in a `` pink spectator sports costume '' , demanded he take her to church instead . As Rawlings left the dock at Sanford , her friend remarked , `` The poor b -- . I bet he 'd give his silk shirt to go down the river with us instead of Pink Petticoats '' . ( Rawlings , p. 366 . ) Jump up ^ Author and University of Florida professor Kevin McCarthy characterized the Cross Florida Barge Canal as `` probably the single most dangerous threat to the water resources of the state in the twentieth century '' . ( McCarthy , p. 76 . ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Feature Detail Report for : St. Johns River , US Geological Survey ( October 19 , 1979 ) . Retrieved on October 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Kamiar , Dr. M. `` Due North : The St. John 's River is One of Many '' . Metro Jacksonville . Jump up ^ The St. Johns River : Nominated as an American Heritage River Archived February 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. xxi . ^ Jump up to : Ball , David ( April 14 , 2008 ). St. Johns River Makes ' Endangered ' List , Jacksonville Financial and Daily Record , Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet : A Story of the St. Johns River : The Big Picture '' , St. Johns River Water Management District ( May 3 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 216 . Jump up ^ `` District , partners celebrate restoration of historic water flows '' . Floridaswater.com . Palatka : St. Johns River Water Management District . November 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . For decades , Canal 1 in Palm Bay shunted storm water east to the lagoon , but recent upgrades in pumps now send up to 39 percent of the average annual storm water to Sawgrass Lake where it is naturally filtered before flowing to the St. Johns River . ^ Jump up to : Benke and Cushing , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 10 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ The Middle St. Johns River Basin St. Johns River Water Management District Projects in Central Florida , St. Johns River Water Management District ( February 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , p. 20 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hamaker , Elaine ( January 6 , 1989 ) . `` Silver Springs ' Monkey Colony Will Remain '' , The Ocala Star - Banner , p. 2B . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : The St. Johns River : Nominated as an American Heritage River Archived February 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Environmental Protection Agency ( Part 2 ) . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 160 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Florida Manatee Management Plan Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission ( December 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Blue Spring State Park , Florida Division of Recreation and Parks ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` '' Episode 05 Hontoon Owl Totem '' by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford `` . stars.library.ucf.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ River Otter , Florida Wildlife Commission . Retrieved on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ River Otters Archived October 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District ( March 2004 ) . Retrieved on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the Ocala National Forest U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved on July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Lake George State Forest , Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services , Division of Forestry ( 2004 ) . Retrieved on July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Learn About Your Watershed : Ocklawaha River Watershed Archived June 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Florida 's Water : Ours to Protect , Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gary , Loderhose ( 2000 ) . Way Down the Suwannee River : Sketches of Florida During the Civil War . Authors Choice Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Katie ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Episode 26 Fishing Boats '' . A History of Central Florida Podcast . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marino , G. ( August 13 , 1994 ) . `` Lake Apopka Pollution Hurts Bass Population '' , Science News , 146 ( 7 ) , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Lake Apopka Archived October 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District ( April 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Spechler , R.M. Estimated discharge and chemical - constituent loading from the upper Floridan aquifer to the lower St. Johns River , northeastern Florida , 1990 -- 91 , U.S. Geological Survey , pp. i -- 32 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 88 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Bourgerie , Richard . Currents in the St. Johns River , Florida , spring and summer of 1998 , U.S. Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( 1999 ) , pp. i -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Gate River Run '' Event website . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Greater Jacksonville Kingfishing Tournament '' and Tournament rules Archived October 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Event website . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , pp. 65 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Whitney , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Whitney , pp. 313 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Van Hooser , Liz ( July 31 , 2009 ) . What Makes a Shrimp a Mayport Shrimp ? , The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved on August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , pp. 13 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Randazzo and Jones , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Marion County : Silver Springs Archived March 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marion County : Silver Glen Spring Archived May 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lake County : Alexander Springs Archived May 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Volusia County : Blue Spring Archived March 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Randazzo and Jones , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Kroening , Sharon ( 2004 ) . Streamflow and water - quality characteristics at selected sites of the St. Johns River in central Florida , 1933 to 2002 , U.S. Geological Survey , pp. i -- 102 . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Quilian , Wylie , and Whitin , Bret ( April 2009 ) . `` An Analysis of the Hydrologic and Hydraulic Factors During Flooding on the St. Johns River Caused by Tropical Storm Fay '' , National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration . ^ Jump up to : Vero Beach , Florida , Sanford , Florida , and Jacksonville , Florida , weatherbase.com . Retrieved on July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Protection '' ( Power Point Presentation , slide 8 ) , St. Johns River Water Management District , hosted at stjohnsriveralliance.com . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Water Quality Terms and Definitions City of Jacksonville website ( 2003 ) . Retrieved on July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blue Spring , Volusia County : Minimum flow regime Archived June 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District . Retrieved on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Gannon , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` '' Episode 01 Windover Burial Site '' by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford `` . stars.library.ucf.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tebeau , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Read , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Simpson , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Molander , Arne ( 2012 ) `` The Horizons of Christopher Columbus : Using the Heavens to Map America '' . Lulu.com . Pages 135 -- 136 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 105 - 86335 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Gannon , pp. 41 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Tebeau , pp. 29 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Facts About the St. Johns River '' . February 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Gannon , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Miller , pp. 152 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : Bartram , John and Harper , Francis ( December 1942 ) . `` Diary of a Journey through the Carolinas , Georgia , and Florida from July 1 , 1765 , to April 10 , 1766 '' , Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , New Series , 33 , ( 1 ) pp. i - 120 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 46 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Schafer , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Schafer , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ May , Philip S. ( January 1945 ) . `` Zephaniah Kingsley , Nonconformist '' , The Florida Historical Quarterly 23 ( 3 ) , p. 145 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Schafer , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gannon , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 237 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Cabell , p. 242 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 213 -- 215 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Lemar , L. Stephan ( January 1944 ) . `` Historico - Economic Aspects of Drainage in the Florida Everglades '' , Southern Economic Journal , 10 ( 3 ) , pp. 197 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Davis , T. Frederick ( January 1939 ) . `` The Disston Land Purchase '' . The Florida Historical Quarterly , 17 ( 3 ) : pp. 201 -- 211 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Florida '' , New York Times , ( May 6 , 1883 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Stowe , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Cabell , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Gordon ( Summer , 1997 ) . `` Ditches and Dreams : Nelson Fell and the Rise of Fellsmere '' , The Florida Historical Quarterly , 76 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Siewert , Walter A. ( October 22 , 1988 ) . A History of the Fellsmere Water Drainage District `` , hosted by City of Fellsmere website . Retrieved on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , pp. 354 -- 370 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Belleville , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Noll and Tegeder , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Need For Canal Is Stressed '' , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , September 21 , 1963 Jump up ^ `` St. Johns - Indian River Canal Kaput '' , Daytona Beach Morning Journal , October 19 , 1973 Jump up ^ Belleville , pp. xxv -- xxvi . ^ Jump up to : Upper St. Johns River Watershed Archived October 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Middle St. Johns River Watershed Archived October 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lower St. Johns River Watershed Archived October 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surface Water Improvement and Management Program ( SWIM ) , Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( July 9 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lake Griffin , St. Johns River Water Management District ( March 2003 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Archived October 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Flows and Levels '' Archived July 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , St. Johns River Water Management District ( May 22 , 2001 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13061 : Federal Support of Community Efforts Along American Heritage Rivers Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Environmental Protection Agency ( September 11 , 1997 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Delaney , John ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Our River : The Debate '' , Florida Times - Union , p. F - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Our River : The Debate , Part II '' , Florida Times - Union ( March 15 , 2008 ) , p. F - 7 . Jump up ^ American Heritage Rivers Initiative Partnership Agreement between the St. Johns River Community , State , Regional and Federal Agencies , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( October 19 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Steve ( June 17 , 1998 ) . `` St. Johns River on Heritage List '' , Florida Times - Union , p . A-1 . Jump up ^ Future of St. Johns River , One of America 's Most Endangered Rivers of 2008 , Still Hangs in the Balance , American Rivers ( December 11 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ St. Johns River Joins List of Most in Peril , The Florida Times - Union ( April 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Endangered River ' Honor ' is a Serious Warning Sign , The Florida Times - Union ( April 18 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) : Free National Research Council report PDF ^ Jump up to : `` Review of the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study : Final Report ( 2011 ) : Division on Earth and Life Studies '' . Dels.nas.edu . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Belleville , Bill ( 2000 ) . River of Lakes : A Journey on Florida 's St. Johns River , University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2156 - 7 Benke , Arthur ; Cushing , Colbert ( eds . ) ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America , Elsevier / Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 088253 - 1 Cabell , Branch and Hanna , A.J. ( 1943 ) . The St. Johns : A Parade of Diversities , Farrar & Rinehart , Rivers of America Series . Gannon , Michael ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . A New History of Florida , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1415 - 8 McCarthy , Kevin ( 2004 ) . St. Johns River Guidebook , Pineapple Press . ISBN 1 - 56164 - 314 - 9 Miller , James ( 1998 ) . An Environmental History of Northeast Florida , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2313 - 0 Noll , Steven and Tegeder , M. David ( August 2003 ) . From Exploitation to Conservation : A History of the Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway hosted at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection website . Retrieved on July 19 , 2009 . Randazzo , Anthony and Jones , Douglas ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . The Geology of Florida . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1496 - 4 Rawlings , Marjorie ( 1942 ) . Cross Creek , First Touchstone Edition 1996 : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81879 - 5 Read , William Alexander ( 2004 ) . Florida Place Names of Indian Origin and Seminole Personal Names , University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 8421 - 0 Schafer , Daniel L. ( March 2003 ) . Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley : African Princess , Florida Slave , Plantation Slaveowner . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2616 - 4 Simpson , J Clarence ; Boyd , Mark F. ( ed . ) ( 1956 ) . A Provisional Gazetteer of Florida Place - names of Indian Derivation . Florida Geological Survey , Special Publication No. 1 . Stowe , Harriet B. ( 1873 ) . Palmetto - Leaves . J.R. Osgood and Company . Tebeau , Charlton ( 1971 ) . A History of Florida , University of Miami Press . ISBN 0 - 87024 - 149 - 4 Whitney , Ellie ; Means , D. Bruce ; Rudloe , Anne ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) Priceless Florida : Natural Ecosystems and Native Species . Pineapple Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 309 - 7 Young , Claiborne ( 1996 ) . Cruising Guide to Eastern Florida , Pelican Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 88289 - 992 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Johns River . Florida Department of Environmental Protection : Lower basin Middle basin Upper basin St. Johns River Water Management District St. Johns Riverkeeper A History of Central Florida Podcast - Hontoon Owl Totem , Travel Dining , Fishing Boats St. Johns River Jacksonville Green Cove Springs Palatka Sanford St. Johns River Water Management District Wekiva River Econlockhatchee River Lake George Lake Jesup Lake Monroe Lake Winder Lake Washington Lake Poinsett Ocklawaha River Cross Florida Barge Canal Ocala National Forest Welaka National Fish Hatchery Welaka State Forest Dunns Creek State Park Lake George State Forest Blue Spring State Park Hontoon Island State Park Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve See Also : Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Zephaniah Kingsley Anna Madgigene Jai Kingsley Kingsley Plantation John Bartram William Bartram Timucuan Fort Caroline Jean Ribault St. Johns River crossings in the Jacksonville , Florida area Upriver from Downtown Shands Buckman Timuquana Downtown Jacksonville Fuller Waren FEC Strauss Trunnion Acosta Main Street Hart Mathews 20th Street Extension Downriver from Downtown Dames Point State Road 113A Mayport Ferry Italics indicate a bridge was never built . Significant waterways of Florida Larger rivers Alapaha Apalachicola Aucilla Blackwater Caloosahatchee Chattahoochee Chipola Choctawhatchee Econlockhatchee Escambia Hillsborough Indian River Kissimmee Myakka Ochlockonee Ocklawaha Pea Peace Perdido Santa Fe St. Johns St. Marys Suwannee Withlacoochee ( North ) Withlacoochee ( South ) Yellow Lakes Apopka Crescent Blue Cypress East Tohopekaliga George Harney Harris Iamonia Istokpoga Jackson Jesup Kissimmee Manatee Miccosukee Monroe Okeechobee Poinsett Rodman Rousseau Seminole Talquin Tohopekaliga Tsala Apopka Ward Washington Weir Smaller rivers Alafia Alapahoochee Anclote Banana River Braden Carrabelle Chassahowitzka Crooked Crystal Dead East East Bay Eau Gallie Econfina Estero Homosassa Hontoon Dead Ichetucknee Imperial Little ( Biscayne Bay ) Little ( Ochlockonee ) Little Econlockhatchee Little Manatee Little Wekiva Loxahatchee Manatee Matanzas Miami Mosquito Lagoon New ( Broward ) New ( Carabelle ) New ( Santa Fe ) Oleta Orange Pithlachascotee Rainbow Ribault Shark Silver Sopchoppy St. Lucie St. Marks St. Sebastian Steinhatchee Tomoka Trout Waccasassa Wacissa Wakulla Weeki Wachee Wekiva Creeks and streams Billy 's Black Blackwater ( Hillsborough ) Blackwater ( Lake ) Crane Cross Econfina Fisheating Myakkahatchee Orange Pottsburg Shingle Snapper Turkey Canals Canaveral Barge Canal Cross Florida Barge Canal Haulover Canal Hillsboro Canal Miami Canal Mud Lake Canal St. Johns - Indian River Barge Canal Tamiami Canal Tampa Bypass Canal See also Coastal waters of Florida Everglades Intracoastal Waterway Indian River Lagoon List of Florida rivers List of major springs in Florida Okeechobee Waterway Okefenokee Swamp Outstanding Florida Waters Paynes Prairie American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Johns_River&oldid=806264795 '' Categories : St. Johns River American Heritage Rivers Rivers of Florida North Florida Bodies of water of Indian River County , Florida Rivers of Brevard County , Florida Rivers of Osceola County , Florida Rivers of Orange County , Florida Rivers of Seminole County , Florida Rivers of Volusia County , Florida Rivers of Polk County , Florida Bodies of water of Putnam County , Florida Bodies of water of Clay County , Florida Inlets of Florida NJCAA athletics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Tagalog ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 52 . 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who is the st johns river named after
[ "Over a hundred years later, missionaries had more success, setting up posts along the river. Spanish Franciscan missionaries gave the river its current name based on San Juan del Puerto (St. John of the Harbor), the mission established at the river's mouth following the demise of the French fort. The name first appeared on a Spanish map created between 1680 and 1700.[102]" ]
[ "San Juan del Puerto (St. John of the Harbor), the mission established at the river's mouth following the demise of the French fort" ]
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Psilocybe semilanceata
Psilocybe semilanceata - wikipedia Psilocybe semilanceata Jump to : navigation , search Psilocybe semilanceata Scientific classification Kingdom : Fungi Division : Basidiomycota Class : Agaricomycetes Order : Agaricales Family : Hymenogastraceae Genus : Psilocybe Species : P. semilanceata Binomial name Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) P. Kumm. ( 1871 ) Synonyms Agaricus semilanceatus Fr. ( 1838 ) Geophila semilanceata ( Fr . ) Quél. ( 1886 ) Panaeolus semilanceatus ( Fr . ) J.E. Lange ( 1936 ) Panaeolus semilanceatus ( Fr . ) J.E. Lange ( 1939 ) Psilocybe semilanceata Mycological characteristics gills on hymenium cap is conical or umbonate hymenium is adnate or adnexed stipe is bare spore print is brown to purple ecology is saprotrophic edibility : psychoactive Psilocybe semilanceata , commonly known as the liberty cap , is a psilocybin or `` magic '' mushroom that contains the psychoactive compounds psilocybin , psilocin and baeocystin . It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature , and one of the most potent . The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell - shaped cap , up to 2.5 cm ( 1.0 in ) in diameter , with a small nipple - like protrusion on the top . They are yellow to brown , covered with radial grooves when moist , and fade to a lighter color as they mature . Their stipes tend to be slender and long , and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap . The gill attachment to the stipe is adnexed ( narrowly attached ) , and they are initially cream - colored before tinting purple as the spores mature . The spores are dark purplish - brown in mass , ellipsoid in shape , and measure 10.5 -- 15 by 6.5 -- 8.5 micrometres . The mushroom grows in grassland habitats , especially wetter areas . But unlike P. cubensis , the fungus does not grow directly on dung ; rather , it is a saprobic species that feeds off decaying grass roots . It is widely distributed in the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere , particularly in Europe , and has been reported occasionally in temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere as well . The earliest reliable history of P. semilanceata intoxication dates back to 1799 in London , and in the 1960s the mushroom was the first European species confirmed to contain psilocybin . The possession or sale of psilocybin mushrooms is illegal in many countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and naming 2 Description 2.1 Microscopic characteristics 2.2 Other forms 3 Similar species 4 Ecology and habitat 5 Distribution 5.1 Properties 5.2 Controversy 6 Legal status 6.1 Sweden 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Cited texts Taxonomy and naming ( edit ) The species was first described by Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus semilanceatus in his 1838 Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici . Paul Kummer transferred it to Psilocybe in 1871 when he raised many of Fries 's sub-groupings of Agaricus to the level of genus . Panaeolus semilanceatus , named by Jakob Emanuel Lange in both 1936 and 1939 publications , is a synonym . According to the taxonomical database MycoBank , several taxa once considered varieties of P. semilanceata are synonymous with the species now known as Psilocybe strictipes : the caerulescens variety described by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1887 ( originally named Agaricus semilanceatus var . coerulescens by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in 1881 ) , the microspora variety described by Rolf Singer in 1969 , and the obtusata variety described by Marcel Bon in 1985 . The mushroom gets its common name from its resemblance to the Phrygian cap . Several molecular studies published in the 2000s demonstrated that Psilocybe , as it was defined then , was polyphyletic . The studies supported the idea of dividing the genus into two clades , one consisting of the bluing , hallucinogenic species in the family Hymenogastraceae , and the other the non-bluing , non-hallucinogenic species in the family Strophariaceae . However , the generally accepted lectotype ( a specimen later selected when the original author of a taxon name did not designate a type ) of the genus as a whole was Psilocybe montana , which is a non-bluing , non-hallucinogenic species . If the non-bluing , non-hallucinogenic species in the study were to be segregated , it would have left the hallucinogenic clade without a valid name . To resolve this dilemma , several mycologists proposed in a 2005 publication to conserve the name Psilocybe , with P. semilanceata as the type . As they explained , conserving the name Psilocybe in this way would prevent nomenclatural changes to a well - known group of fungi , many species of which are `` linked to archaeology , anthropology , religion , alternate life styles , forensic science , law enforcement , laws and regulation '' . Further , the name P. semilanceata had historically been accepted as the lectotype by many authors in the period 1938 -- 68 . The proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe , with P. semilanceata as the type was accepted unanimously by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi in 2009 . The mushroom takes its common name from the Phrygian cap , also known as the `` liberty cap '' , which it resembles ; P. semilanceata shares its common name with P. pelliculosa , a species from which it is more or less indistinguishable in appearance . The Latin word for Phrygian cap is pileus , nowadays the technical name for what is commonly known as the `` cap '' of a fungal fruit body . In the 18th century Phrygian caps were placed on Liberty poles , which resemble the stipe of the mushroom . The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek psilos ( ψιλός ) ( `` smooth '' or `` bare '' ) and the Byzantine Greek kubê ( κύβη ) ( `` head '' ) . The specific epithet comes from the Latin semi ( `` half '' or `` somewhat '' ) and lanceata , from lanceolatus , meaning `` spear - shaped '' . Description ( edit ) A collection from Norway The cap of P. semilanceata is 5 -- 25 mm ( 0.2 -- 1.0 in ) in diameter and 6 -- 22 mm ( 0.24 -- 0.87 in ) tall . It varies in shape from sharply conical to bell - shaped , often with a prominent papilla ( a nipple - shaped structure ) , and does not change shape considerably as it ages . The cap margin is initially rolled inward but unrolls to become straight or even curled upwards in maturity . The cap is hygrophanous , meaning it assumes different colors depending on its state of hydration . When it is moist , the cap is ochraceous to pale brown to dark chestnut brown , but darker in the center , often with a greenish - blue tinge . When moist , radial grooves ( striations ) can be seen on the cap that correspond to the positions of the gills underneath . When the cap is dry , it becomes much paler , a light yellow - brown color . Moist mushrooms have sticky surfaces that result from a thin gelatinous film called a pellicle . This film becomes apparent if a piece of the cap is broken by bending it back and peeling away the piece . When the cap dries from exposure to the sun , the film turns whitish and is no longer peelable . On the underside of the mushroom 's cap , there are between 15 and 27 individual narrow gills that are moderately crowded together , and they have a narrowly adnexed to almost free attachment to the stipe . Their color is initially pale brown , but becomes dark gray to purple - brown with a lighter edge as the spores mature . The slender yellowish - brown stipe is 45 -- 140 mm ( 1.8 -- 5.5 in ) long by 1 -- 3.5 mm ( 0.04 -- 0.14 in ) thick , and usually slightly thicker towards the base . The mushroom has a thin cobweb - like partial veil that does not last long before disappearing ; sometimes , the partial veil leaves an annular zone on the stipe that may be darkened by spores . The flesh is thin and membrane - like , and roughly the same color as the surface tissue . It has a farinaceous ( similar to freshly ground flour ) odor and taste . All parts of the mushroom will stain a bluish color if handled or bruised , and it may naturally turn blue with age . Microscopic characteristics ( edit ) In deposit , the spores are a deep reddish purple - brown color . The use of a light microscope can reveal further details : the spores are oblong when seen in side view , and oblong to oval in frontal view , with dimensions of 10.5 -- 15 by 6.5 -- 8.5 μm . The basidia ( spore bearing cells of the hymenium ) , are 20 -- 31 by 5 -- 9 μm , four - spored , and have clamps at their bases ; there are no basidia found on the sterile gill edge . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) measure 15 -- 30 by 4 -- 7 μm , and are flask - shaped with long thin necks that are 1 -- 3.5 μm wide . P. semilanceata does not have pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) . The cap cuticle is up to 90 μm thick , and is made of a tissue layer called an ixocutis -- a gelatinized layer of hyphae lying parallel to the cap surface . The hyphae comprising the ixocutis are cylindrical , hyaline , and 1 -- 3.5 μm wide . Immediately under the cap cuticle is the subpellis , made of hyphae that are 4 -- 12 μm wide with yellowish - brown encrusted walls . There are clamp connections present in the hyphae of all tissues . Spore Print Spores under microscope ( x1000 ) Microscopic characteristics Other forms ( edit ) The anamorphic form of P. semilanceata is an asexual stage in the fungus 's life cycle involved in the development of mitotic diaspores ( conidia ) . In culture , grown in a petri dish , the fungus forms a white to pale orange cottony or felt - like mat of mycelia . The conidia formed are straight to curved , measuring 2.0 -- 8.0 by 1.1 -- 2.0 μm , and may contain one to several small intracellular droplets . Although little is known of the anamorphic stage of P. semilanceata beyond the confines of laboratory culture , in general , the morphology of the asexual structures may be used as classical characters in phylogenetic analyses to help understand the evolutionary relationships between related groups of fungi . Scottish mycologist Roy Watling described sequestrate ( truffle - like ) or secotioid versions of P. semilanceata he found growing in association with regular fruit bodies . These versions had elongated caps , 20 -- 22 cm ( 7.9 -- 8.7 in ) long and 0.8 -- 1 cm ( 0.3 -- 0.4 in ) wide at the base , with the inward curved margins closely hugging the stipe from the development of membranous flanges . Their gills were narrow , closely crowded together , and anastomosed ( fused together in a vein - like network ) . The color of the gills was sepia with a brownish vinaceous ( red wine - colored ) cast , and a white margin . The stipes of the fruit bodies were 5 -- 6 cm ( 2.0 -- 2.4 in ) long by 0.1 -- 0.3 cm ( 0.04 -- 0.12 in ) thick , with about 2 cm ( 0.8 in ) of stipe length covered by the extended cap . The thick - walled ellipsoid spores were 12.5 -- 13.5 by 6.5 -- 7 μm . Despite the significant differences in morphology , molecular analysis showed the secotioid version to be the same species as the typical morphotype . Similar species ( edit ) Lookalikes include P. mexicana ( left ) , P. pelliculosa ( center ) , and P. strictipes ( right ) . There are several other Psilocybe species that may be confused with P. semilanceata due to similarities in physical appearance . P. strictipes is a slender grassland species that is differentiated macroscopically from P. semilanceata by the lack of a prominent papilla . P. mexicana , commonly known as the `` Mexican liberty cap '' , is also similar in appearance , but is found in manure - rich soil in subtropical grasslands in Mexico . It has somewhat smaller spores than P. semilanceata , typically 8 -- 9.9 by 5.5 -- 7.7 μm . Another lookalike species is P. samuiensis , found in Thailand , where it grows in well - manured clay - like soils or among paddy fields . This mushroom can be distinguished from P. semilanceata by its smaller cap , up to 1.5 cm ( 0.6 in ) in diameter , and its rhomboid - shaped spores . P. pelliculosa is physically similar to such a degree that it may be indistinguishable in the field . It differs from P. semilanceata by virtue of its smaller spores , measuring 9 -- 13 by 5 -- 7 μm . P. semilanceata has also been confused with the toxic muscarine - containing species Inocybe geophylla , a whitish mushroom with a silky cap , yellowish - brown to pale grayish gills , and a dull yellowish - brown spore print . Ecology and habitat ( edit ) Psilocybe semilanceata is a saprobic grassland species . Psilocybe semilanceata fruits solitarily or in groups on rich and acidic soil , typically in grasslands , such as meadows , pastures , or lawns . It is often found in pastures that have been fertilized with sheep or cow dung , although it does not typically grow directly on the dung . Like some other grassland psilocybin mushroom species such as P. mexicana , P. tampanensis and Conocybe cyanopus , P. semilanceata may form sclerotia , a dormant form of the fungus , which affords it some protection from wildfires and other natural disasters . The German mycologist Jochen Gartz even succeeded in producing sclerotia on a malt agar surface culture . P. semilanceata , like all others species of the genus Psilocybe , is a saprobic fungus , meaning it obtains nutrients by breaking down organic matter . The mushroom is also associated with sedges in moist areas of fields , and it is thought to live on the decaying root remains . Laboratory tests have shown P. semilanceata to suppress the growth of the soil - borne water mold Phytophthora cinnamomi , a virulent plant pathogen that causes the disease root rot . When grown in dual culture with other saprobic fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses from its habitat , P. semilanceata significantly suppresses their growth . This antifungal activity , which can be traced at least partly to two phenolic compounds it secretes , helps it compete successfully with other fungal species in the intense competition for nutrients provided by decaying plant matter . Using standard antimicrobial susceptibility tests , Psilocybe semilanceata was shown to strongly inhibit the growth of the human pathogen methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) . The source of the antimicrobial activity is unknown . Distribution ( edit ) Psilocybe authority Gastón Guzmán , in his 1983 monograph on psilocybin mushrooms , considered Psilocybe semilanceata the world 's most widespread psilocybin mushroom species , as it has been reported on 17 countries . In Europe , P. semilanceata has a widespread distribution , and is found in Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , the Channel Islands , Czech republic , Denmark , Estonia , the Faroe Islands , Finland , France , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Lithuania , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Russia , Slovakia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . It is generally agreed that the species is native to Europe ; Watling has demonstrated that there exists little difference between specimens collected from Spain and Scotland , at both the morphological and genetic level . The mushroom also has a widespread distribution in North America . In Canada it has been collected from British Columbia , New Brunswick , Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Ontario and Quebec . In the United States , it is most common in the Pacific Northwest , west of the Cascade Mountains , where it fruits abundantly in autumn and early winter ; fruiting has also been reported to occur infrequently during spring months . Charles Horton Peck reported the mushroom to occur in New York in the early 20th century , and consequently , much literature published since then has reported the species to be present in the eastern United States . Gaston Guzman later examined Peck 's herbarium specimen , and in his comprehensive 1983 monograph on Psilocybe , concluded that Peck had misidentified it with the species now known as Panaeolina foenisecii . P. semilanceata is much less common in South America , where it has been recorded in Chile . It is also known in Australia ( where it may be an introduced species ) and New Zealand , where it grows in high - altitude grasslands . In 2000 , it was reported from Golaghat , in the Indian state of Assam . In Autumn of 1969 more than 500,000 Liberty Cap were found growing at Moss Farm in Northwich Cheshire , after 2 years a fungicide spray was used to decimate them , as the picking and drying Psilocybe Mushrooms was not illegal . This was the beginning of the Magic Mushroom culture in Britain. ( 1 ) Citations Wanted . Psychoactive use 1 , 2 & 3 in the figure are Psilocybe semilanceata , which Sowerby wrongly thought was the same as Stropharia semiglobata . The first reliably documented report of Psilocybe semilanceata intoxication involved a British family in 1799 , who prepared a meal with mushrooms they had picked in London 's Green Park . According to the chemist Augustus Everard Brande , the father and his four children experienced typical symptoms associated with ingestion , including pupil dilation , spontaneous laughter and delirium . The identification of the species responsible was made possible by James Sowerby 's 1803 book Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms , which included a description of the fungus , then known as Agaricus glutinosus ( originally described by Moses Ashley Curtis in 1780 ) . According to German mycologist Jochen Gartz , the description of the species is `` fully compatible with current knowledge about Psilocybe semilanceata . '' In the early 1960s , the Swiss scientist Albert Hofmann -- known for the synthesis of the psychedelic drug LSD -- chemically analyzed P. semilanceata fruit bodies collected in Switzerland and France by the botanist Roger Heim . Using the technique of paper chromatography , Hofmann confirmed the presence of 0.25 % ( by weight ) psilocybin in dried samples . Their 1963 publication was the first report of psilocybin in a European mushroom species ; previously , it had been known only in Psilocybe species native to Mexico , Asia and North America . This finding was confirmed in the late 1960s with specimens from Scotland and England , Czechoslovakia ( 1973 ) , Germany ( 1977 ) , Norway ( 1978 ) , and Belgium and Finland ( 1984 ) . In 1965 , forensic characterization of psilocybin - containing mushrooms seized from college students in British Columbia identified P. semilanceata -- the first recorded case of intentional recreational use of the mushroom in Canada . The presence of the psilocybin analog baeocystin was confirmed in 1977 . Several studies published since then support the idea that the variability of psilocybin content in P. semilanceata is low , regardless of country of origin . Properties ( edit ) Several studies have quantified the amounts of hallucinogenic compounds found in the fruit bodies of Psilocybe semilanceata . In 1993 , Gartz reported an average of 1 % psilocybin ( expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the fruit bodies ) , ranging from a minimum of 0.2 % to a maximum of 2.37 % , which is the highest psilocybin concentration reported for a mushroom . In an earlier analysis , Tjakko Stijve and Thom Kuyper ( 1985 ) found a high concentration in a single specimen ( 1.7 % ) in addition to a relatively high concentration of baeocystin ( 0.36 % ) . Smaller specimens tend to have the highest percent concentrations of psilocybin , but the absolute amount is highest in larger mushrooms . A Finnish study assayed psilocybin concentrations in old herbarium specimens , and concluded that although psilocybin concentration decreased linearly over time , it was relatively stable . They were able to detect the chemical in specimens that were 115 years old . Michael Beug and Jeremy Bigwood , analyzing specimens from the Pacific Northwest region of the United States , reported psilocybin concentrations ranging from 0.62 % to 1.28 % , averaging 1.0 ± 0.2 % . They concluded that the species was one of the most potent , as well as the most constant in psilocybin levels . In a 1996 publication , Paul Stamets defined a `` potency rating scale '' based on the total content of psychoactive compounds ( including psilocybin , psilocin , and baeocystin ) in 12 species of Psilocybe mushrooms . Although there are certain caveats with this technique -- such as the unconfirmed assumption that these compounds contribute equally to psychoactive properties -- it serves as a rough comparison of potency between species . Despite its small size , Psilocybe semilanceata is considered a `` moderately active to extremely potent '' hallucinogenic mushroom ( meaning the combined percentage of psychoactive compounds is typically between 0.25 % to greater than 2 % ) , and of the 12 mushrooms compared , only 3 were more potent : P. azurescens , P. baeocystis , and P. bohemica . According to Gartz ( 1995 ) , P. semilanceata is Europe 's most popular psychoactive species . Psilocybin Baeocystin Phenethylamine Several reports have been published in the literature documenting the effects of consumption of P. semilanceata . Typical symptoms include visual distortions of color , depth and form , progressing to visual hallucinations . The effects are similar to the experience following consumption of LSD , although milder . Common side effects of mushroom ingestion include pupil dilation , increased heart rate , unpleasant mood , and overresponsive reflexes . As is typical of the symptoms associated with psilocybin mushroom ingestion , `` the effect on mood in particular is dependent on the subject 's pre-exposure personality traits '' , and `` identical doses of psilocybin may have widely differing effects in different individuals . '' Although most cases of intoxication resolve without incident , there have been isolated cases with severe consequences , especially after higher dosages or persistent use . In one case reported in Poland in 1998 , an 18 - year - old man developed Wolff - Parkinson - White syndrome , arrhythmia , and suffered myocardial infarction after ingesting P. semilanceata frequently over the period of a month . The cardiac damage and myocardial infarction was suggested to be a result of either coronary vasoconstriction , or because of platelet hyperaggregation and occlusion of small coronary arteries . One danger of attempting to consume hallucinogenic or other wild mushrooms , especially for novice mushroom hunters , is the possibility of misidentification with toxic species . In one noted case , an otherwise healthy young Austrian man mistook the poisonous Cortinarius rubellus for P. semilanceata . As a result , he suffered end - stage renal failure , and required a kidney transplant . In another instance , a young man developed cardiac abnormalities similar to those seen in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy , characterized by a sudden temporary weakening of the myocardium . A polymerase chain reaction - based test to specifically identity P. semilanceata was reported by Polish scientists in 2007 . Controversy ( edit ) In 1998 , a Swedish study reported trace amounts of phenethylamine in P. semilanceata up to 146 microg / g wet weight which the authors refereed to as `` high amount of PEA '' that play a possible role in adverse reactions . However , a typical dose of 30 grams of fresh mushrooms will correspond to maximum 4.38 mg phenethylamine . The authors mention that phenethylamine is rapidly inactivated through metabolic breakdown by monoamine oxidase ( MAO ) , but are suggesting that there may be an interaction between phenylethylamine and psilocin ( the metabolic breakdown product of psilocybin ) through competitive inhibition of monoamine oxidase enzymes . The issue has been described by the United Nations / CCOHS joint project IPCS INCHEM in a monograph , and by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction ( EMCDDA ) . Alexander Shulgin says in his book PiHKAL , that he did n't observe any effects from 1600 mg phenethylamine alone . Also , Dr. Duke 's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases record on Theobroma cacao beans measure 5600 ppm ( 5.6 mg / g ) phenylalanine , the chemical precursor to phenylethylamine . R. Gordon Wasson reports that cacao and magic mushroom is combined in traditional rituals used by Mexican shamans , including María Sabina . Legal status ( edit ) See also : Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide . Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A ( United Kingdom ) or Schedule I ( US ) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms , including P. semilanceata , is therefore prohibited by extension . Although many European countries remained open to the use and possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms after the US ban , starting in the 2000s ( decade ) there has been a tightening of laws and enforcements . In The Netherlands , where the drug was once routinely sold in licensed cannabis coffee shops and smart shops , laws were instituted in October 2008 to prohibit the possession or sale of psychedelic mushrooms -- the final European country to do so . Sweden ( edit ) The Riksdag added Psilocybe semilanceata to Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act under Swedish schedule I ( `` substances , plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use '' ) as of October 1 , 1997 , published by Medical Products Agency ( MPA ) in regulation LVFS 1997 : 15 listed as Psilocybe semilanceata ( toppslätskivling ) . See also ( edit ) Fungi portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psilocybe semilanceata . List of Psilocybe species Mushroom hunting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) P. Kumm. 1871 '' . MycoBank . International Mycological Association . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Bas C , Kuyper Th W , Noordeloos ME , Vellinga EC , van Os J ( 1995 ) . 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The Marriage of the Sun and Moon : Dispatches from the Frontiers of Consciousness . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 47905 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pollock SH ( 1976 ) . `` Liberty caps : recreational hallucinogenic mushrooms '' . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1 ( 6 ) : 445 -- 47 . PMID 1035156 . doi : 10.1016 / 0376 - 8716 ( 76 ) 90010 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Guzmán G , Ott J , Boydston J , Pollock SH ( 1976 ) . `` Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington , Idaho , Oregon , California and British Columbia '' . Mycologia. 68 ( 6 ) : 1267 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 3758763 . Jump up ^ `` psilocybin , n . '' . The Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . April 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cornelis S. ( 1826 ) . Schrevelius ' Greek Lexicon , Translated into English with Numerous Corrections . London , UK : Baldwin , Craddock , & Joy . p. 358 . Jump up ^ Mehrotra RS , Aneja KR ( 1990 ) . An Introduction to Mycology . Columbia , Missouri : South Asia Books . p. 540 . ISBN 81 - 224 - 0089 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stamets ( 1996 ) , pp. 142 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Harris B. ( 2003 ) . Growing Wild Mushrooms : A Complete Guide to Cultivating Edible and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms . Berkeley , California : Ronin Publishing . p. 83 . ISBN 1 - 57951 - 066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Walther G , Weiss M ( 2008 ) . `` Anamorphs in the Strophariaceae ( Basidiomycota , Agaricales ) '' . Botany - Botanique. 86 ( 6 ) : 551 -- 66 . doi : 10.1139 / B08 - 036 . Jump up ^ Walther G , Garnica S , Weiß M ( 2005 ) . `` The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales '' . Mycological Research . 109 ( 5 ) : 525 -- 44 . PMID 16018308 . doi : 10.1017 / S0953756205002868 . ^ Jump up to : Watling R , Martin MP ( 2003 ) . `` A sequestrate Psilocybe from Scotland '' . Botanical Journal of Scotland . 55 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 57 . ISSN 1359 - 4869 . doi : 10.1080 / 03746600308685009 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Bresinsky and Besl ( 1989 ) , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Ammirati J , Traquair JA , Horgen PA ( 1985 ) . Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada . Ottawa , Canada : Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88902 - 977 - 4 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : Hofmann A , Heim R , Tscherter H ( 1963 ) . `` Phytochimie -- présence de la psilocybine dans une espèce européenne d'agaric , le Psilocybe semilanceata Fr . '' ( Phytochemistry -- presence of psilocybin in a European agaric species , Psilocybe semilanceata Fr . ) . Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences ( in French ) . 257 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Høiland K. ( 1978 ) . `` The genus Psilocybe in Norway '' . Norwegian Journal of Botany. 25 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Keay SM , Brown AE ( 1990 ) . `` Colonization by Psilocybe semilanceata of roots of grassland flora '' . Mycological Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0953 - 7562 ( 09 ) 81263 - X . Jump up ^ Finlay AR , McCracken AR ( 1991 ) . `` Microbial suppression of Phytophthora cinnamoni '' . In Lucas , John . Phytophthora : Symposium of the British Mycological Society , the British Society for Plant Pathology , and the Society of Irish Plant Pathologists held at Trinity College , Dublin , September 1989 . Cambridge , England : Published for the British Mycological Society by Cambridge University Press . p. 387 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40080 - 5 . Jump up ^ Keay SM , Brown AE ( 1989 ) . `` Interactions between Psilocybe semilanceata and fungi of its habitat '' . Mycological Research . 93 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / S0953 - 7562 ( 89 ) 80054 - 1 . Jump up ^ Suay I , Arenal F , Asensio FJ , Basilio A , Cabello MA , Díez MT , García JB , González del Val A , Gorrochategui J , Hernández P , Peláez F , Vicente MF ( 2000 ) . `` Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities '' . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 78 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 39 . PMID 11204765 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026552024021 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , pp. 44 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Guzmán G , Allen JW , Gartz J ( 1998 ) . `` A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi , an analysis and discussion '' ( PDF ) . Annali del Museo civico di Rovereto. 14 : 198 -- 280 . ^ Jump up to : Watling R. ( 2007 ) . `` Psilocybe semilanceata -- a hallucinogenic mushroom native to Europe '' . In Hancock G. Supernatural : Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind . New York , New York : Disinformation Company . p. 404 . ISBN 1 - 932857 - 84 - 2 . Jump up ^ Guzman ( 1983 ) , pp. 363 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Johnston PR , Buchanan PK ( 1995 ) . `` The genus Psilocybe ( Agaricales ) in New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Journal of Botany. 33 : 379 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 0028825X. 1995.10412964 . Jump up ^ Barthakur B , Gogoi P , Barua PK ( 2000 ) . `` Agaricales of Nambar reserve forest , Golaghat , Assam , India '' . Advances in Plant Sciences . 13 ( 2 ) : 609 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ What happened to these first recerational users . Jump up ^ What happened to these first recerational users . Jump up ^ Brande E. ( 1799 ) . `` Mr. E. Brande , on a poisonous species of Agaric '' . The Medical and Physical Journal : Containing the Earliest Information on Subjects of Medicine , Surgery , Pharmacy , Chemistry and Natural History . 3 : 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Sowerby J. ( 1803 ) . Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. 3 . London : J. Davis . pp. 248 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Benedict RG , Tyler VE , Watling R ( 1967 ) . `` Blueing in Conocybe , Psilocybe and a Stropharia species and the detection of psilocybin '' . Lloydia. 30 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Mantle PG , Waight ES ( 1969 ) . `` Occurrence of psilocybin in sporophores of Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Transactions of the British Mycological Society . 53 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 304 . doi : 10.1016 / s0007 - 1536 ( 69 ) 80066 - 5 . Jump up ^ Semerdžieva M , Nerud F ( 1973 ) . `` Hallucinogene Pilze in der Tschechoslowakei '' ( Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Czechoslovakia ) . Česká Mykologie ( in German ) . 27 : 42 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Repke DB , Leslie DT ( 1977 ) . `` Baeocystin in Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 66 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 14 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 2600660130 . Jump up ^ Vanhaelen - Fastré R , Vanhaelen M ( 1984 ) . `` Qualitative and quantitative determination of hallucinogenic components of Psilocybe mushrooms by reverse - phase high - performance liquid chromatography '' . Journal of Chromatography. 312 : 467 -- 72 . PMID 6543215 . doi : 10.1016 / s0021 - 9673 ( 01 ) 92800 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jokiranta J , Mustola S , Ohenoja E , Airaksinen MM ( 1984 ) . `` Psilocybin in Finnish Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Planta Medica. 50 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 78 . PMID 17340315 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 969703 . Jump up ^ Heim R , Genest K , Hughes DW , Belec G ( 1966 ) . `` Botanical and chemical characterization of a forensic mushroom specimen of the genus Psilocybe '' . Journal of the Forensic Science Society . 6 ( 4 ) : 192 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / S0015 - 7368 ( 66 ) 70336 - 3 . Jump up ^ Metzner R. ( 2005 ) . Sacred Mushroom of Visions : Teonanácatl : A Sourcebook on the Psilocybin Mushroom ( 2nd ed . ) . Rochester , Vermont : Park Street Press . ISBN 1 - 59477 - 044 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gartz ( 1997 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ For example : Anastos N , Lewis SW , Barnett NW , Sims DN ( 2006 ) . `` The determination of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms by HPLC utilizing a dual reagent acidic potassium permanganate and tris ( 2 , 2 ' - bipyridyl ) ruthenium ( II ) chemiluminescence detection system '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 51 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 51 . PMID 16423222 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1556 - 4029.2005. 00033. x . Anastos N , Barnett NW , Lewis SW , Gathergood N , Scammells PJ , Sims DN ( 2005 ) . `` Determination of psilocin and psilocybin using flow injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate and tris ( 2 , 2 ′ - bipyridyl ) ruthenium ( II ) chemiluminescence detection respectively '' . Tatlanta. 67 ( 2 ) : 354 -- 59 . PMID 18970175 . doi : 10.1016 / j. talanta. 2004.11. 038 . Brenneisen R , Borner S ( 1988 ) . `` The occurrence of tryptamine derivatives in Psilocybe semilanceata '' . Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 43 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 511 -- 14 . ISSN 0939 - 5075 . Jump up ^ Gartz J. ( 1994 ) . `` New aspects of the occurrence , chemistry and cultivation of European hallucinogenic mushrooms '' . Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. 8 : 107 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Stijve T , Kuyper TW ( 1985 ) . `` Occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several European countries '' . Planta Medica. 51 ( 5 ) : 385 -- 87 . PMID 17342589 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 969526 . Jump up ^ Gartz J. ( 1986 ) . `` Quantitative Bestimmung der Indolderivate von Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) Kumm . '' ( Quantitative determination of the indole derivatives from Psilocybe semilanceata ( Fr . ) Kumm . ) . Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen ( in German ) . 181 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / s0015 - 3796 ( 86 ) 80079 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ohenoja E , Jokiranta J , Mäkinen T , Kaikkonen A , Airaksinen MM ( 1987 ) . `` The occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in Finnish fungi '' . Journal of Natural Products . 50 ( 4 ) : 741 -- 44 . PMID 3430170 . doi : 10.1021 / np50052a030 . Jump up ^ Beug MW , Bigwood J ( 1982 ) . `` Psilocybin and psilocin levels in twenty species from seven genera of wild mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest , U.S.A. '' . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 5 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 85 . PMID 7201053 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 8741 ( 82 ) 90013 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stamets ( 1996 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Hyde C , Glancy G , Omerod P , Hall D , Taylor GS ( 1978 ) . `` Abuse of indigenous psilocybin mushrooms : a new fashion and some psychiatric complications '' . British Journal of Psychiatry . 132 : 602 -- 604 . PMID 566144 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 132.6. 602 . Jump up ^ Peden NR , Macaulay KEC , Bissett AF , Crooks J , Pelosi AJ ( 1981 ) . `` Clinical toxicology of ' magic mushroom ' ingestion '' . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 57 ( 67 ) : 543 -- 45 . PMC 2426147 . PMID 7199140 . doi : 10.1136 / pgmj. 57.671. 543 . Jump up ^ Borowiak KS , Ciechanowski K , Waloszczyk P ( 1998 ) . `` Psilocybin mushroom ( Psilocybe semilanceata ) intoxication with myocardial infarction '' . Journal of Toxicology : Clinical Toxicology. 36 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 47 -- 49 . PMID 9541042 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563659809162584 . Jump up ^ Franz M , Regele H , Kirchmair M , Kletzmayr J , Sunder - Plassmann G , Hörl WH , Pohanka E ( 1996 ) . `` Magic mushrooms : hopes for a ' cheap high ' resulting in end - stage renal failure '' ( PDF ) . Nephrology , Dialysis , Transplantation. 11 ( 11 ) : 2324 -- 27 . PMID 8941602 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. ndt. a027160 . Jump up ^ Nef HM , Möllmann H , Hilpert P , Krause N , Troidl C , Weber M , Rolf A , Dill T , Hamm C , Elsässer A ( 2009 ) . `` Apical regional wall motion abnormalities reminiscent to Tako - Tsubo cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive fungi '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 134 ( 1 ) : e39 -- e41 . PMID 18378018 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2007.12. 064 . Jump up ^ Adamczyk A , Sadakierska - Chudy A , Janoszka J , Rymkiewicz A , Dobosz T ( 2007 ) . `` Halucynogenne grzyby -- lysiczki ( Psilocybe ) . Czesc II . Identyfikacja Psilocybe semilanceata przy pomocy techniki PCR '' ( Hallucinogenic fungi ( Psilocybe ) . Part II . Identification of Psilocybe semilanceata by PCR ) . Archiwum Medycyny Sądowej i Kryminolologii ( in Polish ) . 57 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 88 . PMID 17907620 . Jump up ^ Beck O , Helander A , Karlson - Stiber C , Stephansson N ( 1998 ) . `` Presence of phenylethylamine in hallucinogenic Psilocybe mushroom : possible role in adverse reactions '' . Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 22 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 49 . PMID 9491968 . doi : 10.1093 / jat / 22.1. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Psilocybe and others ( Group PIM G027 ) '' . www.inchem.org . Jump up ^ `` EMCDDA Hallucinogenic mushrooms profile ( chemistry , effects , other names ( magic mushrooms , shrooms ... ) , origin , mode of use , other names , medical use , control status ) '' . www.emcdda.europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` Erowid Online Books : `` PIHKAL '' - # 142 PEA `` . erowid.org . Jump up ^ `` Search List '' . phytochem.nal.usda.gov . Jump up ^ Wolfe , David ; Shazzie ( 2005 ) . Naked chocolate . Berkeley , Calif. : North Atlantic . ISBN 978 - 1556437311 . Jump up ^ `` List of psychotropic substances under international control '' ( PDF ) . International Narcotics Control Board . August 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Marley G. ( 2010 ) . Chanterelle Dreams , Amanita Nightmares : The Love , Lore , and Mystique of Mushrooms . White River Junction , Vermont : Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 60358 - 214 - 2 . Jump up ^ https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS 1997 - 15. pdf Cited texts ( edit ) Guzmán G. ( 1983 ) . The genus Psilocybe : A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History , Distribution and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species . Nova Hedwigia Beihefte. 74 . Berlin : J. Cramer . ISBN 3 - 7682 - 5474 - 7 . Bresinsky A , Besl H ( 1989 ) . A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi : a Handbook for Pharmacists , Doctors , and Biologists . London , UK : Manson Publishing Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7234 - 1576 - 5 . Stamets P. ( 1996 ) . Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World : An Identification Guide . Berkeley , California : Ten Speed Press . ISBN 0 - 89815 - 839 - 7 . Gartz J. ( 1997 ) . Magic Mushrooms Around the World . Los Angeles , California : LIS Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9653399 - 0 - 2 . Hallucinogenic mushrooms Mushroom hunting mushroom poisoning list of deadly fungus species list of poisonous fungus species list of psilocybin mushrooms legal status isoxazole mushrooms psilocybin mushrooms Psychoactive Amanita mushrooms Amanita A. muscaria A. muscaria var . guessowii A. pantherina Psilocybin mushrooms Conocybe C. cyanopus C. kuehneriana C. siligineoides Galerina G. steglichii Gymnopilus G. aeruginosus G. braendlei G. junonius G. liquiritiae G. luteofolius G. luteoviridis G. luteus G. purpuratus G. sapineus G. validipes G. viridans Inocybe I. aeruginascens I. corydalina var . corydalina I. tricolor Mycena M. cyanorrhiza M. pura Panaeolus P. africanus P. bisporus P. cambodginiensis P. cinctulus P. cyanescens P. fimicola P. olivaceus P. tropicalis Pholiotina P. cyanopus P. smithii Pluteus P. americanus P. brunneidiscus P. cyanopus P. glaucus P. nigroviridis P. phaeocyanopus P. salicinus P. villosus Psilocybe P. allenii P. atlantis P. aucklandii P. aztecorum P. azurescens P. baeocystis P. banderillensis P. caerulescens var . caerulescens P. caerulipes P. cubensis P. cyanescens P. cyanofibrillosa P. fimetaria P. graveolens P. hispanica P. hoogshagenii P. liniformans var . americana P. makarorae P. meridionalis P. mescaleroensis P. mexicana P. ovoideocystidiata P. pelliculosa P. plutonia P. quebecensis P. samuiensis P. semilanceata P. silvatica P. strictipes P. stuntzii P. subaeruginascens P. subaeruginosa P. tampanensis P. villarrealiae P. weraroa P. zapotecorum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psilocybe_semilanceata&oldid=807963417 '' Categories : Entheogens Fungi described in 1838 Fungi of Asia Fungi of Australia Fungi of Europe Fungi of New Zealand Fungi of North America Fungi of South America Fungi of Sweden Psilocybe Psychedelic tryptamine carriers Psychoactive fungi Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 02 : 10 . 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where do liberty caps grow in the us
[ "The mushroom also has a widespread distribution in North America. In Canada it has been collected from British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario and Quebec.[45] In the United States, it is most common in the Pacific Northwest, west of the Cascade Mountains, where it fruits abundantly in autumn and early winter; fruiting has also been reported to occur infrequently during spring months.[22] Charles Horton Peck reported the mushroom to occur in New York in the early 20th century, and consequently, much literature published since then has reported the species to be present in the eastern United States. Gaston Guzman later examined Peck's herbarium specimen, and in his comprehensive 1983 monograph on Psilocybe, concluded that Peck had misidentified it with the species now known as Panaeolina foenisecii.[46][47] P. semilanceata is much less common in South America,[46] where it has been recorded in Chile.[45] It is also known in Australia (where it may be an introduced species)[26] and New Zealand, where it grows in high-altitude grasslands.[48] In 2000, it was reported from Golaghat, in the Indian state of Assam.[49]" ]
[ "most common in the Pacific Northwest" ]
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Pharynx
Pharynx - wikipedia Pharynx This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pharynx Head and inner neck Pharynx Details Part of Throat System Respiratory system , digestive system Artery pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery , ascending palatine , descending palatine , pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid Vein pharyngeal plexus Nerve pharyngeal plexus , maxillary nerve , mandibular nerve Identifiers Greek Pharynx MeSH D010614 TA A05. 3.01. 001 FMA 46688 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The pharynx ( plural : pharynges ) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx , or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs . The pharynx is an area found in vertebrates and invertebrates , though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species . In humans the pharynx is part of the digestive system and also of the conducting zone of the respiratory system . ( The conducting zone also includes the nostrils of the nose , larynx , trachea , bronchi , and bronchioles , and their function is to filter , warm , and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs . ) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat situated immediately behind the nasal cavity , behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx . The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections : the nasopharynx , the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx . It is also important in vocalization . In humans there are two sets of pharyngeal muscles that form the pharynx , determining the shape of its lumen . These are arranged as an inner layer of longitudinal muscles and an outer circular layer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Nasopharynx 1.2 Oropharynx 1.3 Laryngopharynx 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Inflammation 2.2 Pharyngeal cancer 2.3 Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring 3 History 3.1 Etymology 4 Other animals 4.1 Invertebrates 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Nasopharynx ( edit ) The upper portion of the pharynx , the nasopharynx , extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate . It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity . The adenoids , also known as the pharyngeal tonsils , are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx . Upper respiratory system , with nasopharynx , oropharynx and laryngopharynx labeled at right . Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx , as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection . The auditory tube , which connect the middle ear to the pharynx , opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube . The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere . Details of torus tubarius The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities . On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube , somewhat triangular in shape , and bounded behind by a firm prominence , the torus tubarius or cushion , caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane . Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening : the salpingopharyngeal fold , a vertical fold of mucous membrane extending from the inferior part of the torus and containing the salpingopharyngeus muscle the salpingopalatine fold , a smaller fold , in front of the salpingopharyngeal fold , extending from the superior part of the torus to the palate and containing the levator veli palatini muscle . It also contains some muscle fibres called salpingopalatine muscle The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute to the fold , since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening . Oropharynx ( edit ) The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity , extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone . It opens anteriorly , through the isthmus faucium , into the mouth , while in its lateral wall , between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch , is the palatine tonsil . The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula ; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil , tonsillar fossa , and tonsillar ( faucial ) pillars ; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula . Because both food and air pass through the pharynx , a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration . The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium . The HACEK organisms ( Haemophilus , Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Cardiobacterium hominis , Eikenella corrodens , Kingella ) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora , which grow slowly , prefer a carbon dioxide - enriched atmosphere , and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections , especially in young children . Fusobacterium is a pathogen . Laryngopharynx ( edit ) The laryngopharynx , ( Latin : pars laryngea pharyngis ) , also known as hypopharynx , is the caudal part of pharynx ; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus . It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory ( larynx ) and digestive ( esophagus ) pathways . At that point , the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly . The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach ; air enters the larynx anteriorly . During swallowing , food has the `` right of way '' , and air passage temporarily stops . Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae , the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone . The laryngopharynx includes three major sites : the pyriform sinus , postcricoid area , and the posterior pharyngeal wall . Like the oropharynx above it , the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium . It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus . The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery , the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery . The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves . The vagus nerve provides a branch termed `` Arnolds Nerve '' which also supplies the external auditory canal , thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia . This nerve is also responsible for the ear - cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing . Clinical significance ( edit ) Pharyngitis is the painful swelling of the throat . The oropharynx shown here is very inflamed and red . Inflammation ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx , or pharyngitis , is the painful inflammation of the throat . Pharyngeal cancer ( edit ) Main article : Pharyngeal cancer Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and / or throat , and can cause serious clinical problems . Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring ( edit ) Main article : Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx . Waldeyer 's ring circumscribes the naso - and oropharynx , with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate ( and to the back of the oral cavity ) . It is believed that Waldeyer 's ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The word pharynx ( / ˈfærɪŋks / ) is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ phárynx , meaning `` throat '' . Its plural form is pharynges / fəˈrɪndʒiːz / or pharynxes / ˈfærɪŋksəz / , and its adjective form is pharyngeal ( / ˌfærɪnˈdʒiːəl / or / fəˈrɪndʒiəl / ) . Other animals ( edit ) An illustration of the pharyngeal jaws of a moray eel All vertebrates have a pharynx , used in both feeding and respiration . The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head . These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches , and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal , muscular and circulatory systems . The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates . It differs in dogs , horses and ruminants . In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity . The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx . In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly . Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse . In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx . Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus . Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates . However , the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells . Pharyngeal jaws are a `` second set '' of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish , distinct from the primary ( oral ) jaws . Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted . When the moray bites prey , it first bites normally with its oral jaws , capturing the prey . Immediately thereafter , the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it ; they then retract , pulling the prey down the eel 's esophagus , allowing it to be swallowed . Invertebrates ( edit ) Invertebrates also have a pharynx . Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades , annelids and arthropods , and the priapulids ( which have an eversible pharynx ) . The `` pharynx '' of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head , triangular in cross-section , that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines . A one - way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal . Everted pharynx of Alitta virens ( also known as Nereis virens ) , lateral view Pharynx of the flatworm Prorhynchus fontinalis Pharynx of the flatworm Platydemus manokwari visible as the worm feeds on a snail . Longitudinal section through the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans showing the position of the pharynx in the animal body . Microscopic cross section through the pharynx of a larva from an unknown lamprey species . Additional images ( edit ) Nose and nasal Coronal section of right ear , showing auditory tube and levator veli palatini muscle . The entrance to the larynx , viewed from behind Deep dissection of human larynx , pharynx and tongue seen from behind The nasopharynx , oropharynx , and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this sagittal section of the head and neck . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Pharyngeal aspiration Pharyngeal consonant Pharyngeal ( disambiguation ) Saccopharynx , a genus of deep sea eel - like fishes with large mouths , distensible stomachs and long scaleless bodies Salpinx in anatomy Tonsil Tornwaldt cyst References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1141 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Respiratory Syster ( PDF ) . Benjamin Cummings ( Pearson Education , Inc ) . 2006 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Clinical Head and Neck and Functional Neuroscience Course Notes , 2008 - 2009 , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine , Bethesda , Maryland Jump up ^ Simkins , C.S. ( 1943 ) . `` Functional anatomy of the Eustachian tube '' . Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery . 38 ( 5 ) : 476 -- 484 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 1943.00670040495009 . Jump up ^ `` The Pharynx '' . 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Morpeth S , Murdoch D , Cabell CH , et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Non-HACEK gram - negative bacillus endocarditis '' . Ann . Intern . Med. 147 ( 12 ) : 829 -- 35 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 147 - 12 - 200712180 - 00002 . PMID 18087053 . Jump up ^ Aliyu SH , Marriott RK , Curran MD , et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Real - time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice '' . J Med Microbiol. 53 ( Pt 10 ) : 1029 -- 35 . doi : 10.1099 / jmm. 0.45648 - 0 . PMID 15358827 . Jump up ^ `` Pharynx '' . Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` pharynx '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Graham , A ; Richardson , J ( 2012 ) . `` Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus '' . EvoDevo. 3 ( 3 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1186 / 2041 - 9139 - 3 - 24 . PMC 3564725 . PMID 23020903 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Rita S. ; Peter C. Wainwright ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey '' . Nature . 449 ( 7158 ) : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06062 . PMID 17805293 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eibye - Jacobsen ( 2001 ) . `` Are the supportive structures of the tardigrade pharynx homologous throughout the entire group ? '' . Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . 39 : 1 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0469.2001. 00140. x . Jump up ^ Elzinga , R.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Microspines in the alimentary canal of arthropoda , onychophora , annelida '' . International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 27 ( 4 ) : 341 . doi : 10.1016 / S0020 - 7322 ( 98 ) 00027 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morse , M. Patricia ( 1981 ) . `` Meiopriapulus fijiensis n . gen. , n . sp. : An Interstitial Priapulid from Coarse Sand in Fiji '' . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society . 100 ( 3 ) : 239 . doi : 10.2307 / 3225549 . JSTOR 3225549 . General Pharynx , Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary at Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn , Seventh Edition . TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch ( eds ) Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0 - 471 - 22288 - 7 External links ( edit ) Look up pharynx in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pharynx . Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1401 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1403 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy photo : 31 : st - 1406 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages of the septum Greater alar Lesser alar Lateral nasal Accessory nasal Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Posterior nasal apertures Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : ( Supreme superior middle inferior ) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Mucous membrane Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil hide Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4176754 - 8 NDL : 00564179 Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharynx&oldid=845891347 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Digestive system Human head and neck Human throat Human voice Pharynx Animal anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - 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the upper part of the throat behind the nose is referred to as the
[ "The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs. The pharynx is an area found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though the structure is not universally the same across all of those species." ]
[ "The pharynx" ]
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Bora Bora
Bora Bora - wikipedia Bora Bora This article is about the island . For other uses , see Bora Bora ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Tora Bora or Boracay . Bora Bora Bora Bora and its lagoon seen from the International Space Station Geography Coordinates 16 ° 30 ′ 04 '' S 151 ° 44 ′ 24 '' W  /  16.501 ° S 151.740 ° W  / - 16.501 ; - 151.740 Coordinates : 16 ° 30 ′ 04 '' S 151 ° 44 ′ 24 '' W  /  16.501 ° S 151.740 ° W  / - 16.501 ; - 151.740 Archipelago Society Islands Area 30.55 km ( 11.80 sq mi ) Highest elevation 727 m ( 2,385 ft ) Highest point Mount Otemanu Administration France Overseas collectivity French Polynesia Administrative subdivision Leeward Islands Commune Bora Bora Largest settlement Vaitape Demographics Population 10,605 ( 2017 ) Pop . density 347 / km ( 899 / sq mi ) Bora Bora ( French : Bora - Bora , Tahitian : Pora Pora ) is a 30.55 km ( 12 sq mi ) island group in the Leeward group in the western part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia , an overseas collectivity of France in the Pacific Ocean . The main island , located about 230 kilometres ( 143 miles ) northwest of Papeete , is surrounded by a lagoon and a barrier reef . In the center of the island are the remnants of an extinct volcano rising to two peaks , Mount Pahia and Mount Otemanu , the highest point at 727 metres ( 2,385 feet ) . Bora Bora is a major international tourist destination , famous for its aqua - centric luxury resorts . The major settlement , Vaitape , is on the western side of the main island , opposite the main channel into the lagoon . Produce of the island is mostly limited to what can be obtained from the sea and the plentiful coconut trees , which were historically of economic importance for copra . Contents 1 Demographics 2 Name 3 History 3.1 World War II 4 Administration 5 Tourism 6 Climate 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Demographics ( edit ) As of 2017 , the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605 . Name ( edit ) In ancient times the island was called `` Pora pora mai te pora '' , meaning `` created by the gods '' in the local Tahitian dialect . This was often abbreviated Pora Pora meaning simply `` first born '' . Because of ambiguities in the phonemes of the Tahitian language , this could also be pronounced Bola Bola or Bora Bora . When explorer Jacob Roggeveen first landed on the island , he and his crew adopted the name Bora Bora which has stood ever since . History ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Bora Bora Flag of the Kingdom of Bora Bora ( 1837 -- 1842 ) Queen Teriimaevarua III and her maids of honor , circa 1899 The island was inhabited by Polynesian settlers around the 4th century C.E. The first European sighting was made by Jakob Roggeveen in 1722 . James Cook sighted the island on 29 July 1769 , using a Tahitian navigator , Tupaia . The London Missionary Society arrived in 1820 and founded a Protestant church in 1890 . Bora Bora was an independent kingdom until 1888 when its last queen Teriimaevarua III was forced to abdicate by the French who annexed the island as a colony . World War II ( edit ) In World War II the United States chose Bora Bora as a South Pacific military supply base , and an oil depot , airstrip , seaplane base , and defensive fortifications were constructed . Known as `` Operation Bobcat '' , it maintained a supply force of nine ships , 20,000 tons of equipment and nearly 7,000 men . At least eight 7 `` / 44 caliber guns , operated by elements of the 13th Coast Artillery Regiment ( later the 276th Coast Artillery Battalion ) , were set up at strategic points around the island to protect it against potential military attack . Eight of these guns remain in the area . However , the island saw no combat as the American presence on Bora Bora went uncontested over the course of the war . The base was officially closed on 2 June 1946 . The World War II airstrip was never able to accommodate large aircraft , but it nonetheless was French Polynesia 's only international airport until Faa'a International Airport opened next to Papeete , Tahiti , in 1960 . Administration ( edit ) Commune in French Polynesia , France Bora - Bora Commune The island 's lagoon and main island Flag Country France Overseas collectivity French Polynesia Associated communes Anau , Faanui , Vaitape ( centre ) Government Mayor Gaston Tong Sang Area 40.3 km ( 15.6 sq mi ) Population ( 2017 ) 10,605 Density 260 / km ( 680 / sq mi ) INSEE / Postal code 98714 / 98730 Elevation 0 -- 727 m ( 0 -- 2,385 ft ) Population without double counting : residents of multiple communes ( e.g. , students and military personnel ) only counted once . The commune of Bora - Bora is made up of the island of Bora Bora proper with its surrounding islets emerging from the coral reef , 29.3 km ( 11.3 sq mi ) in total . The surrounding islets include Motu Tapu , Motu Ahuna , Tevairoa , Motu Tane , Motu Mute , Motu Tufari , Motu Tehotu , Motu Pitiaau , Sofitel Motu , Motu Toopua , and Toopuaiti . The commune also includes the Tūpai atoll. ( 11 km or 4.2 sq mi ) , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of Bora Bora . The atoll of Tūpai has no permanent population apart from about 50 workers in the coconut plantations . The commune is an administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands and consists of three associated communes : Anau , Faanui and Vaitape . The administrative centre of the commune is the settlement of Vaitape , on the island of Bora Bora proper . Gaston Tong Sang is the Mayor of the commune of Bora - Bora , serving since 1989 . Tourism ( edit ) Four Seasons Resort Bora Bora The island 's economy is driven almost solely by tourism . Several resorts have been built on motu ( small islands , from Tahitian ) surrounding the lagoon . Hotel Bora Bora opened in 1961 , and nine years later built the first over-the - water bungalows on stilts over the lagoon . Today , over-water bungalows are a standard feature of most Bora Bora resorts . The quality of those bungalows ranges from comparably cheap , basic accommodations to very luxurious and expensive places to stay . Most of the tourist destinations are aqua - centric ; however it is possible to visit attractions on land such as WWII cannons . Air Tahiti has five or six flights daily to the Bora Bora Airport on Motu Mute from Tahiti ( as well as from other islands ) . Public transport on the island is nonexistent so rental cars and bicycles are the recommended methods of transport . There are also small , two - seater buggies for hire in Vaitape . It is possible to rent a motorboat to explore the lagoon . Snorkeling and scuba diving in and around the lagoon of Bora Bora are popular activities . Many species of sharks and rays inhabit the surrounding body of water . There are a few dive operators on the island offering manta ray dives and also shark - feeding dives . Sharks living in the island 's lagoon are not considered to be dangerous to people . In addition to the existing islands of Bora Bora , the new manmade motu of Motu Marfo has been added in the northeastern corner of the lagoon on the property of the St. Regis Resort . Climate ( edit ) hide Climate data for Bora - Bora Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 268.7 ( 10.579 ) 233.2 ( 9.181 ) 176.9 ( 6.965 ) 182.7 ( 7.193 ) 129.8 ( 5.11 ) 98.2 ( 3.866 ) 83.3 ( 3.28 ) 59.7 ( 2.35 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 99.8 ( 3.929 ) 203.7 ( 8.02 ) 280.6 ( 11.047 ) 1,882.1 ( 74.098 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 201.1 202.6 239.4 219.8 224.1 224.5 231.8 248.4 241.0 230.5 217.7 207.0 2,687.9 Source : NOAA Most rainfall occurs during the summer months ( November to April ) and is accompanied by high humidity , although clear days are not unknown in mid-January . Gallery ( edit ) Aerial view of Bora Bora Aerial view of Bora Bora Mount Otemanu The French frigate Floréal , stationed in Bora - Bora lagoon Maohi Protestant Church in Anau Coca - Cola Machine in Vaitape Leaning palm trees with metal bands to stop coconut crabs Sofitel Motu with Mount Otemanu in the background Bora Bora North - east view of Bora Bora from Mt Pahia Looking east toward Marara Beach Motu in Bora Bora Bora Bora Satellite image of Bora Bora Panoramic image of Bora Bora See also ( edit ) French Polynesia portal Islands portal List of volcanoes in French Polynesia List of reduplicated place names Administrative divisions of French Polynesia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Populations légales de Polynésie française en 2017 '' ( Legal Populations of French Polynesia in 2017 ) . Insee ( in French ) . 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Woods , Michael ; Woods , Mary B. ( 2009 ) . Seven Natural Wonders of Australia and Oceania . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 082 - 259074 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Ancient Wonder -- Bora Bora Island '' . Must Do Travels. 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beaches Blog '' . UAE Tours . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Salmond , Anne ( 2010 ) . Aphrodite 's Island . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 052 - 026114 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gaines , William C. ( May 2009 ) . `` Coast Artillery Organizational History , 1917 - 1950 -- Part I , Coast Artillery Regiments 1 - 196 '' ( PDF ) . The Coast Defense Journal . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Berhow , Mark A. , ed. ( 2015 ) . American Seacoast Defenses , A Reference Guide , Third Edition . McLean , Virginia : CDSG Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748167 - 3 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Contenu et images Notre histoire '' ( Content and Images Our Story ) ( in French ) . l'Office des Postes et des Télécommunications ( Office of Post and Telecommunications ) . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roderick Page ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Bora Bora -- Unique Environment '' . Bora-Bora-Insider.com . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mark Rogers ( 22 July 2008 ) . `` Complete Reconstruction Scheduled for Hotel Bora Bora '' . Travel Agent Central . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaches Blog '' . UAE Tours . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The St. Regis Bora Bora Resort '' . Bora Bora All Inclusive Guide . Archived from the original on 25 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bora - Bora Motu Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) hide Find more aboutBora Boraat Wikipedia 's sister projects Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Bora Bora at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Bora Bora from space ( 2598 × 3071 , 9.5 MB ) Society Islands of French Polynesia Windward Islands : Mai'ao Meheti'a Mo'orea Tahiti Teti'aroa Leeward Islands : Bora Bora Huahine Manua'e Maupiha'a Maupiti Motu One Ra'iātea Taha'a Tūpai Archipelagos of French Polynesia : Australs Gambiers Marquesas Societies Tuamotus Culture of indigenous Oceania List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania Art Ahu Australia Austronesia Cook Islands Hawaiʻi kapa ( Hawaiʻi ) Lei magimagi moai New Zealand Māori nguzu nguzu Oceania Papua New Guinea reimiro tā moko tabua taʻovala tapa ( `` masi '' ( Fiji ) , `` ngatu '' ( Tonga ) , `` siapo '' ( Sāmoa ) , `` ʻuha '' ( Rotuma ) ) tattoo tēfui tivaevae Broad culture areca nut kava , `` ʻawa '' ( Hawaii ) , `` yaqona '' ( Fiji ) , or `` sakau '' ( Pohnpei ) Kava culture Lapita Māori Polynesia Polynesian navigation Sāmoa ' ava ceremony wood carving Geo - specific , general Australia Australian Aboriginal astronomy ) Austronesia Caroline Islands , - Pwo Chatham Islands Cook Islands Easter Island Fiji Lau Islands traditions and ceremonies Guam Hawaiʻi Lomilomi massage Kiribati French Polynesia 's Marquesas Islands Marshall Islands Stick charts of Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Sāmoa Solomon Islands Tonga Torres Strait Islands Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Yap navigation Weriyeng navigation school Canoes Aboriginal dugout Alingano Maisu Bangka Drua Dugout ( boat ) Hawaiʻiloa Hōkūleʻa Kaep Karakoa Malia ( Hawaiian ) Māori migration Outrigger Paraw Polynesian sailing Proa Vinta Waka list Walap Dance ' Aparima cibi fara fire dancing firewalking haka hivinau hula kailao kapa haka Kiribati meke ' ote'a pa'o'a poi Rotuma siva Tahiti tāmūrē tautoga Tonga ' upa'upa Festivals Australia Garma Festival Hawaiʻi Aloha Festivals Merrie Monarch Festival World Invitational Hula Festival Fiji New Zealand Pasifika Festival Te Matatini Pacific Community Festival of Pacific Arts Papua New Guinea Languages by area Languages of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna by category Languages of Oceania Literature Literature of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Music Austral Islands ( French Polynesia ) Australia Austronesia Cook Islands Easter Island Fiji Guam Hawaiʻi Kiribati Lali Melanesia Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Māori Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Polynesia Sāmoa Slit drum Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Mythology Australian Aboriginal Fijian Hawaiian Mangarevan Maohi Māori Melanesian Menehune Micronesian Oceanian legendary creatures Polynesian Rapa Nui Samoan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan Research Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies People Indigneous Australian Austronesian Sama - Bajau Chamorro Chatham Islander ( Moriori or Rekohu ) Fijian ( iTaukei ) Igorot Hawaiian ( kānaka maoli ) Māori Marshallese Melanesian Micronesian Negrito Norfolk Islander Papuan Polynesian Indigenous Polynesian ( Mā'ohi ) Rapa Nui Rotuman Ryukyuan Samoan ( Tagata Māo'i ) Tahitian Taiwanese aborigines Tongan Torres Strait Islander Yami Religion Religion in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Not included : Oceanian : cinema , ( indigenous ) currency , dress , folkore , cuisine . Also see Category : Oceanian culture . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bora_Bora&oldid=851276120 '' Categories : Bora Bora Islands of the Society Islands Volcanoes of French Polynesia Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with short description Pages using infobox French commune with unknown parameters France articles requiring maintenance Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 06 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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what are the houses in bora bora called
[ "The island's economy is driven almost solely by tourism. Several resorts have been built on motu (small islands, from Tahitian) surrounding the lagoon. Hotel Bora Bora opened in 1961, and nine years later built the first over-the-water bungalows on stilts over the lagoon.[10] Today, over-water bungalows are a standard feature of most Bora Bora resorts. The quality of those bungalows ranges from comparably cheap, basic accommodations to very luxurious and expensive places to stay.\n" ]
[ "over-water bungalows" ]
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Golden State Warriors
Golden State Warriors - wikipedia Golden State Warriors Jump to : navigation , search Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1946 History Philadelphia Warriors 1946 -- 1962 San Francisco Warriors 1962 -- 1971 Golden State Warriors 1971 -- present Arena Oracle Arena Location Oakland , California Team colors Royal blue , California golden yellow , slate President Rick Welts General manager Bob Myers Head coach Steve Kerr Ownership Joe Lacob ( majority ) , Peter Guber Affiliation ( s ) Santa Cruz Warriors Championships 5 ( 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 ) Conference titles 9 Eastern : 3 ( 1947 , 1948 , 1956 ) Western : 6 ( 1964 , 1967 , 1975 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Division titles 5 ( 1975 , 1976 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 6 ( 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 24 , 42 ) Website www.nba.com/warriors Uniforms Home Away The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland , California . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland . The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals , winning five NBA championships in 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 and 2017 . Golden State 's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs , and behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . As of 2017 , the Warriors are the third most valuable NBA franchise according to Forbes , with an estimated value of $2.6 billion . The team was established in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , a founding member of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . In 1962 , the franchise relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area and was renamed the San Francisco Warriors . In 1971 , the team changed its geographic moniker to Golden State , California 's state nickname . The team is nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of `` W 's '' . Wilt Chamberlain and Stephen Curry have both been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Warriors , for a total of three MVP awards . 18 Hall of Famers have played for the Warriors , while four have coached the team . Golden State holds the NBA records for best regular season with 73 -- 9 , best postseason with 16 -- 1 (. 941 winning percentage ) and most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) with 88 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors 1.3 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors 1.4 1971 -- 1978 1.5 1978 -- 1987 1.6 1987 -- 1997 1.7 1997 -- 2008 1.7. 1 2006 -- 07 : `` We believe '' season 1.7. 2 2007 -- 08 season 1.8 2008 -- 2011 1.9 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era 1.9. 1 2013 -- 14 : Improvements 1.9. 2 2014 -- 15 : From turmoil to champions 1.9. 3 2015 -- 16 : Broken records 1.10 2016 -- present : The `` Fantastic Four '' era 1.11 Move from Oakland back to San Francisco 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3 Media 3.1 Television 3.2 Radio 4 Season - by - season records 5 Home arenas 6 Training facilities 7 Head coaches 8 Players 8.1 Current roster 8.2 Retained draft rights 8.3 Retired numbers 8.4 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members 8.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 9 Statistical leaders and awards 9.1 Franchise leaders 9.2 Individual awards 9.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Golden State Warriors Team creation The Warriors were founded in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors , a charter member of the Basketball Association of America . They were owned by Peter A. Tyrrell , who also owned the Philadelphia Rockets of the American Hockey League . Tyrrell hired Eddie Gottlieb , a longtime basketball promoter in the Philadelphia area , as coach and general manager . The owners named the team after the Philadelphia Warriors , an old basketball team who played in the American Basketball League in 1925 . 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors Joe Fulks was the league 's first scoring champion . Led by early scoring sensation Joe Fulks , the team won the championship in the league 's inaugural 1946 -- 47 season by defeating the Chicago Stags , four games to one . The NBA , which was created by a 1949 merger , officially recognizes that as its own first championship . Gottlieb bought the team in 1951 . Wilt Chamberlain averaged 41.5 points per game and 25.1 rebounds per game during his five and a half seasons with the Warriors . The Warriors won its other championship in Philadelphia in the 1955 -- 56 season , defeating the Fort Wayne Pistons four games to one . The Warrior stars of this era were future Hall of Famers Paul Arizin , Tom Gola and Neil Johnston . In 1959 , the team signed draft pick Wilt Chamberlain . Known as `` Wilt the Stilt '' , he led the team in scoring six times , quickly began shattering NBA scoring records and changed the NBA style of play forever . On March 2 , 1962 , in a Warrior `` home '' game played on a neutral court in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Chamberlain scored 100 points against the New York Knicks , a single - game record the NBA ranks among its finest moments . 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors In 1962 , Franklin Mieuli purchased the majority shares of the team and relocated the franchise to the San Francisco Bay Area , renaming them the San Francisco Warriors . The Warriors played most of their home games at the Cow Palace in Daly City ( the facility lies just south of the San Francisco city limits ) from 1962 to 1964 and the San Francisco Civic Auditorium from 1964 to 1966 , though occasionally playing home games in nearby cities such as Oakland and San Jose . Nate Thurmond averaged over 20 points per game during five different seasons and over 20 rebounds per game during two seasons while with the Warriors . Prior to the 1963 -- 64 NBA season , the Warriors drafted big man Nate Thurmond to go along with Chamberlain . The Warriors won the Western Division crown that season , but lost the 1964 NBA Finals to the Boston Celtics , four games to one . In the 1964 -- 65 season , the Warriors traded Chamberlain to the Philadelphia 76ers for Connie Dierking , Lee Shaffer , Paul Neumann and $150,000 and won only 17 games . In 1965 , they drafted Rick Barry in the first round who went on to become NBA Rookie of the Year that season and then led the Warriors to the NBA finals in the 1966 -- 67 season , losing ( four games to two ) to Chamberlain 's new team that had replaced the Warriors in Philadelphia , the 76ers . Angered by management 's failure to pay him certain incentive bonuses he felt were due him , Barry sat out the 1967 -- 68 season and signed with the Oakland Oaks of the rival American Basketball Association for the following year , but after four seasons in the ABA rejoined the Warriors in 1972 . During Barry 's absence , the Warriors were no longer title contenders , and the mantle of leadership fell to Thurmond , Jeff Mullins and Rudy LaRusso . They began scheduling more home games in Oakland with the opening of the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1966 and the 1970 -- 71 season would be the team 's last as the San Francisco Warriors . 1971 -- 1978 The Warriors ' 1974 -- 75 championship banner . The franchise adopted its brand name Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971 -- 72 season , in order to suggest that the team represented the entire state of California . Almost all home games were played in Oakland that season ; six were played in San Diego , but none in San Francisco or Daly City . Oakland Arena became the team 's exclusive home court in 1971 . Rick Barry ( shown in 1976 ) was named the NBA Finals MVP in 1975 . The Warriors made the playoffs from 1971 to 1977 except in 1974 , and won their first NBA championship on the West Coast in 1974 -- 75 . In what many consider the biggest upset in NBA history , Golden State not only defeated the heavily favored Washington Bullets but humiliated them in a four - game sweep . That team was coached by former Warrior Al Attles , and led on the court by Rick Barry and Jamaal Wilkes . Barry was named MVP of the finals . At 59 - 23 , the Warriors had the league 's best record during the 1975 -- 76 season . They were upset , however , by the 42 - 40 Phoenix Suns in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . 1978 -- 1987 Because of the loss of key players such as Barry , Wilkes and Thurmond to trades and retirements , the Warriors struggled to put a competitive team on the court from 1978 to 1987 after being one of the NBA 's dominant teams in the 1960s and most of the 1970s . Through the NBA draft , however , they acquired some players such as high - scoring forward Purvis Short ( 1978 ) , former Purdue center Joe Barry Carroll ( 1980 ) and center Robert Parish ( 1976 ) , who was traded to the Boston Celtics in 1980 along with the draft pick that would become Kevin McHale for the pick used to draft Carroll . In 1983 , the Warriors matched the New York Knicks ' offer for free - agent Bernard King , but , unable to pay his high salary , quickly traded him to the Knicks for guard Micheal Ray Richardson , whom they soon shipped to New Jersey in exchange for former Georgetown Hoya point guard Eric `` Sleepy '' Floyd , and journeyman forward Mickey Johnson . ( Floyd once scored 29 points for the Warriors in the fourth quarter of a playoff game against the Lakers , though he was later traded to the Houston Rockets ) . The departure of these players for various reasons symbolized the franchise 's futility during this period , as head coach Attles moved up to the front office as general manager in 1980 and the team made several coaching changes . New owners Jim Fitzgerald and Dan Finane finally managed to return the team to respectability by hiring former Cleveland Cavaliers head coach George Karl as head coach in 1986 after selecting St. John 's small forward Chris Mullin in the 1985 NBA draft . 1987 -- 1997 A ticket for a 1988 -- 89 game between the Warriors and the Jazz . After a subpar stretch in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team had a brief resurgence under coach Karl , culminating in a 1987 Western Conference Semifinal match against Magic Johnson and the Los Angeles Lakers which is still shown on TV in the NBA 's Greatest Games series . In the game , Warriors ' All - Star point guard Sleepy Floyd 's performance in the second half still stands as the NBA playoff record for points scored in a quarter ( 29 ) and in a half ( 39 ) . His six consecutive field goals in the fourth quarter led to a 51 - point finish for him and a victory for the Warriors . The `` Sleepy Floyd game '' was a catalyst for increased interest in the NBA in the Bay Area which was furthered by new coach Don Nelson , who engineered another successful string of wins in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the high - scoring trio of point guard Tim Hardaway , guard Mitch Richmond and forward Chris Mullin ( collectively known as `` Run TMC '' after the rap group Run - D.M.C. ) . But `` Run TMC '' stayed together for only two seasons ( winning only one playoff series ) , when coach Nelson , in a move to get a promising young front - court player to complement his run - and - gun system , sent Richmond to the Sacramento Kings for rookie power forward Billy Owens . Nelson had been brought to the Warriors from the Milwaukee Bucks by Jim Fitzgerald , who along with Dan Finnane owned the team between 1986 and 1995 . In 1993 -- 94 , with first - round draft pick and Rookie of the Year power forward Chris Webber playing alongside off - guard Latrell Sprewell , the Warriors made the playoffs . At the start of the next season , however , a rift formed between Webber and Sprewell on the one hand and Nelson on the other . All three soon left the team , and the organization went into a tailspin . 1994 -- 95 was the first season under new team owner Chris Cohan , who had bought out Fitzgerald and Finnane . The Warriors selected power forward prospect Joe Smith as their first overall draft pick in 1995 and hired Rick Adelman as the new head coach . They sent Tim Hardaway and Chris Gatling to the Miami Heat for Kevin Willis and Bimbo Coles midway through the 1995 -- 96 season , and ended up with a 36 -- 46 record , three wins short of making the playoffs . While their home court , the Oakland Coliseum Arena , was being extensively renovated , the 1996 -- 97 Warriors played their home games in the San Jose Arena and struggled to a 30 -- 52 finish . Longtime Seton Hall college coach P.J. Carlesimo , who had been recently fired by the Portland Trail Blazers , replaced Adelman as head coach for 1997 -- 98 . Sprewell was suspended for the remainder of the 1997 -- 98 season for losing his temper and choking Carlesimo during a team practice in December , generating the glaring newspaper headline `` WARRIORS HIT ROCK BOTTOM '' and the declaration by GM Garry St. Jean that Sprewell would never play for the Warriors again . He would not play in the NBA again until he was dealt in January 1999 to the New York Knicks for John Starks , Chris Mills and Terry Cummings . 1997 -- 2008 St. Jean had become the new Warriors ' GM in July 1997 ; he and his predecessor Dave Twardzik received much of the blame for the Warriors ' struggles early in Cohan 's turbulent tenure as owner in addition to Cohan himself . St. Jean brought in players such as Terry Cummings , John Starks and Mookie Blaylock who were well past their primes . Twardzik drafted several flops , such as Todd Fuller ( while Kobe Bryant was still available as well as Steve Nash and Jermaine O'Neal ) and Steve Logan ( who never played an NBA game ) . In the following draft , the team selected Adonal Foyle while Tracy McGrady was still available . St. Jean did , however , draft future two - time NBA slam dunk champion off - guard Jason Richardson ( from Michigan State ) , a Warriors ' star scorer through the 2006 -- 07 season . For a few years , with rising stars Richardson , small forward Antawn Jamison and point guard Gilbert Arenas leading the team , the Warriors seemed like a team on the rise ; but the young Warriors did not have enough in the competitive Western Conference to make the playoffs . After the 2002 -- 03 season , St. Jean 's earlier mistakes of committing money to players like Danny Fortson , Adonal Foyle and Erick Dampier were painfully felt by Warriors ' fans when the team was unable to re-sign Arenas despite his desire to stay in the Bay Area . A new rule was implemented in response to second - round draft picks who quickly become superstars . Chris Mullin succeeded St. Jean with the title of Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations in 2004 . He hoped to build a winning team around Jason Richardson , Mike Dunleavy Jr and Troy Murphy , and drafted 7 - foot center Andris Biedriņš from Latvia ( 11th overall ) . At the 2005 trading deadline , he bolstered to the team with the acquisition of point guard Baron Davis , bringing to the team its first superstar since Mullin himself . The Warriors enjoyed a great start to the 2005 -- 06 season , entering the new year with a plus . 500 winning percentage for the first time since 1994 , but managed to win only 13 more games through the end of March due to injuries . Davis often found himself at odds with new head coach Mike Montgomery ( used to dealing with college players in his long tenure at Stanford ) and failed to remain healthy , playing in just 54 games . On April 5 , 2006 , the Warriors were officially eliminated from playoff contention in a 114 -- 109 overtime loss to the Hornets , extending their playoff drought to 12 seasons . 2006 -- 07 : `` We Believe '' season Entering the 2006 -- 07 season , the Warriors held the active record ( 12 ) for the most consecutive seasons without a playoff appearance ( see Active NBA non-playoff appearance streaks ) . During the 2006 off - season , Golden State announced that it had bought out the remaining two years of coach Montgomery 's contract and hired previous Golden State and former Dallas Mavericks coach Don Nelson to take over for him . During training camp , small forward Matt Barnes established himself in the rotation . On January 17 , 2007 , the Warriors traded the disappointing Murphy and Dunleavy with promising young power forward Ike Diogu and Keith McLeod to the Indiana Pacers for forward Al Harrington , forward / guard Stephen Jackson , guard Šarūnas Jasikevičius and forward Josh Powell . This trade allowed the Warriors to `` run and gun '' their way to the playoffs with a more athletic and talented team . On March 4 , 2007 , the Warriors suffered a 106 -- 107 loss in Washington , the Wizards handing them their 6th straight loss when former Warrior Arenas hit a technical free throw with less than one second remaining after Nelson had protested a controversial call with the Warriors ahead by a slim margin . The loss dropped them to 26 -- 35 . March 4 marked the turning point for the Warriors . The Warriors closed out the regular season ( 42 -- 40 ) at 16 -- 5 in their last 21 games . `` We Believe '' became the Warriors ' slogan for the last two months of the season and the playoffs . Led by a healthy Baron Davis , an ever - improving Jason Richardson and young future star off - guard Monta Ellis as well as center Biedriņš , the Warriors immediately dashed the highly favored top - seed Dallas Mavericks ' expectations of a short and easy series win with a Game 1 victory in Dallas thanks to Davis ' frantic style of play . The Mavericks came back to win Game 2 easily to tie the series at a game apiece , but the Warriors won both Games 3 & 4 with a huge lift from the home crowd at Oracle Arena . A close Game 5 saw the Mavericks eke out a 118 -- 112 victory with a last - minute surge led by superstar forward Dirk Nowitzki to send the series back to California at 3 -- 2 . In Game 6 , the Warriors engineered a third - quarter 18 -- 0 run to eliminate the Mavericks and become the NBA 's first No. 8 seed to beat a No. 1 seed in a seven - game series ( and the first NBA No. 8 seed to beat the top seed since 1999 when the New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat ) . It was an upset in name only , given the fact that the Warriors had swept the Mavericks in the regular season series . The Warriors went on to play the Utah Jazz in the second round of the 2006 -- 07 playoffs , where they dropped two close games at EnergySolutions Arena to open the series . The series then shifted to the Oracle Arena , where the Warriors won Game 3 in a convincing blowout . Davis scored 32 points and electrified the crowd with a monster dunk on Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko late in the fourth quarter , but they lost Game 4 at home , their first loss in Oakland in well over a month and the Jazz closed them out in Game 5 in Salt Lake City . 2007 -- 08 season The Warriors faced early difficulties in their attempt to return to the playoffs . Richardson was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for rookie Brandan Wright . To make things even worse , Jackson was suspended for seven games over a firearm incident . They opened the 2007 -- 08 season with six straight losses , but Ellis ' rise , Davis ' solid injury - free season ( 21.6 points , 8 assists , 4.6 rebounds per game ) , and an overall improvement in team chemistry brought them back to playoff contention ; but in the end the Warriors failed to make the playoffs despite a 48 -- 34 season , which is the best record in NBA history for a non-playoff team since the NBA playoffs had expanded to eight teams per conference . The Western Conference was very strong that season ; every playoff team won 50 games , leaving the Warriors two games out of the last playoff spot . The Warriors sold out nearly every home game during the season averaging 19,631 per game , the highest in team history . 2008 -- 2011 In the offseason , Baron Davis opted to return to his home town and sign with the Los Angeles Clippers . With the 14th pick of the 2008 NBA draft , the Warriors selected and signed Anthony Randolph out of LSU . To compensate for the loss of Davis , the Warriors signed free agents Corey Maggette and Ronny Turiaf and re-signed Ellis and Andris Biedriņš to long - term contracts . The Warriors had a disappointing 2008 -- 2009 season , finishing 29 -- 53 . Ellis was injured in a moped accident , and suspended for 30 games for riding the vehicle against the terms of his contract , depriving the Warriors of their top player . They traded disenchanted forward Al Harrington to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford , and were undone by injuries and the minimal experience of their young players such as Anthony Morrow and Brandan Wright . Coach Nelson often had to make adjustments to the starting lineups since many of the original starters missed games due to injuries . Despite the team 's losing record , the Warriors were hard to beat when they had a healthy lineup and a strong bench . With leadership and improvement in their young players , they were sometimes able to defeat powerhouse teams such as the Boston Celtics , 99 - 89 . During the 2009 off - season , Warrior ownership declined to renew the contract of general manager Mullin . Larry Riley , Nelson 's longtime assistant coach , was promoted in his place and drafted Stephen Curry as an outstanding 7th lottery pick , but dubiously traded Jamal Crawford to the Atlanta Hawks for Acie Law and Speedy Claxton . The Warriors had another injury - prone year in 2009 -- 10 . as they were consistently unable to field their ideal starting lineup . In November , a malcontented Stephen Jackson and seldom - used Acie Law were traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Raja Bell ( out for the season with an injury ) and Vladimir Radmanovic . Four days later , they signed center Chris Hunter . Starting in January 2010 , they issued multiple 10 - day contracts , most notably to power forward Anthony Tolliver from the Idaho Stampede . Due to their multiple injuries , they were granted an exception allowing them to sign Reggie Williams from the Sioux Falls Skyforce to a 10 - day contract on March 2 , making it their fifth D - League call - up that season , tying an NBA record . They eventually waived the injured Bell to sign Williams for the rest of the year , and finished the season 26 -- 56 , fourth in the Pacific Division . On June 24 , the Warriors selected Ekpe Udoh , a power forward from Baylor , as the 6th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also introduced a modernized version of their `` The City '' logo depicting the new eastern span of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge , and switched to a simplified color scheme of royal blue and gold . They also introduced new uniforms reminiscent of the 1969 -- 71 `` The City '' uniforms . The Warriors made an offseason trade that sent Turiaf , Randolph and Kelenna Azubuike to the New York Knicks in return for star high - scoring power forward David Lee via a sign - and - trade . Lee agreed to a six - year , $80 million deal , on a framework contingent on the decision of superstar forward LeBron James to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to sign with the Miami Heat that same day . Following Morrow 's departure after he signed the New Jersey Nets ' offer sheet , the Warriors signed Dorell Wright , formerly with the Miami Heat , to a three - year , $11 million deal . On July 15 , owner Chris Cohan sold the Warriors to Peter Guber of Mandalay Entertainment and his partner Joe Lacob for a then - record $450 million . On November 15 , the Warriors announced the new 19 - person ownership group composed of Joe Lacob , Peter Guber , Vivek Ranadivé , Erika Glazer , Fred Harman , Bob Piccinini , Larry Bowman , Danny German , Marty Glick , Chad Hurley , Craig R. Johnson , Bruce Karsh , Jeffrey A. Miller , Paul Schaeffer , David Scially , Nick Swinmurn , Harry Tsao , John Walecka and Dennis Wong . The Warriors gathered together during the team 's starting lineup ceremony prior to their 2011 -- 12 exhibition opener against the Sacramento Kings . The Warriors continued their signing spree by adding Harvard guard Jeremy Lin to their roster with a one - year partially guaranteed contract containing a second - year team option , the first Taiwanese - American player in NBA history . Louis Amundson was then added for little under $5 million in mid-September . Keith Smart was hired as head coach that same month after Nelson had resigned before the start of training camp . In February 2011 , the Warriors traded Brandan Wright and Dan Gadzuric for Troy Murphy and a 2011 second - round pick . On February 27 , Murphy and the Warriors reached a buyout agreement and he was waived . During a steady season without making any real ground in the playoff race , the Warriors broke franchise records with 21 made 3 's in a win against the Orlando Magic . In April 2011 , Dorell Wright made a franchise record of 184 3 's in a season in a home win versus Los Angeles Lakers , surpassing Richardson 's 183 in 2005 -- 06 . He then broke another NBA record , as the first player to have scored more points in his seventh season than in all his first six seasons combined in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers . He ended the season with the most three - pointers made in the NBA that season with 194 , as well as the most 3s attempted with 516 , both of which set new Warrior franchise records . The Warriors failed to make the playoffs after a 36 - win season in 2010 -- 11 , and coach Smart was dismissed on April 27 due to the change in ownership . 17 - year NBA veteran and former ABC and ESPN commentator Mark Jackson replaced him as head coach on June 6 . On December 19 , they traded Amundson to the Indiana Pacers for small forward Brandon Rush . 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era The `` Splash Brothers '' : Stephen Curry ( left ) and Klay Thompson ( right ) The Warriors did not improve in the 2011 -- 12 NBA season under coach Jackson , finishing the lockout - shorted season with a 23 -- 43 record , 13th in the conference . The team suffered several injuries to key players , and due to the lockout , Jackson could not establish his system in training camp . They then entered into another chaotic rebuilding phase . Team leader Monta Ellis was traded in mid-March 2012 , along with Kwame Brown and Ekpe Udoh , to the Milwaukee Bucks for center Andrew Bogut ( out injured for the season ) and former Warrior small forward Stephen Jackson , who without playing a game for the Warriors was quickly traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Richard Jefferson and a conditional first - round pick on March 15 . These moves saw the rise of Stephen Curry and David Lee to team co-captains , and saw off - guard Klay Thompson , the 11th overall pick of the 2011 NBA draft , move into a starting role . On July 11 , they acquired point guard Jarrett Jack from the New Orleans Hornets in a three - team trade also including the Philadelphia 76ers , who received Dorell Wright from Golden State . On August 1 , they signed forward Carl Landry on the termination of his one - year contract with the Hornets . In the 2012 NBA draft , they selected small forward Harrison Barnes with the 7th overall pick , center Festus Ezeli with the 30th pick , small forward Draymond Green 35th overall , and 7 - foot 1 - inch center Ognjen Kuzmic 52nd overall . In early November , swingman Rush was lost for the year with a torn ACL after falling awkwardly on the court early in the second game of the season , and less than a month later the team announced that Bogut was out indefinitely with a foot injury that was more serious than originally reported . Bogut did not return to regular play until late in the season . Coming out of this maelstrom of trades and injuries with a team starting two rookies ( Barnes and Ezeli ) , the Warriors had one of their best starts in decades , earning their 20th win before hitting the 30 - game mark for the first time since 1992 . The Warriors also achieved a milestone by completing their first ever 6 -- 1 road trip in franchise history , including a 97 -- 95 win over the defending champion Heat in Miami . On April 9 , 2013 , with a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , the Warriors clinched the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and the first time since the 2006 -- 07 `` We believe '' Warriors . This time , the local battlecry was `` we belong '' . The team finished the season with a record of 47 -- 35 , earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference , and defeated the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs by winning four out of six games . They lost in the second round to the San Antonio Spurs , four games to two . This was the first playoff experience for all of the starters of this group except for Andrew Bogut . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry 's 272 three - point baskets to set an NBA single - season record , giving him the nickname `` baby - faced assassin '' , and the naming of forward David Lee to the 2013 NBA All - Star Game as a reserve , ending the team 's 16 - year drought without an All Star selection , dating back to Latrell Sprewell in the 1997 season . Curry and Klay Thompson , dubbed the `` Splash Brothers '' by team employee Brian Witt for their backcourt shooting prowess , combined for 483 three - pointers during the season , easily besting the prior record of 435 set by the Orlando Magic 's Nick Anderson and Dennis Scott in 1995 -- 96 . 2013 -- 14 : improvements With their lone selection in the 2013 NBA draft , the Warriors made 22 - year - old Serbian combo - guard Nemanja Nedovic the 30th and final pick of the first round . In early July 2013 , Golden State signed former Denver Nuggets swingman and free agent Andre Iguodala to a four - year , $48 million deal . To make room under their salary cap , the Warriors traded Richard Jefferson , Andris Biedrins and Brandon Rush , along with multiple draft picks , including their 2014 and 2017 first - round picks , to the Utah Jazz . The Warriors lost free - agent guard Jarrett Jack , who departed for the Cleveland Cavaliers , and free agent power forward Carl Landry , who went to the Sacramento Kings . To help fill the void left by Landry , the Warriors signed forward - center Marreese Speights to a three - year , $10 million contract . The team also signed one - year deals with veteran center Jermaine O'Neal ( $2 million ) and point guard Toney Douglas ( $1.6 million ) . On August 21 , the Warriors signed 7 ft 1 in Serbian center Ognjen Kuzmic , who had been playing in Europe since his selection in the 2012 NBA draft , to a guaranteed two - year deal . The Warriors began the 2013 -- 14 season showing flashes of brilliance and also plenty of lapses . In early December their record was 12 -- 9 , as compared to 17 -- 4 the year before . One challenging factor was a tough starting schedule that saw them play 14 of their first 22 games on the road , including 10 games against teams holding playoff spots in the standings . A stream of injuries also held the team back , including injuries to Festus Ezeli ( off - season surgery to repair the right knee , out for the season ) , Toney Douglas ( left tibia stress reaction , out nearly a month from mid-November to December ) , and Jermaine O'Neal ( right wrist injury and surgery , out from mid-November to early February ) . Stephen Curry and Harrison Barnes were also out for at least four games before the all - star break , each with minor injuries . Most prominently of all , Iguodala suffered a hamstring pull in late November that kept him out for over a month , during which time the Warriors ' performance suffered significantly on both the defensive and offensive ends of the court , and the team posted a losing 5 -- 7 record while revealing a lack of depth on their bench . With Iguodala back in the lineup , the Warriors went on a 10 - game winning streak , which included six consecutive wins on a single road trip , tying an NBA record . The winning streak was the longest for the franchise since the 1975 championship year , and just one short of the team record of 11 consecutive wins , set in the 1971 -- 72 season . To strengthen their underperforming bench , the Warriors made a three - team trade on January 15 , sending Douglas to the Miami Heat and picking up guards Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Boston Celtics and then , a day before the trade deadline , trading Kent Bazemore and Brooks to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for veteran point guard Steve Blake . Thanks in part to the improved effectiveness of their backup squad , boosted by the additions of Blake and Crawford and the play of 35 - year - old Jermaine O'Neal ( who returned sooner than expected from wrist surgery ) , the Warriors were one of the winningest teams in the NBA after the all - star break . Nonetheless , and despite several victories over top contenders , the team displayed a pattern of losing games to inferior teams even at their home arena . On April 11 , in a 112 -- 95 stomping of the Los Angeles Lakers at the Staples Center , the Warriors clinched a playoff berth in consecutive seasons for the first time since 1991 and 1992 . However , just one day earlier in a loss against the Portland Trail Blazers , Andrew Bogut suffered a cracked rib that would keep him out of the post-season , a big blow to the sixth - seed Warriors ' playoff hopes . The Warriors ended the season 51 -- 31 , winning more than 50 games for only the fourth time in franchise history , finishing 20 games over . 500 for the first time in 22 years , and tying the 1991 -- 92 squad for the franchise 's all - time mark of 24 wins on the road . Even without Bogut , in the first round of the playoffs the Warriors battled the third - seed Los Angeles Clippers to a seventh and deciding game , which the Warriors lost , bringing their 2013 -- 14 season to an end . It was season of many thrilling moments in which the Warriors ' played in 17 regular - season games decided by 2 points or less , 6 games with winning shots in the final 3 seconds , and 7 comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 points or more . In other noteworthy occurrences for the season , Curry was named to the starting lineup for the 2014 NBA All - Star Game . For Curry , the only Warrior named to the team , this was his first all - star appearance in five seasons as an NBA player . Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple - doubles for the season , tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963 -- 64 . Curry also averaged career - bests in points and assists ; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season . Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three - point shooting . On February 7 , in a 102 -- 87 win over the Chicago Bulls , the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three - pointer in 30 consecutive games . Curry , who finished the season with 261 threes , set an individual record for most three - pointers in a span of two seasons with 533 , surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Together , Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year , besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before . 2014 -- 15 : from turmoil to champions Even as the team rolled towards the post-season , signs emerged of trouble in the Warriors ' front office . On March 25 , the team reassigned assistant coach Brian Scalabrine to the team 's NBA Development League Affiliate in Santa Cruz because of what head coach Mark Jackson called a `` difference in philosophies '' and what unnamed league sources cited by Yahoo ! Sports called `` an increasingly dysfunctional atmosphere '' on the Warriors ' coaching staff . Fewer than two weeks later , assistant coach Darren Erman was fired for secretly recording conversations between coaches , staff and players . During the post season , rumors persisted in the press that Mark Jackson 's job as head coach was in jeopardy , leading the players to make a unanimous declaration of support for Jackson 's return only minutes after the Warriors ' first - round , game seven playoff loss to the Clippers . Nonetheless , three days later , on May 6 , the team announced the firing of Mark Jackson as head coach . In his three - season tenure as head coach , Jackson compiled a 121 - 109 (. 526 ) record , overseeing a terrific turnaround . When Jackson took the helm in 2011 , the franchise had made the playoffs only one time over the prior 17 seasons , averaging 30.2 wins per season during that period . Jackson , 49 , became just the third head coach in franchise history to lead a team to at least 50 wins in a season , joining Don Nelson and Alvin Attles , who both hit the mark twice with the Warriors . With 121 wins overall , Jackson ranks fourth on the franchise 's all - time wins list , trailing Attles ( 557 ) , Nelson ( 422 ) and Eddie Gottlieb ( 263 ) . On May 14 , 2014 , the Golden State Warriors named Steve Kerr the team 's head coach in a reported $25 million deal over five years . It was a first - time head - coaching position for Kerr , 48 , a five - time NBA champion point guard who holds the all - time career record for accuracy in three - point shooting (. 454 ) . Kerr formerly served as president and general manager for the Phoenix Suns basketball team ( 2007 to 2010 ) , and had most recently been working as an NBA broadcast analyst for Turner Network Television ( TNT ) . The Warriors completed the regular season with a record of 67 - 15 , the best in the league and the most wins in franchise history . The Warriors also finished with a home record of 39 -- 2 , the second best in NBA history . They were first in defensive efficiency for the season and second in offensive efficiency , barely missing the mark that the Julius Erving led Sixers achieved by being first in both offensive and defensive efficiency . On May 4 , Stephen Curry was named the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player , the first Warrior to do so since Wilt Chamberlain in 1960 . In the first round of the playoffs , they swept the New Orleans Pelicans , defeated Memphis Grizzlies in the second round in six games and defeated Houston Rockets in five games of the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors advanced to their first NBA Finals since 1975 , where they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title , and their first in 40 years . Andre Iguodala was named Finals MVP . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three - pointers made in a single season with 286 . He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three - pointers , the most by a duo in NBA history . In the postseason , Curry shattered Reggie Miller 's record of 58 made three - pointers in a single postseason with 98 . On January 23 , 2015 , Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third . Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All - Star Game , won the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award . 2015 -- 16 : broken records Draymond Green was an All - NBA Second Team member in 2015 -- 16 The Warriors began the season by winning their first 24 games , eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history , set by the 1993 -- 94 Houston Rockets and the 1948 -- 49 Washington Capitols at 15 -- 0 . The Warriors surpassed the 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks for the best road start in NBA history at 14 -- 0 , which is also the joint - third longest road win streak . Their record - setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12 , 2015 . The Warriors broke a 131 - year - old record of 20 -- 0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team , to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America . Golden State also won 28 consecutive regular - season games dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season , eclipsing the 2012 -- 13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history . The team set an NBA record 54 - straight regular season home game winning streak , which spanned from January 31 , 2015 , to March 29 , 2016 . The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan . Stephen Curry , Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All - Star Game , the first time the Warriors have had three All - Stars since 1976 . Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple - doubles in a season . Curry broke numerous three - point records during the season , including his own NBA record for made three - pointers in a season of 286 ; he finished the season with 402 three pointers . He made a three - pointer in 151 consecutive games , which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014 . On February 27 , 2016 , Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three - pointers made in a single game , jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant . On April 13 , 2016 , Golden State set the record for most wins in a single season , beating Memphis , and finishing 73 - 9 . On May 10 , 2016 , Stephen Curry was named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . Curry is the 11th player to win back - to - back MVP honors and became the first player in NBA history to win the MVP award by unanimous vote , winning all 131 first - place votes . The Golden State Warriors went to their second consecutive appearance in the finals with a rematch against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Warriors went to a 3 - 1 advantage but the Cavaliers made a comeback to tie the series at 3 wins apiece . In Game 7 the Golden State Warriors lost the championship series on their homecourt , and earned the unfortunate distinction of becoming the first team to blow a 3 - 1 lead in the NBA finals . 2016 -- present : the `` fantastic four '' era On July 4 , 2016 , Kevin Durant announced he would leave the Oklahoma City Thunder in order to sign a 2 - year contract with the Golden State Warriors . On July 7 , Durant signed his contract , which gave the Warriors a fourth All - NBA player on their team . The Durant signing made the Warriors the prohibitive favorites to win the NBA championship , according to oddsmakers . The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016 -- 17 regular season . On November 7 , 2016 , Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3 - pointers in a game with 13 in a 116 - 106 win over the Pelicans . On December 5 , 2016 , Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes in a 142 -- 106 victory over the Pacers . In doing so , Thompson became the first player in NBA history to score 60 or more points in fewer than 30 minutes of playing time . Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2017 NBA All - Star Game , making the Warriors only the eighth team in NBA history to have four All - Stars . On February 10 , 2017 , Draymond Green recorded a triple - double with 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals , becoming the first player in NBA history to post a triple - double with fewer than 10 points . On March 2 , 2017 , the Warriors ' streak for most games without back - to - back losses ended at 146 with a 94 -- 87 loss to the Chicago Bulls . The streak eclipsed the previous record of 95 held by the Utah Jazz . The Warriors earned home - court advantage throughout the 2017 playoffs , thanks to a 2016 -- 17 regular season record of 67 -- 15 . They were the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12 -- 0 , defeating in order the Trail Blazers , the Jazz , and the Spurs . The 2017 Finals once again pitted the Warriors against the Cavaliers , becoming the first time in NBA history that two teams met in the Finals for three consecutive years . The Warriors won the championship after going 4 -- 1 in the Finals , and their 16 -- 1 playoff record garnered the best winning percentage (. 941 ) in NBA playoffs history . Move from Oakland back to San Francisco In April 2014 , the Warriors began the purchase process for a 12 - acre site in Mission Bay , San Francisco , to hold a new 18,000 - seat arena which is expected to be ready for the 2019 - 20 NBA season , with construction to begin in early 2016 . The sale was finalized in October 2015 . The location was selected after an original proposal to construct the arena on Piers 30 and 32 , just south of the Bay Bridge , met with vocal opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . The new location , which still faces some vocal opposition in San Francisco , apparently eliminates the need for any voter approval , which would have been required with the original site . The Mission bay neighborhood is a recently developed area , centered around the new University of California , San Francisco campus . Some type of waterfront park is planned across from the projected arena , which will be located at an already - existing Muni T - Third stop . The Central Subway , planned to open in 2018 , may provide a direct connection between the new site and the downtown Powell Street Muni / BART station . The Golden State Warriors may consider a concurrent name change , possibly returning to their former name of San Francisco Warriors , although the team 's recent success has them reconsidering that decision . On January 27 , 2016 , it was announced that the Warriors ' new arena would be called Chase Center as part of an agreement with JP Morgan Chase . Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Main article : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry Media Television Bob Fitzgerald has done television play - by - play , and former Warrior guard Jim Barnett has done color commentary for the Warriors for more than 15 years , currently on Comcast SportsNet Bay Area , where they telecast more than 70 Warrior games a year . They also host Roundtable Live , a half - hour pre-game show leading up to the broadcast of select Golden State home games . Fitzgerald is in his 16th season as the Warriors ' play - by - play man , while Barnett is in his 27th season as color man . Greg Papa , Garry St. Jean , and Kelenna Azubuike are also members of the telecast team , specializing in in - game , halftime and post-game analysis , while Rosalyn Gold - Onwude serves as the sideline reporter . Radio Tim Roye has done the radio play - by - play for Warrior games since 1995 . He is joined in the booth by former Warriors forward Tom Tolbert for home games only . On August 25 , 2016 , the Warriors announced they were leaving long time station KNBR and all of their games will be broadcast on KGMZ . After each game , Roye , Fitzgerald and Barnett get together for post-game radio analysis and a next - game preview . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Golden State Warriors seasons Home arenas Philadelphia Arena ( 1946 -- 1962 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall ( 1952 -- 1962 ) Cow Palace ( 1962 -- 1964 , 1966 -- 1971 and two games in 1975 NBA Finals ) San Francisco Civic Auditorium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) USF War Memorial Gymnasium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) San Diego Sports Arena ( 1971 -- 1972 -- six games ) San Jose Arena ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Coliseum Arena / The Arena in Oakland / Oracle Arena ( 1966 -- 1967 , 1971 -- 1996 and 1997 -- present ) Chase Center ( 2019 , planned ) Training facilities The team trains at Oakland Convention Center , Oakland , California . Head coaches Main article : List of Golden State Warriors head coaches Coaching history Coach Tenure Edward Gottlieb 1946 -- 1955 George Senesky 1955 -- 1958 Al Cervi 1958 -- 1959 Neil Johnston 1959 -- 1961 Frank McGuire 1961 -- 1962 Bob Feerick 1962 -- 1963 Alex Hannum 1963 -- 1966 Bill Sharman 1966 -- 1968 George Lee 1968 -- 1970 Al Attles 1970 -- 1980 Johnny Bach 1980 Al Attles 1980 -- 1983 Johnny Bach 1983 -- 1986 George Karl 1986 -- 1988 Ed Gregory Don Nelson 1988 -- 1995 Bob Lanier 1995 Rick Adelman 1995 -- 1997 P.J. Carlesimo 1997 -- 1999 Garry St. Jean 1999 -- 2000 Dave Cowens 2000 -- 2001 Brian Winters 2001 -- 2002 Eric Musselman 2002 -- 2004 Mike Montgomery 2004 -- 2006 Don Nelson 2006 -- 2010 Keith Smart 2010 -- 2011 Mark Jackson 2011 -- 2014 Steve Kerr 2014 -- present Players Main article : Golden State Warriors all - time roster Current roster Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 5.5 ! F / C 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 - 01 - 07 Oregon 5.5 ! F / C 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 - 01 - 11 Oregon 4.0 ! F 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Casspi , Omri 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1988 - 06 - 22 Israel 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 - 03 - 14 Davidson 4.0 ! F 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 - 09 - 29 Texas 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 - 01 - 28 Arizona 5.5 ! F / C 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 - 06 - 30 Vanderbilt 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 - 09 - 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 - 02 - 06 UCLA 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 - 10 - 25 UNLV 6.0 ! C 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 - 01 - 19 Nevada 6.0 ! C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1984 - 02 - 10 Georgia 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 - 02 - 08 Washington State 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 - 08 - 29 Xavier 2.5 ! G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 - 06 - 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 05 Retained draft rights The Warriors hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee , who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Retired numbers Golden State Warriors retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 13 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 14 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 1961 -- 1967 16 Attles , Al Al Attles 1960 -- 1971 17 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2001 24 Barry , Rick Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 , 1972 -- 1978 42 Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond 1963 -- 1974 Notes : Includes Chamberlain 's tenure ( 1959 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Meschery 's tenure ( 1961 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Attles ' tenure ( 1960 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . He also served as head coach from 1969 to 1983 . Also general manager from 2004 to 2009 . Meschery , Attles , Barry , Thurmond and Mullin are also members of the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame . Naismith memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 17 Andy Phillip G / F 1950 -- 1953 1961 00 Robert Parish 1976 -- 1980 2003 14 Tom Gola F / G 1955 -- 1962 1976 17 Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 2000 -- 2001 2011 10 Joe Fulks 1946 -- 1954 1978 41 Jamaal Wilkes 1974 -- 1977 2012 11 Paul Arizin F / G 1950 -- 1962 1978 50 Ralph Sampson C / F 1987 -- 1989 2012 13 Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 1978 30 Bernard King 1980 -- 1982 2013 16 Jerry Lucas F / C 1969 -- 1971 1980 25 Guy Rodgers 1958 -- 1966 2014 42 Nate Thurmond F / C 1963 -- 1974 1985 23 Mitch Richmond 1988 -- 1991 2014 24 Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 1972 -- 1978 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2014 6 Neil Johnston 1951 -- 1959 10 Jo Jo White 1979 -- 1980 2015 Coaches No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Frank McGuire Coach 1961 -- 1962 1977 -- Bill Sharman Coach 1966 -- 1968 -- Alex Hannum Coach 1963 -- 1966 1998 -- Don Nelson Coach 1988 -- 1995 2006 -- 2010 2012 Contributors No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Eddie Gottlieb Founder / Owner 1946 -- 1962 1972 -- Pete Newell Scout 1977 -- 1984 1979 Arizin , Fulks , Gola , Johnston and Phillip played all or most of their tenure with the Warriors in Philadelphia . Rodgers ' tenure was evenly divided between Philadelphia and San Francisco , and Chamberlain 's nearly so . King ( Knicks ) , Lucas ( Knicks ) , Parish ( Celtics ) , Richmond ( Kings ) , Sampson ( University of Virginia and Rockets ) , White ( Celtics ) , and Wilkes ( Lakers ) were elected mostly for their performances with other teams . Marčiulionis played most of his NBA career with Golden State , but his induction is also for his distinguished international career ( Statyba , USSR , and Lithuania ) . Of those elected to the hall primarily as Warriors , only Thurmond , Barry and Mullin spent significant time with the team since the 1971 move to Oakland and the name change to `` Golden State '' . FIBA Hall of Famers Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2015 Statistical leaders and awards Franchise leaders Career Leaders Category Player Statistics Games Played Chris Mullin 807 Points Wilt Chamberlain 17,783 Rebounds Nate Thurmond 12,771 Assists Guy Rodgers 4,855 Steals Chris Mullin 1,360 Blocks Adonal Foyle 1,140 Field Goals Wilt Chamberlain 7,216 Field Goal Percentage Andris Biedrins . 595 3 - Point Field Goals Stephen Curry 1,917 3 - Point Field Goal Percentage Anthony Morrow . 460 Free Throws Paul Arizin 5,010 Free Throw Percentage Stephen Curry . 902 Points Per Game Wilt Chamberlain 41.5 Rebounds Per Game Wilt Chamberlain 25.1 Assists Per Game Tim Hardaway 9.3 Steals Per Game Rick Barry 2.3 Blocks Per Game Manute Bol 3.7 Individual awards Most Valuable Player Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 NBA Finals MVP Rick Barry -- 1975 Andre Iguodala -- 2015 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA Scoring Champion Joe Fulks -- 1947 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1955 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1964 Rick Barry -- 1967 Stephen Curry -- 2016 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA Rookie of the Year Woody Sauldsberry -- 1958 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Chris Webber -- 1994 NBA Most Improved Player of the Year Gilbert Arenas -- 2003 Monta Ellis -- 2007 NBA Executive of the Year Dick Vertlieb -- 1975 Bob Myers - 2015 , 2017 NBA Coach of the Year Alex Hannum -- 1964 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2016 NBA Sportsmanship Award Stephen Curry -- 2011 NBA Community Assist Award Stephen Curry -- 2014 All - NBA First Team Joe Fulks -- 1947 -- 1949 Howie Dallmar -- 1948 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1956 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1956 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1974 -- 1976 Chris Mullin -- 1992 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 All - NBA Second Team Joe Fulks -- 1951 Andy Phillip -- 1952 , 1953 Jack George -- 1956 Neil Johnston -- 1957 Tom Gola -- 1958 Paul Arizin -- 1959 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1963 Rick Barry -- 1973 Phil Smith -- 1976 Bernard King -- 1982 Chris Mullin -- 1989 , 1991 Tim Hardaway -- 1992 Stephen Curry -- 2014 , 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 Kevin Durant -- 2017 All - NBA Third Team Chris Mullin -- 1990 Tim Hardaway -- 1993 David Lee -- 2013 Klay Thompson -- 2015 , 2016 Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1969 , 1971 Andre Iguodala -- 2014 Draymond Green -- 2015 -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Rudy LaRusso -- 1969 Nate Thurmond -- 1972 -- 1974 Phil Smith -- 1976 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 , 1977 E.C. Coleman -- 1978 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Andrew Bogut -- 2015 NBA All - Rookie First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1964 Fred Hetzel -- 1966 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Gus Williams -- 1976 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1981 Larry Smith -- 1981 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Tim Hardaway -- 1990 Billy Owens -- 1992 Chris Webber -- 1994 Joe Smith -- 1996 Marc Jackson -- 2001 Jason Richardson -- 2002 Stephen Curry -- 2010 Klay Thompson -- 2012 Harrison Barnes -- 2013 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Latrell Sprewell -- 1993 Donyell Marshall -- 1995 Antawn Jamison -- 1999 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections Paul Arizin -- 1951 , 1952 , 1955 -- 1962 Joe Fulks -- 1951 , 1952 Andy Phillip -- 1951 , 1952 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1958 Jack George - 1956 , 1957 Woody Sauldsberry -- 1959 Tom Gola -- 1960 -- 1962 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1965 Tom Meschery -- 1963 Guy Rodgers -- 1963 , 1964 , 1966 Nate Thurmond -- 1965 -- 1968 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1973 -- 1978 Jim King - 1968 Clyde Lee - 1968 Rudy LaRusso -- 1968 , 1969 Jeff Mullins -- 1969 -- 1971 Jerry Lucas -- 1971 Cazzie Russell -- 1972 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 Phil Smith -- 1976 , 1977 Bernard King - 1982 Sleepy Floyd -- 1987 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1987 Chris Mullin -- 1989 -- 1993 Tim Hardaway -- 1991 -- 1993 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 , 1995 , 1997 David Lee -- 2013 Stephen Curry -- 2014 -- 2017 Klay Thompson -- 2015 -- 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 , 2017 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA All - Star Game head coach Alex Hannum -- 1965 Bill Sharman -- 1968 Al Attles -- 1975 , 1976 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2015 , 2017 NBA All - Star Game MVP Paul Arizin -- 1952 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1967 Slam Dunk Contest Jason Richardson -- 2002 , 2003 Three - Point Contest Stephen Curry -- 2015 Klay Thompson -- 2016 Notes Jump up ^ Philadelphia was 1947 league championship finalist -- and won the inaugural 1947 BAA Finals -- not as Eastern champion but as winner of the runners - up bracket . The Eastern and Western champions met in one best - of - seven semifinal series while four runners - up played best - of - three series to determine the other league finalist . The Warriors were second in the East , won the runners - up bracket , and defeated the Western champion Chicago . Next year the Baltimore Bullets won the runners - up bracket and defeated the Eastern champion Warriors in the 1948 BAA Finals . `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : After three seasons the eastern BAA merged with the older , midwestern National Basketball League ( NBL ) to create the NBA prior to the 1949 -- 50 season . The NBA recognizes BAA history as the first stage of its own and begins its list of champions with the 1947 Warriors . `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA History ( nba.com/history ) . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : California made `` The Golden State '' its official state nickname in 1968 . `` California State Symbols '' . California State Library . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . References Jump up ^ `` Warriors All - Time Yearly Results '' . Golden State Warriors 2016 - 17 Media Guide . Golden State Warriors . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Golden State Warriors seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Unveil New Logo , Color Scheme And Branding Elements '' . Golden State Warriors . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . The colors of the new logos and branding elements are Warriors Royal Blue and California Golden Yellow . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45fhhid/3-golden-state-warriors/#2cad73613c68 ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . National Basketball Association . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherwood Strauss , Ethan ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` To make splash , Dubs must break up duo '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kale Williams ; Jenna Lyons ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors fans delirious after basking in historic night '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia , . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chamberlain scores 100 in 1962 game versus Knicks '' . National Basketball Association . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Bio '' . National Basketball Association . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 2014 - 15 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Association . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fainaru - Wada , Mark ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` The man who owns the Warriors / Cohan 's rocky reign / An era marked by lost games , lost fans and endless litigation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Pacers make 8 - player trade with Warriors '' . Indiana Pacers . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warriors @ Trail Blazers Recap On April 18 , the Warriors clinched their first playoff berth since 1994 with a resounding 120 -- 98 win in the regular season finale at Portland . Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus , II ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Warriors fan is behind ' We Believe ' campaign '' . Contra Costa Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Baron Davis Player Card '' . ESPN . 1979 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Riley Q + A : Getting to Know GState 's GM '' . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Limp to Victory Is Fitting Finish '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Lacob , Guber have deal to buy Warriors '' . Associated Press . July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Lacob on the New Era Warriors : `` Something very special is happening already '' Talking Points `` . Blogs.mercurynews.com. 2010 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking news : Warriors buy out Troy Murphy ( and why it 's a wise move ) '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Murphy had to be waived before Tuesday to remain eligible for a playoff roster on a new team . CLARIFICATION : There is a later deadline for signing with a new team . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Murphy reach buyout agreement '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ANTONIO GONZALEZ , AP Sports Writer Apr 27 , 6 : 19 pm EDT . `` Warriors promise change , cut ties with coach Smart -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Warriors Name Mark Jackson Head Coach '' . Golden State Warriors . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors head to Denver lacking playoff experience '' . NBA . Apr 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Splash Brothers Take On the World '' . Golden State Warriors . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors get guard Nemanja Nedovic with 30th pick in draft '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ Tafur , Vic ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warriors Make Trade Agree to Deal with Iguodala '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` AP Source : Warriors to sign Marreese Speights '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Jermaine O'Neal , Toney Douglas to Sign with Warriors '' . CBS Sports.com . Jump up ^ `` B&H Basketball Player Ognjen Kuzmić is the New Player of the Golden State Warriors '' . Sarajevo Times . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors closing in on being a defensive power '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ JayPatt . `` Bosnian center Ognjen Kuzmic signs with Warriors , according to report '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics trade Jordan Crawford , MarShon Brooks to Golden State Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors acquire Steve Blake from Lakers '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 14 Top Games : Part 1 '' . Golden State Warriors . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report Milestones . `` Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson Each Make Three - Pointer in 30 Consecutive Games '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Assistant Scalabrine reassigned after clash with Jackson '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors coach Mark Jackson forces reassignment of assistant Brian Scalabrine '' . Yahoo ! Sports . March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Darren Erman fired from Warriors for secret recordings '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' players fully support their coach '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` Mark Jackson fired by Golden State Warriors '' . Golden State Warriors . Jump up ^ Zach Buckley . `` Golden State Warriors Firing Mark Jackson Would Be Massive Mistake '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Relieve Head Coach Mark Jackson of His Duties '' . Golden State Warriors . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Kerr accepts reported five - year , $25 M offer from Warriors '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 105 - 97 Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James loses in NBA Finals for the fourth time as Warriors win first championship in 40 years '' . Daily Mail . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Make History With 16th `` Straight Win '' `` . New York Times . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best NBA starts '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Road Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Over '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Home Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goals '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies vs. Warriors - Game Recap - April 13 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named 2015 - 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player '' . Warriors.com . May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Advance to Second Consecutive NBA Finals -- Golden State Warriors '' . Jump up ^ `` Game 6 of the NBA Finals as it happened '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . Golden State Warriors. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant Effect : Warriors heavy 2017 favourites '' . 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . Golden State Warriors. 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson Pours In 60 Points , in Just 29 Minutes '' . New York Times . 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four all - stars ? ! ? Warriors join rare NBA company '' . Mercury News . 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Draymond Green records one - of - a-kind triple - double with rebounds , assists and steals '' . NBA . 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' historic streak snapped with loss to Bulls '' . SFGATE. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purdy : Put a pause on the dynasty talk -- and just enjoy this Warriors title '' . Mercury News . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors shift arena plans to Mission Bay '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` New San Francisco Golden State Warriors arena Chase Center '' . KRON4 . Jump up ^ Diamond Leung ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors expect to break ground on new San Francisco arena in 2016 '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . The Warriors are hoping to break ground on their new arena project shortly after the start of 2016 and have the venue completed in July or August 2018 , team president Rick Welts said Tuesday . Jump up ^ `` Warriors formally purchase Mission Bay site '' . SFGate. 2015 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Knight Perrigan , Heather ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors owners make a risky play '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board gives Warriors ' arena initial green light '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden State Warriors consider name change '' . NBC sports . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://sports.inquirer.net/234540/nba-warriors-coo-says-no-final-decision-on-san-francisco-name-change Jump up ^ `` Future Warriors arena to be named Chase Center '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Fitzgerald '' . Golden State Warriors . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/warriors/article/Warriors-drop-KNBR-head-to-95-7-The-Game-9184253.php Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. `` Warriors arena to be named Chase Center -- bank buys naming rights '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Hanging From the Rafters '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Mullin 's No. 17 jersey retired by Warriors in halftime ceremony '' , 19 March 2012 External links National Basketball Association portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden State Warriors . Official website Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Links to related articles Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) Charlotte Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - 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when is the last time the warriors won a championship
[ "The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland, California. The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Western Conference Pacific Division. The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland. The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals, winning five NBA championships in 1947,[b] 1956, 1975, 2015 and 2017. Golden State's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs, and behind only the Boston Celtics (17), Los Angeles Lakers (16) and Chicago Bulls (6). As of 2017, the Warriors are the third most valuable NBA franchise according to Forbes, with an estimated value of $2.6 billion.[6]" ]
[ "2017" ]
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List of That '70s Show characters
List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was still married when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . She is a nurse , and a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also a good mother figure to Eric 's friends . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother , who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , she is portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , who is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite , and a ladies ' man , although later many of his flaws surface . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she eventually breaks up with him . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ) ( played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ) ( September 16 , 1904 -- January 22 , 1977 ) ( played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice hated Kitty , and she was always mean to her , because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode Grandma 's Dead she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( October 4 , 1901 - February 6 , 1978 ) ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last episode was Season 7 's 2120 So . Michigan Ave . Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a reference to the 1976 film Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and left Hyde alone , which is why he moved in with the Formans and she is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde confesses that his parents got back together and ran off . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in an evil manner . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told this to the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman ( which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric ) . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is a student who went to high school with Eric , Donna , Hyde , Fez , Kelso , and Jackie . To the annoyance of some of the gang , he announces comments to the room that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only daughter Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . References ( edit ) ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=808869155 '' Categories : That ' 70s Show characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Fictional characters from Wisconsin Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played jackie's mom in that 70s show
[ "Pam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she fled to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie." ]
[ "played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6" ]
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Meeting in the Ladies Room
Meeting in the Ladies Room - wikipedia Meeting in the Ladies Room This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meeting in the Ladies Room Vinyl edition Studio album by Klymaxx Released November 30 , 1984 Recorded 1984 Genre Pop / R&B Label Constellation / MCA Producer Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Stephen Shockley , Lynn Malsby , Barry DeVorzon , Joseph Conlan , Bo Watson , Vincent Calloway , Joyce `` Fenderella '' Irby Klymaxx chronology Girls Will Be Girls ( 1982 ) Meeting in the Ladies Room ( 1984 ) Klymaxx ( 1986 ) Singles from Klymaxx `` The Men All Pause '' Released : October 16 , 1984 `` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' Released : March 7 , 1985 `` Lock and Key '' Released : June 18 , 1985 `` I Miss You '' Released : November 4 , 1985 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Robert Christgau ( B - ) Meeting in the Ladies Room is the third studio album by Klymaxx , released in 1984 . In The US , it reached No. 18 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the R&B album chart . It is certified Platinum . Klymaxx gained airplay on MTV , VH1 and BET with the release of their single `` The Men All Pause '' that reached No. 5 on the R&B chart , No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 9 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart . The title track reached No. 59 on the Hot 100 and No. 4 on the R&B chart . The third single , `` I Miss You '' , reached No. 5 on the Hot 100 , No. 11 on the R&B chart and No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart and was certified gold . The fourth , and final , single , `` Lock and Key '' , reached No. 47 on the R&B chart . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Singles released 3 Personnel 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) `` The Men All Pause '' ( Cooper , Irby ) ( 7 : 10 ) `` Lock and Key '' ( Cooper , V. Spino ) ( 5 : 37 ) `` I Miss You '' ( Malsby ) ( 5 : 32 ) `` Just Our Luck '' ( Joseph Conlon , Barry De Vorzon ) ( 4 : 27 ) `` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' ( Reggie Calloway , Vincent Calloway , Bo Watson ) ( 5 : 15 ) `` Video Kid '' ( Irby ) ( 3 : 42 ) `` Ask Me No Questions '' ( Malsby , C. Lucas ) ( 3 : 37 ) `` Love Bandit '' ( R. Calloway , B. Simmons , Billy C. Farlow ) ( 5 : 06 ) `` I Betcha '' ( Irby , Malsby ) ( 3 : 36 ) Singles released ( edit ) `` The Men All Pause '' `` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' `` I Miss You '' `` Lock and Key '' Personnel ( edit ) Lorena Porter -- vocals Cheryl Cooley -- guitars Lynn Malsby -- keyboards , vocals Robin Grider -- keyboards Joyce `` Fenderella '' Irby -- bass guitar , vocals Bernadette Cooper -- drums , percussion , vocals Production Vincent Calloway -- producer Joseph Conlan -- producer Barry De Vorzon -- producer Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis -- producers Klymaxx -- producer Stephen Shockley -- producer Bo Watson -- producer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wynn , Ron . `` Meeting in the Ladies Room review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Meeting in the Ladies Room review '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Meeting in the Ladies Room at Discogs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meeting_in_the_Ladies_Room&oldid=865638746 '' Categories : 1984 albums Klymaxx albums Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis MCA Records albums Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 06 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who sings meet me in the ladies room
[ "Meeting in the Ladies Room\nVinyl editionStudio album by KlymaxxReleased\nNovember 30, 1984Recorded\n1984Genre\nPop/R&BLabel\nConstellation/MCAProducer\nJimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Stephen Shockley, Lynn Malsby, Barry DeVorzon, Joseph Conlan, Bo Watson, Vincent Calloway, Joyce \"Fenderella\" IrbyKlymaxx chronology\n\n\n\nGirls Will Be Girls(1982)\n\nMeeting in the Ladies Room(1984)\n\nKlymaxx(1986)\n\nSingles from Klymaxx\n\n\"The Men All Pause\"Released: October 16, 1984\n\"Meeting in the Ladies Room\"Released: March 7, 1985\n\"Lock and Key\"Released: June 18, 1985\n\"I Miss You\"Released: November 4, 1985\n" ]
[ "Klymaxx" ]
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Continental shelf
Continental shelf - wikipedia Continental shelf Jump to : navigation , search Marine habitats Anatomy of a continental shelf of the south eastern coast of the United States Littoral zone Intertidal zone Estuaries Kelp forests Coral reefs Ocean banks Continental shelf Neritic zone Straits Pelagic zone Oceanic zone Seamounts Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Benthic zone The continental shelf is an underwater landmass which extends from a continent , resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea . Much of the shelves were exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods . The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf . The continental margin , between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain , comprises a steep continental slope followed by the flatter continental rise . Sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope , called the continental rise . Extending as far as 500 km ( 310 mi ) from the slope , it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope . The continental rise 's gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf . Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the seabed adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical distribution 2 Topography 3 Sediments 4 Biota 5 Economic significance 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Geographical distribution ( edit ) The global continental shelf , highlighted in cyan Width of the continental shelf varies considerably -- it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all , particularly where the forward edge of an advancing oceanic plate dives beneath continental crust in an offshore subduction zone such as off the coast of Chile or the west coast of Sumatra . The largest shelf -- the Siberian Shelf in the Arctic Ocean -- stretches to 1,500 kilometers ( 930 mi ) in width . The South China Sea lies over another extensive area of continental shelf , the Sunda Shelf , which joins Borneo , Sumatra , and Java to the Asian mainland . Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the North Sea and the Persian Gulf . The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km ( 50 mi ) . The depth of the shelf also varies , but is generally limited to water shallower than 150 m ( 490 ft ) . The slope of the shelf is usually quite low , on the order of 0.5 ° ; vertical relief is also minimal , at less than 20 m ( 66 ft ) . Though the continental shelf is treated as a physiographic province of the ocean , it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper , but the flooded margins of the continent . Passive continental margins such as most of the Atlantic coasts have wide and shallow shelves , made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent . Active continental margins have narrow , relatively steep shelves , due to frequent earthquakes that move sediment to the deep sea . Topography ( edit ) The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope ( called the shelf break ) . The sea floor below the break is the continental slope . Below the slope is the continental rise , which finally merges into the deep ocean floor , the abyssal plain . The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin . The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the inner continental shelf , mid continental shelf , and outer continental shelf , each with their specific geomorphology and marine biology . The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break , where the continental slope begins . With a few exceptions , the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m ( 460 ft ) ; this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages , when sea level was lower than it is now . The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf ; the average angle is 3 ° , but it can be as low as 1 ° or as high as 10 ° . The slope is often cut with submarine canyons . The physical mechanisms involved in forming these canyons were not well understood until the 1960s . Sediments ( edit ) The continental shelves are covered by terrigenous sediments ; that is , those derived from erosion of the continents . However , little of the sediment is from current rivers ; some 60 -- 70 % of the sediment on the world 's shelves is relict sediment , deposited during the last ice age , when sea level was 100 -- 120 m lower than it is now . Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast ; sand is limited to shallow , wave - agitated waters , while silt and clays are deposited in quieter , deep water far offshore . These accumulate 15 -- 40 cm every millennium , much faster than deep - sea pelagic sediments . Biota ( edit ) Continental shelves teem with life , because of the sunlight available in shallow waters , in contrast to the biotic desert of the oceans ' abyssal plain . The pelagic ( water column ) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the neritic zone , and the benthic ( sea floor ) province of the shelf is the sublittoral zone . Though the shelves are usually fertile , if anoxic conditions prevail during sedimentation , the deposits may over geologic time become sources for fossil fuels . Economic significance ( edit ) The relatively accessible continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor . Most commercial exploitation from the sea , such as metallic - ore , non-metallic ore , and hydrocarbon extraction , takes place on the continental shelf . Sovereign rights over their continental shelves up to a depth of 200 metres or to a distance where the depth of waters admitted of resource exploitation were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN 's International Law Commission in 1958 . This was partly superseded by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. which created the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone , plus continental shelf rights for states with physical continental shelves that extend beyond that distance . The legal definition of a continental shelf differs significantly from the geological definition . UNCLOS states that the shelf extends to the limit of the continental margin , but no less than 200 nautical miles and no more than 350 nm from the baseline . Thus inhabited volcanic islands such as the Canaries , which have no actual continental shelf , nonetheless have a legal continental shelf , whereas uninhabitable islands have no shelf . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal Baseline Continental Island Continental shelf pump Continental shelf of Russia Exclusive economic zone International waters Land bridge Outer Continental Shelf Region of Freshwater Influence Territorial waters Passive margin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pinet 39 , Gross 45 . Jump up ^ Pinet , 37 . Jump up ^ Pinet 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Pinet 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Pinet 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` shelf break -- geology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Gross 43 . Jump up ^ Pinet 36 , Gross 43 . Jump up ^ Pinet 98 , Gross 44 . Jump up ^ Pinet 84 -- 86 , Gross 43 . Jump up ^ Gross 121 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gross 127 . Jump up ^ Pinet 316 - 17 , 418 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty Series -- Convention on the Continental Shelf , 1958 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1958 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . vol. 499 , p. 311 . References ( edit ) Gross , M. Grant ( 1972 ) . Oceanography : A View of the Earth . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 629659 - 1 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Pinet , Paul R. ( 2003 ) . Invitation to Oceanography . Boston : Jones & Bartlett Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 2136 - 7 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Office of Naval Research : Ocean Regions : Continental Margin & Rise UNEP Shelf Programme Anna Cavnar , Accountability and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf : Deciding Who Owns the Ocean Floor Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Category Commons Coastal geography Landforms Anchialine pool Archipelago Atoll Avulsion Ayre Barrier island Bay Baymouth bar Bight Bodden Brackish marsh Cape Channel Cliff Coast Coastal plain Coastal waterfall Continental margin Continental shelf Coral reef Cove Dune cliff - top Estuary Firth Fjard Fjord Freshwater marsh Fundus Gat Geo Gulf Gut Headland Inlet Intertidal wetland Island Islet Isthmus Lagoon Machair Marine terrace Mega delta Mouth bar Mudflat Natural arch Peninsula Reef Regressive delta Ria River delta Salt marsh Shoal Shore Skerry Sound Spit Stack Strait Strand plain Submarine canyon Tidal island Tidal marsh Tide pool Tied island Tombolo Windwatt Beaches Beach cusps Beach evolution Coastal morphodynamics Beach ridge Beachrock Pocket beach Raised beach Recession Shell beach Shingle beach Storm beach Wash margin Processes Blowhole Cliffed coast Coastal biogeomorphology Coastal erosion Concordant coastline Current Cuspate foreland Discordant coastline Emergent coastline Feeder bluff Fetch Flat coast Graded shoreline Headlands and bays Ingression coast Large - scale coastal behaviour Longshore drift Marine regression Marine transgression Raised shoreline Rip current Rocky shore Sea cave Sea foam Shoal Steep coast Submergent coastline Surf break Surf zone Surge channel Swash Undertow Volcanic arc Wave - 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lies at the base of the continental slope
[ "The continental margin, between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain, comprises a steep continental slope followed by the flatter continental rise. Sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise. Extending as far as 500 km (310 mi) from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope.[1] The continental rise's gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf." ]
[ "the continental rise" ]
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June 1946
June 1946 - wikipedia June 1946 1946 January February March April May June July August September October November December < < June 1946 > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 June 16 , 1946 : Zionists destroy eleven bridges in Palestine in one night June 1 , 1946 : Penicillin now available in Britain June 13 , 1946 : Umberto II ends reign as the last King of Italy June 14 , 1946 : Baruch presents `` a choice between the quick and the dead '' The following events occurred in June 1946 : Contents 1 June 1 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 2 June 2 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 3 June 3 , 1946 ( Monday ) 4 June 4 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 5 June 5 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 6 June 6 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 7 June 7 , 1946 ( Friday ) 8 June 8 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 9 June 9 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 10 June 10 , 1946 ( Monday ) 11 June 11 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 12 June 12 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 13 June 13 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 14 June 14 , 1946 ( Friday ) 15 June 15 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 16 June 16 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 17 June 17 , 1946 ( Monday ) 18 June 18 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 19 June 19 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 20 June 20 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 21 June 21 , 1946 ( Friday ) 22 June 22 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 23 June 23 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 24 June 24 , 1946 ( Monday ) 25 June 25 , 1946 ( Tuesday ) 26 June 26 , 1946 ( Wednesday ) 27 June 27 , 1946 ( Thursday ) 28 June 28 , 1946 ( Friday ) 29 June 29 , 1946 ( Saturday ) 30 June 30 , 1946 ( Sunday ) 31 References June 1 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) Penicillin first went on sale to the general public in the United Kingdom . The antibiotic had been made available at pharmacies in the United States beginning March 15 , 1945 . Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University 's `` Marching 100 '' was founded by the late William P. Foster By a 61 - 20 vote , the U.S. Senate granted President Truman emergency powers to end strikes . The bill had passed the House the previous week . Cochin - China In violation of the Ho -- Sainteny agreement of March 6 , French High Commissioner d'Argenlieu recognized an `` Autonomous Republic of Cochin - China '' in French Indochina , predecessor state of South Vietnam . Located in the southern part of what is now Vietnam , with a capital at Saigon , the Republic 's first head of government was Nguyen Van Thinh , overseen by French administrator Jean Henri Cedile . The announcement followed the creation , in March , of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam ( later known as North Vietnam ) in Hanoi . Died : Ion Antonescu , prime minister and `` Conducator '' ( Leader ) of Romania during World War II was executed after being found guilty of betraying the Romanian people to German occupiers . Leo Slezak , 72 , German opera tenor June 2 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) By a 12,718,641 to 10,718,502 vote , the monarchy in Italy was abolished , ending the brief reign of King Umberto II . The election , first since the end of World War II and the Fascist Party dictatorship of Benito Mussolini , was also the first in which women were allowed to vote , and determined representation for the Constituent Assembly . The Christian Democrat party , led by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi , won 207 out of 556 seats and formed a coalition government with the Socialists ( 115 ) and Communist ( 104 ) parties . In the French Parliamentary election , the French Communist Party ( PCF ) lost its plurality ( from 159 to 153 ) , and the Popular Republican Movement ( MRP ) gained 16 seats ( from 150 to 166 ) . The Socialist Party dropped from 146 to 128 . With 586 seats in Parliament , no party had a majority . Born : Peter Sutcliffe , English serial killer known as the `` Yorkshire Ripper '' , in Bingley , West Yorkshire Died : Carrie Ingalls ( Caroline Ingalls Swanzey ) , 75 , American newspaper typesetter known from bestselling Little House on the Prairie books written by her older sister , Laura Ingalls Wilder and the subsequent television series . June 3 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Kalinin By a 6 - 1 vote , the United States Supreme Court ruled in Morgan v. Virginia that a Virginia law , requiring segregation of white and African - American bus passengers , was illegal for interstate travel . The suit had been brought by Irene Morgan , who had refused to sit in the Negro section of a bus traveling from Gloucester County , Virginia , to Baltimore , Maryland . Died : Mikhail I. Kalinin , 70 , former President of the U.S.S.R. Ch'en Kung - po , 54 , founding member of Chinese Communist Party and collaborator , was executed June 4 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) The United States Army recovered a treasure trove of jewelry and manuscripts that had been stolen by a group of American officers from the Friedrichshof Castle in Kronberg , Germany . Women 's ' Army Corps Captain Kathleen Nash Durant had hidden part of the loot at her sister 's home in Hudson , Wisconsin , and her husband , Colonel Jack W. Durant , had hidden hundreds of diamonds and other gems in a locker at the Illinois Central railway station in Chicago . The National School Lunch Act was signed into law by U.S. President Harry S. Truman , permanently establishing federal financial support for free or low - cost meals for schoolchildren . The largest solar prominence observed up to that time occurred . The prominence , extending 865,000 miles ( 1,392,000 km ) above the surface of the Sun , was seen from the at Climax , Colorado , by astronomer Walter Orr Roberts . The prominence had been measured at only 300,000 miles ( 480,000 km ) an hour earlier . At its height , the prominence was nearly as long as the Sun 's diameter ; in a few more hours , it disappeared completely . '' June 5 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) A fire at the La Salle Hotel in Chicago killed 57 people . When the blaze broke out at 12 : 20 am , there were 1,059 guests and 108 employees in the 20 - story building . Firefighters were not called until 15 minutes after the flames were spotted , and by 12 : 35 , the blaze had spread from the hotel 's Silver Grill Cocktail Lounge throughout the lower floors . Most of the dead were guests on 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th floors of the twenty - story building . At least ten people jumped to their deaths . Died : George A. Hormel , 85 , American multi-millionaire and founder of Hormel Foods June 6 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) The Basketball Association of America was formed in New York City . The forerunner of the NBA , the BAA awarded 13 big - city franchises , of which three -- the Boston Celtics , the New York Knicks and the Golden State Warriors ( in 1946 , the Philadelphia Warriors ) -- still exist . Other teams were in Chicago ( Stags ) , Detroit ( Falcons ) , Pittsburgh ( Ironmen ) , Providence ( Steamrollers ) , St. Louis ( Bombers ) , Toronto ( Huskies ) and Washington ( Capitols ) , while franchises in Buffalo and Indianapolis failed to play . U.S. Treasury Secretary Fred M. Vinson was nominated by President Truman to be the new Chief Justice of the United States . Died : Gerhart Hauptmann , 83 , German dramatist , winner of the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature June 7 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) The BBC Television network went back on the air for the first time since it had halted abruptly halted broadcasting , in the middle of a Mickey Mouse cartoon , at noon on September 1 , 1939 , when World War II had begun . The first program shown when broadcasting resumed was the very same cartoon that had been halted almost seven years earlier . After setting a Friday evening deadline for walking out on strike two days earlier , the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team voted to go ahead with their scheduled game against the New York Giants . On June 5 , the players voted unanimously to walk off the job unless they were allowed to join a labor union . An unidentified player reported that the vote had been 20 to 17 against a walkout . The team went on to beat the Giants 10 - 5 . June 8 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) Thirteen months after V-E Day , the United Kingdom celebrated its victory in World War II with a program that featured `` all the pomp and circumstance it had given up during the war '' and that was witnessed by `` nearly one fourth of England 's people '' Tens of thousands of uniformed marchers represented the Allied nations in a nine - mile - long procession , while the Royal Air Force flew overhead . Born : Pearlette Louisy , Governor - General of Saint Lucia since 1997 , in Laborie June 9 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) The late King Ananda Mahidol The new King , Bhumibol Adulyadej Ananda Mahidol , the 20 - year - old King of Thailand , was found in his bedroom dead , from a single gunshot to his forehead , and with his Colt . 45 pistol next to him . He was succeeded by his teenaged brother , Bhumibol Adulyadej , who became King Rama IX and ruled until his death in October 2016 . Although the death was initially ruled an accidental shooting , and speculated by author Rayne Kruger in The Devil 's Discus ( Cassell , 1964 ) to have been a suicide , royal secretary Chaleo Pathumros and two others were executed in 1955 after being convicted of King Ananda 's murder . A fire at the Canfield Hotel in Dubuque , Iowa , killed 16 people . June 10 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Jack Johnson Jack Johnson , the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1908 to 1915 , and the first African - American to win that title , was killed in an automobile accident . In 1910 , Johnson had defended his title in what was called then `` The Fight of the Century '' , matching him against `` The Great White Hope '' , former champion Jim Jeffries . Johnson had been driving from Texas to New York when his car crashed into a light pole near Franklinton , North Carolina . June 11 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) The Administrative Procedure Act , which governs the rulemaking and judicial functions of all United States government agencies , was signed into law . The law has been described as `` the most important statute affecting the administration of justice in the federal field since the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 '' . June 12 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) After the Anglo - American Committee of Inquiry had unanimously recommended that up to 100,000 European Jews be allowed to immigrate to Palestine , British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin declared that the United Kingdom would reject the plan . Speaking at the annual conference of Britain 's Labour Party , Bevin commented that the motive for American support for a Jewish state was `` because they did not want too many of them in New York . '' Following the rejection of the proposal , Zionist leaders began a campaign of violence against the British government in the future state of Israel . Died : John H. Bankhead II , 73 , U.S. Senator from Alabama since 1931 June 13 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) After a reign of 31 days , King Umberto II of Italy elected not to further contest the results of the June 2 referendum that abolished the monarchy , and flew into exile . Earlier in the day , Parliament had granted Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi power to serve as the acting head of state until the election results could be certified . Died : Edward Bowes , 72 , American creator and host of radio program Major Bowes Amateur Hour Charles Butterworth , 49 , American film actor , in an automobile accident Jules Guérin , 79 , American mural painter . June 14 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) As the United States representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission , financier Bernard Baruch spoke at the UNAEC 's temporary headquarters at New York 's Hunter College , and presented the Baruch Plan , the American proposal for United Nations ' control of all nuclear weapons . At the time , the United States was the only nation to have produced an atomic bomb . Baruch opened his remarks by saying , `` We are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead . '' . Under the plan , the U.N. 's member nations would have agreed to not develop nuclear weapons and to allow inspections by the UNAEC to verify compliance , with punishments for violation of the agreement . No member of the U.N. Security Council would have been allowed to veto a resolution for enforcement . In return , the UNAEC would have assisted member nations in developing nuclear energy for peaceful uses . A week later , the Soviet Union made a counterproposal that would have delayed discussion of enforcement procedures until after weapons were destroyed . No agreement was ever reached , and the world 's nations developed their own nuclear arsenals . One historian later offered the opinion that `` the Baruch Plan was the nearest approach to a world government proposal ever offered by the United States '' , Born : Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States , American businessman and television personality in New York City . Died : John Logie Baird , 57 , Scottish inventor of television technology Jorge Ubico , 67 , former Guatemalan dictator . June 15 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) The original Blue Angels The Blue Angels , the aerial demonstration team for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps , made its very first performance , with four pilots under the leadership of Lt. Commander Butch Voris flying at an airshow at the Jacksonville Naval Air Station in Florida . In golf 's U.S. Open , Byron Nelson , Lloyd Mangrum and Vic Ghezzi finished 72 holes of golf in a three - way tie , each having 283 , at the tournament in Cleveland . Nelson would have won outright , but his caddy had accidentally brushed his foot against the ball when Nelson 's fans crowded the area , costing a penalty stroke . The next day , the three men tied again at 72 in an 18 - hole playoff . In the second playoff , played during a violent thunderstorm , Mangrum -- who had been wounded twice during the Battle of the Bulge finished at 72 , a stroke ahead of Nelson and Ghezzi . June 16 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) The `` Night of the Bridges '' took place as agents of the Palmach , a strike force of the Zionist group Haganah , destroyed eleven highway and railway bridges on the night of June 16 -- 17 . Author Joseph Heller commented later `` Ten bridges connecting Palestine with the neighboring states were destroyed with no casualties . British occupying forces rounded many of the Haganah members in Operation Agatha days later . June 17 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Jordan achieved independence when the Treaty of London officially came into effect . Mobile Telephone Service ( MTS ) , the first `` car phone '' service in the United States , was introduced by AT&T in St. Louis , Missouri , working in conjunction with Southwestern Bell . With the aid of a radio tower that transmitted on 120 kHz and could handle only one call at a time , customers could place and receive phone calls in their automobiles . The service was then instituted in other American cities . To call someone on an MTS phone , a person would first call an AT&T operator , who would then send a signal to the designated MTS telephone number . Calls from an auto were also operator assisted . A tornado swept through Detroit and then across the U.S. - Canada border into Windsor , Ontario , killing 17 people . Born : Marcy Kaptur , U.S. Representative ( D - Ohio ) since 1983 , in Toledo , Ohio June 18 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) In Goa , at that time part of the colony of Portuguese India , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia began the passive resistance movement against the Portuguese administration to become part of an independent India . The resistance continued for 15 years until Goa and other Portuguese colonies were invaded by the Indian army and annexed . Goa became India 's 25th state in 1987 . Born : Russell Ash , British author , in Surrey Bruiser Brody , professional wrestler , as Frank Goodish in Detroit ( d . 1988 ) June 19 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) Georges Bidault was elected as the Provisional President of France by the National Assembly , with 389 votes out of the 586 possible . Communist legislators refused to participate in the vote . A rematch between world heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis and challenger Billy Conn attracted 45,266 fight fans to Yankee Stadium , while another 140,000 viewed the fight on the NBC television network ( including broadcasts in theaters ) . After a lackluster fight , Louis knocked Conn out in the eighth round. ; Andrei Gromyko , the Soviet Union 's representative to the United Nations submitted a response to the Baruch Plan proposed by the United States six days earlier , with a disarmament plan of his own . The Soviet proposal was that the world 's nations ratify a treaty pledging not to build nuclear weapons , and that within 90 days after ratification , the United States would destroy its atomic weapons arsenal . Sixty - three Germans and twenty Ukrainian refugees were killed in the explosion of ammunition that had been stored by the Nazi German regime in a salt mine at Hänigsen , near Celle . June 20 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) Chief Justice Vinson An agreement to withdraw all Allied occupation forces from Italy , over a 90 - day period , was approved in Paris by the representatives of the `` Big Four '' powers ( France , the Soviet Union , the United States and the United Kingdom ) . The Soviets also agreed to withdraw their troops from Bulgaria . Fred M. Vinson was confirmed as the new Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by unanimous vote of the U.S. Senate . Vinson , the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury , was sworn in four days later . The drama film Anna and the King of Siam starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison was released . Born : Xanana Gusmão , first President of East Timor ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Prime Minister since 2007 , in Manatuto Died : Wan Rong , 39 , the last Empress Consort of China following her marriage to Emperor Puyi June 21 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) At the Nuremberg trials , Albert Speer , who had been the German Minister of Armaments and War Production , testified before the War Crimes Tribunal that the Nazis had been `` a year or two away from splitting the atom '' before the end of World War II . Speer said that Germany 's development of a nuclear bomb had been delayed because many of its atomic scientists had fled to the United States to escape Adolf Hitler 's regime . A cloud of ammonia killed seven people and injured 41 at the Baker Hotel in Dallas . Most of the victims were hotel employees who were overcome when an air conditioning unit , in the hotel 's basement , exploded . June 22 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) Senator Bilbo U.S. Senator Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi , running for re-election in the Democratic primary , said in a radio broadcast that he was calling on every `` red - blooded Anglo - Saxon man in Mississippi to resort to any means to keep hundreds of Negroes from the polls in the July 2 primary '' , then added `` And if you do n't know what the means , you are just not up on your persuasive measures . '' . Bilbo won re-election in the primary and general election , but as a result of his call for violence against African - American voters , the United States Senate refused to let him be sworn in for a new term . The first delivery of the United States mail by jet plane was made by two P - 80 Shooting Star planes . The inaugural flight left Schenectady , New York at 12 : 18 and arrived in Washington , D.C. at 1 : 07 pm , with an air mail letter delivered to President Truman . Born : Kay Redfield Jamison , American psychiatrist and bipolar disorder specialist June 23 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) The Monnet Plan , France 's proposal to dismantle 200 factories in the French Zone of Occupation in southeast Germany to offset France 's war losses of 4,869,000,000,000 francs ( 40 billion dollars ) was presented . Over the next three years , the machinery from 22 factories in the occupation zone would be moved to France , and another 88 factories would be destroyed . The National Democratic Front won a landslide victory in the municipal elections in French India . ( ( fact ) ) Born : Ted Shackelford , American actor ( Gary Ewing on Knots Landing , 1979 -- 93 ) , in Oklahoma City Died : William S. Hart , 81 , American film actor and star of Westerns during silent era June 24 , 1946 ( monday ) ( edit ) Seven players on the Spokane Indians minor league baseball team , and their manager , were killed when their bus veered through a guard rail on the Snoqualmie Pass Highway and plunged down a 500 - foot embankment and into a ravine . The Indians , in fifth place in the Western International League ( now the Northwest League ) had been on their way to Bremerton , Washington , for a seven - game series against the Bluejackets . Born : Ellison Onizuka , American astronaut , in Kealakekua , Hawaii ( killed in Challenger disaster 1986 ) Robert Reich , U.S. Secretary of Labor 1993 - 97 , in Scranton , Pennsylvania June 25 , 1946 ( tuesday ) ( edit ) The World Bank ( officially the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ) began operations , with Eugene Meyer , former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board , as the IBRD 's first President . Ten middle school students were killed and twenty wounded at Xuzhou ( Hsuchow ) , in China 's Jiangsu province , after Nationalist Army officer Feng Yu - xiang Fang Jingxing ordered them to be fired on by machine guns . The massacre followed an angry confrontation between the students and the officer . June 26 , 1946 ( wednesday ) ( edit ) Taking the Chinese Civil War into a new phase , President Chiang Kai - shek launched a nationwide military campaign against the Communist Chinese forces of Mao Zedong , with Chiang 's Nationalist Army moving into central China to take back rural areas that were under Communist control . The Nationalists had superior weapons and more troops , and Chiang received American aid for a strategy that he hoped would defeat Mao 's forces within six months . Within nine months , it was clear that the campaign was failing , and by the end of 1949 , China 's mainland was under control of the Communist forces . On the day the campaign started , Nationalist Chinese pilot Liu Shanben defected to the Communists and delivered a B - 24 Liberator bomber to the opposition , and starting a wave of similar acts . Within three years , 54 pilots and 20 airplanes joined the Communist side . William Heirens , a 17 - year - old student at the University of Chicago , was arrested for burglary , and soon charged with three murders tied to `` The Lipstick Killer '' , including the January 7 murder of 6 - year old Suzanne Degnan . Died : Alexander Duncan McRae , 71 , Canadian multimillionaire June 27 , 1946 ( thursday ) ( edit ) The Spanish submarine C - 4 sank after a collision off the Balearic Islands with the Spanish destroyer Lepanto , with a loss of all 46 persons on board . The Canadian Citizenship Act was approved by Canada 's House of Commons , separating Canadian citizenship from British nationality , effective January 1 , 1947 ; Canada was the first Commonwealth country to create its own citizenship laws . Born : Sally Priesand , first woman rabbi in the United States , in Cleveland . Died : Juan Antonio Ríos , 57 , President of Chile since 1942 , of cancer June 28 , 1946 ( Friday ) ( edit ) The first recorded birth in Japan of a baby born of a Japanese mother and one of the American soldiers occupying Japan , was announced on Japanese radio . The birth , the first of tens of thousands that would follow , came a little more than nine months after the first American occupation forces had arrived on the Honshu island . Born : Gilda Radner , American comedian and actress , in Detroit ( d . 1989 ) Died : Antoinette Perry , 58 , American actress for whom the Tony Awards are named June 29 , 1946 ( saturday ) ( edit ) In Palestine , the British Army oversaw `` Operation Agatha '' , the arrest of 2,700 suspected Jewish terrorists in retaliation of the destruction of 11 bridges two weeks earlier. , detaining them at a prison camp at Latrun . The Haganah escalated terror attacks in response , with the King David Hotel bombing taking place the following month . Born : Egon von Fürstenberg , Swiss fashion designer who created `` the power look '' ; in Lausanne ( d . 2004 ) June 30 , 1946 ( sunday ) ( edit ) After nearly five years of price and wage controls by the United States Office of Price Administration , the OPA 's emergency wartime powers ended at midnight . Two days earlier , the U.S. Senate declined to extend the OPA 's authority , and a final appeal to the American public by President Truman failed . Expiring at midnight also were the mandates of the Fair Employment Practice Committee ( FEPC ) , which had acted against discrimination by race , and the War Relocation Authority , which carried out racial discrimination , most notably in the internment of more than 100,000 Japanese Americans during World War II , was abolished . In a national referendum , voters in Poland were presented with a yes - or - no choice on three issues : abolishing the Senate ; supporting nationalization of industries and land , and conforming the border with the Soviet Union to reflect the loss of lands east of the Odra and Nysa rivers . Official results showed two - thirds approval of all three measures , placed Poland under Communist rule for the next 43 years , by the Polish Workers ' Party . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Discovery of Penicillin '' , American Chemical Society Jump up ^ `` TRUMAN 'S STRIKE BILL PASSED '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 1 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Frederick Logevall Embers of War , Random House 2012 p. 137 Jump up ^ `` New Republic Reported Formed '' , Spokane ( WA ) Daily Chronicle , June 1 , 1946 , p15 Jump up ^ Guillermo A. O'Donnell , et al. , Transitions from Authoritarian Rule : Southern Europe ( Johns Hopkins University Press 1986 ) p63 ; `` Monarchy Voted Out ; Italian King Leaving '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 5 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Communists Suffer Sharp Setback in French Election '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 3 , 1946 , p1 ; Herman Finer , Governments of Greater European Powers ( Methuen , 1956 ) p322 Jump up ^ `` Cannot Segregate Negroes in Buses '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 3 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Army Piecing Together Story of Fabulous Crown Gem Theft '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 9 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Oliver E. Byrd , Nutrition Sourcebook ( Stanford University Press , 1955 ) pp285 - 286 Jump up ^ Drummond , Rachael . `` The Story behind Spicules . '' UCAR . N.p. , n.d. Web . 11 March 2011 Jump up ^ Cowan , Great Chicago fires : historic blazes that shaped a city ( Lake Claremont Press , 2001 ) p63 ; `` 57 Perish , 200 Injured in Chicago Blaze '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 5 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` New Cage Loop Formed With 13 Cities Enrolled '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 7 , 1946 , p38 ; Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Vinson to Be Chief Justice '' , Chicago Tribune , June 7 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Albert Abramson , Zworykin , Pioneer of Television ( University of Illinois Press , 1995 ) p193 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Journal : `` Baseball 's First Union Strike Set for Friday '' , June 6 , 1946 , p40 ; `` Pittsburgh Players Insist They Will Go on Strike Tonight '' , June 7 , 1946 , p1 ; `` Pirates ' ' No Strike ' Decision Real Blow to Baseball Guild '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 8 , 1946 , p6 Jump up ^ `` London Victory Parade : Britain celebrates V-E holiday with pomp and fireworks '' , LIFE magazine , June 24 , 1946 , pp31 - 34 Jump up ^ `` Siam 's King Found Dead Of Bullet -- Officials Call Killing Accident ; Brother Rules With Regency '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 10 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Paul M. Handley , The King Never Smiles : A Biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Yale University Press , 2006 ) pp76 - 77 Jump up ^ `` 16 Dead , 20 Injured in Iowa Hotel Fire '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 10 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Jack Johnson Dies in Motor Accident '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 11 , 1946 , pB - 2 Jump up ^ William F. Funk , et al. , Federal Administrative Procedure Sourcebook ( American Bar Association , 2000 ) p38 Jump up ^ Louis Fisher , American Constitutional Law ( Cambridge University Press , 1954 ) p292 Jump up ^ `` Bevin Rejects Plan to Move Jews to Zion '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 1 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Menahem Kaufman , An Ambiguous Partnership : Non-Zionists and Zionists in America , 1939 - 1948 ( Wayne State University Press , 1991 ) p203 Jump up ^ `` Umberto Yields Throne , Flies To Exile In Lisbon '' , Miami Daily News , June 14 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Destroy All Atomic Bombs , Share Secrets -- Offer by U.S. '' , Los Angeles Times , June 15 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Russia Calls On U.S. to Scrap All Atom Bombs '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Negotiating International Control ( December 1945 - 1946 ) , U.S. Department of Energy , Office of History & Heritage Resources Jump up ^ Joseph Preston Baratta , The Politics of World Federation : United Nations , UN reform , atomic control ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 ) p178 Jump up ^ `` Blue Angels Striving for Perfection '' , by William B. Scott , Aviation Week , March 20 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Caddy Kicks Ball , Imposing Penalty Stroke on Byron '' , Reading ( PA ) Eagle , June 16 , 1946 , p13 Jump up ^ `` Mangrum Laughs At Lightning And Three - Stroke Deficit To Win '' , Miami News , June 17 , 1946 , p2 - B Jump up ^ `` Zion Terrorists Blast Bridges in New Clash '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 17 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Joseph Heller The Birth of Israel , 1945 - 1949 : Ben - Gurion and His Critics ( University Press of Florida , 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` 1946 : First Mobile Telephone Call '' , AT&T website ; Vinayshil Gautam and Sanjay Sinha , Understanding telecom management ( Concept Publishing , 2004 ) pp 24 - 25 Jump up ^ `` TORNADO RIPS DETROIT AREA '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 18 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ R.N. Sakshena , Goa : Into the Mainstream ( Abhinav Publications , 2003 ) pp29 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Bidault Chosen President Of New French Government '' , St. Petersburg Times , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Louis Wins By K.O. ; Conn Retires '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Russia Calls On U.S. to Scrap All Atom Bombs '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Fear 100 Died in Mine Blast '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 19 , 1946 , p1 ; `` 83 Are Killed In Salt Mine '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , p2 Jump up ^ `` Big Four Agrees To Evacuate Italy '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 20 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Vinson Confirmed As Chief Justice '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 21 , 1946 , p5 Jump up ^ `` Germans Could Have Split Atom in Year , Nazi Claims '' Jump up ^ `` Seven Killed , 41 Injured In Hotel Blast '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , June 22 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Stop Negro Voter , Bilbo Demands '' , Pittsburgh Press , June 23 , 1946 , p4 Jump up ^ `` Bilbo Denied Seat '' , Los Angeles Times , January 5 , 1947 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Letters Flown by Jet Planes '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 23 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ France , Germany and the new Europe , 1945 - 1967 by F. Roy Willis ( Oxford University Press , 1965 ) pp 37 - 38 Jump up ^ `` 8 SPOKANE BASEBALL PLAYERS DEAD IN CRASH OF THEIR BUS '' , Spokane Daily Chronicle , June 25 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ `` Indians Take Salem Series ; Leave Today for Bremerton '' , Spokane Daily Chronicle , June 24 , 1946 , p13 Jump up ^ Robert W. Oliver , George Woods and the World Bank ( Lynne Rienner 1995 ) p39 Jump up ^ Neil L. O'Brien , An American editor in early revolutionary China : John William Powell and the China Weekly / Monthly Review ( Routledge , 2003 ) p33 Jump up ^ Xiaobing Li , A History of the Modern Chinese Army ( University Press of Kentucky , 2007 ) p73 Jump up ^ Xiaoming Zhang , Red Wings Over the Yalu : China , the Soviet Union , and the Air War in Korea ( Texas A&M University Press , 2004 ) p24 Jump up ^ `` Young Student Held In Degnan Kidnap Murder '' , St. Petersburg Times , June 28 , 1946 , p1 ; `` Chicago Boy Admits Three Lurid Killings '' , St. Petersburg Times , July 28 , 1946 , p1 Robert D. Keppel and William J. Birnes , Signature Killers ( Simon and Schuster , 1997 ) p41 Jump up ^ David Miller , Submarine Disasters ( Globe Pequot , 2006 ) p62 ; `` 46 Men Perish When Sub Sinks '' , The ( Ottawa ) Evening Citizen Jump up ^ `` Canadian Citizenship Act and current issues - BP - 445E '' . Government of Canada - Law and Government Division . 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ onathan V. Plaut , The Jews of Windsor , 1790 - 1990 : a historical chronicle ( Dundurn Press , 2007 ) p130 Jump up ^ Paul R. Spickard , Mixed Blood : Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in 20th - century America ( University of Wisconsin Press , 1991 ) p125 Jump up ^ `` 2,000 Arrested In Holy Land '' , Palm Beach Post , July 1 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Ami Pedahzur and Arie Perliger , Jewish terrorism in Israel ( Columbia University Press , 2009 ) pp23 - 24 Jump up ^ * `` Efforts to Save OPA Blocked '' , Milwaukee Journal , June 29 , 1946 Jump up ^ `` PRICE CONTROL ENDS TONIGHT , TRUMAN SAYS FIGHT NOT OVER '' , St. Petersburg Times , June 30 , 1946 , p1 Jump up ^ Kari A. Frederickson , The Dixiecrat revolt and the end of the Solid South , 1932 - 1968 ( University of North Carolina Press , 2001 ) p34 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz , Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) p268 Jump up ^ `` Polish Voters Favor One - House Parliament '' , St. Petersburg ( FL ) Times , July 5 , 1946 ; Jaff Schatz , The Generation : The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland ( University of California Press 1991 ) p205 Events by month 1950 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1949 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1948 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1947 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1946 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1945 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1944 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1943 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1942 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1941 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_1946&oldid=845912174 '' Categories : June 1946 Months in the 1940s Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français မြန်မာဘာသာ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 00 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was serving as president of u.s. on june 14 1946
[ "The National School Lunch Act was signed into law by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, permanently establishing federal financial support for free or low-cost meals for schoolchildren.[9]" ]
[ "Harry S. Truman" ]
-4161376964796747451
Area codes 905, 289, and 365
Area codes 905 , 289 , and 365 - wikipedia Area codes 905 , 289 , and 365 Jump to : navigation , search Area codes 905 , 289 , and 365 are overlay area codes in the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) in Southern Ontario , Canada , particularly covering the Niagara Peninsula , the city of Hamilton , Halton Region , Peel Region , York Region , and Durham Region . Area code 905 was assigned on October 4 , 1993 , as a split from area code 416 . After 289 was overlaid on June 9 , 2001 , all local calls required ten - digit dialling . On April 13 , 2010 , the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) introduced the overlay area code 365 , which became operational on March 25 , 2013 . The three area codes are expected to become exhausted by March 2025 . The plan area surrounds the overlay area codes 416 / 647 / 437 , which cover the city of Toronto , leading residents to popularly coin suburban Toronto as `` the 905 '' . It is bound by area code 519 / 226 in the west , 705 / 249 in the north , 613 / 343 in the east , and New York State area code 716 on the eastern prong of the Niagara Peninsula . The incumbent local exchange carrier for these area codes is Bell Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Rate centres and central office codes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The 905 area code was once used as a block of alternate numbers for calls from the United States to Mexico ( + 52 - 5 - ... ) in the days when overseas calls otherwise would have needed to be placed through a telephone operator . This use became obsolete with the widespread introduction of direct dial overseas calls and was completely abolished no later than February 1 , 1991 . Partly because of this prior usage of the number 905 , area code 905 was the last of the `` original - 1947 - format '' area codes ( that is , area codes with `` 0 '' ( zero ) or `` 1 '' ( one ) for the middle digit , and 2 - 9 for the first digit ) to be assigned . By October 1991 , area code 905 had been assigned to relieve exchanges in the Greater Toronto Area -- which , then as now , was Canada 's largest toll - free calling zone . While the Golden Horseshoe 's explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century would have made another area code necessary in any event , the timetable was moved up significantly due to Canada 's inefficient system of number allocation . Canada does not use number pooling as a relief measure . Each CLEC is assigned blocks of 10,000 numbers for every rate centre where it plans to offer service , no matter how small . While most rate centres do n't need nearly that many numbers , a number is unavailable for reassignment elsewhere once assigned to a CLEC and rate centre . This resulted in thousands of unallocated numbers . The problem was not as severe in the Golden Horseshoe as in the rest of Canada ; then as now , numbers tended to be used up fairly quickly . However , the proliferation of cell phones , pagers , fax machines , and dial - up Internet connections made it apparent that the Golden Horseshoe needed another area code . Automatic number identification ( ANI ) on the NPA 's switching systems began transmission on October 11 , 1992 for some central office codes . The new numbering plan area ( NPA ) entered service on October 11 , 1993 . Permissive dialing of 416 continued across the Golden Horseshoe until January 1 , 1994 . Five years after its introduction , 905 was close to exhaustion far sooner than anticipated , again due to the number allocation problem . By 1999 , the CRTC had established an ad - hoc committee to study NPA relief planning for area code 905 . A split of the 905 NPA was considered , with various options presented : a geographic split by municipality ( either two - way or three - way ) a geographic split of concentric rings around Toronto re-aligning NPA boundaries ( some areas retain 905 , others acquire a new NPA ) ; that is , a municipality and exchange split a distributed overlay The overlay option was chosen because it would cause the least disruption ; it would require no changes for existing customers in the 905 area . It would also be far easier to implement technically . Bell and the other carriers in the area were especially supportive of an overlay . Not only would it have forced customers to change their numbers for the second time in less than a decade , but it would have forced en masse reprogramming of cell phones . For the same reason , Toronto itself was overlaid with area code 647 ( and later 437 ) . The 289 NPA overlay was approved by the CRTC on August 15 , 2000 ( Order CRTC 2000 - 772 ) . Earlier that month , Toufic Saliba , consultant and technical engineer at the Commission , directed the addition of area code 289 in the 905 area code region . In doing so , Saliba directed that all carriers put in place a 10 - digit dialing plan for all local calls . In this order , the Commission directed Bell Canada to implement the 10 - digit local dialing plan . 289 came into service on April 7 , 2001 , and was in full operation by June 9 , 2001 . 905 officially became exhausted in November 2005 . All new central office prefixes are assigned in 289 , as there are no longer any available prefixes in 905 . Part of the problem stemmed from the creation of single - tier `` megacities '' across Ontario at the turn of the millennium . Many of these enlarged cities are split between multiple rate centres which have never been amalgamated . The largest city in the NPA , Mississauga -- the sixth - largest city in all of Canada -- is split between five rate centres , even though it has been a single municipality since 1974 . Another example is Hamilton , Canada 's 10th - largest city ; it is split between nine rate centres . Due to the fact that this is a large and rapidly growing region , area code 365 was assigned for further relief on March 25 , 2013 , and area code 742 has been set aside for further relief as the area is expected to exhaust by 2036 at current growth rates . In popular culture ( edit ) The term the 905 or the 905 belt is used to describe the suburban areas of the Greater Toronto Area , while Toronto proper is referred to as the 416 . The term 905er is often used pejoratively by downtown and inner - city Toronto residents to refer to people from Toronto 's suburbs . Canadian rapper Maestro rendered homage to the area code in his song `` 416 / 905 ( TO Party Anthem ) '' . In June 2015 , Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announced the formation of an NBA Development League team for the Toronto Raptors based in Mississauga called Raptors 905 . Rate centres and central office codes ( edit ) Ajax - Pickering : ( 289 ) - 200 224 229 255 275 277 314 315 372 387 388 403 417 422 423 460 482 484 533 539 545 591 608 624 631 660 733 734 744 882 892 913 915 923 980 986 987 988 , ( 365 ) - 275 300 , ( 905 ) - 231 239 250 391 409 420 421 422 423 424 426 427 428 492 509 550 619 621 622 626 683 686 706 744 767 831 837 839 903 995 999 Aurora : ( 289 ) - 221 258 380 466 552 614 648 796 802 840 879 894 984 995 , ( 365 ) - 500 , ( 905 ) - 222 395 503 713 717 726 727 750 751 758 841 900 Beeton : ( 289 ) - 415 899 970 , ( 365 ) - 560 901 , ( 905 ) - 724 729 748 801 909 Bethesda : ( 289 ) - 262 615 , ( 365 ) - 501 , ( 905 ) - 504 888 Blackstock : ( 289 ) - 702 , ( 365 ) - 408 , ( 905 ) - 986 Bowmanville : ( 289 ) - 223 276 513 626 703 , ( 365 ) - 401 , ( 905 ) - 419 623 697 Bradford : ( 289 ) - 464 831 , ( 365 ) - 266 900 ( 905 ) - 551 775 778 Brampton : ( 289 ) - 201 233 298 323 325 401 406 410 418 498 499 505 541 544 569 632 654 720 747 748 752 764 801 864 889 900 901 946 948 , ( 905 ) - 216 230 291 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 463 487 488 494 495 497 499 500 595 598 654 759 781 782 783 789 790 791 792 793 794 796 798 799 840 846 861 863 866 867 872 874 901 965 970 Burlington : ( 289 ) - 208 230 245 266 288 293 313 337 348 419 427 598 635 636 707 714 741 745 787 798 812 816 828 861 938 962 977 983 , ( 365 ) - 999 , ( 905 ) - 220 315 319 320 331 332 333 335 336 340 407 592 630 631 632 633 634 635 637 638 639 681 802 Caledon : ( 289 ) - 824 908 961 966 , ( 365 ) - 200 , ( 905 ) - 584 586 587 588 757 838 843 860 996 Bolton : ( 289 ) - 206 461 487 503 616 651 875 906 , ( 365 ) - 502 , ( 905 ) - 533 857 951 Caledonia : ( 289 ) - 284 285 523 528 751 757 960 , ( 905 ) - 765 Campbellville : ( 289 ) - 458 630 692 , ( 365 ) - 304 , ( 905 ) - 854 Castlemore : ( 289 ) - 324 749 916 , ( 365 ) - 201 , ( 905 ) - 200 204 794 913 915 Castleton : ( 905 ) - 344 Cayuga : ( 289 ) - 370 516 603 736 , ( 905 ) - 772 Claremont : ( 289 ) - 462 , ( 365 ) - 503 650 , ( 905 ) - 408 490 649 Cobourg : ( 289 ) - 215 251 252 435 677 691 771 829 , ( 365 ) - 400 , ( 905 ) - 207 269 372 373 375 376 377 396 Colborne : ( 289 ) - 265 , ( 905 ) - 355 Cold Springs : ( 905 ) - 342 Dunnville : ( 289 ) - 209 330 331 332 369 377 381 433 518 604 738 761 972 973 , ( 365 ) - 651 , ( 905 ) - 229 701 774 Fisherville : ( 289 ) - 601 , ( 905 ) - 779 Fort Erie is divided into the following local rate centres : Fort Erie ( 289 ) - 250 303 320 321 322 476 599 762 ( 365 ) - 801 , ( 905 ) - 871 991 992 993 994 Ridgeway : ( 290 ) - 876 ( 905 ) - 894 Stevensville : ( 289 ) - 397 , ( 905 ) - 382 Garden Hill : ( 905 ) - 797 Georgetown : ( 289 ) - 344 349 428 642 694 790 839 890 891 924 935 , ( 365 ) - 302 , ( 905 ) - 702 703 873 877 Gormley : ( 289 ) - 486 746 , ( 365 ) - 504 , ( 905 ) - 284 400 534 887 927 Grafton : ( 905 ) - 349 Grimsby : ( 289 ) - 205 235 336 447 455 493 754 770 797 , ( 905 ) - 309 945 Hagersville : ( 289 ) - 282 283 524 758 784 , ( 905 ) - 768 Hamilton is divided into the following local rate centres : Ancaster : ( 289 ) - 204 239 346 443 445 450 495 515 735 739 855 902 , ( 905 ) - 304 648 Binbrook : ( 289 ) - 286 287 424 522 568 743 756 , ( 905 ) - 692 Dundas : ( 289 ) - 238 345 446 494 517 737 753 858 , ( 905 ) - 627 628 Freelton : ( 289 ) - 609 679 693 , ( 365 ) - 301 , ( 905 ) - 659 Hamilton : ( 289 ) - 237 244 246 253 260 263 308 309 335 339 358 382 389 391 396 408 425 426 439 440 441 442 456 489 492 520 527 551 556 639 659 667 674 678 680 682 683 684 689 698 700 750 755 766 768 769 773 774 775 776 778 779 780 788 799 808 827 860 877 880 887 919 920 921 922 925 931 933 941 949 975 978 994 , ( 365 ) - 317 888 , ( 905 ) - 218 253 296 297 308 312 314 317 318 379 381 383 385 387 388 389 390 393 481 496 512 515 516 517 518 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 531 536 537 538 540 541 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 560 561 570 572 573 574 575 577 578 581 645 661 667 719 730 741 745 746 769 777 807 818 865 869 870 902 906 912 920 921 923 928 929 961 962 963 966 971 972 973 974 975 977 978 979 981 Mount Hope : ( 289 ) - 280 281 491 525 759 791 866 , ( 905 ) - 679 Stoney Creek : ( 289 ) - 203 448 490 526 656 760 765 792 965 , ( 905 ) - 594 636 662 664 930 Waterdown : ( 289 ) - 352 431 619 718 767 895 , ( 905 ) - 689 690 Winona : ( 289 ) - 649 794 , ( 905 ) - 643 Hampton : ( 289 ) - 706 , ( 365 ) - 403 , ( 905 ) - 263 445 Keswick : ( 289 ) - 528 , ( 365 ) - 505 , ( 905 ) - 476 535 656 700 989 King Township is divided into the following local rate centres : King City : ( 289 ) - 207 467 530 618 621 874 907 , ( 365 ) - 506 , ( 905 ) - 539 833 Nobleton : ( 289 ) - 463 542 620 658 664 , ( 365 ) - 514 , ( 905 ) - 558 859 Schomberg : ( 289 ) - 318 557 592 , ( 365 ) - 520 , ( 905 ) - 590 939 Kleinburg : ( 289 ) - 202 216 531 873 , ( 365 ) - 507 , ( 905 ) - 552 893 The Town of Lincoln is divided into the following local rate centres : Beamsville : ( 289 ) - 432 566 602 , ( 905 ) - 563 Vineland : ( 289 ) - 567 605 , ( 905 ) - 562 Maple : ( 289 ) - 217 304 342 357 463 468 532 553 832 917 963 , ( 365 ) - 508 , ( 905 ) - 303 417 553 585 653 832 Markham is divided into the following local rate centres : Markham : ( 289 ) - 301 306 307 378 451 469 507 554 661 666 800 818 846 859 872 , ( 365 ) - 509 654 655 , ( 905 ) - 201 202 205 209 294 350 471 472 554 910 Thornhill : ( 289 ) - 390 459 472 502 510 514 561 588 597 695 807 843 857 982 , ( 365 ) - 523 , ( 905 ) - 326 370 418 482 530 532 593 597 660 669 695 707 709 731 738 739 747 760 761 762 763 764 771 879 881 882 886 889 907 Unionville : ( 289 ) - 333 392 473 563 577 584 789 806 844 884 , ( 365 ) - 525 , ( 905 ) - 248 258 300 305 307 316 413 415 470 474 475 477 479 480 489 513 604 752 754 917 940 943 944 946 947 948 968 969 Milton : ( 289 ) - 230 270 350 409 412 429 627 655 670 728 862 851 878 930 971 , ( 365 ) - 303 355 , ( 905 ) - 299 462 514 636 691 693 699 749 805 864 875 876 878 Mississauga is divided into the following local rate centres : Clarkson : ( 289 ) - 299 326 373 420 628 727 825 826 849 898 945 , ( 905 ) - 254 403 491 822 823 855 916 919 Cooksville : ( 289 ) - 232 261 327 360 362 374 421 444 454 497 521 565 628 633 722 724 777 785 805 883 951 , ( 905 ) - 206 210 212 214 219 232 238 241 247 267 268 270 272 273 275 276 277 279 281 282 283 290 306 361 366 402 501 502 507 566 568 602 614 615 624 625 629 712 755 756 766 803 804 848 890 896 897 949 Malton : ( 289 ) - 247 328 359 384 548 562 623 625 721 729 804 865 904 944 988 , ( 905 ) - 234 255 256 293 298 362 364 405 461 564 565 612 670 671 672 673 676 677 678 694 696 698 740 795 908 956 Port Credit : ( 289 ) - 297 329 643 822 847 953 , ( 365 ) - 202 , ( 905 ) - 221 271 274 278 486 891 990 Streetsville : ( 289 ) - 290 305 334 375 457 540 652 719 726 814 848 896 914 957 997 998 999 , ( 905 ) - 236 285 286 288 301 302 363 369 412 542 567 569 593 600 601 603 606 607 608 609 785 812 813 814 816 817 819 820 821 824 826 828 858 997 Mount Albert : ( 289 ) - 465 534 662 , ( 365 ) - 510 , ( 905 ) - 473 557 Newcastle : ( 289 ) - 629 708 , ( 365 ) - 404 , ( 905 ) - 446 987 Newmarket : ( 289 ) - 231 264 279 319 338 340 366 383 395 453 470 500 504 535 663 716 730 763 803 841 903 909 926 934 , ( 365 ) - 340 512 , ( 905 ) - 235 251 252 392 657 710 715 716 806 830 836 853 868 895 898 952 953 954 955 960 967 Newtonville : ( 289 ) - 709 964 , ( 365 ) - 405 , ( 905 ) - 786 Niagara Falls : ( 289 ) - 248 257 271 292 294 296 302 341 361 402 477 547 932 , ( 365 ) - 666 , ( 905 ) - 262 295 351 353 354 356 357 358 371 374 394 Niagara - on - the - Lake : ( 289 ) - 272 413 646 672 868 , ( 365 ) - 667 , ( 905 ) - 468 Oakville : ( 289 ) - 218 219 242 243 259 291 295 300 351 363 386 400 430 529 644 681 715 725 740 772 795 813 815 817 834 835 837 838 856 881 885 888 863 910 936 937 940 952 981 993 , ( 365 ) - 777 , ( 905 ) - 208 257 287 330 334 337 338 339 399 464 465 466 467 469 483 484 510 580 582 599 616 617 618 808 815 825 827 829 842 844 845 847 849 901 Orono : ( 289 ) - 710 , ( 365 ) - 406 , ( 905 ) - 485 983 Oshawa : ( 289 ) - 222 240 254 274 312 316 355 356 385 404 405 481 512 600 634 658 671 675 676 685 688 701 712 731 830 869 886 918 927 928 939 943 979 991 992 996 , ( 365 ) - 800 , ( 905 ) - 213 215 233 240 242 243 244 245 259 260 261 404 410 429 431 432 433 434 435 436 438 439 440 441 442 443 447 448 449 498 571 576 579 644 674 675 718 720 721 723 725 728 743 809 914 922 924 925 926 Palgrave : ( 289 ) - 546 594 , ( 365 ) - 516 , ( 905 ) - 583 880 Pelham : ( 289 ) - 650 897 , ( 905 ) - 892 Port Colborne : ( 289 ) - 478 836 , ( 905 ) - 834 835 Port Hope : ( 289 ) - 436 , ( 905 ) - 800 885 Port Perry : ( 289 ) - 225 354 485 653 713 912 , ( 365 ) - 407 , ( 905 ) - 982 985 Queensville : ( 289 ) - 549 , ( 365 ) - 529 , ( 905 ) - 478 589 Richmond Hill : ( 289 ) - 269 317 353 379 399 452 475 496 506 537 538 550 637 666 699 809 819 833 842 867 , 870 , 947 , ( 905 ) - 224 237 292 508 737 770 780 784 787 881 883 884 918 Oak Ridges : ( 289 ) - 210 234 471 543 573 665 854 , ( 365 ) - 515 , ( 905 ) - 223 313 398 505 506 559 773 Roseneath : ( 905 ) - 352 Selkirk : ( 905 ) - 776 Snelgrove : ( 289 ) - 954 , ( 365 ) - 203 , ( 905 ) - 843 996 St. Catharines - Thorold : ( 289 ) - 213 214 219 228 241 267 273 362 364 398 407 434 438 479 501 606 668 669 686 687 690 696 697 723 781 782 783 786 929 931 968 969 974 990 , ( 365 ) - 383 653 668 880 , ( 905 ) - 225 227 228 246 280 321 322 323 324 325 327 328 329 341 345 346 347 348 359 360 378 380 397 401 641 646 650 651 658 680 682 684 685 687 688 704 708 931 932 933 934 935 937 938 941 964 980 984 988 Port Robinson : ( 289 ) - 376 , ( 905 ) - 384 Stouffville : ( 289 ) - 212 508 558 612 617 853 , ( 365 ) - 521 , ( 905 ) - 591 640 642 Sutton : ( 289 ) - 559 576 871 , ( 365 ) - 522 , ( 905 ) - 596 722 Toronto ( former Pickering Township only ) : ( 905 ) - 509 Tottenham : ( 289 ) - 850 , ( 365 ) - 540 ( 905 ) - 406 936 Uxbridge : ( 289 ) - 394 564 595 640 852 , ( 365 ) - 444 526 , ( 905 ) - 852 862 904 Victoria : ( 289 ) - 955 967 , ( 365 ) - 204 , ( 905 ) - 838 998 Wainfleet : ( 905 ) - 899 Welcome : ( 905 ) - 753 Welland : ( 289 ) - 347 414 449 480 488 673 820 821 823 , ( 365 ) - 652 , ( 905 ) - 414 714 732 733 734 735 736 788 West Lincoln : ( 289 ) - 560 793 956 , ( 905 ) - 957 Whitby : ( 289 ) - 220 278 483 509 638 717 732 893 985 989 , ( 905 ) - 217 430 444 493 556 665 666 668 Brooklin : ( 289 ) - 227 645 704 , ( 365 ) - 402 , ( 905 ) - 425 620 655 Woodbridge : ( 289 ) - 236 245 256 268 371 393 474 536 596 622 641 657 845 , ( 365 ) - 527 , ( 905 ) - 264 265 266 417 605 652 663 850 851 856 893 553 See also ( edit ) List of North American area codes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hui , Ann ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' 905 ' gets some new numbers '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lu , Vanessa ( July 22 , 2011 ) . Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2 new area codes coming to GTA next month '' . CBC News . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPA 289 / 905 '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Numbering Administrator . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Order CRTC 2001 - 840 ( copy archived February 3 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Telecom Decision CRTC 2010 - 213 '' . Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission . 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 905 region to add new area code '' . CBC News . April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . The area around Toronto is known colloquially as `` the 905 , '' after the area code that was added in 1993 and covers such areas as Mississauga and Niagara Falls . Jump up ^ Toronto , Cultural Tips , Places of a Lifetime , Travel , Photography - National Geographic External links ( edit ) CNAC Central Office Codes Bellcore informational letter announcing new 905 NPA ( PDF ; October 1 , 1992 ) Bellcore informational letter ( final reminder ) announcing termination of 905 code for calls to Mexico ( PDF ; December 28 , 1990 ) CRTC : Establishment of CISC Ad Hoc Committees for NPA Relief Planning in Canada Telecom Notice of Consultation CRTC 2009 - 310 : Establishment of a CISC ad hoc committee for area code relief planning for area codes 289 and 905 in southern Ontario 905 NPA Relief Industry Meeting ( December 16 , 1999 ) NANPA Planning letter 243 : Announcement of NPA 289 as an overlay to NPA 905 ( PDF ; October 25 , 2000 ) Order CRTC 2000 - 772 : New area code overlay to be introduced in 905 region Area Code Map of Canada Telecom Decision CRTC 2010 - 213 : Code relief for area codes 289 and 905 in southern Ontario at the CRTC Ontario area codes : 226 , 249 , 289 , 343 , 365 , 416 , 519 , 613 , 647 , 705 , 807 , 905 North : 705 West : 519 / 226 Area codes 905 and 289 completely surrounding 416 / 647 East : 613 / 343 , 716 South : 716 , 585 , Lake Ontario New York area codes : 212 / 332 / 646 , 315 / 680 , 347 / 718 / 929 , 516 , 518 / 838 , 585 , 607 , 631 / 934 , 716 , 845 , 914 , 917 Coordinates : 43 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 79 ° 50 ′ 20 '' W  /  43.630 ° N 79.839 ° W  / 43.630 ; - 79.839 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_codes_905,_289,_and_365&oldid=801006830 '' Categories : Area codes in Canada Communications in Ontario Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 02 : 58 . 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where is area code 905 in united states
[ "Area codes 905, 289, and 365 are overlay area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in Southern Ontario, Canada, particularly covering the Niagara Peninsula, the city of Hamilton, Halton Region, Peel Region, York Region, and Durham Region. Area code 905 was assigned on October 4, 1993, as a split from area code 416. After 289 was overlaid on June 9, 2001, all local calls required ten-digit dialling. On April 13, 2010, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) introduced the overlay area code 365,[1] which became operational on March 25, 2013.[2][3] The three area codes are expected to become exhausted by March 2025.[4]" ]
[ "Southern Ontario, Canada," ]
4488989115901249816
Star Trek: Discovery
Star Trek : Discovery - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/ Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season are streaming weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek . Unlike the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , she was not made a starship captain , in order `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler : Chief of Security of the USS Discovery , Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Latif noted that Tyler 's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life , calling Tyler `` a very complex and painful and deep character . '' The character explores these issues with different characters , including Lorca due to their shared military background , and Burnham with whom `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' . Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : Chief engineer aboard the USS Discovery and science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) whose research led to development of an experimental organic propulsion system on the Discovery . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f-d up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 10 `` Despite Yourself '' TBA TBA January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 11 `` The Wolf Inside '' TBA TBA January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 12 `` Vaulting Ambition '' TBA TBA January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 13 `` What 's Past is Prologue '' TBA TBA January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 14 `` The War Without , The War Within '' TBA TBA February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 15 `` Will You Take My Hand ? '' TBA TBA February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 . Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . '' The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season . A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . '' At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons . With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 . The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017 . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' . Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' . In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . '' Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions . People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress . He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . '' In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 . We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders . Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull . Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios , with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . '' He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . '' The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render . The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Release ( edit ) The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) § Reception Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.14 / 10 based on 54 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show . Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development . There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward , is set 10 years before the show , and is intended to be released in early 2018 . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers , and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries . IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) In late 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise . A month long `` Mega-Event '' based on the series will also take place . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Major details revealed about new TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Star Trek : Discovery will be set in the ' Prime Universe ' ( so in the timeline of the original shows , not the J.J. Abrams reboot films ) , about a decade before Captain Kirk 's five - year mission . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producer explains why the Klingons changed '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Kurtzman on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' , Bryan Fuller 's Exit , and LGBT Representation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Team Talk War , Roddenberry , Space Mushrooms , And A Reimagined Mudd '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Franklin Park native takes the helm on ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery storyline revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . 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Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to ditch a long frustrating Trek rule '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery producers : Major characters wo n't be safe '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to be ' hard PG - 13 ' yet avoid nudity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Trek : Discovery Producers on Ship 's Design , Show 's Themes '' . TrekMovie.com . United States : Blogger . July 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : ' Prime ' Setting , Gay Character , Heavy Alien Presence and 11 More Spoilers About CBS Reboot '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speelman , Tom ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` That Time Mae Jemison , Pioneering Astronaut , Was on Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Holloway , Daniel ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Finds First Cast Member in Michelle Yeoh '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Out as ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . 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New Episodes Sundays 8 : 30pm ET / 5 : 30pm PT Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for CBS All Access ' ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Gets Actual Trailer Confirming Existence '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : A ' Talking Dead ' - Style STAR TREK ALL ACCESS Aftershow May Be In The Works '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Live After - Show Gets New Name ; Matt Mira Set As Host '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) No Activity ( since 2017 ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 -- present ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=815949285 '' Categories : 2010s American science fiction television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows CBS All Access shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 07 : 23 . 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how much does each episode of star trek discovery cost
[ "With production set to finally begin in January, \"a lot of careful deliberation [was] continuing to go into making Discovery special, from the choice of directors, to set design, to the special effects.\"[46] Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer.[47][48] At CBS's 2017 upfront presentation, CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a \"fall\" release date for the series, and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes.[49][50] In June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, with the season airing through November 2017, and then beginning again in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[25] Also that month, Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter's departure, and promised that \"what's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set-up, character, big ideas, the big movement of the season, that's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about\" and would not be altered.[51] Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted \"a hybridized [anthology] approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know.\"[8] Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format.[52] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a \"road map\" for a second season, and \"the beginnings of one\" for a third. It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US$8–8.5 million each, making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal, though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw.[53] After the series' premiere, Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons, due to the external pressure that caused with the first season, but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019.[54] The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017.[55]" ]
[ "US$8–8.5 million" ]
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Articles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on March 4 , 1789 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Ratification 4 Article summaries 5 Congress under the Articles 5.1 The Army 5.2 Foreign policy 5.3 Taxation and commerce 5.4 Accomplishments 5.5 Presidents of Congress 6 The U.S. under the Articles 7 Signatures 7.1 Signers 8 Gallery 9 Revision and replacement 9.1 Legitimacy of closing down 9.2 Final months 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . Ratification The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777 . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . The lone holdout , Maryland , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through , and voted to ratify . During this time , Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government . Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2 , 1781 . Congress was informed of Maryland 's assent on March 1 , and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land . The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : State Date 13 ! 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 12 ! 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 08 ! 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 11 ! 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 01 ! 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 03 ! 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 06 ! 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 10 ! 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 05 ! 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 09 ! 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 07 ! 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 02 ! 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 04 ! 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation 's central government . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress , which was empowered to make war and peace , negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and to resolve disputes between the states . The document also stipulates that its provisions `` shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and that `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles : Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions ( demands for payments or supplies ) from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . Congress under the Articles The army Under the Articles , Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army , but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , and even food . Further , although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers , as a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure ; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy The 1783 Treaty of Paris , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified . Afterward , the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance . Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time , causing difficulties in raising a quorum . The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists , including George Washington . Many of the most prominent national leaders , such as Washington , John Adams , John Hancock , and Benjamin Franklin , retired from public life , served as foreign delegates , or held office in state governments ; and for the general public , local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . This served to exacerbate Congress 's impotence . Inherent weaknesses in the confederation 's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1786 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . '' Furthermore , the 1786 Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty , which was never ratified , the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 , after the federal Constitution came into force . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and it established the precedent by which the national ( later , federal ) government would be sovereign and expand westward -- as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . Presidents of Congress Further information : President of the Continental Congress Under the Articles of Confederation , the presiding officer of Congress -- referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled -- chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles . The first , Samuel Huntington , had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28 , 1779 . President Term Samuel Huntington 01 ! March 1 , 1781 -- July 10 , 1781 Thomas McKean 02 ! July 10 , 1781 -- November 5 , 1781 John Hanson 03 ! November 5 , 1781 -- November 4 , 1782 Elias Boudinot 04 ! November 4 , 1782 -- November 3 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin 05 ! November 3 , 1783 -- June 3 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee 06 ! November 30 , 1784 -- November 4 , 1785 John Hancock 07 ! November 23 , 1785 -- June 5 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham 08 ! June 6 , 1786 -- November 3 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair 09 ! February 2 , 1787 -- November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin 10 ! January 22 , 1788 -- November 15 , 1788 The U.S. under the Articles Main article : Confederation Period The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . Chevalier de La Luzerne , French Minister to the United States , felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government . In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British ( who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay ) , he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also `` sharply pressed '' Maryland to ratify the Articles , thus suggesting the two issues were related . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture References Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . pp. 255 -- 259 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial Note : Jefferson 's Proposed Concert of Powers against the Barbary States '' . Founders Online . ( Original source : The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 10 , 22 June -- 31 December 1786 , ed . Julian P. Boyd . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1954 , pp. 560 -- 566 ) . Washington , D.C. : National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Satō , Shōsuke ( 1886 ) ( Digitized 2008 ) . History of the land question in the United States . Baltimore , Maryland : Isaac Friedenwald , for Johns Hopkins University . p. 352 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . pp. 245 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sioussat , St. George L. ( October 1936 ) . `` THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND , 1780 - 1781 With Accompanying Documents '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 60 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 418 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . JSTOR 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . Van Cleve , George William ( 2017 ) . We Have Not a Government : The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 48050 - 3 . 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John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Signers of the Articles of Confederation A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock * ( David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham ) Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin * Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny GND : 4328865 - 0 LCCN : n83300226 NARA : 10639091 VIAF : 175396367 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_Confederation&oldid=844437274 '' Categories : Documents of the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1781 in law Defunct constitutions Ordinances of the Continental Congress Political charters United States historical documents 1777 in the United States 1781 in the United States Federalism in the United States Legal history of the United States History of York County , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania in the American Revolution York , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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who did the articles of confederation gave most power to
[ "The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.[1] It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.[2]" ]
[ "the states" ]