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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32912 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
When I boot my PC with both Windows and Ubuntu installed: I always get the exact message "Input not Support" without the -ed flashing on my VOC monitor. GRUB does not show so I can't reach Windows. I have tried blindly pressing the "down" key and "Enter" but it yields no response. I have an NVidia card with the extra 3D graphics driver applied also.
additional comment: Same here. sshd is running, I can log into the system remotely from another PC, everything is working fine; just I can't see anything on the monitor that is directly attached. I guess somewhere within grub configuration there must be something to set the video output resolution, but where ???
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An anonymous user (possibly the original poster while not logged in, or possibly someone else, there is no way to know) proposed the following solution as an edit. I've made it into an answer instead (with slight formatting changes):
I found the solution (if you are able to login, e.g., via ssh):
Edit /etc/default/grub:
sudo update-grub
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32913 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm trying to enable alsa on different prefix than default through winetricks. More specifically, the prefix that has Rosetta Stone on it, as it cannot see my microphone.
When I open winetricks, it only lets me select default. I tried anyway, on default, and it did not resolve the issue.
I saw some answers online, through the terminal, but that didn't work either. Maybe I have the syntax wrong?
steve@stevelap:~$ WINEPREFIX=~/.PlayOnLinux/wineprefix/Rosetta sh winetricks alsa
sh: 0: Can't open winetricks
steve@stevelap:~$ sudo WINEPREFIX=~/.PlayOnLinux/wineprefix/Rosetta sh winetricks alsa
[sudo] password for steve:
sh: 0: Can't open winetricks
Could anyone please offer assistance? Thanks!
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Curious! When I double-checked the Audio tab for that prefix's winecfg, the driver says winealsa.drv. The problem must lie elsewhere, this is unfortunate. I will keep looking. – Steve Sep 6 '12 at 11:34
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I found the answer to my question.
The following worked for me:
WINEPREFIX=/home/steve/.PlayOnLinux/wineprefix/Rosetta winetricks
It launched the GUI, and when I selected default then clicked browse files, it brought me to the Rosetta prefix to confirm.
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(Although still no luck getting microphone to work in Rosetta Stone. D'oh!) – Steve Sep 6 '12 at 13:59
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32914 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a fairly specific issue that I'm hoping someone else out in the community has had to tackle with success.
My company uses CheckPoint VPN clients on Windows XP machines with RSA SecurID software to generate the tokens. The beauty is that once you generate a token code on the software, you can enter it into any machine trying to connect via VPN and with your username get connected.
So, I've got Ubuntu 10.10 32bit on a tower and formerly on a laptop. Through several posts around the web, I was able to get SNX installed on the laptop, plug in my server connection information and be asked for a password only to have the connection fail.
I used to debug mode and was able to see that the application was trying to and failing at writing a registry value, but I believe that to be a symptom of a different issue, even though I tried to find a way to remedy that.
I'm wondering if anyone out there is on a similar configuration and was able to connect with SNX using an RSA token? If so, what steps did you take to setup and what problems/solutions did you encounter?
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I am trying to do the same thing. Unfortunately snx on Linux does not support interactive SecureID authentication. So you and I are SOL. – user11794 Mar 4 '11 at 1:52
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There is currently no support for SNX with the RSA token.
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I'm successfully connected to VPN using Check Point SNX build 800005013 with RSA SecurID Token as password.
Following this tutorial http://kevin.deldycke.com/2012/04/check-point-snx-client-ubuntu/
Since RSA SecurID not available on linux. You can use wine to installed windows version of RSA SecurID. Or, you can use iOS/Android version of RSA SecurID.
I'm using xubuntu 12.04
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32915 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
How do I edit the text "Ubuntu Help" & the link associated with it? Please see below picture
a busy cat
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Why would you want to do that? – Mitch Jun 18 '13 at 6:37
Well, OP also wants to do this: askubuntu.com/questions/309273/… – user25656 Jun 18 '13 at 7:20
On a lighter note, why would an UbuntuLover want to do such things ;) ? – user25656 Jun 18 '13 at 7:23
well, I am trying to build a distro based on ubuntu 12.10 with different name – UbuntuLover Jun 18 '13 at 10:20
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32927 |
Shown Here:
Introduced in Senate (10/28/2009)
Amends the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) to instruct the Secretary of Energy to make loans to publicly owned electric utilities to carry out qualified projects, approved by the Secretary, which comply with federal energy efficiency resource standards.
Authorizes such loans to be used to: (1) finance or refinance the costs of the acquisition, construction, or improvement of an electric generation, transmission, distribution facility, or utility property or assets, including the costs of any indirect acquisition of such facility, utility property or assets; and (2) refinance bonds issued by specified state utilities.
Authorizes the Secretary to disapprove a loan application for a project if the Secretary determines that revenues available to repay the loan are unlikely to be sufficient to cover its repayment obligations.
Sets a maximum loan terms of 30 years. Authorizes appropriations. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32928 |
Here Come The Weblogs
JonKatz (UID: 7654) posted more than 14 years ago | from the Electric-Communities,-Part-Deux dept.
Technology 61
Weblogs -- described by one of their creators as the "pirate radio stations" of the Web, are a new, personal, and determinedly non-hostile evolution of the electric community. They are also the freshest example of how people use the Net to make their own, radically different new media. A look at Weblogs plus a list of a few identifiable existing species in the electric community. Feel free, of course, to add your own.
Electric Community Part Two:
Here Comes the Weblog
The members of electronic communities like Slashdot come together in the first place because of some shared interest - in this case a complex, sometimes highly technical range of acquired knowledge - Linux, open source, programming. An individualistic community with a common purpose, sites like this attract focused, like-minded participants, programmers and developers whose shared experience was mastery of a complex operating system, a willingness to endure technical hurdles, and an almost secret common language.
Newcomers, drawn to see what's going on or foraging for information themselves, often enrage the established dwellers of an e-community. They don't know as much, ask stupid questions, speak a different language. Intruders, they throw the ecological balance out of whack.
Mark Stefik of the Information Sciences and Technology Laboratory at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, likens this resentment to the problem of assimilation when natural disasters or wars cause mass exodus to new lands. When the rate of immigration exceeds a certain level, the resulting chaos in the host country can evoke tremendous resentment and backlash.
Size is a factor, too. As an electric community grows, so do the maintenance costs - hardware, bandwidth, the pressure coherently present more and more information, the need for revenue to support all these functions. As more and more people move through the site, it's harder to recognize addresses, message styles, or individual personalities.
So an electronic community faces, from the beginning, a serious dilemma --- whether to stay small, but remain marginal, or to grow, and becoming more profitable and acquiring more bandwidth and software. In a sense, it suffers either way. If a community stays small, it starves. If it grows, it suffers in a different way. The WELL, one of the first and most important electronic communities (I've been a member for years) has survived by remaining small, smart and simple.
Many of its members have reasons for avoiding too much hostility. They have continuing, powerful, very personal ties to one another. Topics range from science and technology to culture, movies and parenting. And the WELL has been successful in part by providing strong, experienced moderators with authority who discourage eruptions of hostility and keep conversations on track without discouraging free speech.
E-communities without personal forums - jobs, parenting, family life - have a tougher time forming a sense of community, since there's no real way for members to get to know one another. People aren't attacking human beings they know, but disembodied voices and messages.
From the beginning, the Net and the Web have been about individuals creating their own media. This process evolves constantly as people online struggle to find communities where they can glean information, keep up with new technologies, receive help, make human contact.
Some online sociologists use the club analogy when it comes to differentiating large and public versus small and exclusive e-communities.
Exclusive discussion groups - those that limit membership and topics - are like private clubs in that they offer membership by invitation or even fees. In these smaller e-communities, people can speak more freely, perhaps say things they wouldn't say in public.
Stefik writes: "To take the private-club idea another step forward, consider the possibility of private clubs with exclusive memberships, rules about confidentiality with real bite, and limits on the ability of the excluded public to post'There might be private newsgroups for people who are generally inaccessible - for example, major financiers, philanthropists, leaders of powerful companies, or even scientists."
The recent surge in classy, well-designed, intensely-linked weblogs - almost all, essentially reflecting the interests and tastes of their creators and a small number of like-minded people -- suggests a non-commercial version on Stefik's idea.
The weblog isn't a new term on the Net, but it's being used in a new way. One previous definition of weblog is an archive of activity on a web server. Another is an online diary. But in the context of the e-community, the weblog is new, and evolving rapidly, despite the fact that specialized and idiosyncratic sites have been around for some years.
On Camworld.com, Cameron Barrett has written about and developing his notion of the weblog - he calls it a small, eclectic site, usually maintained by one person, with a high concentration of repeat visitors, plentiful WWW links, and a zero tolerance for flames.
Barrett, an interactive designer, writes on Camworld ("Anatomy Of A Weblog" ) that he heard the term "weblog" for the first time a few months ago, but isn't sure who coined it.
Weblogs are a perfect example of the biological evolution of electronic communities. Very personal foraging sites, they are limited in membership, their links continuously updated, and are often focused on a single subject or theme.
They seem to almost all be ideologically opposed to hostility, including essayish commentary and observations. Because the site creator limits and approves membership, they don't need to be defended as intensely as bigger sites, nor do they attract - or permit - posters who abuse others. One obvious payoff is that the flow of ideas is strong, uninterrupted and impressive.
Barrett calls weblogs "microportals. Some weblogs: Smug; Flutterby; Scripting News; ; Stating the Obvious -- I was startled to come upon a column by Rogers Cadenhead about why I don't belong on Slashdot (weblogs may be less hostile, but don't look for sweet, either); Obscure Store, and Joshua Eli Schachter's very smart memepool.
Some webpools are designed by their creators simply to revolve around what they find interesting. Writer Keith Dawson describes webpools as "filtered news," but as with anything having to do with the Net and the Web, there are lots of different points of view.
The Christian Science Monitor newspaper, e-mails Christine Booker, was "weblogging" their own publication earlier this week. That is, an editor provided synapses of articles of interest, with links and particularly notable quotes. The editor was providing pre-digested highlights of his paper, only without commentary. Thus "weblogging" has even come to journalism, not usually an institution on the forefront of digital change.
The point is, Booker wrote, instead of asking readers to scan headlines to decide what to read, they have a section at the top of their World report that says, in effect: our international editor puts foreign news coverage in perspective so that you can go straight to the meat. In a different way, that's what weblogs do - interesting stories for pre-selected communities.
Booker, who designs and manages websites for the University of Washington Department of Surgery, and is an avid reader of weblogs, says it's important to convey their personal nature. "Even sites that don't contain any original content or much commentary give me a glimpse into the mind of the weblogger. What someone chooses to link tells me what they're interested in, what they think is funny, what they find absurd. Some webloggers offer links embedded in one or two lines of more or less oblique commentar" (jjg.net) Booker says that as far as she can tell, many, if not most of these sites started very informally and then, one way or another, the URL got passed around soon these "hobby sites" developted devoted audiences, readers who visit them at least daily, sometimes more.
Jesse James Garrett, content editor for Ingram Micro's Web site and editor of the weblog jjg.net says that "weblogs are the pirate radio stations of the Web, personal platforms through which individuals broadcast their perspectives on current events, the media, our culture, and basically anything else that strikes their fancy from the vast sea of raw material available out there on the Web. Some are more topic-focused than others, but all are really built around someone's personal interests. Neither a faceless news-gathering organization nor an impersonal clipping service, a quality weblog is distinguished by the voice of its editor, and that editor's connection with his or her audience."
One of the best weblogs I found was Peter Merholz's peterme.com. "How freakin? cool is this?" he asks in the lead item for May 12, writing about tracking satellites live and real-time using a 3D Java applet. The site mixes the best of web design and technology - interface, design, web development - with pop culture: movie reviews, an essay on the late cartoonist Shel Silverstein.
Merholz has decided, "for what it's worth," to pronounce "weblog" as "we? - blog."
While weblogs don't have the reach and influence - thus, the commercial potential -- of larger, more inter-active and open sites, it's easy to imagine them as powerful supplements to the major foraging sites. And, depending on their members, could be influential at sharing memes, essays and ideas.
Cameron Barrett's thoughts on weblogs can be found here, along with his list of favorites. Keith Dawson, who runs the Tasty Bits of Technology Front site - in some ways a pioneer, classic weblog, also has written about weblogs at here.
To me, weblogs may embody personalized media on the Net - enterprising geeks creating interesting new sites that set out to define news in different ways, to be both interesting, coherent, and more civil. This is the complete opposite structure of conventional media, which is top-down, boring and inherently arrogant.
They may be among the first e-communities to successfully overcome online hostility and abuse as well. That alone could make them highly popular.
Weblogs, however personal, are foraging sites in the classic sense of the term.
But Weblogs aside, the idea of electronic communities as encompassing distinct biological types is irresistible. And it makes sense. I'd identify these species of electric villagers. Add your own:
FORAGERS ( Stefik would call them Wolves): the people running sites or submitting and linking to discovered information.
LURKERS (Stefik's Spiders): The largest group, professionals, academics, researchers and others whose needs for information is practical, and who wait for it, usually in silence.
FISHERMEN: People who trawl selected sub-topics or discussions for specific data, such as information about a kind of information or software.
HELPERS: Electronic communities often have a compliment of knowledgeable veterans who welcome newcomers, and are happy to counsel them in the ways of the site. The helpers don't see newcomers as a threat, but an opportunity for the village to grow and prosper.
IDEOLOGISTS (as in priests and theologists): Vigilant for deviations from what they perceive as the site's purpose, they disagree and criticize, sometimes sharply, but rarely with venom or cruelty.
DEFENDERS (as in warrior bees or ants): Ideologically- driven flamers who seek to keep their communities pure, free from intrusive outsiders, whom they see as threatening and de-stabilizing.
ANONYMOUS COWARDS (Spies, informers, information bringers and Braying Hyenas): Two types, people with legitimate information that they can't share under their own names, and exhibitionists who get to express hostility without consequence. The single biggest cause of the destruction of communities, they are the most frequently cited reason newcomers flee, veterans tire and advertisers move on to more hospitable environments.
TECHS (worker bees and ants): The people in any community for whom the construction of the site is its own reward. They are constantly working to offer options and services, improve software and access.
Some questions: What does an electric community need to work? Are there other identifiable types of e-community members? Are new kinds of sites like weblogs the future, or a minor step on the evolutionary chain?
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Closed clubs (4)
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RedGuard (UID: 16401) | more than 14 years ago
I find the notion of a closed community, enforced
technologically or socially, somewhat scarey. It
seems less a utopia than a retreat from the kind
of vibrant intellectual life that might
characterise the internet in a less privatised
society. One of the intriguing things about
slashdot is the heterogenous range of views and
topics, more like a cafe (of the Left bank sort,
if a bit too near the CS department for comfort)
than the university common room.
Nanomedia (4)
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Wah (UID: 30840) | more than 14 years ago
That's my term for the same idea. One billionth part of the collective running a medio source. /.'s a perfect example. Some of the live webcasts (using shoutcast or icecast) also fit under the same umbrella, altough at present their reach is much less. I wrote a paper on it, e-mail me if curious. Basically it's a shift in the role of gatekeepers from those with the money and power, to those who build the media (from Rupert Murdoch and Scott Sassa to Rob Malda and the like) User submissions and self-moderation are also part of the model. There is a catch-22 in getting one started, but they seem to be very self-sustaining and can be applied to any demo, psycho - graphic group, from hobbyists to professional. Computer gaming also has a number of them, although in all my surfing /. seems to be the overall tightest.
Weblogs are great (3)
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yoz (UID: 3735) | more than 14 years ago
These days I get most of my web reading from links on weblogs of one kind or another - I'd personally count Slashdot as a weblog. I read Ars Technica, Scripting News, Robot Wisdom and Tomalak's Realm, and I'm on Haddock which has several great links every day.
NTK is often listed as a weblog, innaccurately - it's a weekly mag. But it's completely brilliant. Subscribe.
Also, h2g2.com (The HitchHiker's Guide To The Galaxy, online) has, amongst its many fab features, the ability for users to create their own weblogs on their homepages, with forums hanging off each entry. Worth a look, and I'm not just saying that 'cos I work there.
Nits. (5)
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Eric S. Smith (UID: 162) | more than 14 years ago
From the eye-have-a-spelling-chequer department: "an editor provided synapses of articles." That'd be synopses, surely.
So, how is something like Slashdot different from, say, a newsgroup? Why is this worth talking about?
I'd suggest that it's the topics (articles) provided by the maintainer of the site that provide a focus for discussion. Sure, things diverge, but people aren't compelled (or, rather, don't feel compelled) to make their own entertainment. Consider the quality of discourse on a newsgroup devoted to a TV show during (a) the regular season, and (b) the summer hiatus. When there isn't a new episode to discuss every week, things can get a bit strange.
Then there are the impenitrably tiresome interpersonal disputes that crop up on newsgroups. Here, since threads of comments are collected in bunches under different articles, last week's deathless flamefest is buried deep in the old articles. On a newsgroup, threads go on for months, sometimes...
That said, I prefer trn's interface to this one. But it's still the best of the Web discussion forum designs that I've seen, especially with the nested display (though it doesn't quite work in Lynx...).
One further nit: Mr. Katz is still using question marks for apostrophes. At least, that's how it turns out on my screen. Surely there's a filter that could be run?
Anonymous Cowards (1)
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Buz (UID: 79108) | more than 14 years ago
I think that often, anonymous cowards are just people who feel the need to comment but are just too lazy (or busy) to register.
Cool, but can you make a living at it? (1)
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wakebrdr (UID: 13565) | more than 14 years ago
Yes, Slashdot is cool. But I have other interests too that have nothing to do with computers. I've considered setting up a "Weblog" related to various interests, but I need a job. Is running a weblog profitable? Or is it something that you sell everything you own to get started and then hope for additional investments and/or IPO?
Weblogs -vs- Web Diary, and the community issue. (3)
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Rahga (UID: 13479) | more than 14 years ago
Don't get the two confused.
Weblogs (which is really a crappy crappy name, btw) are, more than anything, constantly updated sites with news and links of interest, centered around a topic, maintined by people who know what good information. that pertains to the topic, is. If you took a poll of /. readers, you'd find that a good deal of them depend more on these "weblogs" for computer based news that they need or have an intrest in far more than in most of the mainstream channels of communication, such as magazines, TV, radio, C|Net websites, where "Vanilla" content (edible, but not really rich in taste or geared for people with specific tastes) is the norm.
To say that they are really about personal information, that is different. Most of those would be construed as diaries. Very few people have real interest or concern about the details of other peoples lives, not enough to make a "community" around it. though personal info does sometimes hit weblogs, that's not really a major part of content.
And like it or not, "communities" do not develop through web sites. Period. They develop through newsgroups, e-mail, internet chat, etc., interactive forums, and other places means by which direct communication AMONG members may take place, many of which are based on or around websites &weblogs. However, websites & weblogs have audiences, as do TV stations, newspapers, magazines, etc. Websites and Weblogs deliver information TO an audience, commmunication really isn't AMONG an audince. In that aspect, audience size really does not have a direct bearing on weblogs. There is no requirement where weblogs must interact with their audience.
Web forums are really the only place where Web-Anything can have a community.
Of course, this just my point of view :)
It's often needed (2)
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yoz (UID: 3735) | more than 14 years ago
Having experienced many online communities that are both open and closed, I'd say they're both valid. Some communities are just about sharing open information and opinions, others rely deeply on trust and confidentiality, or want a certain relatively-guaranteed level of quality in content, which you can't get in a well-known open list. The trouble is that often closed communities can be accused of being cliquey and elitist... that can be true, but it's for a purpose.
Jorn Barger's Robot Wisdom (2)
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DHartung (UID: 13689) | more than 14 years ago
One of the best and most varied weblogs I've come across, and updated multiple times daily. He pulls "headlines" from various newsy-fungible sites and follows it with a section of reviewed material, covering everything from anthropology, to pop music, to Linux, to web-design, using pull-quotes to highlight what he found interesting. He surfs Slashdot and points to good stuff here. I probably check out 1/2 of the links, and a good number of the sites end up on my permanent bookmark list. It's all informed by a philosophy grounded strongly in state-of-the-art AI concepts.
Robot Wisdom Weblog
Re:Closed clubs (4)
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Outland Traveller (UID: 12138) | more than 14 years ago
I agree completely. Closed communities imply control over information, and from what history has shown us so far I don't feel this would be in the public interest.
This debate is similar to the debate over moderation we had earlier. You have to balance the annoyingness of noise with the danger of censorship. You might find yourself one day surrounded by people who say what you want to hear, closing off your mental horizons, and obfuscating the truth.
The censorship that exists in Western society today is often very subtle- it involves defining the scope of debate so as to exclude a wide swatch of viewpoints and dangerous questions while still providing a good facade of open discussion.
Yes, there are a lot of problems with public forums, but the solution shouldn't be a closed community. That seems to me to be lazy, oversimplistic, and even dangerous.
BTW- does anyone else dislike the name "weblog"? A weblog to me is in /var/log/apache/. There's got to be a better name than this!
Re:Closed clubs (2)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
The problem with democracy is that everyone can state their opinion - even those that don't have one.
Closed societies is the only way to filter out trendies and people who start their emails along the lines of:
I don't know anything about {law,technology,topic at hand} but for some reason I feel it necessary to give my worthless {legal,technological,whatnot} interpretation about this matter...
It's time people stopped wafting on the blissful concept that democracy creates good content. The only way to generate good content is through application of extreme discrimination in what gets published/posted. Slashdot (with filter set to 0) is an example of democratic content. Dr. Dobbs is an example of discriminatory content. I'd rather read Dr. Dobbs. :)
And just to avoid the boring "well whaddahellareyou reading slashdot for, then?" I'll answer it now: Rob does a great job of selecting news which are of interest to me personally.
ps: Please note the absence of an apologetic little "well... erm... that's my two cents".
The Net is like society it's diverse (2)
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Khalid (UID: 31037) | more than 14 years ago
Thanks Jon I have learned something now, though This is not a radical novelty, e-communities have always existed, what is ne is the "name" the "conpect" and as we now, as soon as you name something, in a certain sens you create it, if it's really original. This is true for ideas, this is also true for software, "Apache", "Linux", "Open Source" are "concepts" or "mems" when they are transmited.
Anyway, I believe that different kinds of communities, will thrive, secret ones, open communities, mercantiles, etc, what is really new is the strong belonging to a virtual community sentiment, the Open Source community has this strong feeling.
I think
Very Poor Name Choice (4)
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Quinn (UID: 4474) | more than 14 years ago
"Weblog" is a pretty damn common term for a web server's access log. I'd assume anyone running a website has seen it used in that sense, so why was it co-opted to describe this phenomena?
2 good weblogs ... (1)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
Well, I think they're good ...
Robot Wisdom and A&L Daily
Re:Closed clubs (2)
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PapaZit (UID: 33585) | more than 14 years ago
I completely misinterpreted the blurb about this article. I was expecting something like this, or maybe an article about loner geeks who spend their Friday nights digging through server logs.
Re:Cool, but can you make a living at it? (1)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
Running a weblog is not profitable (having run one for two years now).
If you're obviously trying to make a profit off it (ad impressions, whatever) it's going to make your audience suspect your motives for posting various links.
Putting up an Amazon associate thingy is as far as I've gone, and it doesn't produce enough revenue so far to come close to breaking even.
Do it as a hobby, or as a way to generate interest in using your services as a consultant, or for fun, but don't expect it to support you.
Re:Very Poor Name Choice (3)
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RobotWisdom (UID: 25776) | more than 14 years ago
ME! ME!! ME!!!
Guilty! Guilty!! Guilty!!!
I picked it. And I even did an AltaVista search and a DejaNews search to see how often it was used in the other sense, which was not much at all in 1997.
So bugger off... ;^/
Re:Nits. (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
When editors can provide synapses via the Web, I suppose we'll truly be wired.
Mining the Web (1)
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timc (UID: 31015) | more than 14 years ago
I rely on Slashdot to keep me informed day by day, but if I had more time I'd use The Mining Company more. They "mine" the Web for useful nuggets. It's broken down by topic.
Re:Weblogs -vs- Web Diary, and the community issue (1)
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anitar (UID: 100150) | more than 14 years ago
I agree that Katz does seem to have conflated weblogs and online journals (aka web diaries), and they aren't exactly in the same space.
but you'd be surprised at the interest that people do take in other folks' lives. Archipelago ( http://www.spies.com/~islands ) is a selective ring of OLJs, but there are zillions listed on Open Pages ( http://www.hedgehog.net/op/ ), good, bad, or indifferent. most have their audience. readers feel free to give feedback on what the authors write, and many journals include a forum where this is done publicly.
Re:Mining the Web (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
Don't you mean about.com?
Oops, I mean about.e-commerce.com.
Re:Very Poor Name Choice (0)
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gavinhall (UID: 33) | more than 14 years ago
Posted by DratSomeoneTookMyName:
No, you bugger off... ;-(
Hey, look everyone, I'll come up with some idea, like a name for people that use ;^/ instead of ;-) or ;) and call that person, let's see... a "cookie", cause I did a search of anonymous ftp sites back in 1993 and there were no references to web "cookies" back then. Re-dic-u-lous.
No, you made a bad choice. The term 'Weblog' refers to the logs that web server software keep. The name is already in common use (at least amoung geeks, and aren't we all geeks here?).
It's a good idea to come up a term for what you are talking about, but please come up with another word for it.
-adam a
MS and open source (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
That comment about open source made me think about MS 'Linux attack group'. Open source lets the community power software projects like Linux that really scare MS. I think they know the only way to break Linux is to break the community. Spreading lies and confusion. I can't help but think back to the Terminator. Where they created those bastards to infiltrate the human organisations.
Ok... I need sleep... lol
My choice (2)
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Wah (UID: 30840) | more than 14 years ago
iterated in another post...Nanomedia (voice of a one-billionth part)
it rolls off the tongue and AFAIK isn't already a word.
You can carbon black test my jaw (5)
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tomwhore (UID: 10233) | more than 14 years ago
Portals, weblogs, top50 sites.....
I guese its time for another episode of "Name that fuzzy warm feeling"
Watching as the users of the net name, rename, invent, reinvent, rereinvent and then rename the reinvention is almost, almost mind you, fun to watch.
I understand the need to name things, people spend years of thier life in school to learn the names of things, to learn the nature of the names meanings, and maybe sometimes even interact with the things they name.
You name something, you make an attachment to it. It becomes something not otherly, but something of you. You can lay an easy hand on the worn handles.
The country was there before Lewis and Clark took to yelling out names from a cannoe ("Hey Lewis, what do you want to call this wet stuff we are drowning in?""What about ITSFUCKINGCOLD River?" "I doubt if Mr Jefferson is gonna go for that." "OK call it the Columbia for all I care.")Once named the country was not the great unkown, it was the North West passage, it was Oregon and Washington.
Look also to the old Mark Twain tale of the name game in Extracts from Adam's Diary
Knowing this we can clearly see the zeitgiest of the web clawing at any chance for worth, and in this attempt to name a thing that is.
Remeber back to the begining of the web, when the content was sparse but everyone had to put up a page. These pages were often personal insites scattered with lists of links (remeber well lynx and its grandfather gopher, links of links with the content under it all). One of the critism of early web sites were that they were too personal, that no one would want to read someones list of interests, likes/dislikes (think playboy centerfold material) and quipy witisms .
But some of those sites flourished. Blues News and Daves Classics to name but two. Very much the creation and mindset of a person and in some cases a group of people.
Weblogs is a horrible name. There is already something called a web log. This is another ding in paint of the web users creativity, not only are they renaming something that has pretty much always been on the web, but they are renaming it to something that already names a thing.
Instead of WebLog I can thnk of a few more usefull and vastly more enjoyable names.
Curiosity Cabinets
Steamertrunks Of Ripe Underwear
Things That Make Your Modem Go Hmmmmmmmm
A rose by any other name etc etc (or to update the steinesque wordage "a lamer in any other syntax would still be as /_@/\/\3"
So here we are, another name for what already is. Its not that I dont dig the meme and procedures for creation of great sites spreading to wider minds, but can we please rework the Gee Wizz Press Blurbs stage of its evolution more often? Please, for me?
Call me Ishmiel. better yet, Call me a taxi.
lloyd wood on cadenhead (0)
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th0m (UID: 16656) | more than 14 years ago
you thought the cadenhead / theobvious.com piece was bad; did you ever see what lloyd wood had to say about it?
"Grrl's" Pills and Extra Pills are Funny. (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
Grrl Pills and Extra Pills are pretty funny links/logs/whatevers.
Re:Weblogs are great - hi Yoz (0)
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Dicky (UID: 1327) | more than 14 years ago
Did you give that book to your sister?
Re: h2g2 - sorry to say, I went a couple of times on the day it opened, and haven't been back since. It just didn't seem to have anything to hold me. That's life, I suppose
Re:Anonymous Cowards (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
Oh, come on - who is too busy to register? Lazy, sure, but busy? If I recall correctly, Slashdot registration took me about 30 seconds. Why am I still posting as an AC, you ask? Because I forgot my username/password and I'm too lazy to re-register. ;-)
Okay, now I have to complain about this: Katz, stop using Micro$uck products to write your articles. I'm sick of seeing question marks where I should see apostrophes.
"Meta-Sites" (1)
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Thag (UID: 8436) | more than 14 years ago
Yech. Nanomedia should mean "very small media" like quantum computing or something. No thank you. Please don't take it personally.
I prefer "meta-sites": a website about other websites, composed of commentary about other sites' content and the issues raised by same.
Jon Acheson
Anonymous cowards (2)
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timster (UID: 32400) | more than 14 years ago
I think that often, Anonymous Cowards are trying to get a feel for the community before joining it as a named member. They want to maybe post a couple notes to see how they're received, so they can be more productive and on-topic after they register. Also, it seems to me that when communities fall apart, it's because of major disagreements among older, long-established members with a significant following. I'm sorry, but I don't really see any validity in the statement that AC's are the most common destructive force. They're an important part of Slashdot, in my opinion, and I wouldn't want that to change. Anybody agree with Katz on this issue? I'd like to hear examples if anyone can provide some.
Re:more appropriate names (1)
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tomwhore (UID: 10233) | more than 14 years ago
Yep, but how would a journalist looking to stay "relevant" ever hope to keep themselve in a steady job?
"how do you afford your internet life style" paraphrased from Cake
Re:Anonymous cowards (1)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
The thing that destroys the community sites (let's call 'em this way, ok?) is _not_ the anonymous cowards, it's _lack of activity_.
If somehow /. lost half of the people that reads it, it would start to shrink exponentially (since _everything_ that's open tends to be exponential by nature). The opposite is also true: /. grow from an (according to Taco's writings) small section of his old website, to become _THE MOST IMPORTANT SITE OF THE LINUX COMMUNITY!!!_ (sorry for screaming, but it's true.)
anon anon (1)
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tomwhore (UID: 10233) | more than 14 years ago
On the destructive force of anon
Well lets look at the problem this way, why is it that the "community" (an over used word on this medium) is in dire threat of the anon voice?
Is the resolve or the voice of the community so frail as to make it possible for others to sack it whole?
For me what anon posts is held to the same scrutiny as what a named user posts, that is the "Content" is the judge, not the name. A name is a handle, it is not the message.
Anon allows expressions for some who are tied to the old Name/Content dilema. It can be used for bad as well as for good. those that are willing to throw the content out with the name are the same ones who should be first up against the wall when the shithouse blows its lid.
Of course human nature what it is, this sort of mentality will live on in each batch of podlings that are hatched on the sceen.
"dont judge a book by its cover
cause by night im one hell of a lover" Dr Frank N Futer
Another Good "WebLog" ... (1)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
This one is for lefties ... Common Dreams
Re:Anonymous Cowards (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
There are simple tools to map to real encodings from whatever the hell MS decides to make up. I think one's called "demoronizer."
Re:Closed clubs (1)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
I'm more concerned about the rigid bans on flaming. There *is* a real difference between worthless ad hominem attacks and deeply earnest disagreements, but I have trouble believing anyone with a strong interest in the subject of discussion will always objectively distinguish between them in the heat of the moment.
Re:Anonymous Cowards (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
Or don't want our opinions du jour going down on our Permanent Record, available years after we've reconsidered. Or simply don't want to be harassed by every net.kook out there. If some cretin brought a TV crew to one of our parties, I wouldn't be able to speak my mind there either.
Re:Anonymous Cowards (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
I think that often, anonymous cowards are just people who...are just too lazy (or busy) to register.
...Or too paranoid. Some of us aren't mad about giving out personal information...even if it's just an email address. I read in magazine that most of the time, people just give bogus information when asked to register for something.
Re:Anonymous Cowards (1)
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Siege (UID: 20609) | more than 14 years ago
You know, if you used a real E-mail to submit your account, you can just type in the username and tell Slashdot to send your password to you.
But that would be following instructions.
Be quiet... (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
or else some jerk will patent the concept.
"Weblogs" inferior to USENET and mail lists ... (1)
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Zach Frey (UID: 17216) | more than 14 years ago
... at least as far as building "online community." I've been thinking about this for a bit, and I think this is simply a property of the interface. Follow a healthy USENET group or mail list on a topic you care about for a while, and notice the percentage of posts that actually engage what another person has written. It's so high that USENET developed the (sometimes software-enforced) protocol that you ought to provide at least as much original as quoted text. Now, look at the comment threads on slashdot. See the difference? And /. has a higher percentage of interaction than other sites such as freshmeat or themes.org.
Now, "weblogs" (awful name) are superior to USENET groups and mail lists in (1) filtering noise and highlighting useful information, and (2) providing archiving and search capabilities. But that's not the same as building "community", unless you simply mean a group of people with similar interests and viewpoints. But it doesn't get people interacting at the person-to-person levels that old-fashioned NNTP and SMTP (or the even more old-fashioned face-to-face) do.
I also find that newsgroups and mail lists can provide an opportunity for more thoughtful discussion. I've many times sat on a USENET or mail message for a day or two before responding, in order to give some thought or do some research before responding. With slashdot? Why bother responding to a toping that's no longer on the splash page?
As for the closed vs. open debate -- both are good in there own way. There are times that I want to mix it up in the rough-and-tumble marketplace of ideas. There are times I want to quietly discuss issues with folks who are moderately like-minded. It is wonderful that both kinds of fora (open to the world and unmoderated, limited subscription and moderated) can exist.
thoughts of a weblogger (3)
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genehckr (UID: 23251) | more than 14 years ago
As an active weblogger (I'm behind GeneHack ), here's my two centavos on the issues that are being raised.
First, the name. It's done, people. We (the people doing the weblogging) call them weblogs. There might be a temporary confusion with web server logs, but that will pass. Soon, people will realize that weblog != web server log.
Second, the point. I weblog (it's a noun! it's a verb!) mostly for myself. I comment on biological issues and anything else I find interesting; the key word being comment. Some weblogs just post pointers to interesting sites; personally I find those less interesting than those that post commentary, either on events or content elsewhere on the web. Additionally, sometimes I'll put an item up on GeneHack so that I remember to look at it again; my archives serve as a log of what I thought was worth saving. On a weblogger-heavy mailing list I frequent, weblogs were described as "bookmarks in time" by Brigitte Eaton, who runs the eatonweb weblog . That's a good capsule summary of what I'm trying to do.
Third, the community issue. I agree that weblogs aren't a good way to generate a community, at least not a large or tightly-knit one. That's not the point. Filtering content is the point; commenting on that content is the point; being active on the web instead of passively grazing is the point. I don't participate in much of the web-based community stuff, like /., for example, because (despite recent innovations) the signal:noise ratio is still way too low. People who email me because of something on GeneHack are much more reasonable to deal with. People who I mail because of items on their weblogs are much more reasonable to deal with. That's much, much more rare on /. and other such sites.
Fourth, and finally, why I read weblogs. The filtering by different people with different tastes and different backgrounds. By checking 10 or 15 sites daily, I'm able to assimilate way more information than I would be able to all on my own, with a good slice of commentary thrown in. After visiting different sites for a short while, I have a fairly good idea of the viewpoints and interests of the authors; I have an idea of how they filter information. Weblogs allow me to get the point of view of smart people in varied fields; more people than I could reasonably meet and interact with in meat space. I find that valuable.
Whew! If you made it to the end of this ramble, congradulations. If you haven't yet, check out some of the sites mentioned in the article. Visit for a few days; find the sites you like. We're a varied lot, and there's something for everyone. If you can't find a site with your point of view, start your own...that's the point.
Inappropriate Content (0)
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Baldrson (UID: 78598) | more than 14 years ago
Picking the first link of Katz's I came to, (http://camworld.com/) I found a "weblog" site where, right under another article by Katz on that site was a link to the following article:
EduWatch: A Proposal to Prevent Children from Accessing Inappropriate Information on the Internet
An enlightening excerpt:
This proposal does not violate anyone's right to publish. A person can still view his pornography, but in the appropriate place. A group can profess its hate, but in the appropriate place. Someone can publish whatever he or she wants, but it would be assigned to the correct category.
A person who publishes inappropriate material where children might gain access to it (in the news category, for instance), would be fined and the page would be transferred to the correct channel. Our government would have a new source of revenue to help pay for improvements in the Internet infrastructure. If you don't want to get fined, don't publish things where children can find it. Simple.
Well, all I can say is, HEAR HEAR!!!
There shall be two categories:
1) Web content inappropriate for children.
2) Web content appropriate for children.
Anyone caught placing any other web content under category 2 should be fined by the US Federal Government. Now, some of you are shouting. I can hear you already. It certainly isn't a panacea for all our society's problems. It won't end world hunger. It won't stop murderers and rapists. It won't stop wars. I'm not claiming that it will. However, it will help us keep inappropriate material and dangerous information out of the hands of our children. And, after all, isn't protecting our children the goal of each and every one of us?
Everybody's going to have a weblog! (1)
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LadyNymphaea (UID: 15396) | more than 14 years ago
Almost everybody's personal site has had something like a message board for years. They called them "guestbooks." Now you can even get message boards for free and you don't even have to know any programming languages to put them up. I helped my 10-year-old cousin put up a site last year (now defunct, she lost interest) and it had a guestbook, chat applet, message board, and poll, all obtained from various sites offering free ad-supported utilities. We even put up links to pages that she liked once or twice a week and put up the reasons why she liked them. I suppose you could call it a weblog, although the focus was on Lisa Frank and Beanie Babies rather than Linux or new media. We called it "her homepage." In fact, I've seen a few "weblogs" run by adults based on Beanie collecting. I run a sort of weblog, which I more or less describe as a "vertical portal" if I want to get fancy (it's actually a links list, but that's not cool any longer) dedicated to fairies. I've been doing that for 3 years.
In short, this isn't anything new, and it's already become co-opted by the masses. Even the under-12 crowd is doing it now.
Re:Inappropriate Content:who decides? (1)
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kyosuke (UID: 29298) | more than 14 years ago
Who decides what's appropriate for children?
And what is a 'child' exactly? Less than 8? Less than 12? Less than 18? Does the attainment of a given birthday automatically make all given people 'ready to handle' so-called 'inappropriate content'?
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jkottke (UID: 13651) | more than 14 years ago
Eventually, someone will make money off of the weblog concept....just not very much. As a general rule, people don't pay for content on the Web...most Web publications are free. However, some pubs offering premium content (WSJ, Playboy, etc.) are making money from subscriptions, and premium quality weblogs will be no different. People will pay for constantly updated pointers to the best information in a specific subject area.
As an example, antique collectors might pay a small subscription fee for a weblog that keeps track of the best auctions currently running on eBay.
In the end, it's important to remember that the content of a weblog is essentially the same as a magazine like Newsweek: timely + information + opinion. Weblog or not, if a publication is timely enough, has good information (or in the case of a weblog, pointers to good information...the pointers become the information), and the readers enjoy/identify with the opinions, then there is the potential for that publication to make money.
Re:thoughts of a weblogger (1)
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tomwhore (UID: 10233) | more than 14 years ago
All well and good...But how is this differnt from the way a PLETHORA of sites have been run for years?
Giving it a hypeflash name does nothing to make it New or Noteworthy
And to be one Slashdot??? Come on, its like newbie fodder bait.
What the trendheads and fashion stylist call WEBLOGS have been around for years. Its a great idea that does not need a new buzzword attached to it.
Re:MS and open source (1)
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RealUlli (UID: 1365) | more than 14 years ago
I don't worry about that. They'll probably do some damage, but at the same time they'll advance cryptography and responsibility for one's postings. Scorefiles will probably get a rather big boost, too.
Just say, "I read only postings that are signed by the author, and only if the author is new, or recognized by me for his high quality."
Re:Anonymous Cowards (1)
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Ratface (UID: 21117) | more than 14 years ago
I've found that logging on from the many different machines I use, I can't always be bothered to log in each time I post a comment.
Also, your cookie information will get lost between www.slashdot.org and slashdot.org - a jump that I have found occurs sometimes between different areas of the site. This is another reason why I will sometimes post A/C.
Not this time though ;-)
Re:Very Poor Name Choice (1)
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Simes (UID: 11695) | more than 14 years ago
The word instantly said "web server log" to me, even though I'd never seen it used anywhere before. So I'd go with the "bad choice" vote.
Surely there were lots of other words you could have chosen which would have had even less possibility for confusion?
A Home Page by any other name would be as quirky.. (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
Once upon a time we were all going to have interesting, content-rich home pages. Then reality came along: most people have nothing interesting to say themsleves and can't even organize the interesting things they do stumble across intelligbly. Or they haven't the time - that's my excuse. :-)
So now some folks have crossed the idea of slashdot - which is a good idea run into the mud by 'way too much tolerance for flaming idiots and muddled thinking by a big-name Author - with the idea of a home page and... well, it may be the wave of the future at that. As long as they stay small and intensely personal (and intensely weird - it's the same thing) they can retain their attraction. Of course, any one will likely only appeal to a very tiny fraction of the market - but that's the strength of this. The problem with mass media is IMO exactly that they must aim at the broadest possible market; it may be the case that big-name portals and even Slashdot, if it pursues commercial success instead of staying a slightly quirky "news for nerds" site, must succumb to this same blandness that scalds with innoffensiveness. That isn't to say they would therefore be unsuccessful - it's always September on the net.
Apologies to anyone who expected this to come to a nice neat point. It's too early in the morning for that. Which reminds me that I need to get coffee.
Re:Inappropriate Content (off-topic) (1)
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Winged (UID: 51560) | more than 14 years ago
> And, after all, isn't protecting our children
> the goal of each and every one of us?
Uh, no. I'm not of the opinion that 'protecting the children' is a good idea, enforceable, or even desirable. I can understand the POV of the people who do want to do this. I can accept that people don't believe the way I do.
But, what's 'inappropriate'? What's 'dangerous'? It's not so much the information that's dangerous (for example, I have the information on how to make methamphetamine, which is interesting from a purely scientific viewpoint), but what you do with it (if I pulled out the household equipment and picked up the raw materials and started to dabble in it, I'd likely blow my apartment to bits). 'dangerous' information often leads to less-dangerous (and extremely useful) results.
Another question I have is, "Who decides when someone's mature enough to have access to this information?" I know many, many 18 year olds (and 20 year olds, and 26 year olds) who I wouldn't trust with the methamphetamine recipe, but I know plenty of 12 through 15 year olds who I -would- (mainly because they're interested in chemistry, or applied sciences, and I think they'd look at it to see what could be done, and heed the warnings that it could blow up in their faces).
And sex. (pet peeve coming up) This neo-Western culture we live in in the US has determined that sex is something that shouldn't even be discussed with a kid, much less let them find any information out about. You can find this in some of the self-rating PICS systems in existence -- http://www.safesurf.com/ssplan.htm (SafeSurf) for example. (I like SafeSurf better than the default one that comes with MSIE, btw, but not much.) It rates a 'technical reference' of any sexual theme at level 3 -- above 'subtle innuendo' and 'explicit innuendo'.
I personally think this is pious poppycock.
Sex is openly discussed in other cultures, and their kids are as healthy (if not more so) than the kids in the US.
-Mat Butler
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gavinhall (UID: 33) | more than 14 years ago
Posted by htmlgod_1:
I can guarantee you that you can end up spending your life savings on it and make nothing off of it... I am one of the owners and creators of www.PlanetRadio.net and I have spent just about everything on it... Why do I do it? Because I love music and I love what I do!
Moderators are stupid (Score: -1; Offtopic) (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
You just did what I wanted. Hahaha!!!
Nature and structure of the weblog (0)
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Anonymous Coward | more than 14 years ago
For some reasons weblogs seem to be heralded as something new yet to me it looks like old news (no pun) in a somewhat fancier packaging. in fact, it looks just like the original idea of, yes, Usenet News.
Originally News was supposed to build up a document, it still has a few of those remnants, in the form of Keywords: and Summary: fields. But how many use them is another question. In the end News devolved from the academic style paper publising type writings, through September into the current more informal chatting with the occational SNR to keep interest alive. Many newsgroups are garbage though, perhaps only of interest to anthropologists.
This old style lives on in one place: the RFCs. These are still kept in the formal thorough style.
Then came weblogs. In came information richness in the form of extensive linking and markup and also focussing, but at the same time the structure took a hit and went linear (with some noted exeptions such as this place). So to me, having experienced News before September, this looks like a welcome return to older principles.
Hopefully the focus will remain though I am not entirely sure it will resist entropy.
There is another solution though: project Xanadu. An old, old vision before web and even news, it builds on the document buildup metaphor and also allows room for dicussion links. My guess is that this is the next wave, and it willbe just in time for taking advantage of structured text too. Probably the web browser companies will seize on the idea, unless a free software project gets underway first.
what's a weblog? (1)
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gavinhall (UID: 33) | more than 14 years ago
Posted by D-Rider:
I can probably visit all the ones mentioned in the article and comments and figure out what they are, but I find it odd that an article about them doesn't bother explaining it. I've never heard the term before. I get two distinct and contradictory impressions from the article.
One, it's a fancy name for a well maintained web site. That sounds like someone wanted a new name to make some artificial (i.e. non-existant) distinction as to why his web page was "different" and not "just a homepage".
Two, it's a private club of some sort that exists as some sort of web site. This sounds like just something else to be excluded from, so that the people not excluded can feel all elite and superior at the "expense" of everyone else (most of whom probably don't care anyway).
Granted, I could spend an hour or 3 looking at the links in the article and have a more accurate opinion, but the point is, the article should have at least made some attempt at defining this term. A quick poll of my "peers" on IRC shows that many others don't know this term either, so it's not (only) that I'm hopelessly out of touch.
web log = link list (1)
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floyd (UID: 8635) | more than 14 years ago
I agree with much of what Katz has to say, but I have to admit, the hype around weblogs really baffles me. They're just link lists with a snarky comments, and there's very little that's revolutionary about that.
I think Teeth Magazine recently said it best:
• There can't be that much lint in all your navels at the same time.
-- Derek
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32929 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there any living organism that has the ability to remove and reattach body parts at will?
I'm not talking about regeneration (like in starfish). Say I'm chasing prey, and I decide that my tail will be a hindrance. So I leave it behind, and reattach it after the hunt.
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I've never heard of reattachment... that would be a very exotic trait :) – shigeta Oct 18 '12 at 15:13
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I dont think this would be possible from the simple idea that all cells need energy, and if there's no nutrient flow, then how would the cells inside the detached body part stay "alive". Doctors can currently reattach body parts right now if it's within a certain amount of time, but no animal yet can just reattach at will.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/32996 | The new Code Metrics feature for Visual Studio ‘Orcas’! Available in Visual Studio Team Developer and Team Suite, this new feature allows users to generate code metrics for projects and solutions and displays the results in the Code Metrics Results tool window. An example Code metrics Results window is shown below
This feature can generate five different metrics: Maintainability Index, Cyclomatic Complexity, Depth of Inheritance, Class Coupling, and Lines of Code.
Maintainability Index - Measures ease of code Maintanance and higher values for this is better
Cyclomatic Complexity - Measures the number of branches and lower values for this is better
Depth of Inheritance - This measures the lenght of object inheritance hierarchy and lower values for this is better
Class Coupling - Measures number of classes that are referenced and lower values are better
Lines of Code - Measures lines of executable code and lower values are better
All metrics are averaged at the type, namespace, and assembly levels with the exception of Class Coupling. The Class Coupling metric displays the total number of distinct types referenced at the method and type levels rather than the total number of type references.
As you can see in the figure Visual Studio gives Red or Green icon for the index based on which you can change your code to improve code quality.
Users will are able to sort the results in the window by column. For example, above the results are sorted by the Maintainability Index column. Note that the proper hierarchy is maintained after sorting
Users can also filter the results from a particular metric for values between a specified minimum and maximum value. As you can see in below the results of filtering out any results with a Maintainability Index greater than 100 are displayed.
Users can also export these results into Excel where they can perform their own calculations and transformations.
To generate code metrics, simply do the following:
1. In Solution Explorer, right-click on your solution/project and choose Generate Code Metrics
Download Orcas and try it out !!! |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33002 | Microsoft Office 2010 Beta Expires Oct. 31/b/uspartner_ts2team/archive/2010/10/31/microsoft-office-2010-beta-expires-oct-31.aspxRob Waggoner Procrastinators beware! Please don’t wake up after a scary Halloween to find that your Beta version of Office 2010 has expired. Below is the link talking about the expiration. I’ve also included a run down of the differentHelping partners understand the value of Microsoft solutions.7.x Production |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33023 | The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
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Retirement Discussions / Retire Early CampFIRE
Subject: Re: Only 27, but... Date: 12/11/2004 5:29 PM
Author: tmeri Number: 205256 of 722680
We recently finished graduate school
I'll pass on some advice I got from someone else. You are used to living like graduate students. You were most likely happy as grad students. Continue to live at the same modest standard of living as you had in grad school.
You'll be financially independent before you know it.
Beware: the world will pressure you, on every side, to spend more money. Resist.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33031 | Changes related to "1902-10-16 (126lbs) Young Corbett w rtd 7 (10) Joe Bernstein, Eureka AC, Germania Maennerchor Hall, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33032 | Category:Junior Welterweight Division
From Barry Hugman's History of World Championship Boxing
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Junior Welterweight (Super Lightweight/Light Welterweight) Division
This division, contested at 135 to 140lbs, first came into prominence in 1922 when Pinkey Mitchell was proclaimed world champion on 15 November after the result of a ‘poll’ taken by a weekly boxing magazine in Minneapolis called the Boxing Blade. There had been 20 names in the hat and 766,000 casting votes, many of them coming from outside America, but it was Mitchell who led the way with 100,800 to Harvey Thorpe’s 60,400. Following that, on 16 November 1922 it was announced that the publisher would be awarding Mitchell a diamond studded belt emblematic of the junior welterweight championship of the world that he would be asked to defend every six months against a selected opponent in the name of the National Boxing Association. Unfortunately, the NBA - which had been formed on 10 January 1921 when Arkansas, Connecticut, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Wisconsin and Toronto came together as a group - failed to reach agreement among its membership at their convention in January 1923, as to whether they should even support a 140lbs weight class let alone recognise Mitchell as its champion. This decision left Wisconsin in the invidious position of operating the championship without the support of the NBA and although threatening to withdraw from the Association it made no difference
Weight Band
135lbs to 140lbs
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33034 | Changes related to "1992-10-16 Anaclet Wamba w pts 12 Andrew Maynard, Pierre De Coubertin Stadium, Paris, France - WBC"
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33037 |
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
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The Final Showdown IV
The Final Battle IV
Chapter Emerald
Collected in Vol. 29
Round number 331
Location Battle Frontier
Previous Round The Final Showdown III
Next Round The Final Showdown V
The Final Showdown IV or Admiration, Respect, and... (Japanese:大決戦IV The Final Battle IV or 憧れと尊敬と Admiration, Respect, and) is the 331st round of the Pokémon Adventures manga.
Emerald begins explaining his past to Ruby and Sapphire. When he was younger, Emerald's parents died, making him an orphan. Emerald was passed around his various relatives, but their children would just make fun of his small size. The Pokémon there would accept Emerald regardless of his size, and would help him perform various tasks that he could not perform himself due to his short stature. One day, the other children insinuated that he was just using the Pokémon as tools to make up for his short size. This angered Emerald, who tried to fight his relatives, only to beaten up. He then decided to distance himself from Pokémon so no one would ever have the same impressions of him again, and ran away.
At one point, Emerald overheard a couple of scientists arguing as he passed by a river. The male scientist wonders if it's really alright to just abandon the project to create the Green Orb, but the female scientist, Professor Yanase, calmly states that it must be a sign that Rayquaza can't be controlled like Groudon and Kyogre. Emerald soon discovered the core of the Green Orb, which Professor Yanase had discarded into the river. The core inspired Emerald to change his image into one that makes him look more independent.
Using a stick to draw in the dirt, Emerald begins designing a new image for himself. To makes his legs longer, he will wear platform shoes that can turn into a water ski-like form. To make his arms longer, he will wear fake hands attached to a spring that will increase his reach. To make himself look slightly bigger, he'll comb up his hair higher and grow out his eyebrows. Lastly, Emerald decides to wear the Green Orb core on his forehead. Suddenly, the Robot King appears, having gained an interest in the design Emerald created. Despite Emerald's loner attitude, he quickly became friends with the strange man. As they traveled throughout Hoenn, Emerald revealed that because he was passed from relative to relative, he gained the ability to identify where a Pokémon was born.
After learning about Emerald's troubles, the Robot King decided to put him in the Earl Dervish Pokémon Academy in Johto. Upon arriving, Emerald was disappointed to see how run-down the place was. Despite how terrible the condition the place was, Emerald noticed how the helper still loved the place. Suddenly, the place is attacked by wild Slugma, but the helper quickly defeats and captures them. He later learned that the helper was none other than Crystal, and he quickly came to admire her. Emerald joined the Academy so that he could learn more about Crystal, only to find out that she had already left.
Much to his shock, various people began coming to the Academy to renovate and resupply it in order to support the orphaned children and Pokémon. Earl reveals that the person who paid for these repairs was none other than Crystal, who had become Professor Oak's assistant after leaving. Seeing how much she did for them, the children are moved to tears. Emerald, however, was stunned at Crystal's selflessness, which turned his admiration into respect.
Emerald decided that he wanted to learn from Crystal, but worried that she shouldn't have time for him because of her job. To get close to her, Emerald decided to get a Pokédex that all of Professor Oak's assistants seemed to get. After following the man to Goldenrod City, he asks the Radio Director to tell Professor Oak that he wants a Pokédex. As he pulls out a Pokédex, Professor Oak asks Emerald for his name.
Major Events
Pokémon debuts
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33071 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Spices (and many other things) are supposed to be stored in a dark, cool, dry place.
I live in an apartment (i.e. no dedicated pantry), in California (i.e. it's warm) and my kitchen is small so cupboards are close to the oven (so they're not exactly cool or very dry).
I was wondering: what would be a good pantry replacement in that situation?
A cooler (without the ice/water inside, of course) seems like a good replacement. Has anyone tried that and has practical experience with it?
Any other ideas for containers that can be used in an apartment as a pantry?
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1 Answer
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Being near the oven doesn't necessarily mean that your cabinets aren't dry - they're probably as dry as any pantry.
I doubt a cooler is going to be significantly better than a cabinet. Without ice/water, it's just an insulator, so it'll resist change in temperature, which would tend to make the temperature variation inside it a little more moderate than that in the rest of your kitchen. (It'd also lag behind - it'll stay cooler as your kitchen warms up, then stay warmer as your kitchen cools down.) But more importantly, it's sealed, so there's no airflow. This may cause it to end up more humid than the rest of the kitchen.
The best thing is probably just to use the best available cabinets - low and as far from the oven as possible. They shouldn't heat up all that much from stove and oven use, and I'm guessing you use the oven more often in the winter, when the whole room is cooler anyway. If your kitchen is still getting too warm, try using a fan to circulate air with the rest of the apartment while cooking. Of course, in your case, in San Francisco, even the summers aren't that warm. You should really be fine using the cabinets. Failing that, you can always just buy a standalone shelf or cabinet, call it your pantry, and put it a little farther away.
If you're still having problems with spices not keeping well, you might want to just try to buy smaller quantities (if you have somewhere that sells them in bulk), or grind them yourself instead of buying ground spices. I wouldn't be overly concerned about storing them without light, either; so many people do just fine with spice racks (clear glass jars) on the counter.
Finally, some foods can also handle being stored in the refrigerator. Really depends what you're worried about!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33077 | Shame is not the reason Monroe won't seek out this dunk again. It's because he's dead. Michael Kidd-Gilchrist killed him. He exploded Monroe into a million pieces. There are bits of sinew and gristle dotting the upper reaches of the Time Warner Cable Arena. Monroe's parents and sister were notified, and flown by the NBA to Charlotte were they claimed the remnants that ushers could scrape together. Detroit will wear a memorial patch for the rest of the season, and the patch will have a silhouette of Monroe being eradicated by Kidd-Gilchrist.
The Pistons still won because, you know, the Bobcats. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33097 | in regard to; about; concerning.
British. beside; in line with.
before 900; Middle English variant (with excrescent -t; see ancient) of anen, Old English on emn, on efen on even1 (ground), with, beside Unabridged
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World English Dictionary
anent (əˈnɛnt)
1. lying against; alongside
2. concerning; about
[Old English on efen, literally: on even (ground)]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
"concerning, about," early 13c., onont "on level with," also "in the company of, fronting against," from O.E. on efn "on even (ground) with;" the parasitic -t added 12c. A northern form (in Midlands, anenst, with adverbial genitive), affected by English writers in Scottish sense of "in respect or reference
to." Cf. Ger. neben "near to, by the side of," short for in eben, from O.H.G. ebani "equality."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Example sentences
Moreover, the law is well-settled anent a supervisor's liability for the conduct of his subordinates.
In addition, each side presented expert testimony anent the likelihood of confusion.
On the same day, the court held a hearing anent the waiver.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33100 |
the eruption or cutting of the teeth; teething; odontiasis.
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World English Dictionary
dentition (dɛnˈtɪʃən)
2. teething or the time or process of teething
[C17: from Latin dentītiō a teething]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
1610s, "teething, the cutting of teeth," from L. dentitionem "teething," noun of action from dentire "to cut the teeth," from dentem (nom. dens) "tooth" (see tooth). Meaning "arrangement of teeth" is from 1849.
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Medical Dictionary
dentition den·ti·tion (děn-tĭsh'ən)
3. The process of growing new teeth; teething.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Science Dictionary
dentition (děn-tĭsh'ən) Pronunciation Key
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33101 | verb (used with object), desiccated, desiccating.
to dry thoroughly; dry up.
to preserve (food) by removing moisture; dehydrate.
verb (used without object), desiccated, desiccating.
to become thoroughly dried or dried up.
desiccation, noun
desiccative, adjective Unabridged
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World English Dictionary
desiccate (ˈdɛsɪˌkeɪt)
1. (tr) to remove most of the water from (a substance or material); dehydrate
2. (tr) to preserve (food) by removing moisture; dry
3. (intr) to become dried up
[C16: from Latin dēsiccāre to dry up, from de- + siccāre to dry, from siccus dry]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
late 15c., from L.L. desiccationem, from L. desiccare, from de- "thoroughly" + siccare "to dry" (see siccative).
1570s, from L. desiccat-, pp. stem of desiccare "to make very dry" (see desiccation).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Medical Dictionary
desiccate des·ic·cate (děs'ĭ-kāt')
v. des·ic·cat·ed, des·ic·cat·ing, des·ic·cates
To dry thoroughly; render free from moisture.
desiccation des·ic·ca·tion (děs'ĭ-kā'shən)
The process of being desiccated.
des'ic·ca'tive (-tĭv) adj.
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desiccate (děs'ĭ-kāt') Pronunciation Key
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Example sentences
Desiccation by itself imperiled animals forced to come to the remaining sources of water.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33104 | m.c. putnam jacobi
Karl Gustav Jakob [kahrl goos-tahf yah-kawp] , 1804–51, German mathematician.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
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1. Sir Derek(George). born 1938, British actor
2. Karl Gustav Jacob (karl ˈɡʊstaf ˈjaːkɔp). 1804--51, German mathematician. Independently of N. H. Abel, he discovered elliptic functions (1829). He also made important contributions to the study of determinants and differential equations
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33106 | noun, plural (especially collectively) mosquitofish (especially referring to two or more kinds or species) mosquitofishes.
any of several fishes that feed on mosquito larvae, as Gambusia affinis, found in the southeastern U.S., now introduced into other parts of the world for mosquito control.
Also, mosquito fish.
1925–30; mosquito + fish Unabridged
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WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University.
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Example sentences
Mosquitofish may be stocked by technicians without special permits.
Today, these have been largely replaced by introduced species such as the common carp, yellow bullhead and mosquitofish.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33108 | noun, plural mortuaries.
a customary gift formerly claimed by and due to the incumbent of a parish in England from the estate of a deceased parishioner.
of or pertaining to the burial of the dead.
pertaining to or connected with death.
1350–1400; Middle English mortuarie < Medieval Latin mortuārium, noun use of neuter of Latin mortuārius of the dead, equivalent to mortu(us) dead + -ārius -ary
premortuary, adjective Unabridged
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mortuary (ˈmɔːtʃʊərɪ)
n , pl -aries
1. Also called: morgue a building where dead bodies are kept before cremation or burial
2. of or relating to death or burial
[C14 (as n, a funeral gift to a parish priest): via Medieval Latin mortuārium (n) from Latin mortuārius of the dead]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
early 14c., from Anglo-Fr. mortuarie "gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner," from M.L. mortuarium, from neut. of mortuarius "pertaining to the dead," from L. mortuus, pp. of mori "to die" (see mortal). Meaning "place where bodies are kept temporarily" first
recorded 1865, a euphemism for earlier deadhouse.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Medical Dictionary
mortuary mor·tu·ar·y (môr'chōō-ěr'ē)
A place, especially a funeral home, where dead bodies are kept before burial or cremation.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33110 | noun Linguistics.
raise + -ing1
self-raising, adjective Unabridged
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World English Dictionary
raising (ˈreɪzɪŋ)
transformational grammar subject-raising See also negative-raising a rule that moves a constituent from an embedded clause into the main clause
(of flour) having a raising agent, such as baking powder, already added
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
c.1200, from O.N. reisa "to raise," from P.Gmc. *raizjan (cf. Goth. ur-raisjan, O.E. ræran "to rear," see rear (v.)), causative of base *ris- "to rise" (see rise). At first sharing many senses with native rear (v.). Used in most of the varied
modern senses since M.E.; some later evolutions include "to bring up" (a child), 1744; "to elevate" (the consciousness), 1970. The noun is first recorded 1500 in sense of "a levy;" meaning "increase in amount or value" is from 1728, specific sense in poker is from 1821. Meaning "increase in salary or wages" is from 1898, chiefly Amer.Eng. (British preferring rise).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33111 | sodium dithionite
sodium hydrosulfite
noun Chemistry.
a white, crystalline, water-soluble powder, Na 2 S 2 O 4 , used as a reducing agent, especially in dyeing, and as a bleach.
Also called hydrosulfite, sodium dithionite [dahy-thahy-uh-nahyt] , sodium hyposulfite. Unabridged
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Previous Definition: sodium dichromate
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33112 | v. vereshchagin
[ver-uh-shah-gin; Russian vyi-ryi-shchah-gyin]
Vasili Vasilievich [vuh-syee-lyee vuh-syee-lyi-vyich] , 1842–1904, Russian painter.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33115 | Free Software Foundation!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33116 | System Administration Guide: Security Services
PAM Stacking Example
Consider the following example of an rlogin service that requests authentication.
Example 17–1 Partial Contents of a Typical PAM Configuration File
The pam.conf file in this example has the following contents for rlogin services:
# Authentication management
# rlogin service
rlogin auth sufficient pam_rhosts_auth.so.1
rlogin auth requisite pam_authtok_get.so.1
rlogin auth required pam_dhkeys.so.1
rlogin auth required pam_unix_auth.so.1
When the rlogin service requests authentication, libpam first executes the pam_rhosts_auth(5) module. The control flag is set to sufficient for the pam_rhosts_auth module. If the pam_rhosts_auth module is able to authenticate the user, then processing stops and success is returned to the application.
If the pam_rhosts_auth module fails to authenticate the user, then the next PAM module, pam_authtok_get(5) is executed. The control flag for this module is set to requisite. If pam_authtok_get fails, then the authentication process ends and the failure is returned to rlogin.
If pam_authtok_get succeeds, then the next two modules, pam_dhkeys(5) and pam_unix_auth(5), are executed. Both modules have the associated control flags that are set to required so that the process continues regardless of whether an individual failure is returned. After pam_unix_auth is executed, no modules for rlogin authentication remain. At this point, if either pam_dhkeys or pam_unix_auth has returned a failure, the user is denied access through rlogin. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33117 | Oracle Fusion Middleware Evaluation Guide for Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition
Overview of the Commands
The DSEE includes the following tools to facilitate command-line management of the server:
On a Solaris package installation, these commands are located in /opt/SUNWdsee7/bin by default.
Some administrative operations, such as starting and stopping a server instance, require a local agent. For the command line, the local agent is the command itself. The dsadm and dpadm commands run locally because they require the server to be offline or they require specific system rights. For example, if you use the dsadm command to change a certificate, the server can be running but the operation needs to be executed by a privileged user.
You can use the DSEE CLI to administer and configure your directory remotely. You can run the dsconf and dpconf commands remotely to create suffixes, server instances, and indexes. These commands use LDAP authentication, so you do not need a local user on your machine, although the server instance itself must be running. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33128 | Return to Transcripts main page
The Politics and Economics of Friday's Job Report; Drought Causes Rising Food Prices
Aired August 4, 2012 - 09:30 ET
CHRISTINE ROMANS, HOST: There are only three more job reports until the election, how you feel about your job is more critical than ever.
Good morning, I'm Christine Romans. Mark Twain once said there are lies, damn lies and statistics. Let me give you the statistics. The job market created 163,000 new positions, net new positions of the month of July. And the unemployment rate went up to 8.3 percent.
When you dig into the numbers you can see it's the private sector that's doing most of the hiring here and it is the government sector that continues to lose jobs.
When you look within the sectors you can see that leisure and hospitality, 27,000 jobs created there. That's probably a sign that the consumer is still holding on. Those are low wage jobs, though, if you are working in them.
And in manufacturing 25,000 jobs created, net new jobs. That's even with the head winds from Europe.
I want to dig into the numbers longer term. Because one month is just one month. The trend is so important when you're looking at the jobs market. This is that terrible, disastrous financial crisis and all the jobs lost, millions of jobs lost in that period. And this is the recovery. And this is what politicians fight about. This is the recovery here. You had a weak spot last summer, a weak spot this summer and now a job market that's doing just a little bit, a little bit better.
So what are the politicians saying about it? I gave you the statistics. Here's the spin. The White House focuses on this. 29 months in a row of private sector job growth. The economy has now added private sector jobs for 29 straight months for a total of 4.5 million jobs during that period. And what about Governor candidate Mitt Romney and the Republican National Committee? They tend to focus on this. We've now gone 42 consecutive months with the unemployment rate above eight percent. Both of them are right, by the way.
I'm joined by CNN political director Mark Preston, Diane Swonk, chief economist of Mesirow Financial and Peter Navarro, professor of economics at the University of California, Irvine, and the director of the new documentary film "Death by China."
Mark, if the economy can do this three more times, President Obama will have gained back all the jobs lost at the beginning of his presidency. Does that get him re-elected?
MARK PRESTON, CNN POLITICAL DIRECTOR: Well, you know, historically or since World War II, a president hasn't been re-elected with the unemployment rate over 7.4 percent but as you point out, you know, he basically took office with the unemployment rate at 8.3 percent. That was in February of his first year in office. The question on voters' minds is exactly what you said. It's all about a trend line, it's all about people having hope and feeling that they're getting out of this bad economic situation. But they're also going to say to themselves, when does he become responsible for the economy? Is it one year in? Is it two years in? We've heard him over and over again, Christine, say he inherited this mess at some point, though, he has to take responsibility for it and that's what the Republicans are trying to attach to him right now.
ROMANS: And Diane Swonk, Mitt Romney is looking forward. He is claiming he can create 12 million jobs over the next four years if he is president. That has happened before, it happened from 1996 to 1999. Millions of jobs were created. How do you create 12 million jobs over four years? Is it possible?
DIANE SWONK, CHIEF ECONOMIST, MESIROW FINANCIAL: It's possible, it's not probable in this kind of economic environment when you come out of financial crisis and with the dysfunction in Washington, it's certainly not very probable at all. In fact, they sort of kicking the can down the road on the fiscal cliff and having that hanging over our head. Even if we avert it, there could be a down grade in our debt, which would have long-term repercussions and stifle growth over the longer haul. So I think that, you know, to compare this, it's first of all, for anyone to come in with a silver bullet, if there is a silver bullet to be shot, it would have been shot already.
ROMANS: And in economics we want numbers, you know, we want statistics. Not lies and damn lies. And frankly, when you in the middle of an election year, people -- people look at the numbers like this. Will it make them feel better about their personal situation what they saw this month?
SWONK: Actually, you know, I think, well, first of all, some of that month's data was skewed. The manufacturing data was skewed by the fact that the auto makers didn't retool and shut down --
ROMANS: That's right.
SWONK: -- like they usually do in the month of July, and these auto sales haven't been that great. So, there'd be some giveback on that. Encouraging, almost all of those leisure -- actually more than all those leisure and hospitality jobs, they are actually in accommodations and eateries. So, the rest of them were actually declines -- museums and stuff.
ROMANS: Right.
SWONK: People aren't going to museums, aren't doing cultural stuff. But they are taking some discretionary vacations. That's good. So, but there weren't things like increased hours work. The stuff you want to see that sort of is a signal that things going forward. And the unemployment rate when you broke that down, the households (inaudible). That really was a very nasty report.
SWONK: So at the end of the day, the measure of our misery is the reality of 8.3 percent on the unemployment rate. It's the reality of a shadow unemployment rate in the double digits.
ROMANS: Right.
SWONK: It's the reality that we've had people that are getting marginalized more and more in a cumulative way. And you know, you can blame one person or the other, you can blame one party or the other, we got into this together. We need to get out of it together.
ROMANS: Yes, and there is no allowed bipartisanship. You know, Peter, I want to focus on something that Diane just pointed out that 25,000 manufacturing jobs added. There's this popular narrative that there's somehow this manufacturing comeback in the United States. Diane pointed out that it may have been fewer layoffs in, you know, temporary layoffs in the auto industry. What do you make of that?
PETER NAVARRO, PROFESSOR OF ECONOMISCS, U.C. IRVINE: Well, 25,000 new manufacturing jobs pales in comparison to the 6 million manufacturing jobs we've lost to China in the last ten years. And the thing about manufacturing jobs is that they have the best multiplier for new jobs. So if you have one manufacturing job, you get four more in services. So if we lose 6 million manufacturing jobs to China, that's 24 million jobs that we've lost over the decade and that's the problem here.
I mean if you look at the numbers, we have to create 300,000 jobs a month for two years just to drive that unemployment rate from 8 percent down to 5 percent. And the silver bullet here really, and what we -- what the politicians don't seem to understand, the silver bullet is getting our manufacturing jobs back on shore. We need to get Apple, Boeing, Caterpillar, Cummings (ph), GE, GM, Ford, they need to produce here in America, and they can't do that as long as our biggest trading partner cheats.
And I think we're really fooling ourselves here in this country if we think that the problem only dates back to 2007. As a practical matter, for the last ten years, we've grown at an annual rate of 1.6 percent GDP. Five and a half decades prior to that, we grew at 3.5 percent GDP. Now, one GDP point is one million jobs we create a year. So if we're losing 2 million -- 2 percentage GDP points a year, that's 2 million jobs.
ROMANS: Peter, listen to you talk about the last 20 years and using, you know, a wide, wide perspective. This is politics, right? In Washington people think in quarters in election years. But that's really --
(CROSSTALK) NAVARRO: And -- and more importantly, the corporate -- the corporate types do. And I think you're right. But if, you know, I think the candidate who's going to win in November is the candidate who takes this message to Ohio and Pennsylvania and Michigan. The best jobs program is not more fiscal stimulus, it's trade reform with China.
ROMANS: I'm not hearing much about trade reform on the campaign trail.
NAVARRO: And they need to understand that.
ROMANS: To be honest with you. We're going --
NAVARRO: I know, and --
ROMANS: Let's hold on, keep your thought. Because we have to go on -- pay the bills for two minutes and I want to talk about this more. Diane, Mark, Peter, don't go away. Up next, if a third of Americans jobs are low wage, low paying jobs, and the manufacturing jobs are all in other counties, what happens to the American middle class and which candidate has the policies to fix it? Plus, from an economic storm to the Midwest drought, I return home to Iowa to see the drought damage for myself. It's devastating. Crops, particularly corn is the reason you'll be paying more for your groceries next year.
ROMANS: By the year 2020, almost a third of all American jobs will be low wage, low paying jobs. Peter Navarro, can the American middle class maintain the standard of living the way things are going right now?
NAVARRO: Absolutely not. I mean, if you look at Germany, 25 percent of their workforce is in manufacturing. Here in America, it's down to nine percent. We simply cannot generate a decent standard of living in a 3.5 percent GDP growth rate a year unless we have manufacturing. And I'm not talking about making t-shirts, I'm talking about things like making automobiles and aircraft and sophisticated medical equipment. We can do this here.
But the problem we face in this country is that our biggest trading partner not only cheats in terms of illegal subsidies and currency manipulation, it protects its own markets. I mean the idea, it was like, oh, great, they've got 1.3 billion people. Biggest market in the world, it's going to be a gold rush.
The fact of the matter is the Chinese won't even let us into their markets unless we surrender our technology. So, this is a structural problem that we've had for ten years now, and I would love to hear the White House, I'd love to hear Mitt Romney, I'd love to hear our congressional leaders start talking about the jobs -- the best jobs program is trade reform with China.
ROMANS: Let's bring Diane, because she is -- you are from Detroit, right?
SWONK: I'm an old Detroit girl. I am an auto analyst at heart. That's where I grow up. You know, this has been going on since the early 1980s. You know, we actually had output increase in the auto sector, and the number of jobs decrease because productivity gains picked up. And we're seeing onshore (ph) now because of some of the things Peter talked about.
China cheats. People don't like it when they set up a manufacturing plant, and in the next, you know, in the next six months China picks up all the technology and everything that they are making their profits on, all of a sudden, they give away. Wages are going up in China. All the things that are equalizers in China are now starting to repel people from China. Now, we're selling a lot of the cars in China, that we're importing over there and also producing over there.
ROMANS: But is it enough to make a dent in as Peter pointed out, the 6 million jobs that have gone?
SWONK: The 6 million jobs that have gone -- have gone for several reasons. I mean, first of all it was Japan, and then, you know, Honda set up in 1982 a plant in Ohio. You know, we've got foreign manufacturers setting up plants. You do not produce where you sell. We're getting very efficient at production, and where the job shortages are in the sort of, you know, 18-month licensing, sort of degrees, the machine tools, the jobs we never thought would exist in manufacturing again. That's what is coming back.
ROMANS: But tell me about those jobs. Is it -- when I talk to CEOs who work in that -- those industries, they tell me they just can't find American workers who can do these jobs. And they are not going to invest in the training, because technology might change too quickly. What do you want? I mean how can there be 13 million people out of work but nobody has any workers?
SWONK: You know, it is interesting, because, you know, the CEOs did not have to pay for education for a long time. And we have an educational system that trained people to work in factories without thinking. And now they have to work in factories and think.
ROMANS: Right.
SWONK: So, that's where the difference is. The good news is, we are seeing a ton of partnerships going on. On 18 months, you know, private sector, public sector partnership, with community colleges, state colleges.
SWONK: And those -- those actually are working and those people are getting jobs. They're getting multiple job offers. The hit rate is really high. But, you know, I mean, Boeing is training people, six- figure jobs to work only on their equipment, where you are kind of stuck with their equipment, but it's a good job.
ROMANS: You know, Mark, for the politics of this, this doesn't really translate on the campaign trail, does it? You know, Peter is right, you don't hear this carefully crafted language about how you're going to handle trade issues?
PRESTON: No. Because it's not sexy enough. And what you will hear, is you will hear them, certainly Mitt Romney has said in the past couple of days that he's going to be harder on China and make it more difficult to this kind of sit down at the table with them and tell them that they have to, you know, work better with us.
But beyond that, people don't want to hear the bullet points, and they don't want to hear the bullet points, because bottom line they're trying to pay their mortgage, they are trying to put their kids through school, they are trying to save their jobs, they just want Washington to work correctly. They want President Obama or Governor Romney to deliver on the promises. But basically, you know, when we talk about the unemployment rate, this macro number of 8.3 percent, it's very important.
But the bottom line, Peter hit on it a little bit earlier, this is going to come down to swing states. The is going to come down to, to the unemployment rate when we get those numbers, you know, shortly, what is the unemployment rate in Nevada, what's it in North Carolina, what's it in Ohio, and what is it in Florida because those are the key states --
PRESTON: That are really going to decide who wins the election.
ROMANS: In several of those key states, the unemployment rate is lower now than it was when the president took office. It will be interesting to watch. Peter, Mark, Diane, thanks everybody. Have a great weekend.
Farmers in the heartland are waiting for rain. Rain that won't come. I'll tell you how drought in the Midwest will cost you no matter where you live. That's next on YOUR BOTTOM LINE.
ROMANS: You'll be paying more for your groceries next year. That's because the worst drought in 50 years is causing irreparable damage to crops and driving corn, soybean and wheat prices higher. More than 60 percent of the continental United States is experiencing some form of drought, and experts say it's getting worse. The Agriculture Department says beef prices will rise between four and five percent next year. Eggs, the price of eggs will rise between three and four percent. And you will pay three to four percent more for fresh vegetables.
Now the drought threatens our energy supply as well. Water shortages are forcing cutbacks in oil and natural gas production. Nuclear power plants, which rely on water for cooling, they've reduced their output. And with nearly 90 percent of the nation's corn in areas hit by drought, corn prices have spiked, that means ethanol prices are higher, ethanol prices are up 30 percent since the beginning of June. Now, the United States produces 38 percent of the world's corn and Iowa produces more corn than any other state.
I returned home to Iowa to see the drought damage for myself. I'd talked to fellow Iowans about what it means for their farm and their future. What they need more than anything else in Iowa right now, rain.
ROMANS: What are the two things that farmers talk about when they sit around the cup of coffee?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Will it rain? Did you get any rain? Who got rain?
ROMANS: Three versions of rain.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Last week it was 105 degrees. And the ground temperature was 145 degrees.
ROMANS: So it's being baked from the top on the bottom.
ROMANS: You can see there's not much there to help the plant to move the nutrients up and in to get that water up and in.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: When it's 100 degrees, I mean that's just pretty much fries all this stuff.
ROMANS: It's fried.
This is, for some farmers, they've never seen in the field this many poor ears right now --
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Probably not, not in the last 20 years.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I'm going to be honest with you, one time in my life I think I've seen a field like this, and that would have been '88.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: But there is no moisture here --
ROMANS: Do you think farmers are more prepared after '88? Do you think more of them have insurance now?
JOE DIERECKX, FARM OWNER AND PRESIDENT, CLINTON COUNTY FARM BUREAU: Absolutely. So, in '88, we didn't have insurance, so we had to suck it up, really, and the government had a disaster program, and they tried helping us out. They required us, if we were going to be in the farm program, that we had to buy insurance so that we would protect ourselves.
ROMANS: Right.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: So, to figure out if it's pollinated, if you just shake it like this, you can see that's how many are still attached, you know how many kernels that are probably going to abort. JAKE DENGER, FARM OWNER: My dad farms, you know, his entire life, my grandpa farmed his entire life. It is done.
ROMANS: This is done? If it rains, this is not -- it wouldn't help here?
DENGER: If it rained right now, it wouldn't be doing any good.
ROMANS: So you've sort of surrendered. The corn should be tall and lush and green in the fields. Instead, this is a cornfield, a dry, almost worthless cornfield. This farmer's decided to just plow over, chop up and feed it to his animals. This is basically the beginning of the harvest, the harvest that many thought this year would be great. Instead, at least in this case, it will be a bust.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: This is just junk.
ROMANS: So, in this junk is seed cost, labor cost --
ROMANS: Land cost, insurance cost.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes, they don't ever --
ROMANS: Spray costs.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: -- stop the expenses from coming.
ROMANS: It just -- this keeps sending you a bill, but it's never going to send you a check.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes, that's right.
The last of my corn is there.
ROMANS: There she is, right there.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: This year's corn is not going to look that pretty. It's not going to be as dense of the one, two, three, four, five, six bins I have, I think this one will hold my whole crop.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I've done pretty much all I can do for this crop, and we've just got to hope mother nature stabilizes what we have left.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We'll get by, hopefully, and it is what it is, try again next year. We only get one chance a year, so, try again next year.
ROMANS: Coming up, he started out walking behind a team of horses cultivating corn. Today the farming is more high-tech, but the droughts are just as devastating.
ROMANS: Wow. And it was bad in '56, it was bad in '88, there were some bad patches in 2005.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes, but they weren't as bad like it is this year. This year is going to be worse.
ROMANS: When we come back, you'll hear from the people hit hardest by this drought.
ROMANS: In colonial times, one farmer produced food for four people. Today, one farmer feeds 130. We use corn to make food, to feed our animals, we even turn it into ethanol to blend with gasoline and drive our cars. But farmers are getting older and family farms are shutting down, and now a worsening drought will shrink supplies of a very valuable commodity.
Here in my hometown of Eau Claire, Iowa, as long as anybody can remember, Argo General Store has been a place where farmers gather to talk about their crops. The people you see here have been regulars for decades. Today, they're grim but resilient about what is already an historic drought, and they are praying for rain.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Good morning, Harry!
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: How are you in this morning, sir?
ROMANS: Hi. I'm Christine Romans, nice to meet you. My name is Christine.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Oh, this man is going to tell you just how bad it is.
ROMANS: How many years did you farm?
VENHORST: All my life.
ROMANS: All your life.
ROMANS: So, when did you start?
VENHORST: That's all I've ever done. Huh?
ROMANS: When did you start farming?
VENHORST: I started by my own in '44.
ROMANS: In '44.
ROMANS: So you've seen some beautiful crops and you've seen some really terrible crops.
VENHORST: This is one of the years it's a bad crop. This is about as bad as it was in '36.
ROMANS: In '36?
VENHORST: '36 it was real bad crop.
VENHORST: Yes, but they weren't as bad like it is this year. This year I think is worse.
VENHORST: Oh, you talk about changed a lot, I walked behind the team of horses cultivating the farm. That time we cultivated corn, now they don't even cultivate it. That time, we kind of had 18,000 or 20,000 kernel plants to the acre. Now they plant 35,000, 38,000 plants per acre.
ROMANS: What's an acre of farmland around here, I mean --
VENHORST: About ten?
ROMANS: $10,000 an acre --
ROMANS: -- which is tough if you're trying to buy a farm, you know?
VENHORST: Well, unless you're Harry.
ROMANS: Unless you're Harry?
VENHORST: Oh, that's not --
ROMANS: Coffee is on Harry this morning, everyone.
VENHORST: Yes, you get coffee out of Harry, you're going to be doing something.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: This is an aerial photo of Harry's place. See all them little white dots?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Well, that's where all of his cans of money are buried.
ROMANS: That's what it even says! Harry's coffee milk can burial plot map. Oh, you guys are funny. Tell me about what you see when you look at those fields.
MARTY RUWE, RETIRED IOWA FARMER: We're probably now only going to get to (inaudible) to combine, but there was some corn on the corn the last four years. This is not very good.
RUWE: We need some rain, rain bad. Hopefully, we can save some beans.
BRUCE DEXTER, IOWA FARMER: It looked good, real good early, and now it is kind of worse and worse and worse. We're going to have some pretty decent corn, but it's most -- of it's not going to be very good. There's going to be spots on everything, I believe.
ROMANS: This is as bad as '88?
RUWE: I think it might be a little worse. It started earlier. In '88, it kind of got later and then dried up.
DEXTER: But we'll make it.
VENHORST: We went through good times, bad times, but farming is a great life.
ROMANS: Lots of you are asking me about America's ethanol policy. Why are we using corn for fuel when corn prices are rising and we need corn to feed animals and people around the world? I want to know what you think about that. You can find me on Facebook and Twitter, at CNNbottomline and that ChristineRomans. I got more video and interviews on our blog,
Back now back to "CNN SATURDAY" for the latest headlines. Have a great weekend. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33129 | Bible version debate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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There have been various debates concerning the proper medium and translation of the Bible since the first translations of the Hebrew Bible (Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic) into Greek (see Septuagint) and Aramaic (see Targum). Until the late Middle Ages the Western Church used the Latin Vulgate almost entirely while the Eastern Church centered in Constantinople mostly used the Greek Byzantine text, but from the 14th century there were increasing numbers of vernacular translations into various languages. With the arrival of printing these increased enormously. The English King James Version or "Authorized Version", published in 1611, has been one of the most discussed versions in English.
The first King James Version debate[edit]
James I began his reign in the hope that he could reconcile the huge Puritan/Anglican divide — a divide that was as much political as it was religious. This attempt was embodied by the Hampton Court Conference (1604) during which a Puritan from Oxford noted the imperfections of the current versions. This appealed strongly to James' sense of self-importance[citation needed] and he embarked on it with zeal. The KJV was probably the first Committee-translated English version. Perhaps James' best move was to give the translation to the universities, rather than to Canterbury, in order to keep the translation as clean as possible.
Thus, it should be seen as no surprise that it took some time for the translation to be accepted by all; in fact, it was not until 1661 that the Book of Common Prayer was finally updated with readings from the King James Version, rather than from the Bishop's Bible. Further, it was never, at least on record, as promised by James I, royally proclaimed as the Bible of the Church of England.
Types of translation[edit]
Formal equivalence[edit]
Dynamic equivalence[edit]
Functional equivalence[edit]
Contrast of formal and dynamic equivalence[edit]
Paraphrases are usually identified as such, and they are typically not intended for in-depth study.
Source text[edit]
Textual criticism of the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) centers on the comparison of the manuscript versions of the Masoretic text to early witnesses such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Samaritan Pentateuch, various Syriac texts, and the Biblical texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Unknown word meanings[edit]
Some words (particularly in the Hebrew Bible) occur only once, and nowhere else in any ancient literature (that is, hapax legomena). As a result, their meanings can sometimes be obscure and can only be partly determined through context.
For example, Genesis 41:43 reports that when Joseph was made second only to the Pharaoh in Egypt, "Abrek" was shouted out in front of Joseph as he rode in a chariot. While the word itself is not in doubt, and it is clear that this was a way of giving praise or respect to Joseph, the exact meaning of "Abrek" (also "Abrech") is uncertain.[5][6]
Various Biblical translations of this word use phrases such as "bow the knee" (ESV and KJV) or "make way" (NIV), both of which interpret Abrek as a command to the crowd. Since a crowd in front of a chariot procession would be commanded to "make way" and not "bow the knee" (to prevent being run over), while a crowd alongside would likely be commanded in the opposite way, a logical comparison of these two translations seems to suggest that "Abrek" can't mean both. The NIV scholars indicate the uncertainty in interpretation by noting another possible reading of "Bow down", which is a near consensus with ESV and KJV.
Translations typically include footnotes to indicate translation difficulties in such cases. In this particular example, the ESV authors state that they believe that Abrek was probably an Egyptian word, similar in sound to the Hebrew word meaning "to kneel" (brk). One root of this interpretation, also brk (from Semitic), means “render homage” in Egyptian. The Hebrew aleph (rendered as A) prefixed to -brek may possibly be understood as the Egyptian imperative prefix symbol, thus making "Abrek" able to be translated as "Render homage!"[5]
An alternative scholars' view[7] is that Abrek is a title derived from the Assyrian abarakku, meaning, "chief steward of a private or royal household”.[8] This meaning of Abrek as a title is contextually supported by Gen. 41:40a: “You shall be in charge of my house...”.
In various forms, the debate about Abrek as a command versus a title has persisted since the 2nd century CE in rabbinical literature.[6] Abrek as a command appears to have persuaded Biblical translators.
Gender controversies[edit]
There have been a number of books and articles written about how and whether to indicate gender in translating the Bible. The topic is broad and not always discussed irenically (but see Bullard 1977 for a thoughtful example). It is interesting to note that the King James Version had already translated at least one passage using a technique that many now reject in other translations, "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God" (Matt. 5:9). The Greek word υἱοὶ that appears in the original is usually translated as "sons", but in this passage, the translators chose to use the term "children" that included both genders.
In Jewish circles, the Jewish Publication Society's translation (NJPS) is the basis for The Contemporary Torah: A Gender-Sensitive Adaptation of the JPS Translation (2006, JPS, ISBN 0-8276-0796-2), also known as CJPS.
There are two translations that are particularly notable for their efforts to take radical steps in this regard, both explaining their reasons and their techniques in their front matter. The titles of the two translations are similar, but the two translations are distinct. The first is The Inclusive New Testament (1994), the second is The New Testament and Psalms: an Inclusive Version (1995). The first one deliberately tried to make the message agree with their creed, pointing out that when they saw problems with the message of the text "it becomes our license to introduce midrash into the text" (p. xxi). It is an original translation. The second one, however, is based on the NRSV, making changes as the editorial team saw fit, but being less radical to change the message of the original.
King James Version defenders[edit]
Sacred name translations[edit]
In the last few decades, there has been a growing number of translations that strive to convey into English the "original names" of God and of Jesus, for example trying to find a way to spell out an English pronunciation of the tetragrammaton (Hebrew: יהוה), usually spelled in English as "Jehovah," "Yahweh," or "Yehovah." (Traditional practice in most English versions has been to write the word "Lord" in small caps for this sacred name of God.) Some of these translations have come from the Sacred Name Movement. A listing of these is found under Sacred name Bibles.
Non-traditional translations[edit]
Some translators deliberately translated in a way that is a break with tradition, seeking to recover what they saw as an original meaning that had become obscured by previous translations. Such translations sought to give more ordinary meanings to words, rather than follow meanings that they see as imposed on the text by church history. One of the clearest examples of this is The Unvarnished New Testament (Gaus 1991). Instead of "disciple" he used the word "student", instead of "sin" he used "do wrong", instead "blessed" he sometimes used "lucky".
Another non-traditional approach has been labeled "adaptive retelling",[10] in which the translator/author retells the story in a way that sets the events much more in the readers' context. Examples of this include The Black Bible Chronicles, The Aussie Bible,[11] and the Cotton Patch version of Clarence Jordan.
See also[edit]
5. ^ a b T. Lambdin, in: JAOS, 73 (1953), 146; J. Vergote, Joseph en Egypte (1959), 135ff., 151., , downloaded 2006-11-26
6. ^ a b Jewish Encyclopedia ABRECH (Levi, Ginzberg) - 1901
7. ^ attributed to Delitzsch, "Hebrew Language," p. 25 (cited in ABRECH, Jewish Encyclopedia 1901)
8. ^ I. J. Gelb et al., The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 1, pt. I, pp. 32–5
10. ^ Boswell, Freddy. 2006. Classifying "Cotton Patch Version" and similar renderings as adaptive retelling rather than translation (La clasificación de la "cotton patch version" y de otros tipos de versiones más como reescrituras adaptadoras más traducciones)." Hermēneus, Vol. 8: 45-66
11. ^
Further reading[edit]
• Gaus, Andy. 1991. The Unvarnished New Testament. Grand Rapids: Phanes Press.
• Gutjahr, Paul C. 1999. An American Bible: a History of the Good Book in the United States, 1770-1880. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3458-9
• Thuesen, Peter J. 1999. In Discordance with the Scriptures: American Protestant Battles over Translating the Bible, in the Religion in America Series. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512736-8
• The Inclusive New Testament. 1994. W. Hyattsville, MD: Priests for Equality.
• The New Testament and Psalms: An Inclusive Version. 1995. Oxford University Press.
• One Book Stands Alone: The Key to Believing the Bible. 2001. McCowen Mills Publishers. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33130 | Bikini Kill
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Bikini Kill
Bikini Kill in 1991.jpg
Bikini Kill in 1991
Background information
Origin Olympia, Washington
Genres Punk rock, riot grrrl
Years active 1990–1997
Labels Bikini Kill Records, Kill Rock Stars
Associated acts The Frumpies, Julie Ruin, Le Tigre, Star Sign Scorpio, Suture
Past members Kathleen Hanna
Kathi Wilcox
Tobi Vail
Billy Karren
Kathleen Hanna performing with Bikini Kill in Sydney, Australia (1996)
The band formed in Olympia, Washington, in October 1990, by Kathleen Hanna (vocals), Billy Karren (guitar), Kathi Wilcox (bass), and Tobi Vail (drums). They began working together on a fanzine called Bikini Kill and, with the addition of former Go Team guitarist Billy Karren, formed a band of the same name. The band wrote songs together and encouraged a female-centric environment at their shows, urging women to come to the front of the stage and handing out lyric sheets to them.
Fellow riot grrrl musician Lois Maffeo originally adopted Bikini Kill as a band name, inspired by the 1967 B-movie The Million Eyes of Sumuru. She and her friend Margaret Doherty used the name for a one-off performance in the late 1980s where they donned faux fur punk cave girl costumes. Vail liked the name and appropriated it after Maffeo settled on the band name Cradle Robbers.[1]
After an independent demo cassette, Revolution Girl Style Now!, Bikini Kill released the Bikini Kill EP on the indie label Kill Rock Stars. Produced by Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat and Fugazi, the album began to establish the band's audience. The band's debut album, Pussy Whipped, was released in September 1993. Bikini Kill toured in London, England to begin working with Huggy Bear, releasing a joint recording together and touring the UK. The tour was the subject of a documentary film by Lucy Thane entitled It Changed My Life: Bikini Kill In The U.K. Upon their return to the United States, the band began working with Joan Jett of The Runaways, whose music Hanna described as an early example of the Riot Grrrl aesthetic. Jett produced the single "New Radio"/"Rebel Girl" for the band.
By the following year, Riot Grrrl was receiving constant attention in the media, and Bikini Kill were increasingly referred to as pioneers of the movement. Hanna called for a "media blackout" amongst Riot Grrrls, as they felt the band and the movement were being misrepresented by the media.[citation needed]
The band's final album, Reject All American, was released in 1996. After the band's breakup in 1997, a compilation of singles recorded between 1993 and 1995 was released in 1998 under the name The Singles.[2]
During the summer of 1992, the band The Frumpies was formed by Karren, Wilcox, Vail, and Molly Neuman of Bratmobile, and toured as late as the early 2000s along with a similar Italian punk rock band Dada Swing.[3][4]
Vail, notorious for her numerous side projects and being in several bands at a time, later resurfaced in a band called Spider and the Webs, and she is now[when?] playing with The Old Haunts. Kathi Wilcox plays in the Casual Dots, and Billy Karren is in Ghost Mom. Hanna first contributed to an LP[which?] as a member of The Fakes, and then turned to more dance-based New Wave music (with similar feminist lyrical themes) on her solo debut, Julie Ruin. She then became a member of the political New Wave outfit Le Tigre.[5]
Bikini Kill is recognized as an influence by Sleater-Kinney, The Gossip, Jack Off Jill, Mika Miko, and many others. Mike Park (of Skankin' Pickle, The Chinkees, The Bruce Lee Band, and founder of Asian Man Records) has a song about the band titled "Tobi Vail 4 President" on the album Beans & Toast from his acoustic solo project. J Church's album Prophylaxis features a song called "Why I Liked Bikini Kill", a response to criticisms of the band and their message. Music journalist Steve Palopoli has described the song as addressing an "unspecified critic of Kathleen Hanna". Hanna credits American artist and performance legend Karen Finley as her major influence.
NOFX has a song titled "Kill Rock Stars" on their album So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes, written as a response to Kathleen Hanna labeling the band as misogynists.[6]
Bikini Kill's song "Rebel Girl" is number 445 in Blender's The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born.
See also[edit]
2. ^ The Singles (Bikini Kill) at AllMusic
3. ^ "Frumpies News of April 2000". Retrieved on August 17, 2009.
4. ^ "The Frumpies in italy___komakino'zine". Retrieved 2011-10-30.
5. ^ Johnson, Martin. "Sharps & Flats - Music". Retrieved 2011-10-30.
6. ^ "Bikini Kill « Radio Free Puma". 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33131 | Black Forest Horse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Black Forest Horse
Black Forest Horses
Distinguishing features Small to medium sized draft horse breed, has a dark coat with flaxen mane and tail.
Alternative names Schwarzwälder Kaltblut; Black Forest cold blood
Country of origin Germany
Horse (Equus ferus caballus)
The Black Forest Horse
Breed history[edit]
Developed in Germany, today a major center of breeding is the Marbach stud.
1. ^ a b c "Black Forest Horse". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
Further reading[edit]
• (German) Black Forest Cold Bloods - History and Stories, Volume I by Thomas Armbruster, Wolf Brodauf and Gerhard Schröder, Schillinger-Verlag, 2007 Freiburg, ISBN 978-3-89155-333-6
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33132 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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An archaeologist investigating a chultun
Entrance to chultun at Xunantunich.
A chultun (plural: chultunob' or chultuns) is a bottle-shaped underground storage chamber built by the pre-Columbian Maya in southern Mesoamerica. Their entrances were surrounded by plastered aprons which guided rainwater into them during the rainy seasons. Most of these archaeological features likely functioned as cisterns for potable water.
Chultunob' were typically constructed in locations where naturally occurring cenotes[1] were absent (such as the Puuc hills, which sit hundreds of feet above the Yucatán Peninsula aquifer). While many were constructed to collect water, not all may have served that purpose. Some may have been used for storage of perishable comestibles, or for the fermentation of alcoholic beverages. After a chultun ended its usefulness, many were used for discarding refuse or for human burials. This makes chultunob' an excellent source of information on both the life and death of ancient settlements of the Prehispanic Maya.
1. ^ Sinkholes formed in limestone karst.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33136 | History of software configuration management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The history of software configuration management (SCM) in computing can be traced back as early as the 1950s, when CM (for Configuration Management), originally for hardware development and production control, was being applied to software development. The first software configuration management was most likely done manually. Eventually, software tools were written to manage software changes. History records tend to be based on tools and companies, and lend concepts to a secondary plane.
• Early 1960s or even late 1950s: CDC UPDATE and IBM IEB_UPDATE.[1]
• Late 1960s, early 1970s: Professor Leon Pressor at the University of California, Santa Barbara produced a thesis on change and configuration control. This concept was a response to a contract he was working on with a defense contractor who made aircraft engines for the US Navy.
• Early 1970s: Unix make.
• By 1970 CDC update was an advanced product.
• Circa 1972: Bell Labs paper describing the original diff algorithm.
• 1972, with an IEEE paper in 1975: source code control system, SCCS, Marc Rochkind Bell Labs. Originally programmed in SNOBOL for OS/360; subsequently rewritten in C for Unix (used diff for comparing files).
• 1970s: Pansophic's PANVALET was an early source code control system for the mainframe market.[2] They were based in Lisle, Illinois.
• 1975: Professor Pressor's work eventually grew into a commercially available product called Change and Configuration Control (CCC) which was sold by the SoftTool corporation.
• Revision Control System (RCS, Walter Tichy).
• Early 1980s: patch (around 1985, Larry Wall).
• 1984: Aide-de-Camp
• 1986: Concurrent Version System (CVS).
• 2000: Subversion initiated by CollabNet.
• Early 2000s (decade): distributed revision control systems like BitKeeper and GNU arch become viable.
Until the 1980s, as can be seen from a source such as Software Configuration Management by J.K. Buckle (1982), SCM could only be understood as CM applied to software development. Some basic concepts such as identification and baseline (well-defined point in the evolution of a project) were already clear, but what was at stake was a set of techniques oriented towards the control of the activity, and using formal processes, documents, request forms, control boards etc.
It is only after this date that the use of software tools applying directly to software artefacts representing the actual resources, has allowed SCM to grow as an autonomous entity (from traditional CM).
The use of different tools has actually led to very distinct emphases.
See also[edit]
1. ^ http://www.daveeaton.com/scm/CMFAQ.html
2. ^ Oral history interview with Joseph Piscopo, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Piscopo founded Pansophic Systems in 1969 and led it until his retirement in 1987. Interview discusses the development of Panvalet and the acquisition of Easytrieve. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33138 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Koryo dynasty)
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Kingdom of Goryeo
고려국 (高麗國)
고려왕조 (高麗王朝)
Tributary state of the Mongol Empire and Yuan Empire after Mongol invasions(1259-1360)[1]
Goryeo in 1374
Capital Gaegyeong
Languages Middle Korean
Religion Korean Buddhism, Korean Confucianism, Korean Taoism, Korean shamanism
Government Monarchy
- 918 - 943 Taejo (first)
- 949 - 975 Gwangjong
- 981-997 Seongjong
- 1046 - 1083 Munjong
- 1351 - 1374 Gongmin
- 1389 - 1392 Gongyang (last)
Military government leader
- 1170-1171 Jeong Jung-bu (first)
- 1171-1174 Yi Ui-bang
- 1196-1219 Choe Chung-heon
- 1270 Im Yu-mu (last)
- Later Three Kingdoms rise 900
- Coronation of Taejo June 15, 918
- Unification of the Later Three Kingdoms 936
- Korea-Khitan Wars 993 - 1019
- Mongolian invasions 1231 - 1270
- Completion of Tripitaka Koreana 1251
- Abdication of Gongyang July 17, 1392
Today part of South Korea
North Korea
Goryeo, also known as Koryŏ (Hangul: 고려; hanja: 高麗; Korean pronunciation: [koɾjʌ]; 918–1392), was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by King Taejo. This kingdom later gave name to the modern state of Korea.[2] It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the leader of the Joseon dynasty in 1392. The Goryeo dynasty expanded its borders to present-day Wonsan in the north-east (936–943) and the Amnok River (993) and finally almost the whole of the Korean peninsula (1374).
The name "Goryeo" is derived from "Goguryeo", one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, which changed its name to "Goryeo" during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo (in the 5th century). The English name "Korea" derives from "Goryeo."[3]
Goryeo adopted a Silla-friendly Hubaekje-hostile stage in the later Three Kingdoms, but in 927, Goryeo was defeated by Hubaekje in present-day Daegu. Wang Geon lost his best supporters in the battle. For 3 years after the battle, Hubaekje dominated the Later Three Kingdoms but after a defeat at the Andong in 930, Hubaekje lost his power.
The Later Three Kingdoms era ended as Goryeo annexed Silla in 935 and defeated Hubaekje in 936. Wang Geon moved the capital to his hometown Kaesǒng, and ruled the Korean peninsula as the first King of Goryeo. Wang Geon married a daughter of the Silla royal family and let most nobles keep their lands. Even though Wang Geon ruled the united nation for only 7 years before his son took the reign after his death, the succession was not challenged.[4]
Political structure[edit]
A Goryeo painting depicting the Imperial/Royal Palace.
Part of a series on the
History of Korea
Bulguksa temple, Gyeongju
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Balhae 698–926
Later Three Kingdoms
Hubaekje 892–936
Taebong 901–918
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Unitary dynastic period
Goryeo 918–1392
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The terminology used in the court of Goryeo was that of an empire, not of a kingdom. The capital, Gaegyeong (Korean: 개경，Hanja: 開京,) was called "Imperial Capital" (Korean: 황도, Hanja: 皇都) and the palace was referred to as "Imperial Palace" (Korean: 황성, Hanja: 皇城). The nation also utilized a system of multiple capitals: Gaegyeong (modern-day Gaeseong), being the main capital, and Seogyeong (Korean: 서경, Hanja: 西京) (modern-day Pyongyang), Namgyeong (Korean: 남경, Hanja: 南京) (modern-day Seoul), and Donggyeong (Korean: 동경, Hanja: 東京) (modern-day Gyeongju) as secondary capitals. The mere use of this system and the nomenclature or use of the character "京“ implied that Goryeo functioned internally as an empire.
Other terms, such as "Your Imperial Majesty" (Korean: 성상, Hanja: 聖上), "Empress" (Korean: 황후, Hanja: 皇后) "Imperial Crown Prince" (Korean: 태자, Hanja: 太子), "Empress Dowager" (Korean: 태후, Hanja: 太后), and "Imperial Ordinance" (詔 or 勅) also suggest that Goryeo adopted the title system of an empire. However, Goryeo, when enshrining its rulers, did not use the title of "Emperor" (Korean: 황제, Hanja: 皇帝). Instead, the title of "Great King" (Korean: 대왕, Hanja: 大王) was used to posthumously enshrine Goryeo monarchs. When enshrining its rulers, however, it did use "temple names" such as Taejo (Korean: 태조, Hanja: 太祖); this is a practice mere kingdoms did not take part in. Imperial titles, like Emperor or "Haedong Emperor" (Korean: 해동천자, Hanja: 海東天子, lit. the Son of Heaven Ruling the Land East of the Sea)" were also used.
After the Mongol invasions, all of these terms were prohibited by Mongol rulers, and Goryeo monarchs were forced to insert the character “忠” (Korean: 충, romanization: "chung"), meaning loyal, into their posthumous enshrinement names. This is why the monarchs after Wonjong had this character "忠” in their posthumous names, up until Gongmin. As Mongol power diminished, rulers no longer used "忠,” but still were unable to restore the use of the temple name.
In order to strengthen the power of the central government, Gwangjong, the fourth emperor, made a series of laws including that of freeing slaves in 958, and one creating the exam for hiring civil officials. To assert power internationally, Gwangjong also proclaimed Goryeo an empire, independent from any other country of its day.
The fifth king, Gyeongjong, launched land-ownership reformation called Jeonsigwa (Korean: 전시과, Hanja: 田柴科) and the 6th king, Seongjong of Goryeo appointed officials to local areas, which were previously succeeded by the lords. Between 993 and 1019, the Goryeo-Khitan Wars ravaged the northern border.
By the time of eleventh king, Munjong of Goryeo, the central government of Goryeo gained complete authority and power over local lords. Munjong and later kings emphasized the importance of civilian leadership over the military.
Khitan invasions and Jurchen expedition[edit]
In 993, the Khitan Liao Dynasty invaded Goryeo's northwest border with an estimated 60,000 troops. However, after Seo Hui's negotiation with Khitan, they withdrew and ceded territory to the east of the Amrok River (also called Yalu River) when Goryeo agreed to end its alliance with Song Dynasty China. However, Goryeo continued to communicate with the Song, having strengthened its position by building a fortress in the newly gained northern territories.
General Yun Gwan (1040 - 1111) and his army.
In 1018, the Khitan army invaded for the third time with 100,000 troops. In Heunghaejin stream, General Gang Gam-chan ordered the stream to be blocked until the Khitans began to cross it, and when the Khitans were mid-way across, he ordered that the dam be destroyed so that the water would drown much of the Khitan army. The damage was great, and General Gang led a massive attack that annihilated many of the Khitan army. Barely a few thousand of the Liao troops survived after the bitter defeat at Kwiju one year later.
Meanwhile, the Jurchen tribes lived to the north of Goryeo. The Jurchens always rendered tribute to the Goryeo monarchs, but the Jurchen tribes grew strong, and were soon united under Wanyan. They began to violate the Goryeo-Jurchen borders, and eventually invaded Goryeo. In 1087, the first version of the Tripitaka Koreana was completed, after many years of labor.
In 1107, General Yun Gwan led the newly formed Goryeo army, a force of approximately 17,000 men called Byeolmuban, and attacked the Jurchens. Though the war lasted for several years, the Jurchen were ultimately defeated, and surrendered to Yun Gwan. To mark the victory, General Yun built nine fortresses to the northeast of the Goryeo-Jurchen borders (Korean:동북 9성, Hanja:東北九城). In 1108, however, General Yun was given orders to withdraw his troops by Goryeo's new ruler, King Yejong. Due to manipulation and court-intrigue from opposing factions, he was discharged from his post. Along with this, the opposing factions fought to make sure that the new nine fortresses were returned to the Jurchens.
Power struggles[edit]
Monarchs of Korea
1. Taejo 918–943
2. Hyejong 943–945
3. Jeongjong 945–949
4. Gwangjong 949–975
5. Gyeongjong 975–981
6. Seongjong 981–997
7. Mokjong 997–1009
8. Hyeonjong 1009–1031
9. Deokjong 1031–1034
10. Jeongjong II 1034–1046
11. Munjong 1046–1083
12. Sunjong 1083
13. Seonjong 1083–1094
14. Heonjong 1094–1095
15. Sukjong 1095–1105
16. Yejong 1105–1122
17. Injong 1122–1146
18. Uijong 1146–1170
19. Myeongjong 1170–1197
20. Sinjong 1197–1204
21. Huijong 1204–1211
22. Gangjong 1211–1213
23. Gojong 1213–1259
24. Wonjong 1259–1274
25. Chungnyeol 1274–1308
26. Chungseon 1308–1313
27. Chungsuk 1313–1330
28. Chunghye 1330–1332
29. Chungmok 1344–1348
30. Chungjeong 1348–1351
31. Gongmin 1351–1374
32. U 1374–1388
33. Chang 1388–1389
34. Gongyang 1389–1392
The House Yi of Inju (Korean: 인주 이씨, Hanja: 仁州李氏) married the Kings from Munjong to the 17th King, Injong. Eventually the Yis gained more power than the monarch himself. This led to the coup of Yi Ja-gyeom in 1126. The coup failed but the power of the monarch was weakened; Goryeo underwent a civil war among the nobility.
In 1135, Myo Cheong argued in favor of moving the capital to Seogyeong (present day P'yŏngyang). This proposal divided the nobles of Goryeo in half. One faction, led by Myo Cheong, believed in moving the capital to Pyongyang and expanding into Manchuria. The other one, led by Kim Bu-sik (author of the Samguk Sagi), wanted to keep the status quo. Myo Cheong failed to persuade the King and rebelled against the central government and made a country named Daebang, but failed and was killed.
Military regime[edit]
In 1170, a group of army officers led by Jeong Jung-bu, Yi Ui-bang and Yi Go launched a coup d'état and succeeded. King Uijong went into exile and King Myeongjong was placed on the throne. Effective power, however, lay with a succession of generals who used an elite guard unit known as the Tobang to control the throne: military rule of Goryeo had begun. In 1179, the young general Gyeong Dae-seung rose to power and began an attempt to restore the full power of the monarch and purge the corruption of the state.
However, he died in 1183 and was succeeded by Yi Ui-min, who came from a nobi (slave) background.[5] His unrestrained corruption and cruelty[5] led to a coup by general Choe Chungheon, who assassinated Yi Ui-min and took supreme power in 1197. For the next 61 years, the Choe house ruled as military dictators, maintaining the Kings as puppet monarchs; Choe Chungheon was succeeded in turn by his son Choe U, his grandson Choe Hang and his great-grandson Choe Ui. On taking power, Choe Chungheon forced Myeongjong off the throne and replaced him with King Sinjong, but after Sinjong died he forced two further monarchs off the throne until he found the pliable King Gojong.
Mongol invasions[edit]
Relocated Goryeo pagoda
King Gongmin (1330–1374) and the Queen Noguk.
In 1231, Mongols under Ögedei Khan invaded Goryeo, following the aftermath of joint Goryeo-Mongol forces against the Khitans in 1219.[6] The royal court moved to Ganghwa Island in the Bay of Gyeonggi, in 1232. The military ruler of the time, Choe U (최우), insisted on fighting back. Goryeo resisted for about 30 years but finally sued for peace in 1259.
Meanwhile, the Mongols began a campaign from 1231 to 1259 that ravaged parts of Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces. There were six major campaigns: 1231, 1232, 1235, 1238, 1247, 1253; between 1253 and 1258, the Mongols under Möngke Khan's general Jalairtai Qorchi launched four devastating invasions in the final successful campaign against Korea, at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean peninsula.
Civilian resistance was strong, and the Imperial Court at Ganghwa attempted to strengthen its fortress. Korea won several victories but the Korean military could not withstand the waves of invasions. The repeated Mongol invasions caused havoc, loss of human lives and famine in Korea. In 1236, Gojong ordered the re-creation of the Tripitaka Koreana, destroyed during the 1232 invasion. This collection of Buddhist scriptures took 15 years to carve on some 81,000 wooden blocks, and is preserved to this day. In March 1258, the dictator Choe Ui was assassinated by Kim Jun. Thus, dictatorship by his military group was ended, and the scholars who had insisted on peace with Mongolia gained power. Eventually, the scholars sent an envoy to the Mongols, and a peace treaty was contracted between the Mongol Empire and Goryeo. Some military officials who refused to surrender formed the Sambyeolcho Rebellion and resisted in the islands off the southern shore of the Korean peninsula.[7]
The treaty permitted the sovereign power and traditional cultures of Goryeo, and implied that the Mongols had no plans of controlling Goryeo.[8] The Mongols annexed the northern areas of Korean peninsula after the invasions and incorporated them into their empire. After the peace treaty with Goryeo, the Mongols planned to conquer Japan by allying with Goryeo troops again; in 1274 and 1281 two campaigns to Japan took place; however, it failed due to a heavy storm (called the Kamikaze) and strong military resistance.
The Goryeo became "quda" (marriage alliance) state of the Yuan dynasty and monarchs of Goryeo were mainly imperial sons in-law (khuregen). The Kings of Goryeo held an important status like other important families of Mardin, Uighurs and Mongols (Oirat, Hongirat, and Ikeres).[9][10] It is claimed that one of Goryeo monarchs was the most beloved grandson of Kublai Khan.[11]
The Goryeo Dynasty survived under Yuan influences until King Gongmin began to push Yuan garrisons back around 1350. By the 1350s Goryeo regained its lost northern territories.
Most beneficial aspects of the Mongol domination of Eurasia was cultural exchange and flourishing international trade between east and west.[12] The Mongols certainly learned Korean ideas and technology and those benefits of the growing world empire also influenced the knowledge of cartography and production of pottery in Goryeo.[12][13] Due to high military preparedness of the Goryeo and Mongol allies in Korea, particularly during the Sambyolch'o rebellion in Cheju and southernmost Korea and Mongol invasions of Japan, and the awareness of Kamakura in Japan led to the decline in Wako (Japanese pirates) raids into Korean peninsula.[14] No more raids of Japanese again heard until 1350 when the Mongols were suffering from massive rebellions in China.[15]
Last reform[edit]
Yeom Jesin (1304–1382) was the main political opponent of the monk, Shin Don, who was in power.
When King Gongmin ascended to the throne Goryeo was under the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. He was forced to spend many years in the Yuan court, being sent there in 1341 as a virtual prisoner before becoming king. He married the Mongol princess Queen Noguk. But in the mid-14th century Yuan was beginning to crumble, soon to be replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368. King Gongmin began efforts to reform the Goryeo government and remove Mongolian influences.
His first act was to remove all pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officers from their positions. Mongols had annexed the northern provinces of Goryeo after the invasions and incorporated them into their empire as the Ssangseong (쌍성총관부, 雙城摠管府) and Dongnyeong Prefectures (동녕부, 東寧府). The Goryeo army retook these provinces partly thanks to defection from Yi Ja-chun, a minor Korean official in service of Mongols in Ssangseong, and his son Yi Seonggye. In addition, Generals Yi Seonggye and Ji Yongsu led a campaign into Liaoyang.
But after the death of Gongmin's wife Queen Noguk in 1365, he fell into depression. In the end, he became indifferent to politics and entrusted that great task to the buddhist monk Shin Don (신돈, 辛旽). But after six years, Shin Don lost his position. In 1374, Gonmin was killed by Choe Man-saeng (최만생) and others.
Goryeo in 1374
In 1388, King U (son of King Gongmin and a concubine) and general Choe Yeong planned a campaign to invade present-day Liaoning of China. King U put the general Yi Seong-gye (later Taejo) in charge, but he stopped at the border and rebelled.
Goryeo fell to General Yi Seong-gye, a son of a Yi Ja-chun, who put to death the last three Goryeo Kings, usurped the throne and established in 1392 the Joseon Dynasty.
Foreign relations[edit]
During the 10th century, the Khitans tried to establish relations with Goryeo at least on two occasions. In 942, the Khitan ruler Taizu sent an embassy with a gift of 50 camels to Goryeo, but Taejo refused them, banishing the envoys and starving the camels to death.
Goryeo had maintained relations with most of the Five Dynasties and southern kingdoms in China. By 962, formal relations were established with the Song dynasty. Relations with Song were close, with many embassies being exchanged between Goryeo and Song, but relations would be interrupted by the rise of the Liao and Jin dynasties.
After about 30 years of peace, the Khitans invaded Goryeo. It failed and after two other failed attempts, a state of peace was established in the Far East. For around 100 years, the Far East was relatively peaceful and Munjong strengthened the Liao-Song-Goryeo line.
In 1102, the Jurchen threatened and another crisis emerged. But after Jin agreed to a tributary relationship with Goryeo, peace was maintained and Jin never actually did invade Goryeo.
Tension continued through the 12th century and into the 13th century, when the Mongol invasions started. After a series of battles, Goryeo capitulated to the Mongols, with the direct dynastic rule of Goryeo monarchy.[6]
# Trading country Import Export
2 Liao dynasty Horses, sheep, low-quality silk Minerals, cotton, marble, ink and paper, ginseng
3 Jurchen Gold, horses, weapons Silver, cotton, silk
4 Japan Mercury, minerals Ginseng, books
5 Abbasid dynasty Mercury, spices, tusk Gold, silver
A Goryeo painting which depicts the Goryeo nobility.
At the time of Goryeo, Korean nobility was divided into 6 classes.
• Gukgong (국공, 國公), Duke of a nation
• Gungong (군공, 郡公), Duke of a county
• Hyeonhu (현후, 縣侯), Marquis of a town
• Hyeonbaek (현백, 縣伯), Count of a town
• Gaegukja (개국자, 開國子), Viscount of a town
• Hyeonnam (현남, 縣男), Baron of a town
Also the title Taeja (Korean: 태자, Hanja: 太子) was given to sons of emperor. In most other east Asian countries this title meant crown prince. It was similar to Chinwang (Korean: 친왕, Hanja: 親王) of the Korean Empire.
Yi Je-hyun (1287–1367), an early Korean Neo-Confucianism scholar.
Ksitigarbha painting, Goryeo Korea
Buddhism in medieval Korea evolved in ways which rallied support for the state.[16]
Another important advocate of Seon/Gyo unity was Uicheon. Like most other early Goryeo monks, he began his studies in Buddhism with the Hwaeom school. He later traveled to China, and upon his return, actively promulgated the Cheontae (天台宗, or Tiantai in Chinese) teachings, which became recognized as another Seon school. This period thus came to be described as "five doctrinal and two meditational schools" (ogyo yangjong). Uicheon himself, however, alienated too many Seon adherents, and he died at a relatively young age without seeing a Seon-Gyo unity accomplished.
Gwangyeongseopum Byeonsangdo, Goryeo buddhist painting.
Among such Muslims was Samgha who was renamed Jang Sunnyong, he married a Korean and became the founding ancestor of the Deoksu Jang clan. His clan produced many high officials and respected Confucian scholars over the centuries. Another Muslim named Seol Son fled to Korea when the Red Turban Rebellion erupted near the end of the Yuan dynasty. He, too, married a Korean, originating a lineage called the Gyeongju Seol clan.
Tripitaka Koreana[edit]
Goryeo celadon[edit]
Celadon incense burner. National Treasures of South Korea.
Lacquerware with Mother of Pearl Inlay[edit]
During the Goryeo period, lacquerware with mother-of-pearl inlay reached a high point of technical and aesthetic achievement and was widely used by members of the aristocracy for Buddhist ritual implements and vessels, as well as horse saddles and royal carriages. Inlaid lacquers combine texture, color, and shape to produce a dazzling effect in both large and small objects. Although Korean lacquerware of the Goryeo period was highly prized throughout East Asia, fewer than fifteen examples are known to have survived, one of which is this exquisite box in the Museum's collection. This paucity of material is largely attributable to the fragility of lacquer objects and, to a certain extent, to wars and raids by foreign powers, notably those launched from Japan by Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536–1598) in the late sixteenth century.
More info on Goryeo lacquerware
Construction techniques[edit]
In 1234, the world's first metal movable type printing was invented by Choe Yun-ui in Goryeo. Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun were printed with the movable metal type in 1234. Technology in Korea took a big step in Goryeo and strong relation with the Song dynasty contributed to this. In the dynasty, Korean ceramics and paper, which come down to now, started to be manufactured.
During the late Goryeo Dynasty, Goryeo was at the cutting edge of shipboard artillery. In 1356 early experiments were carried out with gunpowder weapons that shot wood or metal projectiles. In 1373 experiments with incendiary arrows and "fire tubes" possibly an early form of the Hwacha were developed and placed on Korean warships. The policy of placing cannons and other gunpowder weapons continued well into the Joseon Dynasty and by 1410, over 160 Joseon warships had cannons on board. Choe Mu-seon, a medieval Korean inventor, military commander and scientist who introduced widespread use of gunpowder to Korea for the first time and creating various gunpowder based weapons.
See also[edit]
2. ^ Kyu Chull Kim (8 March 2012). Rootless: A Chronicle of My Life Journey. AuthorHouse. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4685-5891-3. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
3. ^ "Koryo Dynasty". Encyclopedia of World History II. p. 238.
4. ^ Encyclopedia of World History, Vol II, P238 Koryo Dynasty, Edited by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, Mark F. Whitters, ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4
5. ^ a b http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b18a0209a |Daum Encyclopædia Britannica
8. ^ 국사편찬위원회, 고등학교국사교과서 p63(National Institute of Korean History, History for High School Students, p64)[1][dead link]
10. ^ The Mongols Co-opt the Turks to Rule All under Heaven: Crippled the Dual-System and Expelled by Chinese Rebellion by Wontack Hong
11. ^ Baasanjavyin Lkhagvaa-Solongos, Mongol-Solongosyin harilstaanii ulamjlalaas, p.172
12. ^ a b Thomas T. Allsen - Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.53
13. ^ Namjil- Solongos-Mongolyin haritsaa: Ert, edugee, p.64
14. ^ Henthorn, William E. (1963). Korea: the Mongol invasions. E.J. Brill. pp. 226–234.
15. ^ Benjamin H. Hazard-The Formative Years of The Wakō, 1223-63, Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 22, No. 3/4 (1967), pp. 260-277
18. ^ Wood, Nigel. "Technological Parallels between Chinese Yue wares and Korean celadons." in Papers of the British Association for Korean Studies (BAKS Papers), vol 5. Gina Barnes and Beth McKillop, eds. London: British Association for Korean Studies, 1994; pp. 39-64.
19. ^ The official history of Koryo, is printed by woodblock 1580. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33139 | Mallos gregalis
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Mallos gregalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Suborder: Araneomorphae
Superfamily: Dictynoidea
Family: Dictynidae
Genus: Mallos
Species: M. gregalis
Binomial name
Mallos gregalis
(Simon, 1909)
Mallos gregalis is a spider species belonging to the Dictynidae biological family.[1] Social living is unusual in spiders because their anatomy predisposes them to be predators and it is difficult for spiders to discriminate speciesmates from other prey items. M. gregalis spiders live in Mexico. Discovered by French naturalists in the previous century, M. gregalis were again brought to light in the 1970s by Wes Burgess,[2] [3] working for Scientific American and the North Carolina Mental Health Research Foundation. M. gregalis live in groups containing thousands of individuals together on a sheet-like spider web. Like other social spiders, the unique qualities of M. gregalis' web help make their social lifestyle possible.[4][5] Their web preferentially transmits the vibrations of flies caught in the web while dampening out the vibrations caused by other spiders, thus allowing the M. gregalis spiders to distinguish between the prey and each other.[6] The smell of previously eaten fly bodies helps attract other flies to M. gregalis' web.[7]
1. ^ Platnick, Norman I. (2009): The world spider catalog, version 9.5. American Museum of Natural History.
2. ^ Burgess, J. Wesley. (1976): Social Spiders. Scientific American, vol 234, pp 99-106. (1976).
3. ^ Burgess, J. Wesley. (1978): Social behavior in group-living spider species. Template:Peter Merrett, Editor (1978): Arachnology. Symposia, Zoological Society of London, Number. 42. Academic Press, London.
4. ^ Burgess, J. Wesley and Witt, Peter N. (1976): Spider webs: Design and engineering. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, vol 1, pp 322-335.
5. ^ Witt, Peter N. and Burgess, J. Wesley. (1978): Spider webs: Design and engineering. Naturwissenschafteliche Rundschau, vol 31, pp 269-282.
6. ^ Burgess, J. Wesley. (1979): Web-signal processing for tolerance and group predation in the social spider Mallos gregalis. Animal Behavior, vol 27, pp 157-164.
7. ^ Tietjen, William James; Ayyagari, Rao; Uetz, George W. Uetz [1] Symbiosis between social spiders and yeast: the role in prey attraction. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33140 | Mohit Suri
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Mohit Suri
Mohit Suri.jpg
Born (1981-04-11) April 11, 1981 (age 32)
Occupation Film director
Years active 2005-present
Spouse(s) Udita Goswami (2013-present)
Children None
Relatives Smiley Suri (sister)
Mohit Suri, (born 11 April 1981) is an Indian film director, most known for his films, Kalyug (2005), Awarapan (2007) and Aashiqui 2 (2013).
His uncle is director Mahesh Bhatt and his cousins are Emraan Hashmi and Pooja Bhatt.
He has directed 3 quasi-sequels Raaz - The Mystery Continues (2009), Murder 2 (2011) and Aashiqui 2 (2013). Not having directed the first installments
His next film Awarapan (2007) was both a critical and commercial success.[citation needed] It was a copy of the Korean film 'A Bittersweet Life' from 2005.[citation needed] Ironically, Mohit, in an interview given to Radio Sargam, said, "I am very critical about my own work. I would never ever go out and say that I have made a masterpiece. I just give my best and hope that it's good enough."[1] His preceding film Crook, based on the racial attacks on Indian students in Australia was released in 2010. Murder 2 ,which turned out to be a Blockbuster, a sequel to the 2004 film Murder was released on 8 July 2011.
In 2013,he has directed "Aashiqui 2" which also was a blockbuster.
Personal life[edit]
His sister Smiley Suri has also appeared in his film Kalyug and Crook. He married Udita Goswami on 29 January 2013.[2]
As Assistant Director[edit]
Year Title Director
2001 Kasoor Vikram Bhatt
2002 Awara Paagal Deewana Vikram Bhatt
2003 Footpath Vikram Bhatt
As Story Writer[edit]
Year Title Director
2005 Zeher
2005 Kalyug
2009 Raaz – The Mystery Continues
2010 Crook: It's Good To Be Bad
As Director[edit]
Year Title Release Date Story Screenplay Dialogue Lyricist Music Producer Notes
2005 Zeher March 25 YesY Mahesh Bhatt Jay Dixit Sayeed Quadri
Shakeel Azmi
Roop Kumar Rathod Vishesh Films
2005 Kalyug December 9 YesY Anand Sivakumaran Jay Dixit Anu Malik
Raju Singh
Vishesh Films
2006 Woh Lamhe September 29 Mahesh Bhatt Shagufta Rafique Sayeed Quadri
Neelesh Mishra
Roop Kumar Rathod
Vishesh Films
2007 Awarapan June 29 Shagufta Rafique Shagufta Rafique Sayeed Quadri
Asif Ali Baig
Annie Khalid
Pritam Vishesh Films
2009 Raaz – The Mystery Continues January 23 YesY Shagufta Rafique Shagufta Rafique Sayeed Quadri
Raju Singh
Toshi Sharib
Gourov Dasgupta
Vishesh Films
2010 Crook: It's Good To Be Bad October 8 YesY Ankur Tewari Ankur Tewari Kumaar
Babbal Rai
Pritam Vishesh Films
2011 Murder 2 July 8 Mahesh Bhatt Shagufta Rafique Mithoon Sharma
Sayeed Quadri
Mithoon Sharma
Harshit Saxena
Vishesh Films
2013 Aashiqui 2 April 26 Shagufta Rafique Irshad Kamil
Ankit Tiwari
Sandeep Nath
Mithoon Sharma
Ankit Tiwari
Jeet Ganguly
Vishesh Films
Super Cassettes Industries Limited
2014 The Villain June 27 Tushar Hiranandani Balaji Motion Pictures
2014 Hamari Adhuri Kahaani November 7 Vishesh Films
Fox STAR Studios
1. ^ Mohit Suri talks about his sequel to Raaz Radio Sargam.
2. ^
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33142 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A "rageaholic", or "anger addict", is a person who gets excited by expressing rage, or a person prone to extreme anger with little or no provocation.[1] While "rageaholic" is not a formal medical diagnosis, it has been developed as a lay psychology term by counselors and anger-management groups seeking to help people who are chronically angry and who compulsively express fits of rage. There are also 12-step programs for dealing with rageaholics, such as Rageaholics Anonymous in Los Angeles, California, United States (US).[2]
Origin of term[edit]
The word "rageaholic" is patterned after terms such as "alcoholic" and "workaholic", and the condition is called "rageaholism". The term is relatively rare compared to the older term "alcoholic"; that is, 30 major online dictionaries on the Internet define alcoholic, whereas few include "rageaholic" as a valid term.[3]
Potential triggers and coping skills[edit]
Once an alcoholic takes that first drink, their chances of getting drunk increase exponentially. Once a rageaholic expresses their anger, their chances of throwing a tantrum also increase exponentially. Rageaholics Anonymous advises, "Abstaining completely from acting on anger is the only answer for a rageaholic."[4] The following are things that can be done right now to avoid expressing the anger and opening the door to another rageaholic episode.[4]
• Take responsibility: Regardless of what triggered it, acting on the anger is dangerous for everyone around. It is time to stop blaming others for the rageaholism.[4]
• Score the anger: Each time they start to lose their tempers, it is useful to score how angry they are on a one-to-ten scale. When they reach a 5 or more, they can try some new behaviors. (See below.)[4]
• Interrupting: The quickest way to escalate a situation is to talk over someone. Even if they interrupted first, concentrating on not interrupting will help prevent a rageaholic episode.
• Staring: There is a huge difference between paying attention and glaring. When people stop staring to intimidate, it stops the cycle that escalates internal anger into acting out.
• Cursing: This is not a moral point. When people stop using profanity, they stop fanning the fire of their anger.
• Name-calling: It is just like cursing. When people stop using demeaning terms (like calling people "stupid" or "crazy"), they stop the expanding cycle of anger that could lead to a rageaholic slip.
• Threatening: People use threats to manipulate and control others. A threat usually implies "I will leave you or hurt you." It plays to other's insecurities, usually escalates their feelings and, moreover, takes the anger up a notch.
• Pointing: Note the cliche, "When we point at someone else, we have three fingers pointing back at ourselves." There is the opportunity to stop blaming others for anger problems.
• Yelling: When people yell, raise their voices, or talk in a mean tone, they fuel their own anger. Many are unaware when they start to raise their voices. People should ask others to respond when the volume is rising and thank them.
• Sarcasm: Using sarcasm and mocking others is a way of expressing anger and humiliating people they care about.
• Throwing things: When people throw things, slam doors, or bang walls, they intimidate others and escalate their anger. It is time for them to stop physically showing their anger.[4]
• Touching: When people touch, hold, or push someone in anger, they are committing a crime. Even if they claim it is self-defense, aggressive touching must stop. A very high percentage of caregivers deluded into thinking they are superior are guilty of this crime.[4]
• Hero stories: When people recount angry events with themselves as the hero, they get to re-feel those powerful angry feelings, fueling the addiction and seeming to justify those actions. It is important to take responsibility for the anger, not glorify it.[4]
• Eye-rolling: People can communicate disgust and anger, non-verbally, by rolling their eyes, sighing or making mouth noises. By doing so, that can often raise the level of animosity by inflaming the other person. It is important to recognize what is being done and abstain from doing it.
• Criticizing: It is not a responsibility to help everyone with anything they haven't asked for help or advice on. Criticizing and lecturing are no longer on the "to do" list.[4]
• Angry driving: Speeding, angry horn honking, cutting people off, and yelling at other drivers, are major ways to keep anger bubbling. Reformed addicts attempt to drive in a relaxed manner, regardless of how others are driving.[4]
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Rageaholic" in Webster's New Millennium of English, Preview Edition (v0.9.7), 2003–2008, Lexico Publishing Co., webpage: Dcom-rageaholic
2. ^ "Rageaholics Anonymous Stopping the Anger Cycle", adapted from Newton Hightower's Anger Busting 101, Rageaholics Anonymous in Los Angeles, 2007
3. ^ "alcoholic - OneLook Dictionary Search", OneLook Dictionary Search, 2008, webpage: OneLook-alcoholic.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j adapted from Newton Hightower's Anger Busting 101.
External links[edit]
• Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v0.9.7), 2003–2007, Lexico Publishing, Co., webpage: Dcom-rageaholic. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33143 | Special Occasion (The Miracles album)
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(Redirected from Special Occasion (Miracles album))
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Special Occasion
Studio album by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles
Released August 1968
Recorded 1968
Genre Soul
Length 32:23
Label Tamla
Producer Smokey Robinson
Norman Whitfield
Smokey Robinson & the Miracles chronology
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Special Occasion
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 3/5 stars [1]
Special Occasion is an album by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles released in 1968. It contains three Top 40 hits: "If You Can Want", "Yester Love", and "Special Occasion". Also included are versions of the Motown hits "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" and "Everybody Needs Love" (both made popular by Gladys Knight & The Pips) and The Beatles' "Yesterday". The album's biggest hit was the uptempo "If You Can Want", which just missed the Billboard Pop Top 10,peaking at # 11,and was performed by the group on their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1968 . The Miracles were actually the first group to record "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", before the later hit versions by Marvin Gaye and Gladys Knight & the Pips were done, although the master used on this album is a re-recorded version prepared following the release of the Pips' version.This album also includes the popular Miracles regional hit "B" sides, Much Better Off (which inspired a cover version by late rapper J Dilla), and Give Her Up .
Track listing[edit]
Side one[edit]
1. "Yester Love" (Smokey Robinson, Al Cleveland)
2. "If You Can Want" (Robinson)
3. "Special Occasion" (Robinson, Cleveland)
4. "Everybody Needs Love" (Norman Whitfield, Edward Holland, Jr.)
5. "Just Losing You" (Robinson)
6. "Give Her Up" (Robinson)
Side two[edit]
1. "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (Whitfield, Barrett Strong)
2. "Yesterday" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)
3. "Your Mother's Only Daughter" (Robinson, Cleveland)
4. "Much Better Off" (Smokey Robinson, Warren Moore)
5. "You Only Build Me Up To Tear Me Down" (Robinson)
Personnel: The Miracles[edit]
Other Credits[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33145 | Template talk:Mathematics-footer
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Statistics or Mathematical statistics?[edit]
Although much of the theoretical foundations of statistics are built on probability theory and other mathematical fields, I believe many statisticians feel that statistics is no longer simply a part of mathematics. I changed the Statistics link to Mathematical statistics to reflect this, and gave some justification in the edit summary. User:Fropuff effectively reverted my edit, giving no reason.
My version is similar in spirit to some of the other links here. For example, we link to Probability theory, not Probability; Optimization (mathematics), not Operations research; and Mathematical logic, not Logic. Abbreviated forms are used for the last two. I will do something similar and change the Statistics link to Mathematical statistics, abbreviated as Statistics. If you think it should be changed back, please discuss your reasons here first.
-- Avenue 13:19, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
Don't be ridiculous. When someone clicks on Statistics in this box they expect to see an article on statistics (which is still a branch of mathematics the last time I checked). The article on mathematical statistics needs to be listed for an AfD (IMHO). -- Fropuff 18:38, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
I agree that the article on mathematical statistics isn't in a good state. However I believe mathematical statistics was one of the major intellectual triumphs of the 20th century, so I'd prefer to see the article improved rather than deleted.
Comments like "Don't be ridiculous" don't help the debate much, in my opinion. Your position that Statistics shouldn't link to mathematical statistics seems inconsistent with your apparent acceptance of other links in the template. For example, when someone clicks on Logic here they get to see an article on Mathematical logic, not Logic. Do you feel this should be changed as well? Part of my reason for linking Statistics to mathematical statistics was that I wasn't sure if you were objecting to me not using this style of aggressive abbreviation, because your edit summary was silent on the issue. On this broader point, I note that User:Lethe has since reverted my last edit without comment (as part of a wider edit). This doesn't help us understand his reasons for doing so. Everyone, please make your summaries of edits on this topic more specific while it's being debated here.
On statistics being a branch of mathematics, did you check with someone who knows a lot about statistics (and not just mathematical statistics)? I'll quote the first sentence from Moore and Cobb (2000), Statistics and Mathematics: Tension and Cooperation, American Mathematical Monthly, pp. 615-630 pdf. (Moore is a past president of the American Statistical Association.)
The rest of this paper's lead paragraph gives further support to my argument that we should link to mathematical statistics, not simply statistics, as do the reasons listed here. -- Avenue 11:56, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
Since no disagreement with my last post has been expressed over the last few days, I will change the template to link to Mathematical statistics again. -- Avenue 02:39, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
too many[edit]
This list is inconsistent. Why do we separate geometry from differential geometry but not topology from differential topology? We could write in the 3 or 4 branches of topology, but I'd prefer to merge the two branches of geometry. Of course, before that happens, we have to make sure that the article geometry actually mentions differential geometry. At the moment, it does not. I would also like to see numerical analysis, functional analysis, calculus, and differential equations all fall under analysis. And linear algebra and abstract algebra (and maybe category theory as well, but maybe not) all go under algebra. Hmm... this all sounds like a lot of work. Maybe for the moment, it would be better to just split topology. -lethe talk 20:50, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
I did it, but now I'm afraid of escalation. I feel bad about leaving out algebraic geometry, for example. -lethe talk 20:59, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
Oops, apparently differential topology and differential geometry both redirect to differential geometry and topology. That's a bunch of crap though, if you ask me. -lethe talk 21:02, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
identity crisis[edit]
This template seems to have any identity crisis. It seems to me that there are three (different but related) questions it could be trying to answer:
1. What are the major brances of elementary mathematics?
2. What are the major areas of (contemporary) mathematical inquiry?
3. What are the major theories of mathematics?
In some cases, there is no problem (probability is a good answer to all three!). But overall, it seems to answer some combination of the three of these. I think it might be more useful if it were more focused. For example, it has appears to include algebra, set theory, logic, calculus, differential equations and linear algebra because every undergraduate in a mathematical field learns something about this. They are answers to the first question, but they would be subsumed in abstract algebra, analysis, functional analysis and foundations of mathematics. I mean, it seems weird to see algebraic geometry and algebraic topology in there, doesn't it, when it is something that many people in serious math programs don't learn about until grad school? –Joke 14:26, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
A relevant discussion...[edit]
... with regards to this navigational box is currently taking place at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Mathematics#Navigational_templates Tompw 21:40, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
Category theory[edit]
I added category theory, if set theory is there, category theory should be there too. Set theory and Category theory are certainly the two fundamental revolutions of the XXth century in Mathematics. Cenarium (talk) 17:20, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
As a professional mathematician, I have to protest the inclusion of category theory as a major field. There are only a handful of serious category theorists working in major research departments, whereas there are scores of set theorists. What are the major theorems in category theory? I can't think of any, although I can think of a great many major theorems in branches of mathematics other than my own. (talk) 01:43, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
Knot theory[edit]
Where does this fit in? Also, I think calculus should be split off from its parenthetical position "within" Analytics Analysis. It goes beyond that. —Anonymous DissidentTalk 08:06, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
It's not analytics. It's called analysis which is mathematical jargon for the study of concepts involving limits. Calculus does not go beyond analysis. Calculus is analysis. I've changed it to Analysis/Calculus. Charvest (talk) 07:54, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
Sorry, slip of the mind. —Anonymous DissidentTalk 08:01, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
Also the template at present is about the most major fields. If we are going to include things like knot theory then the template should really be expanded to include all the subdisciplines of each area. Charvest (talk) 07:58, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
Why should algebra have three subfields mentioned, then? —Anonymous DissidentTalk 08:00, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
Well no categorization is perfect, but I think the point of that is mainly to distinguish elementary algebra amd abstract algebra. Mathematicians often refer to abstract algebra simply as algebra and elementary algebra as arithmetic. Charvest (talk) 08:06, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
Proposed changes[edit]
Arithmetic and trigonometry should be removed - these are by no means "major fields" in mathematics (I've removed them).
Also, I think that a section should be made for differential equations (ordinary and partial), separate from "analysis/calculus" (this one seems to containt to may distinct fields). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Neworder1 (talkcontribs) 20:40, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
Comparison with Applied Mathematics template[edit]
Could this template be improved by adopting the hierarchical organization of the Applied Mathematics template?
I would suggest (roughly) following the MSC classification system.
• Foundations & (Mathematical) Logic
• Algebra
• Analysis
• Topology & Geometry:
• Applied Mathematics: Main topics (left-hand side categories) from the AM template.
This division, using the MSC, seems to be the best available (one-dimensional) hierarchy, and does reflect the organization of the mathematical sciences' review journals. Thanks, Kiefer.Wolfowitz (talk) 16:40, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
Pure Mathematics template[edit]
This is a rough suggestion. Kiefer.Wolfowitz (talk) 17:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
Basic mathematics[edit]
It would be good to create another template for "Basic Mathematics" with
• topics Basic algebra, Euclidean geometry, trigonometry, Calculus, linear algebra, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, Fourier analysis, probability, statistics, discrete mathematics, logic, combinatorics, operations research
• Modeling and simulation: Mathematical models, Scientific computing,
• Statistics: experiment, surveys, analyzing data, etc.
Thanks. Kiefer.Wolfowitz (talk) 17:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33146 | The Western Lands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Western Lands
1987 Viking Press hardcover edition.
Author William S. Burroughs
Country United States
Language English
Series Cities of the Red Night trilogy
Genre Novel
Publisher Viking Press
Publication date
Media type Print (Hardcover and Paperback)
Pages 258 pp
ISBN 0-670-81352-4
OCLC 15790818
Dewey Decimal 813/.54 19
LC Class PS3552.U75 W47 1987
Preceded by The Place of Dead Roads
The Western Lands by William S. Burroughs, published in 1987, is a novel which is the final part of the trilogy that begins with Cities of the Red Night and The Place of Dead Roads. The title refers to the western bank of the Nile River, which in Egyptian mythology is the Land of the Dead. Inspired by the Egyptian Book of the Dead, it explores the after-death state by means of dream scenarios, hallucinatory passages, talismanic magic, occultism, superstition, and Burroughs’ characteristic view of the nature of reality.
The prose is notable in that it shifts back and forth between Burroughs' characters and episodes clearly drawn from his own life. Scenes that are unmistakably auto-biographical include vignettes where Burroughs takes out evidence of amphetamine prescription bottles his mother gave him to sink with a large stone at the bottom of Lake Worth, Florida. The bottles were evidence his mother found in her grandson’s, Burroughs' own son's, bedroom. While Burroughs is ankle deep in the water, his aged mother is stalling police investigators in her home. Yet the novel also dives backwards into ancient history, giving the plot a perspective on death that attempts to transcend Christian theology. Burroughs acknowledges being inspired by Norman Mailer’s Ancient Evenings, an expansive novel published in 1983 about ancient Egypt set a thousand years before Christianity. Nevertheless, there are unmistakable references to contemporary culture, for instance Mick Jagger appears in some episodes.
Despite the narrative challenge of the historical framework, the novel is often regarded as Burroughs' best late work and a gratifying culminating episode of the Cities trilogy. According to The Guardian, it is his best work after Naked Lunch.[1] In his review for the New York Times, Jonathan Baumbach labels the novel as "not an easy work to like" and "offers us a vision that is viscerally unpleasant and often repellent", but yet finds the work to be a success and hold the trilogy to be "a comic meditation on death".[2] Both Baumbach and Burroughs' biographer Ted Morgan emphasize that Burroughs, in the guise of various characters, is trying to "write his way out of death".[3]
Bill Laswell's Material collaborated with Burroughs to produce the 1989 album Seven Souls, wherein Burroughs recites passages exclusively from this book to musical accompaniment. The album was reissued in 1997 with 3 bonus remixes. In 1998, an additional unreleased six remixes (plus one previously released) were introduced on the album The Road To The Western Lands.
1. ^ Guardian Unlimited. "Books" William S. Burroughs. The Guardian and Media Limited 2007. (Accessed 12 May 2007).
2. ^ Baumbach, Jonathan (January 3, 1988), "Joe the Dead Seeks Immortality", New York Times
3. ^ Morgan, Ted (1988), Literary Outlaw: The Life and Times of William S. Burroughs, H. Holt, ISBN 9780712650403 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33147 | You are here
NDAA Section 3116 Waste Determinations with Related Disposal Performance Assessments
Section 3116 of the Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 authorizes the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, to reclassify certain waste from reprocessing spent nuclear fuel from high-level waste to low-level waste if it meets the criteria set forth in Section 3116. Section 3116 is currently only applicable to Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and the Savannah River Site (SRS). The other two DOE sites with similar waste (residuals remaining after cleaning out tanks and equipment that held liquid high-level waste) are Office of River Protection and the West Valley Demonstration Project. These sites are developing Waste Incidental to Reprocessing determinations under DOE’s own authority, DOE Order 435.1.
Two Waste Determinations were made by the Secretary of Energy. The Secretary issued the SRS Salt Waste Determination on January 17, 2006. This is a facility that mixes the low-activity portion separated from the liquid high-level waste with cement and disposes of the cement in on-site vaults. The residual waste in the tank systems at the INL, Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) Tank Farm Facility (TFF) was signed by the Secretary on November 19, 2006. Eleven of the fifteen tanks in the TFF were filled with stabilizing grout and the remaining will be grouted when empty of waste.
3116 Waste Determinations Public Meetings and Generic Technical Issues Summaries
Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center Tank Farm Facility
Salt Waste Disposal at the Savannah River Site
Tank Farms at the Savannah River Site |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33152 | IUCN threat status:
Not evaluated
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The genus Centris contains over 110 species of large apid bees occurring from Kansas to Argentina. A number of these bees possess adaptations for carrying floral oils rather than (or in addition to) pollen or nectar.
The mating system of one species, C. pallida, has been particularly well-researched by the behavioral ecologist John Alcock; the entomologist Adolpho Ducke also studied this genus.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33162 | QA:Testcase intelvideo compositing manager
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This test case tests whether compositing_manger setting of metacity is successful with the Intel video driver, with kernel mode setting enabled. You must be using a video adapter supported by the driver, and Fedora 11 or later (or Rawhide from any time after mid-February 2009).
How to test
4. Run gconf-editor (yum install gconf-editor)
5. Follow apps->metacity->general from navigation toolbar left, check 'compositing_manager' checkbox. See whether everything works fine.
Expected Results
1. The graphical desktop should be displayed correctly when 'compositing_manager' is checked
2. With metacity's compositing enabled, window shadows and ALT-TAB with window screenshots should be displayed correctly. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33179 | AnimeSuki Forums
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Old 2008-07-26, 01:31 Link #1
Darren Garrison
Junior Member
Join Date: Nov 2003
Old Japanese art scrolls and Yokai
I found a link to a Japanese site exhibiting giant scans of scrolls, many of them featuring yokai and other things from Japanese folklore (an interest of mine) but iewable only in a tiny window that you have to-- uh-- scroll through to see all parts of the images. I've been tediously reconstructing the whole scrolls by zooming it to full magnification, screencapping each segment of the scroll, and patching them all together again in Photoshop. For smaller scrolls, I have managed to do as many as 3 a day, and for larger scrolls, it has taken as much as 3 days per scroll. Since I'm putting so much work into patching them together, I'd like for anyone with an interest in the subject to know where to find them. It is an ongoing project with more scrolls to come, but here is what I've done so far:
Plus a few more scrolls and Japanese items in my documents:
(Not an ad, I'm in no way compensated for any of this).
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Old 2008-07-26, 02:10 Link #2
Obey the Darkly Cute ...
Join Date: Dec 2005
Age: 56
Fascinating stuff, particularly for those with an interest in supernatural lore of Japan.
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Old 2008-07-26, 03:04 Link #3
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Location: East Cupcake
Some beautiful artwork here, especially the interplay of fore-, mid-, and background images. I only wish I could have read the text better so that I could understand the story .
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33180 | Two batteries after kernel update
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Two batteries after kernel update
Postby Kaar3l on Sun Jan 09, 2011 4:28 pm
On default LMDE install everything was normal, gnome power manager showed me just one battery that I have in my laptop. I compiled 2.6.37 kernel and after that it shows now:
Laptop battery (100.0%)
Laptop battery (0.0%)
I remove battery and the gnome power manager disappears.
How could I remove that 0.0& battery?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33193 | We're not at all surprised that pint-sized Kid Nation genius Jared (or someone he's contracted to front his e-commerce operation) is indulging a precocious entrepreneurial streak; not only is he auctioning off one of the limited edition, hand-crafted Bonanza City necklaces he can be seen making in a late October episode (subversive product placement!), he's also trying to flip the Wii CBS gave him so he can buy some other games. If he wasn't already our Nation favorite, he certainly is now. [eBay, eBay via Paul Scheer] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33194 | David Spade and Matthew McConaughey Probably Just Too Into Themselves To Wrap It Up
Right off the bat, let's get something straight. We are ALL for pre-marital sex. In fact, if pre-marital sex didn't exist, well ... we don't even want to think about a world where pre-marital sex doesn't exist. But really (and we ask this out of curiousity more than anything else), does anyone else find Hollywood's recent spate of high profile out-of-wedlock baby announcements the least bit peculiar? We know the WGA strike has freed up a lot of time for a lot of us, but that doesn't explain why notoriously toxic bachelors like David Spade and Matthew McConaughey decided to throw caution (and their condoms) to the wind. So then, what can we attribute this (sorta joyous!) news to? As with most of ills permeating our society these days, we're gonna place the blame squarely on the shoulders of Juno.
Just kidding, Diablo! We don't blame you. We blame Judd Apatow. But then again, we don't really blame him, either. The truth of the matter is this: we haven't really fully formulated a hypothesis as to why this is happening. We have just noticed that it IS happening at a much-higher rate than it has during the entire time we've been blogging. Admittedly, as far as the Scientific Method is concerned, we're only on Step 2 of an eight-step process. Which means we have miles to go before we sleep. But just like the Katie Holmes Marathon Conspiracy, we WILL get to the bottom of this. Of this you can be assured. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33196 | Al Sharpton joined Jon Stewart on The Daily Show tonight. When the subject turned to Occupy Wall Street, Sharpton expressed his support for the movement, but Stewart wasn't quite as enthusiastic, taking issue with some of the protesters' attention-getting theatrics. Stewart also wondered about where Occupy Wall Street goes from here. "What they've done there is so unusual that it can't be ignored," Stewart started. But now that they've managed to capture the world's attention, we're left asking, "When are you going to change the world for us?" |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33200 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is it possible to dynamically construct a Map Algebra expression that is dependent on the output of another tool, either using model builder or arcpy? For example, say I have a model that performs a raster reclassification that has a list of raster inputs and their respective outputs, i.e.
rasterOne -> reclassification -> outputRasterOne
rasterTwo -> reclassification -> outputRasterTwo
EDIT: To clarify, the number of input rasters is not known and therefore the number and names of the output rasters are not either. Because of this, I cannot hardcode them into the map algebra expression.
I would then want the map algebra expression to be similar to:
%"outputRasterOne"% + %"outputRasterTwo"% + ...
Example Model
share|improve this question
I am stuck with the similar problem but couldn't understand how to implement the FOR loop in the map algebra. Can someone revise the answer please. – Uttam Paudel Jul 13 '13 at 15:26
It would be advisable to ask a new question and provide a link to this one. You should provide your current code for the best response. – Baskinomics Jul 14 '13 at 16:35
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I've accomplished this in .NET by declaring optional inputs and then using an IF statement to decide whether or not to add additional rasters.
Public Function CalculateMapAlgebra(ByVal sMapAlgebra As String, ByVal R1 As IGeoDataset, Optional ByVal R2 As IGeoDataset = Nothing, Optional ByVal R3 As IGeoDataset = Nothing) As IRaster
'Bind a raster
pMapAlgebraOp.BindRaster(R1, "R1")
If Not R2 Is Nothing Then
pMapAlgebraOp.BindRaster(R2, "R2")
End If
If Not R3 Is Nothing Then
pMapAlgebraOp.BindRaster(R3, "R3")
End If
Dim rasOut As IRaster = pMapAlgebraOp.Execute(sMapAlgebra)
return rasOut
End Function
You have to do some fiddling with the input Map Algebra string (sMapAlgebra in my example) so that the optional parameters are either included or excluded. I do this outside of the method above, but you could create the string based on the IF statement. If you have a known limit to the number of input rasters (e.g. 3) you could just create 3 possible strings and choose one based on the number of actual parameters. However, this solution becomes bulky if you have many (say... > 10) possible input rasters.
In the same way you could determine the number of output parameters (e.g. IF you have 3 input rasters create 3 associated output rasters, maybe by appending "out" to the raster name, e.g. "R1_out" in my example. You could just create these inside of the conditional statement.
share|improve this answer
The number of input rasters will not be known. To be more precise, how can I use a conditional statement using ArcPy or ModelBuilder to construct the map algebra expression. – Baskinomics Oct 19 '11 at 23:03
You could get a count of the number of rasters when the script is to be run and then write a statement to write the map algebra calculation string(e.g. append output paths to a string) using a FOR loop. For example, 'for each raster create a complimentary output raster and append its path to the MapAlgebra string'. – Radar Oct 19 '11 at 23:11
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33201 | DATA DESTRUCTION TOUR 2005What form of entertainment could possibly be better than a concert of electronic music coming from Gameboys and NESs? Absolutely nothing actually, and the DATA DESTRUCTION TOUR 2005 is set to kick off March 11th in New York. Tour stops include Boston, Detroit, Chicago, Philly, and a final closer in New York on the 20th. If you are even remotely interested in electronic music driven by the handheld and console that introduced the world to real video games, be sure to check it out. This also gives me an opportunity to remind everyone that Japan is not the only country in the world that capitalizes every letter in music tour names.(Thanks, nullsleep!) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33202 | Sling Steps Outside With SlingPlayer Mobile for Symbian S60S
SlingPlayer mobile, the app that lets you watch all your TV shows on your cellphone streamed from your SlingBox, has just launched in the US for $29, Canada for $34, and the UK for £19. It's the same basic functionality—although this has streaming support over 3G and/or Wi-Fi and landscape fullscreen support—but now supporting Nokia N95, N75, and E65. Good news for N95 users as well, as Sling's going to provide the client free to all owners. Now there's absolutely no excuse to cry spoiler alert when people talk about Heroes the next morning if you can watch it while you drive to work. [Slingmedia] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33246 | Mind games and mysteries abound in Isaac Asimov's Second FoundationS
The Mule has disrupted Hari Seldon's plan, and nothing can save the Foundation. Unless — yes! There's another Foundation, hidden away at Star's End. Or is there? Let's find out, as we dig into Second Foundation, by Isaac Asimov.
Welcome to day three of Foundation Week, brought to you by Blogging the Hugos. On Monday, we looked at Isaac Asimov's classic Foundation, and yesterday we covered Foundation and Empire. Now we're on to 1953's Second Foundation.
(Spoilers follow.)
JW: So now we come to the last book in the original Foundation Trilogy — and, as I mentioned last time, my favorite of the whole series. I think in some ways it's kind of a silly favorite — if we had to argue it in front of a group of literary critics, anyway, I imagine you could make a stronger case for the worthiness of Foundation and Empire. But I can't help it.
I just — I recall the first time I read the Foundation series, and the thrill I got when I realized we'd be learning more about the mysterious Second Foundation, so glancingly, alluringly alluded to in "The Psychohistorians" and "The Encyclopedists," from the first book. I don't know what it is (and I'm sure it isn't at all unique to me), but I just love when a story hints at something early on, almost offhandedly, and then lets it percolate in the back of your brain for a while. It's the same feeling I got when Jabba the Hutt appeared in the flabby flesh in Return of the Jedi, after having been simply a shapeless, ominous name in A New Hope. It's the same feeling I got when Destruction showed up in Sandman. Suddenly, a mysterious locked door — a door you passed by and had almost forgotten about — swings open.
Also — well, I had better say something about the story here, before I keep going. Like Foundation and Empire, Second Foundation consists of two stories, the first one long but not crazy-lengthy, the second really a novella. The first one was originally called "Now You See It — " and is here titled "Search by the Mule," and that latter moniker sums up the plot precisely concisely.
The Mule, whom we met at the end of Foundation and Empire, has used his ability to control emotions to conquer much of the galaxy, drawing a vast swath of planets into his Union of Worlds. He rules as First Citizen from the planet Kalgan.
His power is nearly unlimited, but one thorn sticks in his side: The Mule has never been able to find the Second Foundation, since Bayta Darell killed the psychologist Ebling Mis just as Mis was on the verge of revealing its location. And so he reigns in mild but constant paranoia, hiding, sure that the Second Foundation is maneuvering against him in secret, to knock him off his throne and restore Hari Seldon's plan for a Second Galactic Empire.
For years now, Captain Han Pritcher, whom we met in Foundation and Empire, and who is now a devoted Converted servant of the Mule, has searched for the Second Foundation for his master. When "Search by the Mule" opens, Pritcher is convinced that the Second Foundation must be a myth; it could never hide itself so well. But the Mule remains sure it's out there, and to find it, he assigns a bright young man whom he hasn't Converted, Bail Channis, to help Pritcher look. The Mule's logic is that when he subjects otherwise intelligent folk like Pritcher to emotional control, they lose a key sense of initiative; his hope is that the Unconverted Channis still has that necessary sense, and that it will push him to succeed where Pritcher has failed.
Where "Search by the Mule" gets silly is in its First Interlude, at the end of the first chapter. This is when we meet the Second Foundation, and it is simply so ridiculous that it is glorious.
When Hari Seldon set up the first Foundation, he didn't include any psychologists in its population, because for the science of psychohistory to function, its subjects can't have any knowledge of how their own actions might influence the course of events. As it turns out, though, the Second Foundation consists entirely of scientists studying psychology. And though their understanding of the physical sciences is weak, over the centuries they have honed their mental abilities to a razor-keen edge.
In the broad strokes that compose the Foundation universe, this means, for example, that when two Second Foundationers have a conversation, they barely speak — instead, they can communicate whole paragraphs simply by raising an eyebrow, or quirking their mouths, or lifting a finger just so. "Speech as known to us was unnecessary," writes Asimov in his description of them. "A fragment of a sentence amounted almost to long-winded redundancy. A gesture, a grunt, the curve of a facial line — even a significantly timed pause yielded informational juice." And so Asimov begs our forgiveness: Since it is impossible to actually replicate a Second Foundation conversation in print, he must settle for translating it into the unwieldy mechanism of verbal dialogue.
There is no better word for this than silly. But what a wonderful silliness. And Asimov makes it crystal clear, while maintaining a perfectly straight face, that he is in on the joke, and because it's such a fun joke, we go with him willingly, eagerly.
AW: The Second Foundation is a great concept — I just think it took Asimov a few tries to get it right, and I'd argue it actually isn't until Foundation's Edge that Asimov is able to fully move the idea beyond the silliness he introduces in "Search by the Mule." You've made a few literary comparisons to describe your response to the Second Foundation, and I'd like to advance an even geekier one that I picked up on while rereading Second Foundation. This mysterious group of godlike psychologists reminded me a lot of how the classic Doctor Who tried to move the Time Lords from vague backstory to omnipotent guardians of the universe and then finally to characters in their own right. Right now, we're somewhere between omnipotent guardians and actual characters, and that's a deeply strange place to be. Indeed, the need to maintain the sense of mystery ultimately makes their scenes a bit silly and tedious.
I'm afraid I don't much share your enthusiasm for the Second Foundationers in "Search by the Mule." Indeed, "Search by the Mule" just generally seems like a bit of a placeholder between two first-tier Asimov stories, a way to rather unceremoniously write the Mule out of the series. Much as I love Han Pritcher, his Converted incarnation is a tricky protagonist to really connect with. Obviously, this is by design, but it's not even that Han Pritcher doubts his loyalty to the Mule — he's doubting his capacity to doubt his loyalty to the Mule. It's a lot of second derivative characterization, so to speak, and I just found it tough to be all that interested in it.
I also have a more basic issue with "Search by the Foundation" — everything seems like a bit of a waste of time. Bail Channis identifies the faraway planet of Tazenda as the location of the Second Foundation, because it has a somewhat strange geopolitical history, it's sort of (but not really) on the other side of the galaxy from Terminus, and it sort of sounds like "Star's End," which Hari Seldon said was the site of the Second Foundation all those years ago. That's a transparently unconvincing argument, and all the Second Foundation stuff makes it clear this is all some great misdirect. I doubt Asimov intended readers to seriously assume Tazenda was the Second Foundation...but the problem is that Han Pritcher and Bail Channis seem to think just that. So we're left with a lot of slow, bureaucratic scenes on Tazenda's client planet Rossem, and it's hard to shake the notion that this is all pointless. At least "The General" had the good sense to keep Lathan Devers and Ducem Barr's pointless heroics confined to a couple of pages.
Of course, like with pretty much all the post-Mule Foundation stories, there's a big plot twist coming. In fact, I think there's about three or four of them that Asimov crams into a very hectic final couple of chapters that, if nothing else, shows off some rather audacious plotting. But I'm starting to feel a bit curmudgeonly towards my favorite author, so I think I'll turn the mic over to you. Can you — at the risk of a truly dreadful pun — convert me on "Search by the Mule"?
JW: Uh, probably not. No, I totally recognize the numerous flaws in this story — it's as much a Rube Goldberg device as it is a piece of fiction, maybe more so. Asimov pretty obviously worked backward from the effect he desired, and every stage of "Search by the Mule" is so visibly contrived; you can feel the plot twists coming from that first interlude where we meet the Second Foundation. In fact, there's very little to compel the reader to keep going except that sense that a tremendous reveal lies ahead. (Like you say, Pritcher isn't a great character here; neither is Channis. The only at-all-delightful figure is the Mule, who radiates a sort of Ben Linus charm.)
The only thing I can say in its defense as a story is that (mild spoiler here) the Rube Goldberg–ness makes sense, since everything boils down to a Second Foundation plan to draw out the Mule and nullify the threat he poses. That is: If the story's plot seems very lockstep, that's basically because all of the characters' behaviors have been anticipated and rigorously cultivated by the Second Foundation. I don't think that excuses it, necessarily. But it is what it is. The original title is "Now You See It — " after all, and I enjoy the story as a magic trick more than as outstanding literah-toooohr.
Here's the other thing I like about it, although I don't think this lifts it out of the placeholder status you (probably accurately) ascribe to it: It expands on the idea of emotional control. Basically, it says, OK, psychic powers are part of the Foundation universe.
I mean, up till now, with the exception of the Mule, who was supposed to be a total aberration, there has not been any truly fantastic element in the Foundation stories. Yeah, sure, there's psychohistory, of course — but although it's fascinating as a concept, it is still at its root just math. (And terribly complex math, at that — running through any discussion of it is an undercurrent that says, "If this were real, you wouldn't be smart enough to understand it, folks.") And then there are spaceships and blasters. Which are awfully mundane. No one, given the chance to enact a single solitary science-fiction trope in real life, would say, "I want to ride in a spaceship!" or "I want to shoot a laser!" Not with teleportation and invisibility and actual flying, among many other options, to choose from.
But telepathy? Controlling minds? That sounds fun. And as we'll see in Foundation's Edge, "mentalics" quickly become central to the series' overall story arc. Without them, Asimov just could not have broached the big questions he raises at the end of that book. (I also think it's kind of cool that there's some internal consistency in his mythos, even if he wasn't aiming for it at the time. If I'm not mistaken, the robot stories eschew any sort of fantastical elements, too — outside, of course, of the development of robots — except for the odd little "Liar!" which features, yes, psychic powers.)
But we should move on to "Search by the Foundation" (originally titled " — And Now You Don't"), which, as should be apparent, details the original Foundation's attempts to uncover their more mentally proficient counterparts. Our heroine is one Miss Arcadia — ahem, Arkady, please — Darell, granddaughter of Bayta from "The Mule," and daughter of a researcher leading a secret movement against the Second Foundation.
I'll probably get denied that teaching job for saying so, but every time I look at the cover of my Del Rey 1989 edition of Second Foundation, I fall a little bit in love with Arkady. I know, I know — she's fourteen. But she could totally pass for seventeen and a half in the illustration. Anyway, chalk it up to a dearth of available women in this series so far, and more so, to the fact that she is such a trip — overconfident and impetuous, but witty and awfully smart for a kid.
Now I have to give Asimov some big ups for how he kicks off this story. One of the minor issues with the original Foundation Trilogy is that, because it's a collection of what were originally short stories, every single section has to recap what has come before. It's a testament to the smoothness of Asimov's writing that you barely notice this, despite the fact that in all the preceding stories, for the umpteenth time you find yourself hearing one character brief another on how Hari Seldon developed psychohistory and predicted the Empire's downfall and formed the Foundation to reduce 30,000 years of chaos to a single millennium and BLAH BLAH BLAH.
Anyway, Asimov manages to pack in the backstory pretty neatly in a few other stories (he actually made the necessity of the explanation a key plot point back in "The Merchant Princes"), but never so sweetly and ingeniously as here.
"Search by the Foundation" opens in Arkady's bedroom, where she is, naturally, dictating a report for school into a voice-transcriber. The subject? "The Future of Seldon's Plan."
I'm not going to excerpt the entire report here, but those readers who have read it will know that it is a pitch-perfect replication of an essay by a pretty smart 14-year-old with a flair for the epic: "But the question in the mind of most people today is whether this Plan will continue in all its great wisdom, or whether it will be foully destroyed, or, perhaps, has been so destroyed already."
IT IS ADORABLE. (There's also the great joke about fellow student Olynthus Dam.) And more than anything, it tells us that, OK, this will be a slightly different Foundation story from those that have come before.
AW: I only have a couple more idle thoughts to add about "Search by the Mule," and then we can get to the heart of the matter. The first is truly a trifle — but I must admit it's interesting to see characters named Han and Bail chasing after a bunch of mysterious, possibly nonexistent mental masters in the service of a deformed, rather wicked, would-be empire-builder with his own singular mental powers. I imagine it's all just a coincidence, but Asimov himself liked pointing out the superficial similarities between the Foundation and Star Wars universes, and I think "Search by the Mule" might manage to cram in the most random little future connections...not that, in all probability, there's anything actually to them.
Anyway, I do have one last, rather more substantial point I'd like to make. Rereading all the Foundation books once more, I do get the sense that Asimov was trying to do some things in that story — complex triple plot twists and mental wrestling, to name two — that were a bit outside his then comfort zone, and he needed some additional tries to get it right. The fiendishly complex multiple plot twists he executes to perfection in the very next story, but then there's all the mentalic stuff. The final mental wrestling match between the Mule and the First Speaker of the Second Foundation doesn't quite work, and such an important moment feels dreadfully like a couple men talking to each other in a hut, albeit using a very strange, completely incomprehensible language. I'll grant that it's a bold attempt, but this conceit wouldn't really be perfected until Foundation's Edge, if only because it isn't quite as front and center in the First Foundation-geared "Search by the Foundation."
But anyway, if we're going to talk comfort zones, then we really must talk about Isaac Asimov and women. In time, Asimov grew to be one of history's greatest admirers of the female gender — you'd have to be to write a book that's actually called The Sensuous Dirty Old Man, even in jest — but Asimov always admitted that as a young man, he knew precious little about women, and he published his first short story before his first actual romantic date. That's particularly apparent in his earliest writings — he admits this quite openly in The Early Asimov collection — and there's a very good argument to be made that his earliest female character of any note, the legendary roboticist Susan Calvin, was rather appallingly characterized in her first few appearances. (Check out "Liar" for some particularly cringe-worthy characterization, though it does get better very quickly.) The original book Foundation only features a single female character, but she's such a clichéd shrew that she isn't even really important enough to earn our full contempt. Bayta Darell is unquestionably a step in the right direction, but I wouldn't consider her one of the all-time great science-fiction characters.
My point is that if one were to guess, back in 1949, which science-fiction author would make a 14-year-old girl his protagonist in one of his most pivotal stories, I very much doubt one would guess Isaac Asimov. And even then, who would ever have guessed this 14-year-girl would be one of the best characters Asimov ever created? Even without knowing that much about the field, I'd still put her on the short list for science fiction's all-time greatest heroes. It's remarkable just how perfectly Asimov captures the occasionally obnoxious precociousness of the gifted teenager — something he had personal experience with, I'd wager — but he also folds in Arkady's romanticism and femininity without ever making them seem silly or stereotypical. It's a particularly remarkable achievement when you consider his earliest Foundation protagonist, Salvor Hardin, was little more than a bunch of pithy epigrams strung together.
Now, as for the story itself — it's pretty brilliant. This is probably the most varied view we ever get of the Foundation universe, as Asimov looks at life in the bland, boring suburbs (Arkady and her father's home on Terminus), the bustling metropolis of a pleasure planet (Kalgan), and rural isolation on the ghostly remnants of Trantor. "The Mule" also had its space opera moments, and the later Foundation and Earth is pretty much a full-on travelogue, but here we get the greatest sense of how varied the galaxy is, and how lots of different people can lead entirely different lives. There's also a ton of great characters here — obviously Arkady, but also the unlikely conspirators led by her father, Toran Darell II, and the brash young scientist Pelleas Anthor; the ruddy Trantorian farmer Preem Palver and his wife, who is only ever called "Mamma"; the latest First Citizen of Kalgan and the Mule's would-be successor, Lord Stettin, and his fawning consort, the Lady Callia (who rather awesomely insists on calling Stettin "Poochie"); and then even the First Speaker and his student back on the Second Foundation, who, even though we learn practically nothing about them until the very end of the story, are far better drawn than their counterparts in "Search by the Mule."
What I really appreciate about this story is that it makes all the emotional control business introduced back in "The Mule" start to make some actual sense. Asimov does this by introducing the big new Foundation science of electroneurology, which allows them to detect some of the subtle workings of the human brain. Mixed in with some more refined explanations about how language as we understand just shackles our minds behind a fog of imprecise verbiage that only approximates what our minds are trying to say and...yeah, I'm finally willing to get on board with all this mentalics business. For me, this retroactively improved my opinion of "The Mule" (though only slightly, because it was such a strong story anyway) and even "Search by the Mule." Take this passage:
Down — down — the results can be followed; and all the suffering that humanity ever knew can be traced to the one fact that no man in the history of the Galaxy, until Hari Seldon, and every few men thereafter, could really understand one another. Every human being lived behind an impenetrable wall of choking mist within which no other but he existed. Occasionally there were the dim signal from deep with the cavern in which another man was located — so that each might grope toward the other. Yet because they did not know one another, and could not understand one another, and dared not trust one another, and felt from infancy the terrors and insecurity of that ultimate isolation — there was the hunted fear of man for man, the savage rapacity of man toward man.
Feet, for tens of thousands of years, had clogged and shuffled in the mud — and held down the minds which, for an equal time, had been fit for the companionship of the stars. Grimly, Man had instinctively sought to circumvent the prison bars of ordinary speech. Semantics, symbolic logic, psychoanalysis — they had all been devices whereby speech could either be refined or by-passed. Psychohistory had been the development of mental science, the final mathematicization thereof, rather, which had finally succeeded. Through the development of the mathematics necessary to understand the facts of neural physiology and the electro-chemistry of the nervous system, which themselves had to be, had to be, traced down to nuclear forces, it first became possibly to truly develop psychology. And through the generalization of psychological knowledge from the individual to the group, sociology was mathematicized.
Sorry for the lengthy passage, but I wanted to share it all because Asimov takes the mental powers that seemed so arbitrary and disconnected in "The Mule" and he actually manages to seamlessly weave them not just into the Foundation series but into the entirety of human history. For the first time, mentalics doesn't just feel like a plot necessity to bring down the Foundation and regain some dramatic tension. It feels wholly natural, something in fact demanded by the world of the Foundation, and it's actually hard to imagine how this universe could even function without it. Considering how leery I was to the initial idea, that's pretty damn remarkable.
Still, for all my praise, I haven't even really mentioned the plot at all, which is really something of a masterpiece in and of itself. But I think I've nattered on more than long enough, so I hand things back to you.
JW: Ah, yes — the plot. Let me do this quickly:
Arkady's homework is interrupted by the appearance of a strange young man at her window. This is Pelleas Anthor, the newest member of the tiny resistance group Dr. Darell has assembled to root out the Second Foundation, so that the First Foundation can determine its own destiny. The resistance group meets, and Arkady eavesdrops on them with a listening device. The group decides to send one member, the stuttering librarian Homir Munn, to Kalgan, in the hope that the Mule's successor will give him access to old records that might help uncover the Second Foundation's location.
Munn takes off for Kalgan reluctantly — and Arkady stows away with him, without his or anyone else's knowledge. Even after he discovers her, Munn can't take her home, because doing so would attract greater attention from the Second Foundation, if it is in fact secretly watching. (The reason his trip wouldn't attract notice in the first place is that Munn is the galaxy's chief collector of Mule-related paraphernalia; it makes sense for him to be visiting the former tyrant's palace.)
So Munn and Arkady meet with Poochie — sorry, Lord Stettin — and Lady Callia. Their request to study the Mule's old residence is almost denied — and then Arkady rather deftly manipulates Callia into convincing Stettin to let them in. She's pretty pleased with herself, until she discovers Stettin's motivation: He thinks the granddaughter of Bayta Darell might just make a fine new consort.
And then things get even weirder: Callia warns her to run, and Arkady is struck with a deep certainty that the noblewoman is actually a Second Foundation agent. She flees, and ends up in the care of a Trantorian farmer, Preem Palver, and his wife. She convinces them to take her home with them. Why? Because she's just figured out where the Second Foundation is, and if she goes back to Terminus, they'll be sure to catch her and adjust the knowledge out of her.
Simultaneously, the First Speaker of the Second Foundation has been meeting with an especially prodigious student, a possible successor. It's in these scenes that we get to see a rather nifty little (almost) magical item: the Prime Radiant. It's the one piece of truly advanced technology the Second Foundation lays claim to, a tiny black cube that can project all the equations of the Seldon Plan onto the four walls of a white room. I know, I know — that sounds boring. But it's not exactly like an overhead projector; for one thing, the viewers' shadows somehow don't get in the way. Anyway, there's something really — oh, cinematographically striking about the image of these two men in an otherwise empty room, zooming in on complex formulas to read them like ancient hieroglyphics that reveal that history (and future) of all humanity.
So, the Second Foundationers are struggling to correct this problem: The First Foundation is aware of their existence (or believes in it, anyway) and as a result, believes it is under a sort of divine protection — no matter how bad things get, the Second Foundation will be there in the shadows, looking out for them. And ironically, that belief has screwed up the Second Foundation's ability to look out for them. Because now that the First Foundation knows it's being observed, its actions are influenced by that knowledge and, as a result, can no longer be predicted by psychohistory.
The Second Foundation's aim, therefore, is pretty tricky. It has to (1) confirm to the First Foundation that it really does exist, (2) feign destruction by Dr. Darell and his fellow conspirators, so that the First Foundation really believes it's gone, and (3) actually survive and continue afterward to manipulate events in secret.
What's interesting is that, even though they're at odds, Darell's group and the Second Foundation both have a vested interest in making (1) and (2) happen. That is actually the one little hitch for me in this story: I'm not sure I buy Darell's outrage that his people's fate is being manipulated by the Second Foundation. I mean, I can understand how, if you had evidence the Illuminati were real, you wouldn't want them secretly interfering with your life. But at the same time, Darell is a Foundationer, born and raised with a basic knowledge of the Seldon Plan, and he seems like a reasonable person. Wouldn't he understand that without the Second Foundation, the Plan collapses? I get why he dislikes his countrymen's quasi-religious faith in the Second Foundation — but it seems like he could treat that as foolish superstition and work to stamp it out, rather than actively working to destroy humanity's safety net.
Or maybe not. Anyway, we wouldn't have a story if he thought that way. I'm just saying his motivation seems undeveloped to me.
AW: I actually am pretty much convinced by Darell's motivation, which I think has to be understood as a principled stand as opposed to a reasoned one. To him, the Second Foundation is the worst kind of oppression imaginable, an invisible dictatorship that can, at will, make him forget everything about himself he holds dear. There's a reason the First Speaker is far more concerned about those who would "resent a ruling class of psychologists, and which would fear its development and fight against it" than he is the Seldon Plan being warped by the First Foundation's awareness of the Second. For all the benevolence of the Second Foundation, it's still a benevolence couched in secrecy and the constant threat of invasion of a person's most prized possession: the mind. To Darell, destroying the Second Foundation might ruin the Seldon Plan, or it might not — the important part is that the First Foundation will be free again, and he is optimistic his Foundation will still be strong enough to win out. And, I suppose, it comes back to the central tension between short-term and long-term thinking found throughout the series: Darell would rather live in freedom for 30 years even if it means sentencing humanity to anarchy for 30,000.
In a way, Toran Darell II is of a kind with Salvor Hardin back in his first appearance, in that he is trying to defeat an enemy against whom he is seemingly completely unmatched with only the dimmest awareness of how he can even fight the battle. Obviously, the contours have changed — Hardin attempted to use his vague grasp of the Seldon Plan to defeat the Four Kingdoms, while Darell is trying to beat both Poochie and the Second Foundation, which is basically the Seldon Plan incarnate. But he and Hardin want very much the same thing — to do right by the Foundation of their day and to stand on their own two feet as the directors of their own destiny. In his way, Toran II is every bit the romantic his daughter Arkady is, even if his romanticism has become wrapped up in careful plotting, endless psychology, and cutting-edge neuroscience.
You can't talk about "Search by the Foundation" without getting into all the plot twists. Some of these I can discuss in a spoiler-free way, but others demand I head into spoiler territory. What I can talk about without any need for spoilers is the denouement of this story, which unravels itself in the chapter "I Know..." Here, Asimov preemptively parodies his own growing fondness for insane twists and story-altering revelations. Practically every last conspirator — Arkady included — gets to advance a theory as to the nature of the Second Foundation: It doesn't exist, it's on Kalgan, it's on Terminus. And just about everyone we've encountered is accused of being — more or less correctly — a puppet of the Second Foundation. It's a scene that's equal parts hilarious and suspenseful, and it's remarkable just how well Asimov rides the line between these two tones.
I fear I can't continue discussing this story without getting into major spoilers. Consider this a warning.
In pretty much every Foundation story from "The Mule" onward, some major character is not who he or she appears to be. (This reaches its zenith in Prelude to Foundation, which is practically unfilmable because the twist about who characters really are is that massive.) In this story, that's true of not one, not two, not three, but four major characters, and some characters have been so fundamentally tampered with that it's hard to really say where their true selves end and the Second Foundation begins. I didn't remember all these reveals when I reread the story, and I'd have to read it again to judge just how fair Asimov really is about his twists. At least in the case of Lady Callia, Asimov seems to get inside her own head quite a bit without ever hinting at her true nature, and so the misdirect seems more than a little unfair. I suppose one could argue Asimov is making the point that a Second Foundation agent's disguise is so absolute that even the omniscient narrator cannot pierce the truth...but that seems pretty weak, and not really in keeping with Asimov's style. That said, all the actions of the Second Foundation agents do seem to make sense in retrospect; as twisty plots go, this one seems to hang together fairly well.
But there is one element in which I really have to applaud Asimov's storytelling ingenuity, and that's the reveal of the Second Foundation's location, which is on...*deep breath*...Trantor. The First Speaker — or, as we also know him, Preem Palver — makes the brilliant point that Trantor is at the other end of the galaxy in a way only social scientists would imagine it, and not in the way the physical scientists of the Foundation ever would. It's the big mystery that has explicitly hung in the air since "The Mule," and it's really the only answer that fits all the available clues. More to the point, it's actually a fascinating answer in its own right that instantly casts so much of what we saw before in a new light.
Were the Trantorian farmers we met in "The Mule" agents of the Second Foundation? How much did the Second Foundation have to do with the imperial intrigues of "The General" or the protection of the Galactic Library and University that is briefly described in flashback in "The Mule"? Foundation's Edge eventually gives some answers to a few of these questions, but considering the Trantor revelation was meant as a series-ending twist, it's an immensely satisfying one because it really does force a reappraisal of everything that has come before. The only other planet that could possibly have packed a similar punch is if the Second Foundation was somehow on Earth...and Asimov clearly recognized that, because his next two Foundation books were all about that possibility.
Anyway, what I really love about the twist is just how subtly Asimov builds toward it. Consider the end of Chapter 14, in which Arkady realizes she knows where the Second Foundation is located, but it is not revealed where she thinks it might be. The very next chapter, "Through the Grid," begins with an entry from the Encyclopedia Galactica. The entry? Why, "Trantor," of course, and it's remarkable how obvious that clue is in retrospect and how completely I missed it the first time through. And then there's Preem Palver's simple declaration that "I know these people better than you do, girl," which just reeks of dramatic irony upon rereading. Asimov is quite clearly living by one of Salvor Hardin's epigrams: "It pays to be obvious, especially if you have a reputation for subtlety."
All in all, this story is a triumph, and even if Asimov had never written another Foundation story — hell, even if "The Mule" had been a total piece of crap — this story alone would be enough to make the Foundation saga worthy of its special Hugo Award. (That's right — I still remember, however vaguely, why we're talking about all this in the first place.) It's a story that can be read any number of different ways: as action-adventure, as a mystery, as a character piece, as a deconstruction of all the previous stories, as a slice-of-life on an increasingly suburban and boring Terminus, and as Asimov's final (for now) statement on how the physical and mental sciences can be brought to coexist and make for a better future for humanity. This story is all about the final victory of the Foundation...does it really matter which one?
JW: Well, that's what's interesting, isn't it? The first time I encountered the series, I thought it was all of a piece and had no idea of the hiatus between Second Foundation and Foundation's Edge. So it's hard to put myself in the position of someone who originally enjoyed it as a trilogy ending here (much less one who read it in bits and pieces, as short stories). But I can understand why both readers and Asimov's editors clamored for him to pick it up again.
The true location of the Second Foundation is, indeed, the most satisfying of all the twists in a very twisty mythos. In fact, if I could ask Asimov one question, it would be when exactly he came up with it, because it strikes such a perfect note, it feels like a secret that's been kept since before the first story was written. I'm just not sure it completely works as an overall ending, but I'll get to that in a second.
I just want to interrupt myself to comment on the abundance of mental tampering you mention. OK, I can buy your argument about Dr. Darell's motivation, even if I can't quite empathize. (I guess I just can't suspend my disbelief enough to fear mental adjustment by a hidden society; and in fact, when I read Second Foundation, I have to not let my brain linger too long, because the actual idea of Second Foundationers lurking in plain sight, controlling minds, is too hard for me to swallow. Not sure why, when I readily accept so much else.) But I had one other characterization problem as I finished the story this time through.
I wish Asimov had left Arkady untampered with. Now, I have no idea how he could have done that and still had a story — but there's something callous and cold that I just don't like about discovering that this wonderful character has never truly been herself. It rubs me the wrong way, especially in light of the otherwise upbeat tone of the ending.
Also, there's this: Is it fair to call the original trilogy an investigation of materialism as religion? Or something like that? From psychohistory to the First Foundation's razor-sharp development of encephalography in this book (which supposedly allows one to determine whether a brain has been mentalically adjusted), the recurring theme is that every aspect of human behavior is ultimately quantifiable, and mathematically determinable. Asimov was an atheist and lifelong scientist, so maybe he liked the idea of reducing hearts and minds to trackable patterns of electrons, at least at the time.
But it's not an idea I like very much — my metaphysics (since you mentioned Star Wars) can be summed up pretty well as "Luminous beings are we; not this crude matter." So I guess to answer your question — does it really matter which Foundation wins, as long as Seldon's plan is victorious? — and to address "Search by the Foundation" as a potential overall end to the series: I'm very glad he went on to write Foundation's Edge, which to me wraps up everything far more satisfactorily (though I'm not so sure about Foundation and Earth). So unless you have any objections, shall we move on to that book?
AW: I suppose I'm just a far more paranoid person than you, because I can totally buy the lurking, omnipresent threat of the Second Foundation. I've got to agree with your point about Arkady — honestly, I think it would have been better for Asimov to leave her untampered. It might have been a small plot hole, but it feels like an unnecessarily harsh ending for such a wonderful character. As these things go, it was probably a twist too far.
Religion is definitely all over this initial trilogy, although I still struggle to articulate precisely the point Asimov is making. I suppose I might call the message of this trilogy an intensely humanistic one: Even the seemingly unknowable can become known and quantified, and humanity can gain the tools to predict its own future and peer inside its own minds. Of course, there's still a deeper philosophical question — what's the point of all this, really? — and I think the realization of that metaphysical hole in the original trilogy is part of what Asimov wrestles with in Foundation's Edge. So, as you say, let's move on to book number four.
"Blogging the Hugos" is a series examining the Hugo Award–winning novels in (more or less) chronological order. Coming tomorrow: Foundation's Edge, by Isaac Asimov, winner of the 1983 Hugo Award for Best Novel. Subscribe to the RSS feed and follow @blogginghugos on Twitter for updates.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33248 | If a person is praying(simple D'ua) and the call for prayer(Azaan) starts. What should a person do? Should he keep praying or should he stop and listen to the call for prayer?
asked 11 Khan99's gravatar image
edited May 16 '12 at 08:35 Al Ummat ♦ 31877 Al%20Ummat's gravatar image
that person definitely has to stop praying
answered 964 anii's gravatar image
i don't know any verses or hadith about that but most scholars say that since making dua and reading quran could be done at any time then u should stop and repeat the call of prayer since there are specific times for that
answered 2294 tokabo's gravatar image
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Asked: May 03 '12 at 12:09
Seen: 2,180 times
Last updated: Jul 27 '13 at 19:24
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33256 | Javalobby - funny stuff en Another Poetic Perspective - this Time on JavaLobby Itself (Comic) This vision of JavaLobby had appeared quite some time ago, before the new trends showed up... But I thought I would share it with you - now more as an edification and another way to bring smiles upon your faces :-) funny stuff Wed, 06 Feb 2008 09:50:48 -0500 3555 2 ann Wed, 06 Feb 2008 14:50:48 +0000 ann 796 at |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33261 | Bro. Bro. Bro. Bro. Seriously, bro, Ben Affleck hosts the 38th season finale of Saturday Night Live tonight with a really obscure toe dancer named Kanye West. Here's hoping they throw Baaahston more teasing/love, like they did in the old-school Jimmy Fallon/Rachel Dratch skits.
You think Kim will cameo? You think she changed her shoes? Change your shoes, Kim! It hurts me.
Have a lovely evening, bros. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33285 | Export and Restore Word's AutoCorrect Savings with a Macro
The Workers' Edge blog points out that a macro written by Dave Rado back in the days of Word 97 to back up and restore time-saving, typo-fixing AutoCorrect settings in Microsoft Word still does the trick for the most modern Word 2007 installation. It's simple to use and a lot easier than tracking down your AutoCorrect file yourself. Simply install the macro (with detailed instructions offered at the via link below), launch it, and choose where to save a Word document with your custom AutoCorrect settings, and hit "Restore" to import settings from a different installation. Of course, you could always switch over to app-neutral text substitution utilities like Texter, but this macro should be a real time-saver for those who have finely tuned their Word. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33287 | [Top][All Lists]
Re: [Gnu-arch-users] tla import versus tla commit
From: Robert Collins
Subject: Re: [Gnu-arch-users] tla import versus tla commit
Date: Thu, 14 Oct 2004 19:58:15 +1000
On Wed, 2004-10-13 at 18:06 -0500, Matthew Dempsky wrote:
> Cameron Patrick <address@hidden> writes:
> > Anand Kumria wrote:
> >
> >> [1]: tla import having -S and -s is a bad idea; perhaps -C,
> >> --create-archive would be less likely to confuse. I've typed in '-S' more
> >> than once.
> >
> > --create-archive would be misleading as the option doesn't create an
> > archive, just creates the category/branch/version within it. I'd say
> > that there's a good case to be made for -S being the default on tag
> > and especially import, though.
> Making -S the default would be convenient, but keep in mind the
> possibility of typoing a category, branch, or version number.
> Creating a new directory and sticking some contents in it mean that
> there's no possibility of reusing the name in the future.
> If you had typoed archive-setup you would create an empty directory
> which is safe to destroy, and a typoed tag/import command would alert
> you that the directory doesn't exist.
Of the number if tags issues, what percent are to existing (populated or
not) branches? 1% ? 0.5 % ?
Assume 1%. 99% of the time, -S will be added by the user. It becomes
muscle memory. And once that happens, it may as well be the default
because few if any folk will be -ever- using archive-setup + tag without
-S ... remember - optimise for the common case, handle the exception
In this case, the exception is that someone may need to remove the
tagged branch completely - and users routinely do that in #arch. In
fact, they tend to remove the entire archive, and only do that
partially. I'm starting to think we should have a 'nuke a tagged or
impotred version' facility, where we get the user to confirm that its
not been mirrored etc, and which only operates on versions with 0 or 1
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33289 |
Re: caption positioning & binding example using WAI-ARIA markup
From: Gez Lemon <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 11 Jul 2007 21:31:49 +0100
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
Cc: [email protected], [email protected]
Hi Gregory,
On 11/07/07, Gregory J. Rosmaita <[email protected]> wrote:
> move the description of the graphic BEFORE the graphic, so that it
> is crystal clear to readers that the caption and illustration are
> bound together;
> for an even stronger visual binding, why not place the caption and
> graphic together in a containing box?
Your proposal makes sense, but I'm not sure about the labelledby
relationship between the container div and the image. I would have
thought that the image would have the labelledby attribute,
referencing the caption in the paragraph that owns the image, and that
there should also be a describedby attribute to the paragraph. So the
resulting structure would be (content trimmed):
<div class="caption-and-img">
<p aaa:owns="img1" id="d1">
<strong id="c1">Caption ...</strong>: describes ...
<img id="img1"
alt="The contract model with accessibility API's"
For more information see ...
Best regards,
Supplement your vitamins
Received on Wednesday, 11 July 2007 20:31:53 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33290 |
Media Accessibility User Requirements - Section 2
From: Shawn Henry <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 22 Feb 2012 10:05:01 -0600
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
PFWG has asked for our input on Section 2. Accessible Media Requirements by Type of Disability<http://www.w3.org/TR/media-accessibility-reqs/#accessible-media-requirements-by-type-of-disability> in relationship to How People with Disabilities Use the Web <http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/people-use-web/>.
Some points for discussion:
* Generally it is better to have information in one place, and point to it from relevant other places (e.g., deleted Section 2 and point to http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/people-use-web/ )
* However, people often don't follow links. Therefore, do we want to suggest having some minimal information in Section 2 and pointing to the other for more?
Please comment in e-mail on this thread.
Subject: Deadline 9 March: Media Accessibility User Requirements
Date: Wed, 22 Feb 2012 09:59:59 -0600
From: Shawn Henry <[email protected]>
The deadline for comments on the Media Accessibility User Requirements Working Draft has been extended to Friday 9 March 2012. Please send any comments per the instructions below.
Subject: Call for Review: Media Accessibility User Requirements
From: Shawn Henry<[email protected]>
Dear WAI Interest Group Participants,
Media Accessibility User Requirements
WAI encourages you to provide feedback on this draft, particularly:
* Are the use cases for media accessibility clear and complete?
* Are the technical requirements for media accessibility complete and achievable?
~Shawn Lawton Henry, WAI Education and Outreach
Janina Sajka. PFWG Chair
Michael Cooper, PFWG W3C Staff Contact
Shawn Lawton Henry
W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)
e-mail: [email protected]
phone: +1.617.395.7664
Received on Wednesday, 22 February 2012 16:05:24 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33291 |
Re: Table Captions and Summaries
From: Alastair Campbell <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 19 Jan 2005 12:25:55 +0000
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]
Charles McCathieNevile wrote:
> I think a summary would actually be very valuable in this case
Whilst I agree with the weather forcast example, there are some cases
where a summary being "a brief statement of the main points of the
contents in the table" do not apply. (Although I did like Tina's
explaination, I've not seen it stated so simply before.)
A simple example would be a table of contacts, that has headings of
name, address, phone number, email address etc. The important points
will vary depending on who you are looking for, so there really isn't a
summary that is useful, except perhaps describing what order the table
is organised in.
I guess my point is that I'd rather see summaries in the WCAG as a
guidelines feature rather than an automated check, given the variety of
Kind regards,
Alastair Campbell | Director of Research & Development
Please refer to the following disclaimer for this message:
Received on Wednesday, 19 January 2005 12:26:01 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33330 |
To: Steven M. Bellovin <>
From: Rick Byers <>
List: current-users
Date: 12/03/2001 15:46:03
On Mon, 3 Dec 2001, Steven M. Bellovin wrote:
> Routers shouldn't tinker with MSS's. If nothing else, that won't work
> for non-TCP protocols or in the presence of IPsec. The right answer is
> PMTU, and routers that see a small outbound link should emit the proper
> packet. In particular, PPPoE routers tend to be user premises
> gateways, which should allay any security concerns.
Right, routers SHOULDN'T tinker with MSS's, but thousands of sites on the
net SHOULDN'T enable PMTU discovery and configure their router to block
all ICMP messages. If you've got a network of Windows machines behind a
PPPoE router, the only alternative to MSS clamping is lowering the MTU of
all your Windows machines which causes degraded LAN performance.
Broken networks will allways require ugly hacks to work around their |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33331 | Subject: Re: Anyone using current NetBSD with current mozilla?
To: None <>
From: Christian Biere <>
List: current-users
Date: 01/30/2004 03:18:52
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Wolfgang S. Rupprecht wrote:
> I did notice something curious when using lsof to see how many fd's
> everyone used. Some programs (like thttpd) had quite a few mmap-ed
> files open, but very few fd's tied up. I never realized one could
> mmap a file and then close the associated fd.
That's required by POSIX.
> Is that really legit?
> Does he file then no longer count against the process's fd limits in
> the kernel?
AFAIK, the mmap'ed file becomes something like an additional swap. The
kernel only cares about the vnode. Otherwise, loading of shared objects
would have to work quite different or require you to increase your
ulimits especially if you use something based on KDE or GNOME.
Out of curiosity, if written a little test program which simply mmap()s
the first 4K of every file (e.g., find /usr | mmaptest). top shows
hardly any activity and even RAM seems to be untouched but the harddisks
make *very* scary noises. 61000 files so far. Oh, I see the kernel eats
around 100 megs now.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33334 | Subject: powerdown
To: None <[email protected]>
From: Aaron David Rosenzweig <>
List: macbsd-general
Date: 06/17/1995 15:49:16
Is there a command for MacBSD that is similar to "powerdown" on
A/UX? Something that acts like "shutdown" in System 7.
Right now I'm doing:
shutdown -h now
and then turning off the computer by hitting the button in the back.
Take care,
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33337 | Subject: re: NetBSD/hpcarm snap code
To: None <>
From: matthew green <>
List: tech-kern
Date: 02/17/2001 12:23:31
Sure, it can share e.g. IOMD code ... but that can be done via
sys/dev/acorn/iomd/... or something. See how the sparc and sparc64
ports share Sbus device drivers (sys/dev/sbus).
and also generic `sun' devices, with the sun3 por as well in
sys/dev/sun. see also sys/dev/dec and sys/dev/tc.
sys/dev/acorn sounds good to me. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33338 | Subject: Re: Dependencies on bl3fied libraries
To: Mike M. Volokhov <>
From: Juan RP <>
List: tech-pkg
Date: 04/21/2004 12:45:08
Content-Disposition: inline
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
On Wed, 21 Apr 2004 13:33:09 +0300
"Mike M. Volokhov" <> wrote:
> In the output above, the djvups has been linked against libjpeg. The g++
> command was finished successfuly so as it got a link to .buildlink/lib
> where has stored. But ldd(1) shows the following:
> work/djvulibre-3.5.12/tools/djvups:
> -ldjvulibre-3.5 => not found
> -ljpeg.62 => not found
> -lstdc++.5 => /usr/lib/
> -lm.0 => /usr/lib/
> -lm.0 => /usr/lib/
> -lgcc_s.1 => /usr/lib/
> -lpthread.0 => /usr/lib/
> -lc.12 => /usr/lib/
> This happens if I don't pass ${LDFLAGS} (which contains -Wl,-R/usr/pkg/lib
> flag, where both libdjvulibre and libdjpeg resides) directly in
> distribution Makefile. But I think it should be passed to C compiler by a
> wrapper, or I've missing something?
> And this is a cause, why /usr/pkg/qt3/lib is not available as run path.
Where was installed libdjvulibre? if it's not located in a standard
location, you'll have to use BUILDLINK_PASSTHRU_DIRS as Marc Recht said
Juan RP <>
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33349 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm aware of this post, but I have not yet been granted permission to comment on these other posts, so I hope you'll excuse asking for a clarification here.
For clarity, I'll restate the question. If $X$ is a Banach space and $X^*$ (the space of continuous linear functionals) is separable, then $X$ is separable.
In this answer, the chosen answer provides the following argument: Choose a countable dense subset of $X^*$, say $\{f_n\}$. Choose $x_n\in X$ so that $|f_n(x_n)|\ge 1/2||f_n||_{op}$. If $Y$, the rational span of $\{x_n\}$, is not dense, then Hahn-Banach guarantees the existence of a nonzero continuous functional $f$ on $X$ so that $f$ vanishes on $\overline{Y}$. Find an $n$ for which $||f-f_n||_{op}<1/4$, then since $f(x_n)=0$, we have that
$1/4>||f-f_n||_{op}\ge |f(x_n)-f_n(x_n)|=|f_n(x_n)|$
Everything so far is elementary. Now, excuse me if I'm missing something simple, but he/she concludes that $|f_n(x_n)|>1/2$, and immediately reaches the contradiction. But we only know that $|f_n(x_n)|>1/2||f_n||_{op}$, no?
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up vote 3 down vote accepted
You can rescale $f$ so that it has unit norm. Then $\|f-f_n\|_{op}<1/4$ implies $\|f_n\|_{op}>3/4$. Now you can finish the chain of inequalities with $|f_n(x_n)|>(1/2)\|f_n\|_{op}>3/8$, which is still a contradiction.
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Ah, of course! Thank you. – user39992 Dec 27 '12 at 22:00
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33354 | For example, Which are the default defined constants in PHP?
This has been closed as NARQ, which is probably the best fit, but this is not true of that question.
It is easy to tell what the OP wanted, and (IMO) it is not ambiguous, vague or any other adjective from the description.
The question could also be described as "Not Constructive", because it isn't, but again the reasons for it's non-constructiveness are not described by the description for NC.
The reason the question has been closed is because (like so many questions) the OP did not bother to do 30 seconds of research before asking a question.
I think there should be a close reason of "Lazy Question" or something similar, or the description of NARQ should be updated to include this kind of situation.
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"It is easy to tell what the OP wanted..." Then you're lucky, I have no idea what the OP tries to ask... – Time Traveling Bobby Jan 3 '12 at 13:27
@Bobby I would say he wants to get a list of all the defined constants in PHP. Or possibly functions. Either way, a quick Google will tell you how to do either, even if your Google-fu is poor. – David X. Random Jan 3 '12 at 13:32
There is the possibility of a "General Reference" close reason - but it's only been implemented on a couple of sites - – ChrisF Jan 3 '12 at 13:33
You see, that "or possibly" is the whole point of the NARQ close reason. – Time Traveling Bobby Jan 3 '12 at 13:36
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3 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
I think "not constructive" is a perfect close reason for this question. From the faq (emphasis mine):
This question doesn't lead to answers that require specific expertise at all. It just requires google searching / looking at the documentation. Give me a half hour and I could probably answer that question (and I've never written PHP before) =)
As Scrooge / ChrisF mentioned in the comments, this would be a great candidate for the "General Reference" close reason that's being tested on some of the other sites.
Note: In defense of those that closed it as "Not a real question", I think one could argue that it's "overly broad", and thus fits the bill for that as well.
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From the description of "not a real question" overly broad applies to it. As the FAQ says:
Asking which constants and which functions are available in PHP is a too broad question, as to answer I should consider:
• the PHP version
• which extensions are available
• for which platform PHP has been compiled
The other problem I see with this question is that it doesn't seem asked because a real problem, which is what the FAQ suggests not to ask.
A PHP expert could tell you which of the PHP functions are "core" functions, and which are implemented in an extension, but why would you ask an expert the list of the PHP functions when the list is available on the PHP site? It sounds like asking to a chef a list of all the ingredients for all the recipes, in some way.
If the "general reference" was a closing reason on Stack Overflow, it could be used for that question, but Stack Overflow doesn't have that closing reason. I think that closing it as being too broad is what we can actually do.
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Maybe a "Not Enough Research" close reason would be more suitable, there's plenty of questions that are not "General Reference" that would fit this bill too.
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The "general reference" closing reason has the following description: "This question is too basic; it can be definitively and permanently answered by a single link to a standard internet reference source designed specifically to find that type of information." In this case, the site is the PHP site, and Google points to the PHP site if you enter the right search string. – kiamlaluno Jan 3 '12 at 14:32
In this case true, I just think SO comes across a lot of candidates that are valid questions, but don't show enough research effort. – Brian Deragon Jan 3 '12 at 14:38
I think the difference is between a too basic question that doesn't show any search effort, and a question that is not too basic. – kiamlaluno Jan 3 '12 at 14:57
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33355 | I recently ran into a StackOverflowError and, searching through the tagged questions on the site, I noticed that a number of them (eg Re-using ideas or small pieces of code from stackoverflow.com) were tags simply about the site. I wanted to re-tag them with something different but I can't see any appropriate tags - can you suggest some?
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
There aren't any appropriate tags because it's not really an appropriate question for Stack Overflow. I've migrated it here to Meta.
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Looks like you're taking care of the rest too...thanks! – Ina Jul 13 '12 at 15:06
@Ina Yeah, that tag really needs to be watched closely. It's a totally legitimate tag, but naming the site "Stack Overflow" gave it a dual meaning. – Bill the Lizard Jul 13 '12 at 15:23
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sys.fn_helpcollations (Transact-SQL)
Returns a list of all the collations supported by SQL Server 2012.
Topic link icon Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions
fn_helpcollations ()
fn_helpcollations returns the following information.
Column name
Data type
Standard collation name
Description of the collation
SQL Server supports Windows collations. SQL Server also supports a limited number (<80) of collations called SQL Server collations which were developed before SQL Server supported Windows collations. SQL Server collations are still supported for backward compatibility, but should not be used for new development work. For more information about Windows collations, see Windows Collation Name (Transact-SQL). For more information about collations, see Collation and Unicode Support.
The following example returns all collation names starting with the letter L and that are binary sort collations.
SELECT Name, Description FROM fn_helpcollations()
WHERE Name like 'L%' AND Description LIKE '% binary sort';
Here is the result set.
Name Description
Lao_100_BIN Lao-100, binary sort
Latin1_General_BIN Latin1-General, binary sort
Latin1_General_100_BIN Latin1-General-100, binary sort
Latvian_BIN Latvian, binary sort
Latvian_100_BIN Latvian-100, binary sort
Lithuanian_BIN Lithuanian, binary sort
Lithuanian_100_BIN Lithuanian-100, binary sort
(7 row(s) affected)
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ICE97 verifies that two components do not isolate a shared component to the same directory.
ICE97 posts the following warnings.
ICE97 WarningDescription
This component [1] installs the Shared component into the same directory [2] as another, which breaks component rules if both (or more) components are selected for install. Two components must not isolate a shared component to the same directory.
For example, Component1 and Component2, which share ComponentShared, are installed to the same directory. Both specify ComponentShared as an isolated component. Because of the isolation, the files in ComponentShared are copied twice into the Directory_ reference for Component1 and Component2. The components now have one reference count on the copy of files. This is in violation of the Installer component rules. If Component1 is uninstalled, the isolated components files are removed and Component2 is broken.
Related topics
ICE Reference
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VersionControlServer.CreateWorkspace Method (String, String, String, WorkingFolder[])
Creates a new Workspace.
Namespace: Microsoft.TeamFoundation.VersionControl.Client
Assembly: Microsoft.TeamFoundation.VersionControl.Client (in Microsoft.TeamFoundation.VersionControl.Client.dll)
member CreateWorkspace :
name:string *
owner:string *
comment:string *
mappings:WorkingFolder[] -> Workspace
Type: System.String
The name of the Workspace to create. Must be unique for this owner.
Type: System.String
The owner of the Workspace to create.
Type: System.String
A descriptive comment for the Workspace.
Type: Microsoft.TeamFoundation.VersionControl.Client.WorkingFolder[]
An array of working folders to establish for the Workspace.
Return Value
Type: Microsoft.TeamFoundation.VersionControl.Client.Workspace
The newly created Workspace object.
The calling identity must have the CreateWorkspace global permission. This method returns a reference to a Workspace object. The computer attribute is defaulted to the current machine. An exception is thrown if the workspace cannot be created.
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This topic has not yet been rated - Rate this topic Driver Names
A Driver Name is a string that contains the name of a printer driver. The string MUST NOT be empty.
An implementation MAY restrict the length of driver name strings.<254>
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COM+ Tracking
The COM+ tracking service enables you to build your own administrative and diagnostic programs that track the status and performance of running COM+ applications. COM+ tracking provides statistical information about the use of COM+ applications as well as status information, such as whether a COM+ server application instance is paused or has been recycled. Tools can use tracking information in diagnostic monitoring or for display purposes. For example, the Component Services administrative tool uses COM+ tracking to display the status of COM+ application instances in the COM+ Applications and Running Processes folders.
COM+ tracking calculates and periodically updates a set of commonly-used metrics, making this information available to programs that need it. It is similar to COM+ Instrumentation in that both services automatically collect data from COM+ application instances and make this data available to consumers. However, there are some important differences between these services, both in the functionality provided and typical usage. The following table summarizes these differences.
COM+ InstrumentationCOM+ Tracking
Fine-grained data. The COM+ instrumentation service notifies registered subscribers of individual discrete events (for example, method called, object destroyed) that occur in a COM+ application instance.
Aggregated data. COM+ tracking calculates and periodically updates commonly-used metrics for the status and performance of COM+ application instances.
Event subscribers typically calculate metrics on their own, using ad-hoc algorithms and policies.
Metrics are calculated automatically by the COM+ tracking service. All consumers get the same data, with no support for custom metrics.
After registering a subscription, the consumer does not receive any information about a COM+ application instance until an event occurs.
Tracking data for all COM+ application instances may be retrieved at any time.
Supports only a COM+ events-based subscription mechanism for consumers.
Supports both a COM+ events-based subscription mechanism and polling on a COM local server interface.
Notifications when a method is called or returns.
Average call response time, number of method calls that succeeded or failed in a recent time period, number of objects currently in a method call.
Notifications when an object is added to or obtained from the object pool.
Number of objects in the pool, total number of objects.
Notifications when a COM+ server application is started, paused, or recycled.
Status of the COM+ server application process (for example, whether it is paused or recycled).
Notifications of transaction start, prepare, abort, and commit events.
No equivalent.
Notifications of successful and failed method call level authentication attempts.
No equivalent.
Although COM+ tracking is more limited in terms of data scope and flexibility for calculating metrics, the metrics it provides should be sufficient for a wide variety of administrative and diagnostic programs. Using COM+ tracking, when possible, can simplify the design of these programs. Additionally, using COM+ tracking in production systems can have a significantly lower performance impact, making it more appropriate for real-time monitoring tools.
How COM+ Tracking Collects Data
When a COM+ server application process is started, COM+ registers the process with the tracker server, a component of the system application. Components in COM+ library applications and services without components (SWC) contexts also support tracking. When a library component or SWC context is created in a process, COM+ registers the process with the tracker server if it has not been registered already.
COM+ updates statistics for a tracked process when certain events occur in the process, such as the creation of an object or the completion of a method call. Updated data is periodically submitted to the tracker server, at which point it becomes available to consumers. The tracker server is also responsible for calculating some of the metrics used by the COM+ application recycling and hang monitoring features. This data is also available to consumers.
Tracking data is organized according to the process that generated the data. Data at the level of individual COM+ applications or components in the process is also available for consumers that need this information.
Events versus Polling
COM+ tracking supports two mechanisms for a consumer to obtain tracking data from the tracker server, a COM+ events-based subscription mechanism and a COM local server interface.
Programs that need to be notified periodically with updated tracking data can register a subscription for the IComTrackingInfoEvents event interface. Roughly every three seconds, the tracker server calls each subscriber's IComTrackingInfoEvents::OnNewTrackingInfo method, sending the most recent tracking data in the form of a collection object. This object implements the IComTrackingInfoCollection interface, and subscribers can navigate this collection to find the data they are interested in.
For various reasons, it might make more sense for a program to poll tracker server for data. For example, a monitoring tool may need updates much less frequently than a program that displays status in a user interface. Also, a program may use only a small portion of the tracking data available for the system (for example, a tool might only monitor the performance of instances of a single COM+ application). The subscription model sends each subscriber the tracking data for all COM+ applications in each notification, and it is the responsibility of the subscriber to find the data it wants. Finally, COM+ events is a best-effort event notification mechanism. Reliable message delivery services are not provided, and there is no way for a subscriber to detect that the tracker server failed to send it a notification.
A program that needs greater control over its retrieval of tracking data can use the IGetAppTrackerData interface of the tracker server.
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ApplicationLanguages.ManifestLanguages | manifestLanguages property
Gets the app's declared list of supported languages.
var manifestLanguages = Windows.Globalization.ApplicationLanguages.manifestLanguages;
Property value
Type: IVectorView<String> [JavaScript/C++] | System.Collections.Generic.IReadOnlyList<String> [.NET]
The list of supported languages declared in the app's manifest.
If your app passes language tags from this class to any National Language Support functions, it must first convert the tags by calling ResolveLocaleName.
Starting in Windows 8.1:
Language tags can support Unicode extensions. See the Remarks for the ApplicationLanguages class.
Windows Store apps can be deployed using resource packages. When language resource packages are used, the packages that are installed and registered for a given user are determined by the languages in the user's language profile. The set of languages returned by the ManifestLanguages property is limited to the languages currently available on the system for the user. Languages included in the main app package manifest will always be returned; languages from resource packs will be returned only if the language is applicable for the user (that is, is in the user's preferences) and that resource package has been installed and registered for the user at the time the property is accessed.
Minimum supported client
Windows 8
Minimum supported server
Windows Server 2012
Windows::Globalization [C++]
See also
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OlkSenderPhotoEvents_Event Interface
This is a .NET interface created when processing a COM coclass that is required by managed code for interoperability with the corresponding COM object. This interface implements all events of earlier interfaces and any additional new events. Use this interface only when the event you want to use shares the same name as a method of the COM object; in this case, cast to this interface to connect to the event, and cast to the primary interface to call the method. Otherwise, use the .NET interface that is derived from the COM coclass to access methods, properties, and events of the COM object.
Namespace: Microsoft.Office.Interop.Outlook
Assembly: Microsoft.Office.Interop.Outlook (in Microsoft.Office.Interop.Outlook.dll)
public interface OlkSenderPhotoEvents_Event
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RsaSignatureCookieTransform Properties
.NET Framework 4.5
The RsaSignatureCookieTransform type exposes the following members.
Name Description
Public property HashName Gets or sets the name of the hash algorithm to use.
Public property SigningKey Gets or sets the RSA key that is used for signing.
Protected property VerificationKeys Gets the collection of keys used for signature verification. By default, this property returns a list that contains only the signing key.
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IListSource Interface
Provides functionality to an object to return a list that can be bound to a data source.
Namespace: System.ComponentModel
Assembly: System (in System.dll)
[<TypeConverterAttribute("System.Windows.Forms.Design.DataSourceConverter, System.Design, Version=, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a")>]
type IListSource = interface end
The IListSource type exposes the following members.
Public propertySupported by the XNA FrameworkContainsListCollectionGets a value indicating whether the collection is a collection of IList objects.
Public methodSupported by the XNA FrameworkGetListReturns an IList that can be bound to a data source from an object that does not implement an IList itself.
You typically use this interface to return a list that can be bound to a data source, from an object that does not implement IList itself.
Binding to data can occur at either run time or in a designer, but there are rules for each. At run time, you can bind to data in any of the following:
• Array
• Implementer of IList, provided the implementer has a strongly typed Item property (that is, the Type is anything but Object). You can accomplish this by making the default implementation of Item private. If you want to create an IList that follows the rules of a strongly typed collection, you should derive from CollectionBase.
• Implementer of ITypedList.
In a designer, you can initialize binding to Component objects by following the same rules.
Implementers of IListSource can return an IList that contains a collection of IList objects.
The following code example demonstrates how to implement the IListSource interface. A component named EmployeeListSource exposes an IList for data binding by implementing the GetList method. For a full code listing, see How to: Implement the IListSource Interface.
.NET Framework
.NET Framework Client Profile
Supported in: 4, 3.5 SP1
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33404 | Comments (122)
« 1 2 »
allformats + 267d ago
Belking + 267d ago
Valkyre + 267d ago | Well said
ddurand1 + 267d ago
you started off ok.
but you finished with an opinion.
each consumers opinion is the only thing that matters.
ThanatosDMC + 267d ago
What improvements?
windblowsagain + 267d ago | Well said
I find that statement funny.
I use the ps3 controller for my pc as well.
Polysix + 267d ago
#1.1.5 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(27) | Disagree(28) | Report
solidjun5 + 267d ago
#1.1.6 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(17) | Disagree(4) | Report
NoWayOut + 267d ago
Related image(s)
mewhy32 + 267d ago
heres another category where the ps4 wins.
darkride66 + 267d ago
#1.1.9 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(27) | Disagree(7) | Report
SilentNegotiator + 267d ago
#1.1.10 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(31) | Disagree(6) | Report
reko + 267d ago
loulou + 267d ago
playing kz2 with an xbox controller really made that game for me
#1.1.12 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(4) | Disagree(12) | Report
Gardenia + 267d ago
DARK WITNESS + 267d ago
@ SilentNegotiator
#1.1.14 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(6) | Disagree(6) | Report
mxrider2199 + 267d ago
KwietStorm + 267d ago
kingPoS + 267d ago
#1.1.17 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(0) | Disagree(0) | Report
Oh_Yeah + 267d ago
#1.1.18 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(1) | Disagree(3) | Report
inveni0 + 267d ago
mistertwoturbo + 267d ago
Ser + 267d ago
#1.1.21 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(1) | Disagree(0) | Report
vickers500 + 267d ago
@Dark Witness
#1.1.22 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(2) | Disagree(2) | Report
miDnIghtEr20C_SfF + 267d ago
Dmarc + 267d ago
ufo8mycat + 267d ago
WiiUsauce + 267d ago
moparful99 + 267d ago
Blachek + 267d ago
WeMilk 267d ago | Spam
Blachek + 267d ago
PiperMCFierceson + 267d ago
I can play with both I just need like 10 minutes with either or and then I'm use to them again .
dlocsta + 267d ago
moparful99 + 267d ago
imdaboss1 + 267d ago
hellzsupernova + 267d ago
edgeofsins + 267d ago
moparful99 + 267d ago
liquidhalos + 267d ago
Geezus + 267d ago
#2 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(32) | Disagree(7) | Report | Reply
mcstorm + 267d ago
Simon_Brezhnev + 267d ago
Benchm4rk + 267d ago
Redgehammer + 267d ago
Parasyte + 267d ago
It all comes down to personal preference.
Redgehammer + 267d ago
Redgehammer + 267d ago
ded1020 + 267d ago
devilhunterx + 267d ago
You have uneven thumbs?
MysticStrummer + 267d ago
The character of Hellboy was based on him.
W1ldWolf + 267d ago
WeMilk 267d ago | Spam
hazardman + 267d ago
mxrider2199 + 267d ago
Benchm4rk + 267d ago
Na just fanboys that can't understand someone who has an unbiased view
MASTER_RAIDEN + 267d ago
Parasyte + 267d ago
Did you read the article?
Angeljuice + 267d ago
MASTER_RAIDEN + 267d ago
didnt read the black parts. thanks guys lol.
Funky Town_TX + 267d ago
The DS3 is too light IMO. That is great news.
badz149 + 267d ago
too light is bad now?
MasterCornholio + 267d ago
Sounds like the improvements are extremely well done with the new controllers.
Cant wait to get my hands on the DS4.
MWong + 267d ago
I like both controller changers. Thank god, M$ decided to remove that eye sore of a protruding battery. I have always loved the Sony DS controllers, they just improved upon a great controller.
No_Limit + 267d ago
Can't wait to test drive the rumble triggers on Forza 5 and Dead Rising on launch day.
MWong + 267d ago
I think 4 rumbles might be a bit much, but we'll see.
Redgehammer + 267d ago
I always turn off rumble since it makes the games feel fake to me. I have shot real guns, driven real cars, and had real wrecks, and rumble emulates none of those to me.
stage88 + 267d ago
Day DS4 and its new features :D
HALOisKING + 267d ago
ps controller sucks for fps games imo x1 controller for the win imo
despair + 267d ago
why? Other than your name which means you love Halo I assume, what about the X1 controller is better for you than the PS4. The main complaint people had was the positioning of the sticks and that's a fair assessment but just saying it will 'suck for fps games imo" is not explaining anything.
HALOisKING + 267d ago
y do i need to explain its my op u shouldnt care about my op
vinniects + 267d ago
with the xbox controller it is not just about the placement of the analog sticks but it also has better resistance when moving the sticks. the ps3 controller's analog sticks are to easy to move. it causes a lot of over aiming when you are use to the 360 controller
Foliage + 267d ago
That's because you got used to the huge dead zones on the 360 controller.
A real gamer wants a more controllable and reactionary experience. No one wants to have to fight beyond a huge dead zone to get the character to react.
mxrider2199 + 267d ago
you said the ps controller sucks for fps as a fact not as an opinion
Hicken + 267d ago
Saying you prefer the 360 controller for shooters is your opinion.
Saying the PS controller sucks for fps is an opinion stated as fact.
Interestingly enough, I'm pretty damn good with the Dual Shock, when it comes to fps, and not so good with those weird-ass asymmetrical analogs on the 360 pad.
moparful99 + 267d ago
If this truly was the case then I wouldn't fare better with shooters on my ps3 then I do with the 360.. I have BLOPSII on both consoles and my KDR is much better on the PS3 and I have 3 times as much play time on the ps3.. Both controllers work great for shooters there's no added advantage or immediate improvement with one over the other.. ITS ALL PREFERENCE
Funky Town_TX + 267d ago
I gave man hands so I like man sized controllers. The xbox 360 controller is great, but has a terrible d-pad. The PS3 controller as a great d-pad. I have not used a DS4 or a xbone controller, but it looks like both companies have made improvements.
leogets + 267d ago
depends on ya console choice,that's when u get used to playin with the controller u have.I'm used to Sony so when I play my Bros Xbox the controller feels horribly foreign.. my thumbs are adjacent to each other lol
WeedyOne + 267d ago
This article did a good job explaining the differences but it REALLY NEEDED MORE PICS so I could see with my eyes the differences they were pointing out. One pic of each controller is not enough!
#13 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(1) | Disagree(0) | Report | Reply
mochachino + 267d ago
I got the impression that DF prefferred PS4s triggers but really like X1s trigger rumble feature.
SpinalRemains + 267d ago
You prefer what you're used to.
The idea that offset sticks or symmetrical sticks have an advantage over the other is ridiculous.
Its the same as driving a car. You prefer what you're accustomed to, but one does not have an advantage.
Why would your left hand prefer the analog higher up but your right hand be fine with placement? It makes no sense. Logically one would think the ds makes more sense, as their hands are symmetrical and they hold it as such. Neither is true, however. It is only preference or acclimation.
One can become accustomed to either without any issues.
moparful99 + 267d ago
Well said and very true!
maniacmayhem + 267d ago
Love the new Xbox controller and with the force feedback triggers it should make games more interesting.
Can't wait to give that d-pad a whirl too. Gawd I hope they fixed that. If so then the XboxWon's controller would win hands down.
WeMilk 267d ago | Spam
ChipdiddyChip + 267d ago
I have always preferred the xbox pad to the ps pad due the fact the xbox pad is more comfortable in my hands and better for racing games and shooters imo.
If the ps4 pad is similar to the ps3 pad, I know I will definitely not like it. Ill just have to wait and see.
hellvaguy + 267d ago
Both seem like they are top notch and comfy controllers. For me, im not interested in a touch pad and x1 controller is using superior wifi direct technology. Also replaceable batteries is a must for me. So I gotta give ms the edge for now.
#18 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(3) | Disagree(5) | Report | Reply
hellzsupernova + 267d ago
I hated the replaceable batteries they were awful. That's the biggest downside in the Xbox controller
hellvaguy + 267d ago
So instead of being able to change out batteries you rather just pay for a brand new controller? Lol makes no sense at all.
I mean every few months to a year (depending on how much you use them), your going to lose capacity. That's just the nature of rechargeable batteries.
#18.1.1 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(0) | Disagree(0) | Report
hellzsupernova + 266d ago
Ok let's clear one thing up I've had the same controller for years and granted its not as good as when I first got it it doesn't need replacing anytime soon your being ridiculous.
edwoods + 267d ago
Here's the problem with symmetrical dual sticks: they are not ergonomically friendly. I hate the xbox one with a passion but will admit a lot of research has gone into making both the 360/one controllers and the reason for a raised left analog is because in FPS games(etc) most of ur movements are ups and downs (walking forward and backing up, while strafing is secondary. The higher placement of the left stick allows for those primary movements much more comfortable because it is a natural extension motion of the thumb, where as on the ps4 u have to move ur thumb in a left or right motion in respect to the hand. The right analog on the xbox is left the conventional way because thumb extension motion is already in proper placement for the two directions primarily at play here. That would be turn left/right, where looking up and down are secondary. Now you know why the xbox controller not only feels better for fps but is much more ergonomic and well thought out.
#19 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(3) | Disagree(3) | Report | Reply
Hicken + 267d ago
That argument is weak. If you were doing that with the left thumb, then it should be the same for the right thumb. It should feel just as natural for the right as the left.
Sorry, but your explanation fails.
edwoods + 267d ago
no, just fail at understanding what i said. iif you would have read my comment as to why the right analog is better in its normal position then you would understand. the right analog should be in its convnetional position because left and right turning are the primary uses for it, with looking up and down being secondary. Therefore, if you moved the right as the same position as the left, you would be making looking up and down the thumb extnesion movement when you want it to be looking left and right. i know you dont understand what im saing but that only because ur a moron.
Hicken + 267d ago
Interesting. I guess my experience in fps doesn't count for anything, but I'd have thought the ability to quickly and easily move either stick to ANY position would be most ergonomic.
What you describe MIGHT give benefits to access, but they'd be marginal, at best. At the same time, they'd hinder motion in the less used directions, as you call them, making the attempt to actually MOVE IN those directions more difficult.
Ergonomically speaking, it makes more sense to hinder the more natural movements for the sake of making the less natural movements easier to do. It creates a balance that would allow you to move evenly in all directions from both sticks.
Our brains are pretty symmetrical. This means they respond better, on the whole, to symmetrical systems. It's why asymmetrical faces and bodies aren't generally as attractive as symmetrical ones. All of our senses operate based on a sense of symmetry, from balance to hearing. Even the taste zones on our tongue are symmetrically placed.
The most ergonomic systems, from chairs to cars to controllers, take advantage of our natural need for symmetry.
Nice try, though.
hellvaguy + 267d ago
Actually your brain isn't symmetrical in how it thinks. So you really picked a poor example. One side is for logical thinking, the other is for abstract thoughts.
If symmetry is the standard for which all things should follow, why are all most all pitcher's and quarterbacks right handed and hardly any can throw with their non-dominant side? Why isn't every baseball player a switch hitter? Or for that matter, even simple tasks like I cannot use a pen or hammer in a nail with my left hand. Also my mouse on my pc isn't symmetrical either, its for right handed people. Need I go on?
#19.2.1 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(0) | Disagree(0) | Report
Hicken + 266d ago
I didn't say our brains THOUGHT symmetrical. Try and pay attention.
Nor did I say it was the "standard" for all things. Your examples, by the way, are worse, as we, as a society, encourage the use of one, dominant side. Hell, I'm left-handed, but bat and throw right. As a child, my teachers tried to force me into being right-handed. Being ambidextrous is most beneficial, as the loss of an arm or use of one limb for whatever reason does not become nearly as debilitating.
Simply put, people who predominantly use their right hands liked being a majority- see any other discrimination in the history of mankind.... only this one not so harsh- so they encouraged their style and discouraged or shunned any others. Militaries- those primarily relying on sword and shield- taught things from this majority perspective; losing the right hand was the same as death for a soldier, but being able to use the left hand just as effectively would have been a devastating force. The staircases in castles wound clockwise so the defenders could more freely use their sword arms than the attackers, who'd be hampered by the inside wall; attackers able to effectively use a sword in the left hand would not have had this problem.
The things you speak of are functions of our society(or societites), built that way for the purposes of congruence, of uniformity. Not necessarily how our brains work; a LOT of what we do as a species ignores, contradicts, takes advantage of, or otherwise clashes with how our minds work.
That mouse of yours, by the way, is easily remapped for a left-handed person; the standard mouse is pretty symmetrical.
PFFT + 267d ago
Both controllers should be great. And finally all of Sony fanboys dreams have come true. They can finally double click their mouse while playing Killzone!
SlapHappyJesus + 267d ago
Personally, I've always preferred the feel of the xbox controller. The 360 pad is probably my favorite pad to date. With the One's controller seemingly just an improved version of 360's, I definitely plan on grabbing one for use on the PC.
DVAcme + 267d ago
The XBox VS PS argument for shooters and racing games, I believe, is a matter of taste. While I'm a PS fan, I can see why people'd like the XBox controller for those genres, but I still play those genres perfectly fine on my DS3, and I like the fact that it's a good all-around controller for any genre.
Oh, but one thing is very much true: the PS controller is LEAGUES better for fighting games. Like, not even close.
sincitysir1 + 267d ago
I have both and both are fine for any game. IF you're good at said game. Me? I kick ass at any game on any console with any controller any day any hour any minute any week of the month in any given year. Seriously. *kisses thumbs* I rock. BUT I will say I HATE controller that require batteries. Fucking stupid. Далі з'їзду далі рідше узвткщцт удачу!!!
GamersHeaven + 267d ago
Great thing about Dual shock imo is that its great for every genre that's why it stayed the same for some many years.Improving the width and space of the analogs fixing the trigger buttons will make a huge difference Sony will be improving on greatness :D
jdawg222 + 267d ago
i think the AA battery thing seals the deal for me. why??
hellvaguy + 267d ago
U release that means freedom right? U can buy AA rechargeable batteries or xbox rechargeable battery packs? PS controllers when the battery goes dead, so does your controller.
shadow2797 + 267d ago
You can actually replace the battery in the PS3 (and probably PS4) controller. I hate having to switch batteries, and I don't keep up with all my rechargeable ones. It's too much hassle. Store-bought rechargeable batteries all seem to lose there charge capacity relatively quickly, too. Hopefully the One will support a Play and Charge kit.
Meanwhile, my PS controllers from 2007 still hold their charges like new. Personally, I wish the AA battery option was the accessory, but MS knows that no one would buy it.
hellvaguy + 267d ago
"Meanwhile, my PS controllers from 2007 still hold their charges like new"
Wow maybe they are magical batteries with unicorns running around in there. Wait no they're not. They only make 2 types of batteries ni-cad and lithin ion. They really aren't anything special.
And yes xbox and x1 have plug and play controllers without being charged. That's nothing special.
#25.1.2 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(0) | Disagree(4) | Report
jdawg222 + 265d ago
yeah i still have 2 controllers from 07 with plenty of battery life. i dont use one of them because the d-pad buttons were sticking and the left analog stick started to suck. but batteries... still fine.
jacobie74 + 267d ago
u guyz are so stupid sony is the best at this sony is the best at that sony make the best controller sony make the best games sony got better first party... sony fans like sony for all the wrong reason yea i converted over to sony but not cuz i like sony but for the better deal and yea i think sony need to make two controllers one for bitch ass small hands dudes and a reverse analog one for real gamers
kingPoS + 267d ago
It's funny how some fans seem treat the trigger buttons as if there were the only ones that mattered. I absolutely despise it when games force me to use the triggers to aim, shoot or whatever. In a fare amount of games you'll have two or three controller setup options.
How many stuck with classic option in GTA 4... I know I did.
Custom button configs should be a standard not an exception.
#27 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(1) | Disagree(1) | Report | Reply
thehitman + 267d ago
All im curious is can I use my DS3 on my PS4.
Foliage + 267d ago
You would be missing a touch pad.....
thehitman + 267d ago
I know but its important to not have to quickly buy another ds4 because I have friends and family who I play with a lot and I already have like 4 DS3.
hellzsupernova + 267d ago
You cannot
level 360 + 267d ago
Last time, a unanimous win by XBox360 control pad over rival PS3.
This time, even with the next-gen consoles and corresponding control pads still to see the light of day at retail/web shops, the verdict is most definitely a PS4/DS4 win over XBox ONE's.
XBox ONE - is a proper evolution from XBox360 and honestly so, since 360's a very cohesive design.
PS4/DS4 - revolutionary I think explains it all, compared to tried and tested and quite ancient ( minor changes since PS1 days ) PS3 control pad.
#29 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(3) | Disagree(2) | Report | Reply
Foliage + 267d ago
PS didn't have to change their controller; they've stuck with the best design offered for a system.
You x-fanboys are incredibly delusional.
360 Controller suffered from:
- Cheap materials; how many analog sticks have you worn out?
- Stiff analog sticks
- Huge ass unresponsive deadzones for the analog sticks
- The worst "d-pad" in console history
- Bumper buttons that are near useless; you need to strain your fingers to get to them
- Squeaky triggers
- Start button far too close to the X button (frustrating for people with big hands)
- Asymmetrical analog sticks; which is completely retarded. Try this test: Hold the controller, and mimic the same actions on both analog sticks; see how inconsistent it is? Your fingers need to fight in different directions. It makes no sense at all.
- BATTERIES? SERIOUSLY? Holy... pile of shit
The ONLY positive is how it rests in the palms; the rest is complete garbage.
fullmetal297 + 267d ago
Have you seen how much effort they have put into controller? The amount of stress test they performed to make sure the controller can handle all type of drops. Rumble on the triggers for a more tactile feeling and Wi-Fi direct as the means of connecting the controller to your console.
I use an xbox 360 controller for my games on PC and it feels comfortable in my hands and I have no problems with its asymmetrical sticks. I may not like Microsoft's policies, but at least I give credit to them where it's due.
#29.1.1 (Edited 267d ago ) | Agree(2) | Disagree(2) | Report
RE_L_MAYER + 267d ago
im guessing xbox one has new improved technology in controller to help fish move out of the way
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33407 | Submitted by syrinx 2091d ago | rumor
Blizzard Artist Site Hints at New Game Announcement
Need more votes
Is this rumor true? Rumor votes 0
Redrudy + 2091d ago
He's edited his homepage
He's changed his main home page just this minute! They have before and after images of it here http://forums.diabloii.net/... as proof.
#1 (Edited 2091d ago ) | Agree(0) | Disagree(0) | Report | Reply
Thyiad + 2091d ago
Really looking forward to ending the suspense
So much conjecture. I can't wait to know!
Dacar92 + 2091d ago
The build up to this announcement is killing me!
Condoleezza Rice + 2091d ago
Tick tock
Bolts + 2091d ago
This game will be huge!
JsonHenry + 2091d ago
Cartesian3D + 2091d ago
agree.. with 1.1 Fanboi
#5 (Edited 2091d ago ) | Agree(0) | Disagree(0) | Report | Reply
Redrudy + 2091d ago
Splash has changed
The splash screen has changed again with another rune. It's a hel rune from Diablo 2, another image shows it. http://www.diabloii.net/n/6... I don't think there's anything like that particular rune in wotlk is there?
Leord + 2091d ago
Oh, my god. I thought things were screwed today when I saw another rune on the ice. Luckily, it wasn't another Lich King Rune, and thus we still have a chance for a Diablo announce!
Xulfxulf + 2091d ago
with clearly a Hel rune in the 2nd teaser splash shot, I'm starting to believe... ?
Terrice + 2091d ago
Honestly, it's getting to look more and more like Diablo.
I can't wait for tomorrow's image.
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New stories
A Band of Gamers Podcast Episode 35: Rears In Gear
Eight Classes of MapleStory 2 First Announced by Nexon
Fuse is only £4.85 on PS3 at ShopTo
ShopTo Gaming Podcast - Episode 19
Win a PS4!
Korean gaming magazine features sexy cover image for Tigyuk Tagyuk
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33409 | Submitted by Kantor 1357d ago | review
gamrReview Review: Naughty Bear
gamrReview writes:
"If you even manage to complete five levels of Naughty Bear, you're doing pretty well. Manage ten, and you are superhuman. Finish the entire game, and you're probably quite seriously ill, and you should schedule a visit to the doctor as soon as possible. It's the equivalent of watching paint dry while running around in circles and whacking yourself on the head with a hammer, on a rowboat in the middle of the Pacific Ocean in a thunderstorm." (505 Games, Naughty Bear, PS3, Xbox 360) 3.3/10
Spectator1 + 1358d ago
:(((( I wanted it to be good!
darthdevidem01 + 1357d ago
aww don't worry Machina Naughty Dog will bring you great games!
ElementX + 1357d ago
LOL. I knew it would flop from the first time it was annonced. Just check out these other hit titles from Artificial Mind and Movement: Wet, Iron Man, High School Musical, Power Rangers: Super Legends, Kim Possible, Happy Feet, and Ed, Edd, and Eddy.... LOL They really should close up shop.
naznatips + 1357d ago
Noooooo I was hoping it would be fun. :(
Convas + 1357d ago
STILL GOING TO BUY IT!!! This is obviously a game which'll have a cult following. It's unique, and colorful, and a change from the norm for me. Besides, a review is just someone else's opinion, and my opinion of NB has already been formed.
FLOWCity + 1357d ago
Well said
I'll Gamefly it.
AliTheBrit19 + 1357d ago
It really deserves higher than this.
It is very short though, finished half of it in like 2 hours.
6/10 at the very least.
milf_sex + 1357d ago
Wow...thats horrible. Worst game of the year so far then ?
Kemicalbeliefs + 1357d ago
This game is about 5 years too late. I've tried to get into it but the camera, the gameplay, the wtf? about it ruins it.
I even tried to trade it back in and was offered half its value. That says something.
Neo Nugget + 1357d ago
I'm gonna gamefly it. I gotta have something to hold me over till Crackdown 2.
Tempestwing + 1357d ago
Saddening to see how a fun idea failed..
BYE + 1357d ago
Totally saw that coming.
It never looked like a product with any substance judging from the trailers.
-MD- + 1357d ago
I'm still going to rent this eventually.
Spenok + 1357d ago
Thats to bad, i was hopeing for something at least halfway decent out of this.
rezzah + 1357d ago
This game is gona be a rent, unless the price of it is already low.
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Fuse is only £4.85 on PS3 at ShopTo
ShopTo Gaming Podcast - Episode 19
Korean gaming magazine features sexy cover image for Tigyuk Tagyuk
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33415 | Page last updated at 08:51 GMT, Monday, 13 December 2010
The Redditch Doddin apple: return of a rare fruit
A Doddin Apple
The Doddin Apple, showing its unusual shape
A rare breed of apple, found only in Redditch and the surrounding area, has been replanted in a local orchard.
The Doddin is a small apple, the size of a golf ball, and is very sweet.
A new tree has been planted in a community orchard on Headless Cross Green in the town.
Pip Taylor, founder of the Doddin Preservation Society, said: "The actual numbers of the Doddin are not known, but recently it could have been less than 20 trees."
He says that in World War 2 the apple was taken into cinemas as an alternative to popcorn.
Neil Marsh, one of the residents behind organising the community orchard, said:
"Like many of my generation, I remember the Doddin - it's a sweet little apple.
"We used to go scrumping for them in our neighbours' gardens when we were kids, and we used to eat them whole, core and all.
"I think it's amazing that here I am now planting Doddin trees with my kids.
"It's a big part of our Redditch heritage, there must be lots of people with interesting memories of the Doddin - it's great that we're bringing it back."
Rare fruits
The community orchard contains other rare fruit trees, including:
• The Worcester Black pear - dating back to the 16th century and as depicted on the county's coat of arms.
• The Yellow Egg plum from Evesham.
• The Lord Hindlip.
• The King Coffee - said to have a hint of coffee when eaten.
• The Pitmaston Pineapple.
• The Catshead - which has fruit shaped like its name.
The orchard has been planted with the support of Transition Redditch.
Growers enjoy bumper apple crop
16 Sep 10 | Hereford & Worcester
Fruit trees for Valentine's Day
03 Feb 10 | Nature & Outdoors
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33454 | The composer produced half his lifetime's output after the age of 90. It was easy to believe he would go on forever. Corbis
Elliott Carter, the American composer who legitimized high complexity in music, has died at the age of 103 in New York's Greenwich Village, in an apartment he had purchased in 1934. The cheerful, feisty figure with trademark tousled hair and bright blue eyes had become increasingly productive with each passing year; it was easy to believe he would go on forever.
Of the two schools of American composition that predominated in the second half of the 20th century—the "uptown" one, atonal and densely intricate, and the more accessible "downtown" approach—Carter became a standard-bearer of the former. As a result, he often lacked a large audience. But he gained the esteem of his colleagues, received two Pulitzer Prizes and the U.S. National Medal of Arts, was named a French Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters, and was inducted into the Classical Music Hall of Fame.
He hadn't started out as an avant-gardist. After receiving a Bachelor's degree in English at Harvard University, Carter studied music with such mainstream composers as Walter Piston, Gustav Holst and Edward Burlingame Hill before traveling to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger. She instilled in him, he reported, an intense focus on analyzing the meaning and importance of individual notes in a composition, and on the technical skills found in Bach. But she exerted pressure on him to turn away from the pungent, discordant music of Arnold Schoenberg, to which he had been attracted.
His early musical voice emerged in neo-Romantic works like "Pocahontas," written for Lincoln Kirstein's Ballet Caravan in 1939, and "The Minotaur Suite" of 1947, with brass fanfares, a driving pulse and modernist Hollywood-style textures closer in spirit to Bernard Herrmann than to Pierre Boulez. The Piano Sonata (1946), with its rich, harmonious chords and jazzy rhythms, brings to mind the free, improvisatory style of Keith Jarrett. Coplandesque outings such as Symphony No. 1 (1942) and "Holiday Overture" (1944) suggest pure Americana.
A significant change came in 1950, when Carter received a Guggenheim Fellowship and a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters that allowed him to spend a year in southern Arizona. While there, he wrote his First String Quartet, signaling an approach that would occupy him for the rest of his life. One of the hallmarks of the Quartet was a device he called "metric modulation," in which the rhythmic values of notes are subtly shifted, gradually establishing a new rate of pulse—speeding up or slowing down the music—seamlessly, but with mathematical precision.
His Second String Quartet (1959)—for which he won his first Pulitzer Prize—fully merged his interests in literature and music. Each instrument had its own distinct set of intervals and rhythms. Giving the separate voices an individual character—as might be displayed in a novel—became a primary focus. "I've always been very interested in the combination of different characters, either simultaneously or in succession," he told me in an interview for The Wall Street Journal around the time of his 100th birthday. For the rest of his life, his musical textures would be governed by a kind of emotional counterpoint, as instruments embodied their own individual psychological narratives, moving through a range of rhythms and sonorities, sometimes at cross purposes.
The result—as in his groundbreaking "Double Concerto for Harpsichord and Piano With Two Chamber Orchestras" (1961)—could be a whirlwind of sounds as dense and as furious as Hurricane Sandy. Igor Stravinsky called this work the first American masterpiece.
The idea wasn't entirely new. In the 15th century, Josquin des Prez wrote "mensuration canons" in which the same melody appears simultaneously at three different speeds. Carter cited the first act of Mozart's "Don Giovanni," in which three onstage dance orchestras simultaneously play three different dances for different segments of society. "It's a good deal like a movie in which you see a lot of people at once, and then close-ups of each one of them," he said. "Then later you are shown how they all contribute to a large pattern of interaction."
He became unconcerned with reaching a wide public. "It's important to remember that this profession, unlike painting, doesn't pay very much," he told me. So he decided simply to write what he believed in.
Yet, as he continued to turn out works—his first opera, written at the age of 90 with librettist Paul Griffiths, was followed by so many compositions that he ended up producing about half of his lifetime output in the past 13 years—critics suggested that a new, more accessible style was emerging. He disagreed. "Look, the only change that has happened to me is that I'm more and more impatient," he said. "When I think of pieces like the 'Double Concerto'—well, that's a year of work." The simpler textures of his later pieces, he claimed, were simply a result of the fact that they were shorter and written for smaller forces.
Staying true to his convictions remained crucial to the end. And though some might have associated his creations with intellectually rigorous European models, he saw his work as thoroughly American—as American as that of his onetime mentor, Charles Ives. This country's national style, he explained, is one that relishes adventurousness and champions the unexpected. His compositions, he said, actually reflected the highest ideals of democracy: "A lot of individuals dealing with each other, sensitive to each other, cooperating and yet not losing their own individuality." Not bad principles to live by.
Mr. Isacoff's latest book is "A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians—From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between" (Knopf). |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33458 | In 1990, a South African journalist named Rian Malan published a blood-soaked memoir of his home country, "My Traitor's Heart," that became an instant classic. Published at the height of the anti-apartheid movement, the brutal account of the ways South Africans killed each other briefly made the young Afrikaner with rock-star looks the toast of the American literary scene.
"My Traitor's Heart" wasn't the standard white African confessional. Mr. Malan, descended from a prominent Boer family, worked as a crime reporter in Johannesburg in the 1970s and was appalled by the horrors of apartheid. But he was equally appalled by the lies of those fighting against it. One section of "My Traitor's Heart" related how a Zulu man, Simon Mpungose, orphaned as a child, fell into a life of crime that culminated in a murder spree in which he bludgeoned white people with a hammer. Mr. Malan's account of the court case leaves no doubt as to how the cruelties of apartheid drove the man to his crimes. Most journalists would have stopped there, but Mr. Malan dug deeper. He located the man's rural village—and discovered he wasn't an orphan at all. Rather, he had been cast out of his community as a child over an ancient tribal superstition related to incest. Indeed, the man's father was relieved to hear his son had been executed by the Boers. There are many layers of truth in Africa; Mr. Malan is that rare creature driven to go out and find them.
The fall of apartheid in 1994 didn't make Mr. Malan any less pessimistic about his homeland, and he has spent the years since the success of "My Traitor's Heart" making gloomy prognostications about South Africa's future under what he sees as a corrupt and ideologically toxic African National Congress and railing against the country's stifling political correctness and the supine timidity of white liberals. "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" is a collection of some 20-odd pieces of Mr. Malan's opinion, travel writing and investigative pieces. Exhibiting the same fiercely lyrical voice that made "My Traitor's Heart" so compelling, the book is a beautiful, wry, often angry account of where South Africa has been and where it is going.
The collection's title comes from an epic piece published in Rolling Stone in 2000, about the ditty we know as "The Lion Sleeps Tonight." Originally titled "Mbube" ("The Lion") it was written in 1939 by a Zulu songsmith, Solomon Linda. The tune earned fortunes for the likes of proletarian folk singer Pete Seeger and Disney DIS +0.18% Walt Disney Co. U.S.: NYSE $80.07 +0.14 +0.18% March 14, 2014 4:00 pm Volume (Delayed 15m) : 7.68M AFTER HOURS $80.07 0.00 0.00% March 14, 2014 6:53 pm Volume (Delayed 15m): 78,476 P/E Ratio 21.76 Market Cap $140.29 Billion Dividend Yield 1.07% Rev. per Employee $262,674 03/14/14 At Disney, Two Executives Vie ... 03/13/14 Jimmy Fallon Handily Winning i... 03/13/14 DreamWorks Studio Needs a New ... More quote details and news » ; Linda on the other hand died penniless in Johannesburg in 1962. Mr. Malan documents the long tradition of white American songwriters putting their names on "wild horses"—folk songs with no seeming provenance. But Mbube had an author. Without sounding preachy, Mr. Malan goes knocking on Manhattan record-company doors to ask where Mr. Linda's money went.
The Lion Sleeps Tonight
By Rian Malan
(Grove, 317 pages, $25)
The central and most controversial piece—one the author admits "will dog me to my grave"—is an investigation into the AIDS-denialism of Thabo Mbkei, South Africa's president from 1999 to 2008, which appeared in Rolling Stone in 2001. Or, rather, it didn't: What we get here is an astonishing 10,000-word letter Mr. Malan wrote to his editor, explaining how the assignment he had been given had veered wildly off course. What he found was a booming AIDS industry whose funding dwarfs that devoted to equally dire diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis. Lax testing methods for Africans meant that blood samples from a few HIV-positive pregnant women in, say, Uganda were fed into a computer model in Geneva which extrapolated that "14 million Africans" have died of AIDS.
The letter is riven with Mr. Malan's discomfort at the questions he is raising. The author was branded an AIDS denier in South Africa for his troubles, but it is apparent from the original letter that he never denied the existence or seriousness of the disease—just the predicted scale of it. Perhaps inevitably, the piece Rolling Stone ended up running was so watered down as to be almost unreadable. But Mr. Malan, it turned out, was right. AIDS statistics for Africa have been radically downscaled in the decade since. In "Among the AIDS Fanatics," a more recent piece for the London Spectator, published here with a postscript, he recounts how even U.N. officials have admitted their testing models were seriously flawed and that AIDS infection rates were overestimated by as much as 50%.
Critics often dismiss Mr. Malan as overly bleak, but this is nonsense. The dominant voice in a Malan story is his own wonder at the beauty, chaos and paradoxes of his continent. "The Last Afrikaner" (1994) is a terrific report about an old woman, abandoned by her family in 1960s Tanzania after a youthful dalliance with a black man. Mr. Malan tracks her down to the foot of a volcano where she lives, poor, dressed in rags, yet fiercely proud of her Afrikaner roots, teaching her black grandchildren Boer folk songs. "Over the years I'd sat outside a thousand similar huts. . . . Tannie Katrein was the first African peasant I'd ever met whose every word made sense to me." The hilarious "Those Fabulous Alcock Boys" (2007) introduces two young white men who were raised as Zulus, one now a gun-toting entrepreneur, the other a high-stakes land dispute negotiator, both far more optimistic about the future of the country than Mr. Malan. One gets the feeling the author seeks such people out precisely as a check on his own pessimism. Then there is "The Apocalypse That Wasn't" (2004) a lovely essay—part travelogue, part polemic—in which he admits to being wrong about forecasting the inevitable collapse of South Africa, or at least the timing of it. The piece was quoted extensively by President Mbeki in the opening of parliament—much to the annoyance of Mr. Malan's detractors.
In the foreword to "The Lion Sleeps Tonight," Mr. Malan claims, "The only true line I've ever written about South Africa is this one: We yaw between terror and ecstasy. Sometimes we complete the trip in 15 minutes." It is what keeps his traitor's heart true to South Africa. Rian Malan is one of the finest nonfiction writers alive, and American readers should treasure this chance to get to know him again.
Mr. Rogers is the author of "The Last Resort: A Memoir of Mischief and Mayhem on a Family Farm in Africa." |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33460 | User:Topher Cyll
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This webpage reproduces a section of
The Deipnosophistae
published in Vol. III
of the Loeb Classical Library edition,
The text is in the public domain.
This page has not been proofread.
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(Vol. III) Athenaeus
Book VII
(Part 3 of 6)
p295 (288B) Conger-eels. — These, as Hicesius says, are tougher than lake eels, have a more spongy flesh, are less nourishing and much inferior in flavour, but are wholesome. The epic poet Nicander, in the third book of his Glossary, says1 that they are also called grylli. Eudoxus, in the sixth book of his ¶ Description of the Earth ¶, says the many are caught in Sicyon as large as a man can carry; in some instances one of them even fills a cart. And Philemon, the poet of the New Comedy, also mentions the excellent conger-eels of Sicyon; he represents a cook boasting of his art, and saying the following in the play entitled ¶The Soldier ¶:2 'For a yearning hath crept upon me to come forth and tell to earth and sky how I dressed the dainty. Yes, by Athena, sweet it is to succeed in all things. What a tender fish I had, p297how perfectly did I serve it! Not drugged with cheese, not decked on top with herbs, but even when baked it looked exactly like what it was when alive. ESo mild and gentle was the fire I gave it when I baked the fish, I shall not even be believed.3 It was exactly as when a hen catches something too big for her to swallow. She runs round and round, holding it fast, and is all eagerness to swallow it. Then other birds begin to chase her. So it was then. The First man to discover the delights of the t dish jumped up and ran in flight all round, holding fast to the dish, while others followed close at his heels, I had a right to exult; for some of them seized a bit, others got nothing, others all. And yet I had merely taken some river fish, which eat mud. If I had, then, got something rare, an Attic sea-lizard — O Saviour Zeus! — or Argive boar, or conger-eel from loved Sicyon, which pox carries to heaven as an offering to the gods, then all who ate would have become gods. I have found the elixir of life: men already dead, once they but catch a whiff from the dish, I cause to live again."
This boast, Athena is my witness, would not have been ventured even by the Syracusan Menecrates, surnamed Zeus, who prided himself greatly on being the sole cause of life to mankind through his skill in medicine. He used, at any rate, to compel those whom he cured of the so‑called sacred diseases4 to p299sign a bond that they would obey him as his slaves if they were restored to health. And one man who became his attendant wore the dress and went by the name of Heracles; he was Nicostratus of Argos, who had been cured of the sacred sickness. Ephippus mentions them in ¶The Peltast¶,5 speaking as follows: "Did not Menecrates assert that he was Zeus, a god? And Nicostratus of argos, that he was another Heracles?" Another attendant, with the riding-cloak and herald's staff, "and wings besides,"6 was called Hermes, like Nicagoras of Zeleia, who became tyrant of his native city, according to the account given by Baton in his ¶ History of the tyrants in Ephesus ¶.7 and Hegesander8 says that Astycreon, who had been cured by him, was called Apollo. Still another of his patients who had been restored to health moved about in his company clad in the garb of Asclepius. As for Zeus himself, dressed in purple, with a gold crown on his head and carrying a sceptre, his feet shod with slippers, he walked about attended by this divine choir. In a letter to King Philip he wrote as follows "Zeus-Menecrates to Philip, greeting: You are kind of Macedonia, but I am king of Medicine. You can destroy healthy people whensoever you wish, but I can save the ailing, and the robust who follow my prescriptions I can keep alive without sickness until old age comes. Therefore, while you are attended by a bodyguard of Macedonians, I am attended by all posterity. For I, Zeus, give them life." In p301answer to him Philip wrote, treating him as a crazy man: "Philip to Menecrates, come to your senses!"9 EIN similar vein Menecrates wrote also to archidamus, king of Sparta, and in fact to all his correspondents, never refraining from the name of Zeus. Once Philip invited him, along with his own peculiar band of gods, to a dinner, and made them all recline together on the central couch, which was raised very high and decked in a way befitting the most elaborate ritual. He then set before them a table on which lay an altar and first-fruits of all kinds of products of the earth.10 And when the food was brought in for the rest of the company, the slaves would burn incense and offer libations before Menecrates and his crew, until at last this new Zeus, derided as he was, fled with his subject gods11 from the symposium. This is narrated by Hegesander.12 But Menecrates is also anded by Alexis in Minos.13 Again, Themison of Cyprus, the favourite of King Antiochus, was proclaimed at the festivals as Themison of Macedon, the Heracles of King Antiochus, according to Pythermus of Ephesus in the eighth book of his Histories.14 Not only that, but all the inhabitants also sacrificed to him, calling upon him by the name of Heracles-Themison; and whenever any distinguished person offered sacrifice, Themison was always present in person, reclining on a separate couch and clad in a lion's skin; he also carried a Scythian bow and held a club. However that may be, Menecrates, for all that he was the p303kind of person I have described, never ventured a boast at all approaching that of the cook just mentioned:15 B"I have found the elixir of life; men already dead, once they but catch a whiff from the dish, I cause to live again."
But the whole tribe of cooks is given to boasting, as Hegesippus represents them in Brothers;16 he brings on a cook who says: "A. My good sir, much has been said by many men on the subject of cookery. Either, then, you must prove that you can say something novel, as compared with the other authorities, or else stop making me tired. B. Not so, Syrus. You had better believe that I am the only one in the world who has discovered the finishing touch in the art of cookery.17 I didn't learn it casually, by merely wearing an apron for a couple of years, but I have spent my whole life in studying and testing the art in all its branches; all the kinds of vegetables there are, the varieties of small fry, every kind of lentil-soup. Ay, the finishing touch, I tell you. When I chance to be the caterer serving at a funeral-feast, the moment they return from the funeral clad in garments dyed black, I take the lid from the pot and make the mourners laugh. Such is the titillation which courses inside their bodies, as though they were at a wedding. A. What, you mean by serving them lentil soup and small fry? Tell me! B. They are mere side-issues with me. But if I get what I require, p305and can once arrange the kitchen to suit myself, you shall now, Syrus, again see the self-same thing which happened in the time of the Sirens of old. The fragrance is such that, to put it simply, not a man of them will be able to pass through this alley. Every passer-by will immediately come to a stop at the front door, open-mouthed, nailed to the wall speechless; until finally one of his friends, some other person who has stopped up his own nostrils,18 comes running up and pulls him away. A. You are a mighty artist. B. You don't know the man you are speaking to. Why, I know of many persons seated here in the audience who have eaten up their estates for my sake." In the name of the gods, what is the difference, think you, between this fellow and the Charmers in Pindar,19 who, like the Sirens, caused those who listened to them to forget their mother-cities and wither away in pleasure
Nicomachus, in Eileithyia, also introduces a cook who beats the actors at boasting. Anyway, this fellow says to the man who has hired him:20 "A. You indicate a character that is, to be sure, very charming and gentle, but you have been negligent in one detail. B. What is that? A. You have failed to scrutinize carefully our importance as artists. Or have you, before hiring me, asked of those who know me well? B. No, by Zeus, I have not. A. Then look you! You have no notion, perhaps, of how one cook differs from another. B. But I shall know if you tell me. A. To take a fish purchased by someone p307else and dish it up with an artistic dressing is not within the capacity of any ordinary servant, is it? B. Heracles defend us! A. The complete cook is made on a different plan. You must acquire many arts held in high esteem, which anyone that wishes to learn them properly should not approach offhand; no, you must first grasp the art of painting.21 Then there are other arts, too, which you must learn before the art of cookery, and which it would have been better for you to know about before you spoke to me. They are astrology, geometry, and medicine. For from these you will learn the potencies and tricks of fishes; you will carefully observe the seasons, to see when any fish, in each case, is served untimely or in season. For in pleasures the divergences22 are it. Sometimes a boax proves to be better than a tunny. B. That may be so. But what business have you with geometry? A. We regard the kitchen as a globe. We must divide it into segments, and after finding one locus separate it into specific parts as the advantage of the art decrees. These are processes borrowed from geometry. B. Stop! I believe you even if you don't tell me the rest. But what about medicine? A. There are foods which in some cases cause winds and dyspepsia and bring dire vengeance, not nourishment. Every one who dines on hostile food becomes quarrelsome and loses his self-control. For such foods, then, you must find the antidote in the art of medicine, and it's a borrowing of art. Again, p309it is a matter of military tactics as well — this use of reason and harmony, the knowing just where in cookery each unit is to be posted in number and in quantity. In that respect no one else can be enrolled as my equal. B. Now listen to a few things in answer in my turn. A. Say on. B. Don't bother yourself about me, but go spend the rest of the day at your ease!"
The cook described by Philemon the Younger23 is inclined to be rather schoolmasterish when he says lines like these: "Let it alone, just as it is. For things that are to be baked, just see to it that the fire is night too slow (for that is right for boiling but not for baking) nor yet too hot; for then in turn it burns up whatever it touches on the outside, but does not penetrate to the flesh. A man isn't a cook merely because he comes to a customer with soup-ladle and carving-knife, nor even if he tosses some fish into a casserole; no, Wisdom24 is required in his business." But the cook in ¶The Painter ¶, by Diphilus,25 tells us to whom he should let himself out for hire in se words: "A. No, Draco, I won't take you on for a job anywhere unless you are likely to spend the day as a table-maker26 with a lavish abundance of good materials. For I never go to a man until I first make sure who is giving the sacrificial feast, or why the dinner is given, or what p311people he has invited. I have a diagram of all classes, those to whom I should let myself out, and those of whom I must beware. Take, for example, the class that belongs in the Port. A sea-captain offers sacrifice to pay a vow; he has lost the mast or rudder of his ship and completely wrecked it, or has tossed the cargo overboard when he was full of water.27 I let that kind of man alone, because he never does anything for pleasure, but only through custom. While the libations are poured he is calculating how big a share of the loss he can levy on the passengers, reckoning it all up; and so each of them must eat his own vitals.28 But another man has sailed into port from Byzantium; only a two days' voyage, without a scratch; he has made money, and is overjoyed that he has made a profit of ten or twelve per cent.29 He is full of talk about his fares, he belches forth his loans, celebrating a debauch with the help of tough panders. Up to him I sidle purring,30 that moment he disembarks; I put my hand in his, I remind him of Zeus the Saviour, I am all engrossed in the thought of serving him. That's my way! Again, a lad is gobbling up his patrimony in a love affair, he's a fast worker when it comes to spending. I go to him. Other lads, perhaps, get up a subscription dinner.31 God save the mark! They put into the urn what money they can find, and as they tightly clutch the fringes of their clothes32 they cry: 'Who's willing to get up a cheap little dinner in the market?' I let them bawl. For to go there means getting a lot of blows p313besides, as well as serving the whole night through. If you ask them for your fee, they say, 'First bring me the pot.' 'The lentil soup didn't have any vinegar in it.' Again you ask. 'You'll be the foremost cook to get — a beating.' I might recite an unending list of other customers like these. But where I am taking you now is to a brothel. There a courtesan is celebrating the Adonis festival sumptuously in company with other harlots. You will stuff yourself lavishly, and the folds of your tunic as well,33 when you amble from there." And in ¶The Treasure ¶, by Archedicus, another little cook-professor34 has this to say:35 "First the guests arrive while the fish are still lying uncooked. 'Give employ water for the hands,' they demand. 'Take the fish and be off!' I put the casseroles on the fire, sprinkle the coals with oil thoroughly, and make a blaze. While the greens and the pungent smells from the side-dishes cheer my patron, I boil the fish nicely with all its juices in it and just the right strength of brine, into which any gentleman might dip. Thus, by the sacrifice of a small cup of cheap oil I have saved for my benefit perhaps fifty feasts." Philostephanus, in ¶The Man from Delos¶, gives even the names of distinguished cooks in these lines:36 "I know that you, Daedalus, excel all men in your profession and in your keen intelligence, next to Thibron, the p315Athenian cook surnamed Perfection; and so I have come to pay the price you demanded and fetch you hither."
Now Sotades (not the poet of Maroneia, author of the ¶Ionian Songs¶, but the writer of the Middle Comedy) also represents a cook speaking in language of this tenor in ¶Locked Up¶ (for thus he inscribes37 his play):38 "First I took some shrimps; I fried them all to a turn. A huge dog-fish is put in my class; I baked the middle slices, but the rest of the stuff I boiled, after making a mulberry sauce. Here I fetch two very large pieces of grey-fish cut near the head,39 in a big casserole; in it I have added sparingly some herbs, caraway-seed, salt, water, and oil. After that I bought a very fine sea-bass. It shall be served boiled in an oily pickle with herbs, after I have served the meats roasted on spits. Some fine red mullets I purchased, and some lovely wrasses. These I Italy tossed upon the coals, and to an oily pickle I added some marjoram. Besides these I bought some cuttle-fish and squids. A boiled squid stuffed with chopped meat is nice, and so are the tentacles of a cuttle-fish when roasted tender. To these I fitted a fresh sauce of many vegetables, and after them came some boiled dished, for which I made a mayonnaise to give them flavour. To top p317this I bought a very fat conger-eel. I smothered it in a fresher pickle. Some gobies, and some rock-fish of course; I snipped off their heads and smeared their bodies in a batter of flour, just a little, and sent them on the same journey as the shrimps. Then a widowed bonito,40 a very fine creature, I soaked just enough in oil, wrapped in swaddling-bands of fig-leaves, sprinkled it with marjoram, and hid it like a firebrand in a heap of hot ashes. With it I got some small fry from Phalerum. Half a gill of water poured over this is generous. I then cut up some herbs very fine and abundantly, and even if the jug holds a quart, I empty it all. What remains to be done? Nothing at all. That is my art; I need no written recipes and no memoranda."
Well, enough of cooks. I must speak of the conger-eel. For Archestratus, in the Gastronomy,41 describes in these words where each part of it should be purchased: "In Sicyon, dear friend, you have the head of the conger-eel, fat, vigorous, and large; also all the belly parts. And so, boil it a long time in salt water, after you have sprinkled it over with herbs." Continuing, this noble explorer describes the Italian regions and again says:42 "And you can catch a nice conger-eel, which is as much superior to all other fishes as the fattest tunny is superior to the poorest crow-fish." Alexis, in ¶The Seven at p319Thebes ¶:43 "And served therewith were pieces of fat conger-eel piled high to overflowing." Archedicus, in ¶The Treasure ¶,44 brings on a cook who talks about the purchases he has made: "For three shillings, a sea-lizard. . . . The head parts of a conger-eel, with the first cuts next it,45 five shillings more. Alas, times are hard! Necks, a shilling; yet the Sun is my witness, if I had been able to get another neck for myself, and it had been possible to buy it somewhere, I should have hanged myself by the neck which I have before I had ever brought home this stuff. Nobody has ever had a tougher job rendering service. At one and the same time, to purchase so much and at such a very high price! At one and the same time, too, if I bought anything good, I am like to be ruined for it. 'Those fellows will eat' — that phrase I repeat to myself. 'Such good wine they will spew on the floor!' Oh me!"
The Loeb Editor's Notes:
1 Frag. 122 Schneider; cf. Athen. 356A.
2 Kock II.500; the first words are from Euripides, Medea, 57. See Athen. 290A.
3 sc., if I tell how greedy for it the diners were.
4 In untechnical language, such as Athenaeus affects here, this term (jjj) means "desperate" (jjj, Plut. Per. 13). Specifically, in the singular, it means epilepsy.
5 Kock II.260.
6 The form jjj seems to indicate that these words also belong to Ephippus. The wings were on the sandals. See critical note.
7 F. H. G. IV.348.
8 Ibid. 414.
9 Philip, in an excellent pun, substituted for jjj (rejoice!), the common form of greeting in a letter, the rarer jjj (be of sound health!). See Plut. Ages. 21.
10 Such as were provided for the gods at the jjj, but not to be eaten.
11 Or, reading jjj, "fled on the run with his subjects."
12 F. H. G. IV.414.
13 Kock II.346.
14 F. H. G. IV.488.
15 288D.
16 Kock III.312; cf. Athen. 405D.
17 Cf. Athen. 377A.
18 As the companions of Odysseus had their ears stopped up.
19 P. L. G.4 frag. 53.
20 Kock III.386.
21 See critical note.
22 jjj is apparently an astrological term.
23 Kock II.540.
24 jjj, a favourite word of the philosophers.
25 Kock II.553.
26 For the duties of the jjj see 170D.
27 The epithet jjj is transferred from ship to ship-master.
28 Instead of the sacrificial victim, for which they will have to pay.
29 Literally "ten or twelve drachmas to the mina" (which was 100 drachmas).
30 See critical note.
31 Athen 142C, 365D.
32 Signifying their embarrassment.
33 i.e., you will carry food away with you for later consumption.
34 Cf. Athen. 658E.
35 Kock III.276.
36 Kock III.393.
37 jjj in this sense is not common in the active. See critical note.
38 Kock II.447.
39 The part most esteemed; Athen. 286B, 294B.
40 See 278A.
41 Frag. 16 Ribbeck 18 Brandt.
42 Frag. 17 Ribbeck 19 Brandt.
43 Kock II.323; the title of the play by Aeschylus is jjj (accusative), ¶ Seven against Thebes ¶. The dative jjj in the MSS. here may have meant the same.
44 Kock III.277.
45 See 293B note c, and for necks, 417E.
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What is the catch rate of catching a pokemon on the pokewalker for each hit point lost?
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Well, it depends what pokemon you are trying to get, not the hit points taken away. Here is a list of Pokemon with their Catch rates.
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Why is that so? the PW seems so simple. If you cant catch at 1 hp its impossible to catch :) |
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I have been trial running a club in which I teach programming for the past year and while they have progressed what they really lack is the most fundamental concept to programming, analytical thinking.
As I now approach the second year of teaching to the children (aged 12 - 14) I am now realising that before I begin teaching them the syntax and how to actually program an app (or what they would rather, a game) I need to introduce them to analytical thinking first.
I have already found Scratch and similar things such as Light-Bot and will most certainly be using the, to teach them how to implement their logical thinking but what I really need are some tips or articles on how to teach analytical thinking itself to children aged 12 - 14.
What I'm looking for are some ideas on how to teach the kind of thinking that these kids will need in order to get them into programming, whether that be analytical, logical or critical. How and what should I teach them relating to the way their minds need to be wired when programming solutions to problems?
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Please explain what exactly you mean by "logical thinking". Do you mean boolean logic? Something else? – Oded Jun 24 '12 at 18:57
Do you mean analytical thinking? Divide a problem into several subproblems and solve them one-bye-one, or something else? – mcwise Jun 24 '12 at 18:59
Take a look at criticalthinking.org. There are lots of articles here, and some of them are on the problems of teaching and new approaches. Hope this helps. – superM Jun 24 '12 at 19:05
I edited your question, next time make sure to edit it yourself :) – mcwise Jun 24 '12 at 19:08
Boolean logic games: stackoverflow.com/questions/771318/… – Danny Varod Jun 24 '12 at 19:08
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8 Answers
I had similar reactions when I first taught programming to undergraduates, using BASIC, 30 years ago. (Now GWBASIC is still excellent for bare beginners. You can switch to OO stuff much later.) The first thing that needed to happen is I had to learn a few things about teaching. It served me well then and since, with even younger students. Let me summarize:
• Start them programming, right away. Little programs to input their name, and then say HELLO SUZY or whatever. If you think this is too trivial, you need to understand that it's actually quite profound. It means there's a difference between edit-time (the time at which you give instructions to the computer), and run-time (the time at which it carries them out). It means there's such a thing as a variable, where the name of the variable, like NAME$ is different from what it contains, like SUZY. It means that a program is executed one step at a time, finishing one step before starting the next, not all at once. It also means that it doesn't read your mind. (Note to pipelining and multi-core objectors: come back when the students can actually program.)
• If something seems simple to you, it is because you have learned a lot of things that you know so well that they seem obvious. They are not obvious to the student. You need to go at their speed. If you give them a problem that's too hard, it's not that they can't do logical thinking, it's that you need to break it down to a simpler problem.
• Don't expect them to understand something just because you said it. The only way to learn programming is by working through small problems, making the same mistakes that everyone makes, and coming to the oh-Now-I-get-it moments. You can help them with this, but you can't just give them the answer, because it has to come out of their brain, not yours.
• A useful classroom technique was to "play computer". I would write a program on the board, and then we would "execute" it as a group, one step at a time, writing the current value of each variable on the board.
There are other tricks too, such as a simplified interpreter for a totally decimal "machine language", that I would start them with. That makes it much simpler when we start talking about variables and (next course) pointers.
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That sounds like some great advice but the only thing I am not sure about is point 1 about starting them programming straight away. Would it not be best to teach them logical thinking (e.g breaking a problem down) through working together to solve problems before moving on to the programming language itself? I had also considered using Scratch while teaching the logical/analytical thinking section rather than giving them a full high-level programming language straight away, do you think that would work? – Joshua Jun 24 '12 at 19:39
I really liked your answer and I am quite surprised that you made the experience "code first". For me it has been the other way around I would solve problems first and only much later got in touch with real implementations, so it's quite interesting to see that there are not much with me :) – mcwise Jun 24 '12 at 19:40
@Joshua: The problem with the idea "logical thinking" is it's way too vague. When they start making little programs they will be thinking logically, like it or not, so I never made that a separate goal. That said, you need to find your own way forward, so whatever works for you, go for it. – Mike Dunlavey Jun 24 '12 at 19:42
@mcwise: Not every teacher teaches the same way, but for me, nothing gets students fired up like the first time they write a program that asks them their name and then replies with a random insult like HI THERE BILLY, YOU ARE A BIG SMELLY SLOB :) – Mike Dunlavey Jun 24 '12 at 19:45
This may be useful: List of programming languages commonly used for pre-university education on Wikipedia. – rwong Sep 15 '13 at 12:35
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I'm no teacher, but my immediate response would be to look to games and puzzles. And in that regard I would actually be looking outside of programming for ideas. I say that because I'm thinking more about general life skills. I would guess that 12-14 year olds are at that point where the skills and interests they pick up will be with them for the rest of their lives.
When I was that age I was introduces to things such as DnD, strategy gaming, Go, Chess, and the sorts of puzzles where the solution could only be achieved through a series of logical steps. Back then there were no personal computers, but I'm sure that being exposed to those things gave me an advantage when getting into computing because I already understood logic and strategic thinking.
So I'd consider finding something that is actually not on computers because it will create a contrast, and also because it will challenge them to write computer programs for it. One example might be the trading card games (such as Magic the Gathering). Games like this require a large amount of mathematics, strategy and problem solving skills to play well. They also create opportunity for software development to get a competitive edge. Even better might be to challenge them to develop their own trading card game or similar.
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Games came to mind for me as well. I don't know exactly how one implements them in a classroom setting, but I grew up playing chess and real time strategy games and that really got me setup on the analytic thinking front. Chess ends up becoming a list of rules based on previous games and expectations of what your opponent will do. "If I do this, he does this, I do this..." and the key is learning why that works, so you can adapt to new situations. Then you get general heuristics like "attack the center." Its the same idea with any decent RTS game as well (build orders, counters, etc). – asjohnson Jun 25 '12 at 16:39
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Logical thinking is like reasoning backwards. People who are good at this have a specific way of thinking and they are good at observing stuff.
The simplest and silliest example (show this to the children first): if you need to reach office at 8am, you need to catch the bus by 7:30am. For that you need to be reach the bus stop at 7:25am. For that you need to leave your house by 7:10am, and so on. For analytical thinking you need a few things:
1. You need to observe patterns. For example, given this sequence: 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 x, you should be able to see that this is a Fibonacci sequence, and the next number is 13+8=21 A lot of exercises can fall under this. They can practice this.
2. Solving the Sudoku/Minesweeper games are a good way of boosting logical thinking ability as well as concentration. But even they won't be able to teach you complex logical thinking.
3. You can tell them to do this (I think this is called Abstraction): Give them any function/nested for loops and stuff, let them read it, and figure out what it does. You can start with simple stuff, and then make the function a bit complex.
4. They can solve basic trigonometry problems, prove that LHS=RHS types.
5. They can solve puzzles.Various types of them.
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If you’re looking for material, try The Power of Mindful Learning by Ellen J. Langer. It’s been a while since I read that book, but I remember the book emphasizing the importance of context, different ways of looking at problems, and questioning assumptions.
Here’s a quote from the book that I think summarizes it pretty well:
… the concept of mindfulness revolves around certain psychological states that are really different versions of the same thing: (1) openness to novelty; (2) alertness to distinctions; (3) sensitivity to different contexts; (4) implicit, if not explicit, awareness of multiple perspectives; and (5) orientation in the present.
The book also gives examples of how you might implement mindful learning in a classroom.
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Have you tried Project Euler? A good way would be to let the class formulate pseudo-code before the actual implementation. You could also start with a very basic sort algorithm like Bubble Sort.
Edit: I have just thought about it a bit more and I think you could introduce your own pseudo-code, like introducing for-loop, if, basic data types like int, show them how everything you introduce works and then let them use it a bit, as I said for example with Project Euler or a basic algorithm.
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Project Euler's pretty good for finding some nice problem to work with and indeed it is a good resource for problems which the class can come up with some pseudo-code for. The only problem I have found teaching using pseudo code before is that they later often confuse it with real code and try to program with it. Thus I think using psuedo-code would have to come in at the same time as teaching the programming language itself. So I get them to come up with the psuedo-code and then say, this is what that translates to using the language itself. – Joshua Jun 24 '12 at 19:32
Bubble Sort is way too advanced for beginners. For that, you first have to learn variables, loops, conditionals, and the really big one - arrays. – Mike Dunlavey Jun 24 '12 at 19:32
While I don't think Bubble Sort is too advanced for beginners (before I knew arrays I just saw the numbers as numbers in that order... not a huge abstraction IMO) but even if it is, you could start with more elementar "problems" such as "given a number n, return the number n*n with + as the only operation" (of course this would require loops as well, maybe it would be even an example to introduce loops) – mcwise Jun 24 '12 at 19:36
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This question reminds me of Jeff Atwood's article "Separating Programming Sheep from Non-Programming Goats" in which a test is described that very well predicts potential programming aptitude of students who have never programmed before.
It describes how some people have learned (or have an innate ability) to develop consistent mental models in their head. I believe the question you may be asking is "How do I teach people to form consistent mental models?"
Unfortunately, I don't know the answer to that, but maybe rephrasing the question is a crucial step. If that can be achieved it would be an ENORMOUS advance in education science and psychology. This is not a small thing.
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Talking about games, you might also want to look at http://pleasingfungus.com/Manufactoria/
No tips for teaching though. But I can say that when I was taught programming in childhood, it was only games for the whole first few years. Robotlandia the suite was called. One had to write actual code, but as a solution for actual games, and I could say it helped a lot.
I would guess that it really helps to see the results of your work, graphically and step by step, and being able to deduce from that what went wrong. I'm not sure you have to actually teach anything as much as helping kids find the solution themselves, and provide the most interesting (but not hard) problems and shiny tools to solve them.
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Congratulations on teaching programming to kids. I have been teaching adult learners programming for almost 8 years now and I think that it is important to combine both programming logic with hands on programming experience. This allows the student to match the abstract with the concrete. Although it can be slow going at first in the long run the student has a better foundation and understands the process more completely.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33485 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
In a traditional VCS, I can understand why you would not commit unresolved files because you could break the build. However, I don't understand why you shouldn't commit unresolved files in a DVCS (some of them will actually prevent you from committing the files).
Instead, I think that your repository should be locked from pushing and pulling, but not committing.
Being able to commit during the merging process has several advantages (as I see it):
• The actual merge changes are in history.
• If the merge was very large, you could make periodic commits.
• If you made a mistake, it would be much easier to roll back (without having to redo the entire merge).
• The files could remain flagged as unresolved until they were marked as resolved. This would prevent pushing/pulling.
You could also potentially have a set of changesets act as the merge instead of just a single one. This would allow you to still use tools such as git rerere.
So why is committing with unresolved files frowned upon/prevented? Is there any reason other than tradition?
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By whom is it frowned upon or prevented? – pdr Oct 10 '12 at 13:51
@pdr Some developers I worked with frowned upon it. At least in hg 1.6 after a merge, files are marked as unresolved. hg will not let you commit until you have marked them as resolved (doesn't necessarily mean you actually have to resolve them, but I would assume that's the idea). – Explosion Pills Oct 10 '12 at 13:53
So by "unresolved files", do you actually mean "unresolved merges"? – pdr Oct 10 '12 at 13:56
@pdr no, hg actually maintains a list of files that have or have not been flagged as "resolved" (using hg resolve). If there are any U files on this list, it won't let you commit. – Explosion Pills Oct 10 '12 at 13:57
hg resolve is used specifically for merges with conflicts; see selenic.com/mercurial/hg.1.html#resolve. Note that Mercurial will not let you commit files with unresolved merge conflicts. You must use hg resolve -m ... before you can commit after a conflicting merge. – Mike Partridge Oct 10 '12 at 14:30
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The biggest issue that I can see is that it creates a window of commits where things are half-merged and (probably) not working correctly. When you push the final set of local commits, all of those intermediate commits will also apear for everyone else. In ideal world, I should be able to pull any commit and the code should work. If you start committing in the middle of merges, the state of the code isn't well-defined.
One thing you could do is make local commits to your merge, and then bundle them into one big commit when you push (though I'm not sure how(if?) any vcs support this). While this might yield some of the benefits you mentioned, I'm not sure it's worth the extra complexity (we're already dealing with a fairly confusing and complex area).
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I don't know that I agree with the ability to pull any commit and have it working .. a lot of the point of committing in a DVCS is to commit your progress, so stuff is bound to be broken or incomplete much of the time. – Explosion Pills Oct 10 '12 at 14:47
Always having working commits has some nice benefits. For example, if you are trying to track down when a bug was introduced, it's useful to be able to traverse the history to see when something broke (vcs even have commands for doing binary search over the history). If you don't have working commits, you won't be able to track bugs down as effectively. – Oleksi Oct 10 '12 at 15:03
Git supports bundled commits. – deltree Oct 10 '12 at 18:08
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I am most familiar with Git, so I will be answering for that perspective.
I don't see a reason why you or any good VCS would want to allow committing an unmerged file, particularly if it was code. You need to keep the repository in a consistent state, and what you are suggesting would violate commit atomicity. Many VCS's physically change the file to show where the conflicts are - Git, SVN, and CVS use >>>> <<<< type markers. In a VCS with atomic repository-level commits and merges, you would just have created a node that makes no sense to anyone but you. In software development, your project couldn't build. In a group's document, no one knows which changes are correct.
Now, Git provides some tools that could ease this, were the type of commit you suggest allowed. You could squash all you merge commits together before you pushed, for example. That winds up being the same as a typical merge commit.
Specific concerns about your list of benefits:
1. The actual merge changes are in history. Why do you need extra information? DVCS's are very good about limiting conflicts to confined areas. Once you choose which changeset to keep, comparing the merge commit node's copy to the previous copy will give you exactly this.
2. If the merge was very large, you could make periodic commits. This is a valid concern, but you shouldn't ever get here in the first place. Branches should constantly be pulling in upstream changes just so this won't ever happen. Tools like rebase or cherry-pickking one commit at a time can also assist you here in some situations.
3. If you made a mistake, it would be much easier to roll back (without having to redo the entire merge). See above - your conflicts shouldn't become this unmanagable.
The only way this suggestion could work is if the branch was if the whole merge was atomic - you could see a series of commits, but they would be merely steps in a larger merge commit that had to be treated as one node in the commit tree. I don't think any current VCS has support for this type of workflow, and I don't think it is necessary.
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Conflicts probably shouldn't become this unmanageable, but often are (at least in my experience). I think that the whole merge should be atomic; that is what I'm suggesting. May not be necessary, I'm just wondering why it hasn't been done. You also can't necessarily choose one or the other option in a conflict; sometimes it's a combination of both changes. This is especially confusing. – Explosion Pills Oct 10 '12 at 14:49
"You need to keep the repository in a consistent state". I don't think that's true. A local repository is a work space, not a shrine. If it helps to commit in the middle of a merge, do it IMHO. If you do this because you don't know any better, I would suggest not doing it. If you're an experienced programmer, however, you should do whatever works best for you. Don't get dogmatic about keeping your local repository pristine. – Bryan Oakley Oct 10 '12 at 18:45
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My main experience lies with Mercurial, although I also use git sporadically.
Mercurial doesn't disallow you to commit unresolved files, it just discourages you. Same deal with pushing before pulling changes that you don't have.
All you need to do in Mercurial is, once you have the files the way you want to commit them:
hg resolve --mark --all
hg commit -m "I'm such a rebel"
--mark will... mark files as resolved without prompting you with the merge tool. --all will take care of selecting all files mark with conflicts.
If you want to push without pulling (and consequently having to merge other's changes) do like a Jedi:
hg push --force
Next guy who pulls will get +1 head (no pun intended)
I'm sure there is a way to do the same stuff with Git (although it probably is more convoluted).
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I think it's best to push small changes and push often, when it's possible(and of course it isn't always), and don't commit code that doesn't build, or is half complete(we all make mistakes, but don't do it on purpose). I also come from git, and one of the best things I think is the fact that you can have a workable copy of the repo on your desktop...which you can then modify to your hearts content. When your big changes are done, send it away.
Doing a lot of open source with git the biggest frustration for me was getting half done code plopped into the repo, and trying to do a build, but couldn't, because the guy did half the work and said "I'm busy now, I'll finish it in a week". So I'd end up having to scrap it(which would annoy the guy), or take the time to finish and completely integrate it.
I guess from my perspective, keep the half ass stuff locally, send the good stuff over the wire.
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Don't be a slave to your tools.
The goal of a VCS is to enable you to do your job. Your job is not to keep a pristine local repository, your job is to write code. If committing early and often locally lets you work better, do it.
You shouldn't, however, push broken code upstream.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33486 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
How common are circular references? The less common they are, the fewer hard cases you have if you are writing in a language with only reference counting-GC. Are there any cases where it wouldn't work well to make one of the references a "weak" reference so that reference counting still works?
It seems like you should be able to have a language only use reference counting and weak references and have things work just fine most of the time, with the goal of efficiency. You could also have tools to help you detect memory leaks caused by circular references. Thoughts, anyone?
It seems that Python uses references counting (I don't know if it uses a tracing collector occasionally or not for sure) and I know that Vala uses reference counting with weak references; I know that it's been done before, but how well would it work?
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With the goal of efficiency, garbage collection can be more efficient. Just consider a system that generates many short-lived objects; releasing all of them takes some effort. On the other hand, a generational garbage collector just transfers the surviving objects to the next generation, thus avoiding many separate deallocations. – user281377 Dec 28 '10 at 15:33
Does anyone know of any research that indicates where existing methods are most efficient? – compman Dec 28 '10 at 15:34
garbage collection can even be more efficient than malloc/free in some circumstances. – dan_waterworth Dec 28 '10 at 15:39
It seems that there is some confusion about what you are asking. All the answers so far that have answered the language design part of your question, seem to have completely misunderstood the question. They are talking about manual memory management using reference counting vs. any kind of automatic memory management, while you are asking about automatic memory management using a tracing garbage collector vs. automatic memory management using a reference counting garbage collector. Those are two completely different questions! You may want to edit your question to make it more clear. – Jörg W Mittag Dec 28 '10 at 20:46
See programmers.stackexchange.com/q/31011/1403 for more info. – bmargulies Jan 3 '11 at 1:42
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
Weak references work great for breaking loops, as long as it's clear a loop is being made and as long as the developer makes provision for it with a weak reference. This isn't the same as a more robust GC, which is intended to handle such things automatically so the developer doesn't have to think about them at all.
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Is it enough of a problem to warrant increased inefficiency? EDIT: That assumes that reference counting is faster, but... – compman Dec 28 '10 at 15:25
@user9521: Enough of a problem? Maybe. Nor is efficiency the major concern here. C++ uses reference counting in smart pointers to integrate memory handling into RAII, and being able to do that is very useful. Also note that, while reference counting is usually faster, it's less regular. Standard GC can be designed to be spread out the processing, but chained deletes have to be done at a particular time. – David Thornley Dec 28 '10 at 15:55
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They are very common. One ubiquitous example are hierachical structures where each node has a pointer back to its parent, and of course the parent has a collection of its childs. User interfaces toolkits like Swing work like this.
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In this case, the existence of the child UI element should not stop the parent UI element from being destroyed, so you could use a normal reference from the parent to the child and a weak reference from the child to the parent, thus fixing the problem. Right? – compman Dec 28 '10 at 15:19
Yes, weak references could mitigate the problem in that case. – user281377 Dec 28 '10 at 15:28
@user Yes, weak references can do this. But as David Thornley wrote, that's not the programmer's job in a language that claims to have a GC. – delnan Dec 28 '10 at 15:40
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How common are circular references?
How common are doubly linked lists?
If this was the case, don't you think reference-counted implementations would have been common by the time you joined the party?
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actually there are reference counting implementations out there, notably because the "easy" mark-and-sweep has this nasty freeze the world effect. Trouble is that reference counting garbage collectors must implement some cycle detection algorithm, and this one is not easy. – Matthieu M. Jan 8 '11 at 16:37
Lisp still isn't mainstream, so your argument about unpopularity can't really be valid. – compman Jan 8 '11 at 17:59
@user9521: That's a bad analogy. Different than LISP, GC is widespread, but I'm not talking about whether GC gets wide-spread, but whether a certain implementation of an already wide-spread feature would. A better analogy: If there was a feature in LISP that would make it much faster, wouldn't it be common for LISP implementations by now? (But then it might not, because LISP isn't in demand as much as GC is, so there's less pressure to optimize it. Anyway, this analogy would work.) – sbi Jan 10 '11 at 9:39
As of 2013, the implementation based on reference counting with strong and weak references has now become common. It's how the software in iPhones is compiled: clang.llvm.org/docs/AutomaticReferenceCounting.html – algal Dec 30 '13 at 23:42
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You are right, you should be able to do garbage collection only using reference counting. Objective-C on iPhone is an example of a platform that does just that.
Why is it not done in practice? Because sloppy code and memory leaks are a reality and having a computer deal with them automatically enables every average pig to write code that does not constantly run out of memory.
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Python and Objective-C use reference counting, and they are the languages behind some important works in software. As with any other garbage-collection strategy, reference-counting implementations can be tweaked to make them efficient for the common case.
Languages that opt for reference-counting usually include several important data structures in the language definition or in the standard libraries, so programmers are shielded from thinking about how memory management happens in them.
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Only one particular Python implementation uses refcounting (CPython - yes, that's the reference implementation and the one most people use, but it's still an implementation detail), and it does have a real GC as well, which rund periodically and breaks cyclic references. – delnan Dec 28 '10 at 19:35
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Edit: Rewritten to convey my point better.
1: Entity Relationships
I have run into this problem with entities. Suppose that have two classes, Author and Article. Furthermore I have a render(Author) and render(Article) which return html documents describing either item. The author will have a list of articles and the article will have information about the author.
Author and Article will have a reference cycle. We can attempt to solve this cycle by introducing a weak reference. What if the reference is from Author to Article? Then render(Article) will not keep references to Author alive and thus will the object will be deallocated before it is used to get the Author's name. But, if the reference is from Article to Author that works fine, but render(Author) will not register any references against Article and they will be deallocated before their titles can be fetched.
Introducing weak references solves the problem so long as all of the relationships have a definite direction where the opposite direction is clearly secondary. But some relations do not work that way.
On the other hand: This precise problem only derives in cases where we have associations between objects. That is each object needs to hold a mutual reference to the other. Perhaps the language could support such associations naturally and thus give them special treatment with reference counting. That could be made to work.
2: Data Structures
Data structures very often have reference cycles. The most common example is a doubly-linked list. It is also not uncommon for tree structure to have next/prev pointers in the leaves for quick iteration.
On the other hand: I suspect most such cycles are actually broken by the operation of the data structure. For example, when an object is removed from a linked list, the two references to the node will be reset thus clearing the references.
3: Deterministic Deletes
One reason to use reference counting is that you get deterministic deletes. Objects will be deleted at predictable times. This means you can do things like close files, release locks, etc. because you know the objects will get deleted in a timely manner.
The problem is that this tends to breaks. If I accidentally create a cycle my files do not get closed and my locks do not get released. Furthermore, I receive no errors as a result of doing this.
This isn't really a problem with reference counting. It is a case where the advantage (deterministic deletes) does not really work out leaving me with less reason to want reference counting.
On the other hand: The real issue might be argued to be that we did not have any automated testing to ensure the objects were destroyed. If had such a thing we would be informed when this didn't work.
4: Speed
Another reason to want reference counting is because it is faster. However, it seems this is not actually true. All the increments and decrements are actually pretty expensive. (It gets really bad when you start considering threading.) So its not clear that any speed advantage is gained here. In fact, it may be faster to use another GC technique.
5: Convenience
If working in a reference counting language, I have to worry about not creating reference cycles. I found myself creating cycles on a regular basis. In most circumstances I could fix this by introducing a weak reference. But why bother? There did seem to be some advantages to reference counting but they didn't seem to pan out (See 3&4) As a result, it just didn't seem worth it to fight the cycles.
In Conclusion
Reference Counting simply doesn't seem to deliver enough benefits over typical GC implementations to make up for the extra headache it gives the coders.
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Your first example could just be an instance of bad program design. I don't know for sure I haven't seen the source code, but those names don't make it sound like great design. In your second example, no garbage collection system could have saved you. – compman Jan 5 '11 at 23:03
@user9521, I can't disagree: that design had issues. But those issues weren't really related to the issue at hand. I rewrote the post to explain better. – Winston Ewert Jan 6 '11 at 1:10
Note that thread-safe reference counting using atomic decrements is non-deterministic and reference counting is considered to be one of the slowest forms of garbage collection (hence it is almost unheard of in production-quality GCs like HotSpot and the CLR). – Jon Harrop Oct 14 '13 at 14:40
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You can use reference counting for any object that can never refer to itself, transitively. This is similar to the kind of heuristic analysis you can do to determine that a function is non-reentrant, so can be called without recourse to a stack in a single-threaded environment.
In a type-safe statically typed language, this can be determined statically. If a set of concrete classes can be ordered so that each class's properties can only contain reference to later classes, then that set of types can be reference counted.
So, given a Java point class,
final class Point {
double x;
double y;
We know the class contains no references, so a VM could allocate Point instances in a reference counted block of memory as an optimization.
And given a simple class like,
final class Person {
String name;
since we know that String cannot refer to a Person, we could do a similar reference-counting optimization for instances of Person.
But the following class cannot be reference counted:
final class Pair {
Object a;
Object b;
because a could a pair, or could be an object that refers to a Pair.
The following class cannot be reference counted either:
final class Tuple {
List<Object> items;
since items could contain references to Tuples or to objects that can contain references to Tuples.
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It actually depends on the language.
Languages (like most functional languages) that emphasize immutability of data structures are, by nature, acyclic (since a value may only refer to older values).
Therefore, I would bet that Reference Counting works great for them :)
There are other optimizations that GC can bring. For example a GC that can move data in memory may be able to get "linked" values closer to each other, which improve cache hits during computation.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33488 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
The last place I worked wasn't a particularly great place and there were more than a few nights where we were working late into the evening trying to meet our sprints. The team while stressed out got pretty close and people started bringing in little mind teasers and puzzles, just something we would all play around with and try to solve while a build/deploy was running for the test environment, or while we were waiting for the integration test run to finish.
Eventually it turned into people bringing chess boards in and setting them at their desks. We would play by email sending each other moves in chess notation, but at a very casual pace, with games lasting sometimes two or three days.
Management tolerated this when we were putting in overtime, but as things were being managed better and people weren't working much more than 40/wk, they started cracking down on this and told us that we weren't allowed to have chess boards at our desks, although they were okay with the puzzle games.
What are the pros and cons in your opinion of allowing chess during software development lull time?
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Even better, try something fun. – Craig Jun 22 '11 at 13:02
@Craig, says the person who never made the Chess Club in high school ;-) – maple_shaft Jun 22 '11 at 13:07
I think he meant a game not invented 7000 years ago. Like say Caylus, Rattus, Dominion, Settlers of Catan, Power Grid, Puerto Rico, etc. etc. Chess is great and it has its place, but people who act like it is the ultimate thinking game need to lift their heads up and look around a little. If you want something "team building" try one of the many cooperative games out today like Pandemic, Forbidden Island, Defenders of the Realm, Arkham Horror, etc. – John Munsch Jun 22 '11 at 13:21
@jhocking, I wouldn't, Chess was chosen for a number of reasons. It is quiet and doesn't disturb others at work. It is turn-based meaning that a turn can be easily made and then one can walk away. Chess notation is easily transmitted via a number of mediums making it one of the first long-distance games of all time (I recall the famous 15 year spanning game by post between a British general stationed in India and his friend in Sussex over 150 years ago). And chess notation moves can be easily logged so if the cleaning people knock the board over you can very easily set it back up. – maple_shaft Jun 22 '11 at 15:03
A Rubik's Cube might work well. – Bernard Jun 22 '11 at 15:15
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up vote 12 down vote accepted
Other than your management sounding utterly dilbertian I have to say Chess sounds like a pretty bad idea as team building goes. Chess is fundamentally an antagonistic game and not about team work and team play per se. There's nothing to encourage discussion or social interactions at all, except perhaps if you analyze the game afterwords or something.
If you want team building do something like a team, like building a Minecraft world or form a World of Warcraft clan.
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Haha - Mr project manager, see, we just need to grind a little more, think of the epics! Can't see that one happening.. But in spirit, you are right :) – Max Jun 22 '11 at 12:51
I bet playing WoW "while the tests are running" would lead to a 10-hour build. :-) – Konrad Garus Jun 22 '11 at 13:02
I can see your point, but we very quickly learned that certain team members would win over 90% of the time. We generally could guess the outcome before we even started, but mostly we were trialing different opening strategies, reviewing strategic decisions and trying to better our skills for the next time. Nothing is more exhilarating than trying something different and actually beating a superior player. The superior players though differ because they generally don't make the same mistake twice so by beating them you actually make them more challenging the next time. – maple_shaft Jun 22 '11 at 13:05
I bet 'certain team members' were running the board through an endgame database ;) – Alain Jun 22 '11 at 17:08
xkcd.com/303 – Michael Jun 22 '11 at 17:27
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Ok, while I think your intent is great, there's some other things that are a little more cleansing.
My team found a ping pong/table tennis table that was outside of our area, so we started going over there after really long, grinding sessions. It started out as three of us playing, then I made an internal ladder app where we can challenge each other, and there's some points and other fun stuff. The quarterly winner gets $25 gift card as enticement.
It started as three people. We now have 14 people in the ladder after two months. It has actually improved relations between our staff tremendously. I'm on great terms with my SysAdmin because we are the 1-2 on the ladder and play some great matches. We don't devote too much time to it or take it too seriously, so our management doesn't particularly mind.
This comes down to your manager's flexibility, but I think it's very important (especially for programmers) to get away from the computer for parts of the day and do something completely different. That's why I don't think things like WoW are good, because you're still on the computer. Depending on your situation, I think you guys can get creative and come up with something.
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Nothing is better for team-building than Doom. Or Quake, Unreal Tournament, Portal 2, BioShock 2, et al.
Releases aggression, relaxes the mind, and if your boss will play it's even better.
Do it at lunch or after hours, and watch morale soar.*
(* at least the morale of the people that are good at it, but that applies to chess, too)
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Did you mean Left 4 Dead? – Anton Barkovsky Jul 16 '11 at 12:45
@Anton: any good shooter will do! – Steven A. Lowe Jul 17 '11 at 16:52
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I'm a big fan of games of all types at work. Puzzle, card, board, etc. The more interaction between team members outside of their job roles the better. As long as the competition doesn't rise to unhealthy levels, it is fine.
That said, the underlying problem sounds not one of games, but of time spent. Management is OK with chess when hours logged is >40 hours but not under? Sounds like they're using hours per week as a metric of performance. Not only is that wrong, but counter productive. I'd be more concerned with fixing that before getting the chess boards back.
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How playing chess will improve on the team building? It's only a two player game (unless there is new version which I am unaware of). It will definitely help for team members to come closer if the team consists of two members. But for a bigger team, the only thing chess playing is going to do is improve on chess playing skills. Even this will be great if the company is one which produce chess game. But for others I failed to see how is this team building activity.
For team building you actually need those technical or non-technical forums, where the members come together and discuss some idea not closely related with their work. This is much better than the chess game.
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There is a form of Chess that can be played by 3 or 4 people. 3 is very unfair, but 4 is fun if everyone can manage to wrap their head around playing against 3 other people (it takes a few games to get used to the new methods of thinking). – Thomas Owens Jun 22 '11 at 13:30
Yes it is played by two people but typically only a single game was going on at one time and people would typically enjoy just watching, even the PM would come by to see who was winning. Spectators would discuss the best moves to make based on the current situation so people were playing in their minds thinking about what they would do. – maple_shaft Jun 22 '11 at 14:12
... further we would also form teams and discuss each move. Team members would nominate a possible move, then everybody would evaluate the nominated moves and vote on the move they preferred. – maple_shaft Jun 22 '11 at 14:14
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I think it is a bad idea.
Chess is a game which consumes a lot of time and requires high brain utilization.
If you do it right you will have no time left to do your job and your mind will be too exhausted to do your job properly.
Your management must see it for what it is which is why they prohibited it. Obviously they pay you not for playing chess but for applying your brain powers to the work that needs to be done.
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Good point. I do remember getting carried away in some really intense games and I would have trouble getting my mind on code and off the board. The project was mostly standard and the heavy brain-lifting development is usually a small percentage of most business applications. I don't personally recall ever burning myself out on a game, but instead using my brain power when I was exceptionally bored. – maple_shaft Jun 22 '11 at 14:08
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I think Paintball is more of a team-building activity than Chess. Believe it or not, many developers do not know how to play Chess. Paintball in of itself is a mindless activity - point and shoot - but it requires you to rely on your teammates to win thus you must work together towards the common goal of defeating the enemy. I do not agree with World of Warcraft or something like that. Video games are good, but there still is a sense of onemanship because you don't win as a team and players can gain certain perks. With paintball, you either win or lose. That's it. The same goes for any team sport really.
When I was in Iraq, we would play cards during downtime.
At any rate, you are there to work not play. I can see management's point especially if they feel that you are taking away from their bottom line.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33489 | 101 reputation
bio website naonicotonneau.wordpress.com
location Belgium
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I am a junior developper. I like new technology especially, new Microsoft Technology.
I like to work on innovation project.
I am simply passionate by all thing that i can find.
I am just a geek liking is world !!!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33496 | Using your phone's internet browser
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Who is the man in amul cool advertisement and also features in ariel washing powder and dettol advertisment?
Tags: man in amul, dettol advertisment, cool advertisement
Asked by madhuparna chakraborty, 30 Apr '07 03:01 pm
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gorgeous looking model Sana Khan
Answered by Soosheel Choudhury, 03 Dec '07 06:44 pm
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I am manish 14/09/1982 samay 9 am se 9.30 am betul madhyapradesh,mere jeevan me premvivah hai ya nahi abhi paristhiti vas mera jeevan sathi jo meri patni ho sakti thi dabav aur parivaar ki vipreet karno ke vajah se bahot door chali gayi hai ..plz help me if u can. my mail id is plz help me now i am in the mood of lowest level that may lead to any harm for me.
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Asked by Dr Manish Mandourney, 18 Dec '12 02:17 pm
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9 a.m. ke anusar aapki kundli prem vivah ke liye anukool nahin hai
Answered by Om Shrivastava, 18 Dec '12 02:27 pm
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How were the Bishorn mountains formed?
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Snow slider in Switzerland.For the mountaineer Hans Steinbichler from Chiemgau, who knew the western Alps very well, the Bishorn is the most beautiful ski-4000m-summit although it stands in the shadow of the Weisshorn. Because of the ski-mountaineering, the Bishorn got a second climbing season in spring.
The Bishorn is an often visited 4000m-peak with 2 summits:
# W-summit: 4153 m (snow)
# E-summit: 4135 m (rock)
It is located on the extreme end of the north spur of the Weisshorn. There are different reasons for its popularity:
1. The magical limit of 4000 m.
2. The short and unproblematic ascent on the glacier from the highly located Tracuithtte.
3. The wonderful view, especially to the Weisshorn-N-rigde. ...more
Answered by Philomena, 09 Mar '10 03:27 pm
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Not all emotions but definitely..........Emotion is a strong sensation of any kind that you feel about somebody or something. Feeling is state of mind..more |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33520 | Ford Q&A
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2000 Ford F-250 Super Duty Question: 2000 F250 with 5.4L engine. Does it have a timing belt or timing chain?
apbreg, Exton, PA, December 11, 2012, 09:07
I have 115K on the engine and want to know if the belt or chain need service?
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33526 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
On page 74 of the DMG (Step 5: Consequences), it says that if you fail a skill challenge, it can become more difficult, such as detouring you in a different direction. Could you attempt the same challenge again at a higher difficulty? So, could you try 'talking to the ogre again,' but since it already knows what you want, it makes it more complex and you need to work harder for the answer?
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Page 74 of what? – Dakeyras Dec 6 '12 at 21:53
I think he says page 74 of DnD-4e player handbook – eklam Dec 6 '12 at 22:08
@luke burgin you should serously consider reformulate, since there is no apparent question in the text – eklam Dec 6 '12 at 22:08
@RenanMalkeStigliani I think I've found the core of it. See if this is clearer. – Jadasc Dec 6 '12 at 22:34
Are you asking this from the perspective of a player in the game, or from the perspective of a DM planning an adventure? – Simon Withers Dec 6 '12 at 22:54
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As a GM, I would personally avoid allowing your party to rehash a skills challenge at a greater DC for both narrative and creative reasons. To elaborate your ogre example a bit, let's say the PCs quest is to rescue a group of villagers which have been captured by an ogre. The captain of the guard wants you to kill the monster, while the local druid sympathizes with the creature since his territory has been encroached upon by the growth of the village. In this case, the goal of your challenge would be to convince the ogre to release his captives through some non-violent means.
If your party fails to broker a peace, allowing a "redo" detracts from the dramatic weight of the skills challenge - where is the tension if the players can simply attempt a second round of negotiations? Failure needs to hold certain consequences in order to be meaningful, and win or loose, a skills challenge should always advance the narrative in some direction, not leave the party back at square one. Similarly, skills challenges are an awesome opportunity at collaborative story-telling between the players and the GM - you want to reward new and innovative thinking on the part of your PCs. Allowing your paladin to attempt yet another a diplomacy check isn't an especially creative approach to the problem presented.
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Failing a Skill Challenge Should Be Interesting
DMG 76 says,
This means a DM should never introduce a skill challenge whose failure will stop the story (which is really what it means if they have to try it again and again until they win). Always have an interesting consequence that presents that party with an answer to "what do we do next?" It might be another skill challenge, or a combat encounter, or an intense RP session, but it shouldn't be "try it again, and do better this time." That's boring and frustrating for the players and the DM.
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Despite the story-stopper, already pointed out, sometimes a retry could be allowed
Like a dead end cave, where a landslip had blocked the return path, and now the players must swim the way off. It's nice to see some char struggling to swim and hold the breath, and the multiple skills checks should be increasingly difficult every time they fails. In the end, the character dying or making it through the deep waters would have added a lot of tension.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33527 | 382 reputation
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I've been roleplaying since I got a copy of the Blue Holmes box back when I was ten or so, and haven't really stopped since. I've covered a good number of games over the years, but these days I've been really enjoying D&D, FATE, Savage Worlds, and Buffy. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/33533 | Dmitry Karasik > Prima-1.37 > gencls
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Source Latest Release: Prima-1.37_01
gencls - class interface compiler for Prima core modules
gencls --h --inc --tml -O -I<name> --depend --sayparent filename.cls
gencls accepts the following arguments:
Generates .h file ( with declarations to be included in one or more files )
Generates .inc file ( with declarations to be included in only file )
Turns optimizing algorithm for .inc files on. Algorithm is based on an assumption, that some functions are declared identically, therefore the code piece that handles the parameter and result conversion can be shared. With -O flag on, a thunk body is replaced to a call to a function, which name is made up from all method parameters plus result. Actual function is not written in .inc file, but in .tml file. All duplicate declarations from a set of .tml files can be removed and the reminder written to one file by tmlink utility.
Generates .tml file. Turns -O automatically on.
Adds a directory to a search path, where the utility searches for .cls files. Can be specified several times.
Prints out dependencies for a given file.
Prints out the immediate parent of a class inside given file.
In short, the syntax of a .cls file can be described by the following scheme:
[ zero or more type declarations ]
[ zero or one class declaration ]
Gencls produces .h, .inc or .tml files, with a base name of the .cls file, if no object or package name given, or with a name of the object or the package otherwise.
Basic scalar data types
Gencls has several built-in scalar data types, that it knows how to deal with. To 'deal' means that it can generate a code that transfers data of these types between C and perl, using XS ( see perlguts ) library interface.
The types are:
char *
string ( C declaration is char[256] )
There are also some derived built-in types, which are
that are mapped to int. The data undergo no conversion to int in transfer process, but it is stored instead to perl scalar using newSViv() function, which, in turn, may lose bits or a sign.
Derived data types
The syntax for a new data types definition is as follows:
<scope> <prefix> <id> <definition>
A scope can be one of two pragmas, global or local. They hint the usage of a new data type, whether the type will be used only for one or more objects. Usage of local is somewhat resembles C pragma static. Currently the only difference is that a function using a complex local type in the parameter list or as the result is not a subject for -O optimization.
Scalar types
New scalar types may only be aliased to the existing ones, primarily for C coding convenience. A scalar type can be defined in two ways:
Direct aliasing
<scope> $id => <basic_scalar_type>;
global $Handle => int;
The new type id will not be visible in C files, but the type will be substituted over all .cls files that include this definition.
C macro
<scope> id1 id2
global API_HANDLE UV
Such code creates a C macro definition in .h header file in form
#define id1 id2
C macros with parameters are not allowed. id1 and id2 are not required to be present in .cls name space, and no substitution during .cls file processing is made. This pragma usage is very limited.
Complex types
Complex data types can be arrays, structs and hashes. They can be a combination or a vector of scalar ( but not complex) data types.
Gencls allows several combinations of complex data types that C language does not recognize. These will be described below.
Complex data types do not get imported into perl code. A perl programmer must conform to the data type used when passing parameters to a function.
<scope> @id <basic_scalar_type>[dimension];
global @FillPattern U8[8];
Example of functions using arrays:
Array * func( Array a1, Array * a2);
Perl code:
@ret = func( @array1, @array2);
Note that array references are not used, and the number of items in all array parameters must be exactly as the dimensions of the arrays.
Note: the following declaration will not compile with C compiler, as C cannot return arrays. However it is not treated as an error by gencls:
Array func();
<scope> @id {
<basic_scalar_type> <id>;
<basic_scalar_type> <id>;
global @Struc {
int number;
string id;
Example of functions using structs:
Struc * func1( Struc a1, Struc * a2);
Struc func2( Struc a1, Struc * a2);
Perl code:
@ret = func1( @struc1, @struc2);
@ret = func2( @struc1, @struc2);
Note that array references are not used, and both number and order of items in all array parameters must be set exactly as dimensions and order of the structs. Struct field names are not used in perl code as well.
<scope> %id {
<basic_scalar_type> <id>;
<basic_scalar_type> <id>;
global %Hash {
int number;
string id;
Example of functions using hashes:
Hash * func1( Hash a1, Hash * a2);
Hash func2( Hash a1, Hash * a2);
Perl code:
%ret = %{func1( \%hash1, \%hash2)};
%ret = %{func2( \%hash1, \%hash2)};
Note that only hash references are used and returned. When a hash is passed from perl code it might have some or all fields unset. The C structure is filled and passed to a C function, and the fields that were unset are assigned to a corresponding C_TYPE_UNDEF value, where TYPE is one of NUMERIC, STRING and POINTER literals.
Back conversion does not count on these values and always returns all hash keys with a corresponding pair.
Namespace section
<namespace> <ID> {
A .cls file can have zero or one namespace sections, filled with function descriptions. Functions described here will be exported to the given ID during initialization code. A namespace can be either object or package.
The package namespace syntax allows only declaration of functions inside a package block.
package <Package ID> {
<function description>
The object namespace syntax includes variables and properties as well as functions ( called methods in the object syntax ). The general object namespace syntax is
object <Class ID> [(Parent class ID)] {
Within an object namespace the inheritance syntax can be used:
object <Class ID> ( <Parent class ID>) { ... }
or a bare root object description ( with no ancestor )
object <Class ID> { ... }
for the object class declaration.
[<prefix>] <type> <function_name> (<parameter list>) [ => <alias>];
int package_func1( int a, int b = 1) => c_func_2;
Point package_func2( Struc * x, ...);
method void object_func3( HV * profile);
A prefix is used with object functions ( methods ) only. More on the prefix in Methods section.
A function can return nothing ( void ), a scalar ( int, string, etc ) or a complex ( array, hash ) type. It can as well accept scalar and complex parameters, with type conversion that corresponds to the rules described above in "Basic scalar data types" section.
If a function has parameters and/or result of a type that cannot be converted automatically between C and perl, it gets declared but not exposed to perl namespace. The corresponding warning is issued. It is not possible using gencls syntax to declare a function with custom parameters or result data. For such a purpose the explicit C declaration of code along with newXS call must be made.
Example: ellipsis (...) cannot be converted by gencls, however it is a legal C construction.
Point package_func2( Struc * x, ...);
The function syntax has several convenience additions:
Default parameter values
void func( int a = 15);
A function declared in such way can be called both with 0 or 1 parameters. If it is called with 0 parameters, an integer value of 15 will be automatically used. The syntax allows default parameters for types int, pointer and string and their scalar aliases.
Default parameters can be as many as possible, but they have to be in the end of the function parameter list. Declaration func( int a = 1, int b) is incorrect.
In the generated C code, a C function has to be called after the parameters have been parsed. Gencls expects a conformant function to be present in C code, with fixed name and parameter list. However, if the task of such function is a wrapper to an identical function published under another name, aliasing can be preformed to save both code and speed.
package Package {
void func( int x) => internal;
A function declared in that way will not call Package_func() C function, but internal() function instead. The only request is that internal() function must have identical parameter and result declaration to a func().
Inline hash
A handy way to call a function with a hash as a parameter from perl was devised. If a function is declared with the last parameter or type HV*, then parameter translation from perl to C is performed as if all the parameters passed were a hash. This hash is passed to a C function and it's content returned then back to perl as a hash again. The hash content can be modified inside the C function.
This declaration is used heavily in constructors, which perl code is typical
sub init
my %ret = shift-> SUPER::init( @_);
return %ret;
and C code is usually
void Obj_init ( HV * profile) {
inherited init( profile);
... [ modify profile content ] ...
Methods are functions called in a context of an object. Virtually all methods need to have an access to an object they are dealing with. Prima objects are visible in C as Handle data type. Such Handle is actually a pointer to an object instance, which in turn contains a pointer to the object virtual methods table ( VMT ). To facilitate an OO-like syntax, this Handle parameter is almost never mentioned in all methods of an object description in a cls file, although being implicit counted, so every cls method declaration
method void a( int x)
for an object class Object is reflected in C as
void Object_a( Handle self, int x)
function declaration. Contrary to package functions, that gencls is unable to publish if it is unable to deal with the unsupported on unconvertible parameters, there is a way to issue such a declaration with a method. The primary use for that is the method name gets reserved in the object's VMT.
Methods are accessible in C code by the direct name dereferencing of a Handle self as a corresponding structure:
((( PSampleObject) self)-> self)-> sample_method( self, ...);
A method can have one of six prefixes that govern C code generation:
This is the first and the most basic method type. It's prefix name, method is therefore was chosen as the most descriptive name. Methods are expected to be coded in C, the object handle is implicit and is not included into a .cls description.
method void a()
results in
void Object_a( Handle self)
C declaration. A published method automatically converts its parameters and a result between C and perl.
When the methods that have parameters and/or result that cannot be automatically converted between C and perl need to be declared, or the function declaration does not fit into C syntax, a public prefix is used. The methods declared with public is expected to communicate with perl by means of XS ( see perlxs ) interface. It is also expected that a public method creates both REDEFINED and FROMPERL functions ( see Prima::internals for details). Examples are many throughout Prima source, and will not be shown here. public methods usually have void result and no parameters, but that does not matter much, since gencls produces no conversion for such methods.
For the methods that are unreasonable to code in C but in perl instead, gencls can be told to produce the corresponding wrappers using import prefix. This kind of a method can be seen as method inside-out. import function does not need a C counterpart, except the auto-generated code.
If a method has to be able to work both with and without an object instance, it needs to be prepended with static prefix. static methods are all alike method ones, except that Handle self first parameter is not implicitly declared. If a static method is called without an object ( but with a class ), like
Class::Object-> static_method();
its first parameter is not a object but a "Class::Object" string. If a method never deals with an object, it is enough to use its declaration as
static a( char * className = "");
but is if does, a
static a( SV * class_or_object = nil);
declaration is needed. In latter case C code itself has to determine what exactly has been passed, if ever. Note the default parameter here: a static method is usually legible to call as
where no parameters are passed to it. Without the default parameter such a call generates an 'insufficient parameters passed' runtime error.
We couldn't find a better name for it. weird prefix denotes a method that combined properties both from static and public. In other words, gencls generates no conversion code and expects no Handle self as a first parameter for such a method. As an example Prima::Image::load can be depicted, which can be called using a wide spectrum of calling semantics ( see Prima::image-load for details).
As its name states, c_only is a method that is present on a VMT but is not accessible from perl. It can be overloaded from C only. Moreover, it is allowed to register a perl function with a name of a c_only method, and still these entities will be wholly independent from each other - the overloading will not take place.
NB: methods that have result and/or parameters data types that can not be converted automatically, change their prefix to c_only. Probably this is the wrong behavior, and such condition have to signal an error.
Prima toolkit introduces an entity named property, that is expected to replace method pairs whose function is to acquire and assign some internal object variable, for example, an object name, color etc. Instead of having pair of methods like Object::set_color and Object::get_color, a property Object::color is devised. A property is a method with the special considerations, in particular, when it is called without parameters, a 'get' mode is implied. In contrary, if it is called with one parameter, a 'set' mode is triggered. Note that on both 'set' and 'get' invocations Handle self first implicit parameter is always present.
Properties can operate with different, but fixed amount of parameters, and perform a 'set' and 'get' functions only for one. By default the only parameter is the implicit Handle self:
property char * name
has C counterpart
char * Object_name( Handle self, Bool set, char * name)
Depending on a mode, Bool set is either true or false. In 'set' mode a C code result is discarded, in 'get' mode the parameter value is undefined.
The syntax for multi-parameter property is
property long pixel( int x, int y);
and C code
long Object_pixel( Handle self, Bool set, int x, int y, long pixel)
Note that in the multi-parameter case the parameters declared after property name are always initialized, in both 'set' and 'get' modes.
Instance variables
Every object is characterized by its unique internal state. Gencls syntax allows a variable declaration, for variables that are allocated for every object instance. Although data type validation is not performed for variables, and their declarations just get copied 'as is', complex C declarations involving array, struct and function pointers are not recognized. As a workaround, pointers to typedef'd entities are used. Example:
object SampleObject {
int x;
List list;
struct { int x } s; # illegal declaration
Variables are accessible in C code by direct name dereferencing of a Handle self as a corresponding structure:
(( PSampleObject) self)-> x;
Dmitry Karasik, <>. Anton Berezin, <>.
Prima::internals, tmlink
This program is distributed under the BSD License.
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