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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29118 | Category:OWASP Backend Security Project
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Welcome to the OWASP Backend Security Project
OWASP Backend Security Project is the first OWASP project entirely dedicated to the core of the Web Applications.
OWASP Backend Security Project wiki v0.1
The aim of this OWASP project is to create a new guide that could allow developers, administrators and testers to comprehend any parts of the security process about back-end components that directly communicate with the web applications as well as databases, ldaps, payment gateway, and much more.
Join the project
To reach this purpose our community needs more Information Technology security professionals as possible to create a new point of reference for the entire OWASP community. Although these information are briefly discussed in the others OWASP projects the community would like to collect those already existing information and creating new sections related to the not mentioned back-end components.
OWASP Backend Security Project is composed of three sections: security development, security hardening, security testing.
Below are described the main professional skills requested:
- Web Developers
- System Administrators
- DB Administrators
- Penetration Testers
Below are described the main technology skills requested:
* Programming Languages
- JAVA
- PHP
- ASP .NET
* Database Server
- ORACLE
- SQL Server
- DB2
- MySQL
- PostgreSQL
* LDAP Server
- OpenLDAP
- iPlanet LDAP
- Active Directory
* Other back-end components
OWASP Backend Security Project needs of the OWASP community and new volunteers to become a new point of reference about the Web Application Security and a new OWASP success.
Mailing List
04/30/2008 - 1st SoC08 deadline: 25 May 2008.
04/18/2008 - OWASP Backend Security Project will participate to the next OWASP Summer of Code 2008.
01/31/2008 - OWASP Backend Security Project will be presented at OWASP Day 2 organized by OWASP-Italy (Rome, University "La Sapienza" Via Salaria, 113).
01/31/2008 - 1st dead line: (03/31/2008) - We need to collect the existing information in other areas of the OWASP wiki for the similar categories.
carlo.pelliccioni <at>
Pages in category "OWASP Backend Security Project"
This category contains only the following page. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29123 |
Re: [libvirt-users] virsh edit problems
On 09/26/2011 02:30 PM, Robin Lee Powell wrote:
What I have now:
<serial type='pty'>
<target port='0'/>
<console type='pty'>
That's correct for the persistent config.
No matter what I change, whether I use "virsh edit"
or edit the
files directly,
Don't do that. It won't work, and you risk corrupting things by going behind libvirt's back.
> even with libvirt off, as soon as libvirt notices
(i.e. when I turn it back on) my changes get blown away and it ends
up looking just like the above. Even as simple a thing as changing
the port number, or removing the console, or adding a second
serial... all gone.
That's an indication that the things you are adding are not essential to the persistent config. 'virsh edit' prunes your input back into the xml essential to what libvirt needed, so if your edits didn't stick, then they weren't making a difference.
Oh, wait, that's not quite true; adding a second serial *does* work.
But nothing else I've tried does.
What I'm actually trying to do is copy the docs
http://libvirt.org/formatdomain.html#elementsConsole more closely
and specify my own source paths; I'm worried that the serial and the
console are somehow ending up in the same place and maybe that's
causing my problem?
What I've been trying to do is something like:
<serial type='pty'>
<source path='/dev/pts/3'/>
<target port='0'/>
Ah - maybe I can explain that issue. For pty devices, <source path=.../> is computed at runtime, once libvirt has actually allocated a pty from the host (which pty gets allocated depends on what else has been going on in your host prior to starting your guest). Since the pty allocated is dependent on various runtime factors, there is no way to pre-allocate a fixed pty value - so this <source> element is something that 'virsh dumpxml' outputs to show you which pty libvirt allocated, but where you have no control (and no need to control) which pty to attempt to allocate. And libvirt is merely stripping the unused <source> from your persistent config because it doesn't make sense in a persistent context.
<console type='pty'>
<target port='0'/>
And it just won't stick. Maybe that's not even my problem, but it's
not showing any errors, and it's annoying me and I'd like to
understand why.
Hopefully my explanation helps, but feel free to ask more questions as needed. Perhaps this is a case of me answering your stated question rather than your implied question (that is, I answered why <source> is disappearing, but not how to get a console to your guest working in the first place).
Libvirt virtualization library http://libvirt.org
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29125 | Latest Issue of Science News
Black Hole Bonanza: 10,000 objects near our galaxy's center
Thousands of superdense neutron stars and midget black holes lurk near the center of our galaxy, according to new X-ray studies of the sky. The stellar-mass black holes are each just 10 times the mass of the sun, much smaller than the supermassive black hole known to inhabit the Milky Way's center. That central black hole has an estimated mass of 3.7 million suns. Each neutron star is about the mass of the sun.
Using the orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory, Michael P. Muno of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and his colleagues found four dramatically flickering X-ray sources within 3 light-years of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, known as Sagittarius A. The large fluctuations in these objects' brightness suggest that they are black holes and neutron stars stealing matter from companion stars. Stellar-mass black holes and neutron stars both form from the collapsed cores of stars that died in supernova explosions.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29157 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a new HTC One X. After storing all my contacts from my previous dumb-phone onto the SIM card, I tried to import them on the new smart-phone. (People->Menu->Import/eexport->Import from SIM) It says "No contacts on your SIM card". But I can see them there if I put it back in my old phone.
I don't think they are stored on my old phone itself, because for each contact it says "Stored to: SIM". Also this (brand new) SIM card is supposed to come pre-loaded with numbers for calling my phone company's customer service, voicemail, etc. so there should be SOMETHING on the SIM.
I am very new to Android and smartphones in general. Help?
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Yes, I did try that, but it didn't work. As I already stated in my question. – Athena Nov 17 '12 at 1:08
Alternative: Do you have your old phone still? SonyEricsson phones for example can export in .vcf format to the memory card which you can then either import directly on your phone or via gmail.com. You could also send your whole address book at once via bluetooth. there's also software like MobileMaster that handles many brands. – ce4 Nov 17 '12 at 9:49
I do still have it, but my old phone is so prehistorically old I don't think it can do that. That is, it doesn't have Bluetooth nor a memory card. I don't see the model number on the compatibility list for MobileMaster. I broke down and manually copied all the data across (a glorious waste of two hours) but am still interested in the correct solution. – Athena Nov 20 '12 at 0:08
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29170 | Synchronised Swimming - Russia take team gold to sweep titles
August 10, 2012|Reuters
LONDON (Reuters) - Russia's synchronised swimmers swept to gold on Friday with an impeccably executed team routine punctuated by military drumbeats and spectacular acrobatic jumps, marking their fourth consecutive clean sweep at the Games.
China, an emerging force in the sport, pipped Spain to claim silver.
The Russians, who have won every duet and team gold since the Sydney Games, scored 98.93 points out of a possible 100 for their "free" routine, a sequence which is not prescribed and in which swimmers show off their creative and technical skills.
Friday's result was added to their top-scoring routine in the team technical round, taking them to a total of 197.03 points and an Olympic title.
Russia had already won gold in the synchronised swimming duet segment earlier this week.
China have shown dramatic improvement under Japanese-born coach Masayo Imura, known as the "mother of synchro" and scored 194.01 points to take the country's first silver in the sport.
Spain, silver medallists in the duet segment, were denied second spot by a fractionally lower synchronisation score than their Chinese rivals, despite an ocean-inspired routine - swimmers in fish-scale suits - that had the crowd roaring approval at movements imitating crab pincers and ocean waves.
Japan missed out on the podium, ending the Games without a synchronised swimming medal for the first time since the sport was introduced at the Olympic Games in 1984.
(Reporting by Clara Ferreira-Marques; Editing by Peter Rutherford) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29180 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
When logging in, edges are sometimes unresponsive, ie right click on the edge brings the usual right click menu instead of the Compiz command. And yes, compiz is running (wmctrl -m -> Compiz).
It can be fixed with a "compiz --replace" but it's a bit frustrating.
Any idea how to fix this ? or to check Compiz logs on startup ? Known bug ?
Also, unrelated, Compiz scale plugin "on a group of window" NEVER works...
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2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Add Compiz to the startup applications
Name: Compiz
Command: bash -c "sleep 3; compiz --replace"
From the comment on this bug report: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/compiz/+bug/752687/comments/10
If you still experiment this problem, click "Affects me too" in this bug report https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/compiz/+bug/858845
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Well, for me, it doesnt happen every time, but thanks for that bug report – user50745 May 12 '12 at 0:06
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Try to bind them with Ubuntu Tweak.
Ubuntu Tweak saves my edge binding settings, maybe you can try it.
See my detailed answer here: http://askubuntu.com/a/150380/64580.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29181 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I've installedand configured my printer many times with this guide: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CanonCaptDrv190
I've tried 2.4 and 2.3 drivers but noticed no difference. At first installed by using guide to 12.04 as I have that version on ubuntu. Then tried the longer version. And mixed them up and googled a lot.
Now I'm in situation that captstatusui doesn't show anything at all. Gui launches but all fields are empty. When I try to print a test page it tries to process a while and gives me this error message: ccp send_data error, exit
share|improve this question
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3 Answers
Type these commands into terminal after fresh boot before printing.
sudo modprobe usblp
ls -l /dev/usb/lp0
sudo ccpd start
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I suggest turboprint (http://www.turboprint.info/). It is not payfree, but also it's only thing that makes my Canon IP1500 to work in Ubuntu.
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I just tried to install LBP5050n into Ubuntu 12.04 and works fine. But use rather:
sudo /usr/sbin/lpadmin -p LBP5050 -m CNCUPSLBP5050CAPTK.ppd -v ccp://localhost:59787 -E
instead of:
sudo /usr/sbin/lpadmin -p LBP5000 -m CNCUPSLBP5000CAPTK.ppd -v ccp://localhost:59787 -E
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29182 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I love Pitivi video editor for being able to deal with so many different video formats. Under project->project settings->export to, there are multiple containers, video codecs and audio codecs. What are the pros and cons of these options?
share|improve this question
This isn't really an Ubuntu question, but a video/audio question. – dkuntz2 Dec 17 '10 at 14:56
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Personally I Would use MKV For High quality as it is open source and has more options than any other format Comparison of container formats. As far as mobile or streaming is concerned I would use webm as its also open source and is designed to be streamed and is backed by google (chrome os, android etc.....) and for everyone else flv.
Hope this helps.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29183 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a partition windows 7 400GB and 200GB, I want to install ubuntu 12.04 on the 200GB using a USB but am not sure how to identify 200GB when the installation process because it never shows a hard drive with that exact available space. I am not sure what to do, and I am not very familiar with ubuntu. Help please
share|improve this question
Are they patitions or physical disks? What disks are shown? Remember you can always use the "Something Else" option. – hexafraction Oct 13 '12 at 21:39
they are partitioned already... windows 7 is on the 400GB so I want to install ubuntu on the 200GB – Juila Oct 13 '12 at 22:00
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2 Answers
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Based on the information you gave:
• /dev/sda1 is a Windows 7 bootloader
• /dev/sda2 is probably an OEM recovery partition
• /dev/sda3 is The 400GB Windows 7 paritition
• /dev/sda4 is the 200GB extra partition where you can install Ubuntu
Under Windows this is probably accessed as D: drive. Only proceed if you have not used it and there is nothing in the drive, else backup whatever data you have put there.
You can then proceed as Robert has said in his answer.
If you want to have a swap partition however, things are a little more complicated because the manufacturer (OEM) has already used up all four primary partitions that it is possible to have. The way around this is to delete /dev/sda4 completely and create an extended partition in its place. You can then have two logical partitions within this extended partition - One for Ubuntu / (root) and one for the swap file.
Two reasons why a swap partition is desirable:
1. Swap partitions are used for hibernation. If the computer is a laptop and you want to be able to hibernate rather than suspend, you'll need a swap partition. Hibernation saves the current state of the computer on the swap partition and then powers down completely. Suspending only powers down peripherals but maintains the computer state in RAM, therefore it still uses some power. It's possible to suspend your computer and leave it longer than expected, only to find that the battery has gone flat. Hibernation is suitable for when you want to leave the computer for longer periods, or if you are not sure how long you will be away from it.
2. Swap partitions can be used as RAM if things get tight. If you only have a small amount of RAM (usually 1GB or less) then a swap partition can be helpful, to keep a bit more RAM available for system use.
I have the following suggestion which will get you installed in the easiest manner, with a swap file.
1. Boot off the LiveCD or LiveUSB and Select "Try Ubuntu"
2. When booted, run Gparted and delete the /dev/sda4 partition. Make sure you click the button to commit the change to disk otherwise it will not actually delete the partition.
3. Click "install" to start the installation
4. When asked, select "install alongside Windows"
Since there will be blank unformatted space Ubiquity (the installer) will make an extended partition on which it will then make the / partition and a swap partition and install Ubuntu accordingly. If you want to do a more manual operation you can create the Extended partition, and then create the logical main partition and swap partition inside it if you wish, but the end result will really be the same.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for the insight. This is definitely how it appears, now I will just have to select the /dev/sda4 and install Ubuntu there. Right now there is nothing in that partition, but as you suggested I will need to delete it completely and create a new one. To delete do I need to it in windows and restart to installation or can I do it within the installation process and create a new partition for Ubuntu – Juila Oct 13 '12 at 23:39
You can do either. I'll add some instructions to my answer which will do what you want in the easiest possible way. – fabricator4 Oct 14 '12 at 0:23
fabricator4 thanks for the information. I tried to run Gparted from my LiveUSB after boot but its not allowing me to, saying I need to be "root" to be able to run Gparted. That's the only issue holding me now... – Juila Oct 16 '12 at 15:10
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You will want to use the Something Else option. On the choice on how you want to use your disks, pick Something Else.
Find the 200 GB partition and click Edit after highliting it by clicking it. In the Use As field, set it as Ext4, and check the Format checkbox. Set the Mount Point to /. You will be confronted with a warning about swap. I rarely use it, but if you have little RAM, you may want to make your 200GB partition a bit smaller and add a partition in the free space with the Use As option set as Linux Swap.
share|improve this answer
+1 This is the answer. – Geppettvs D'Constanzo Oct 13 '12 at 22:29
This is were am confused: when I get to the partition selection I have sda1 1.0MB, sda 2(ntfs) 208.7MB, sda 3(ntfs) 410.2GB sda 4(ntfs) 229.7GB. So is it the /dev/sda 4 that I am supposed to select? and follow the steps you said – Juila Oct 13 '12 at 22:36
@Juila Yes. Use /dev/sda4. – hexafraction Oct 13 '12 at 23:11
Thank for the help – Juila Oct 16 '12 at 15:11
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29184 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
First of all :i'm a unfamiliar when it comes to ubuntu or any other linux distros..
Question backround: I installed ubuntu 12.10 on my external hard drive. (Desktop PC) Installed closed amd drives because default ones freeze "desktop" view.
Now i plugged external hard drive on my laptop and it says that there is a problem with graphic drivers.
Laptop graphic card= Nvidia GT 555m,
Desktop PC graphic gard = AMD Radeon HD 6950
Question: Is there some way that i don't have to reinstall graphic drivers everytime when i plug hard drive into different machine. "Just Select it."
share|improve this question
I don't believe there is a easy way. try sudo rmmod radeon & sudo rmmod radeonhd,to remove radeon driver. more over your laptop GPU is probably optimus enabled. Avoid installing nvidia drivers directly. – Web-E Feb 6 '13 at 6:07
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29185 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
So I have a pretty dumb problem...I accidentaly pressed Hibernate while trying to Restart...since then my computer wont boot into Ubuntu anymore (through normal mode or single user mode - rescue mode that is)...all I get is:
mount: mounting /sys/ on root/sys failed: No such file or directory
mount: mounting /proc on /root/proc failed: No such file or dirctory
Target filesystem doesn't have requested /sbin/init.
No init found. Try passing init= boot arg.
Obviously I tried to fire up the Live CD and run fsck (or e2fsck) from there (or just try to do a Check of /dev/sdb1 my partition via gparted - which is basically the same thing). But it doesn't allow me...both gparted and fsck say that the device is busy (I can't even mount it in the LiveCD to rescue data)...umount /dev/sdb1 says its not mounted...any ideas?
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1 Answer
up vote 3 down vote accepted
So to answer my own question, the Ubuntu Live CD's e2fsck won't work. So I booted up the GParted Live CD, ran e2fsck, now everything is back to normal.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29186 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I created a bootable USB Stick with Ubuntu 13.10 and when i boot from it and try to install it i only get the option "Install inside Windows" and the button in the bottom right corner says "Restart to continue".
But i don't want that, i want a real dual boot. I installed Ubuntu few days ago on my laptop and i clearly remember that it said "Install ALONGSIDE Windows". What should i do to get that option?
PS i previously had Ubuntu installed on this PC from WUBI, but i uninstalled it.
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This question seems very much related: askubuntu.com/questions/69481/… – Minos Nov 6 '13 at 10:36
Thanks a lot, that helped! – IanDess Nov 6 '13 at 14:44
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marked as duplicate by bcbc, Avinash Raj, Braiam, don.joey, Nathan Osman Dec 29 '13 at 19:47
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29187 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am following these instructions- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AutomaticSecurityUpdates on Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Server 64 bit.
The problem is that when the update script is executed, it gets stuck because GRUB is asking a question "You chose not to install GRUB to any devices. If you continue, the boot loader may not be properly configured, and when this computer next starts up it will use whatever was previously in the boot sector"
How do I make automated install work? Is there a way to blacklist a particular update to a package.
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Reconfigure the grub-pc package
sudo dpkg-reconfigure -plow grub-pc
When asked about the partition or disk to install Grub to, choose one, or just skip the options and click OK if you don't want Grub to be installed anywhere.
Then check the options
debconf-show grub-pc
You should see the key grub-pc/install_devices set to the disk/partition you've chosen, or grub-pc/install_devices_empty set to true if you chose not to install Grub.
Then if you test this by reinstalling the package
sudo apt-get --reinstall install grub-pc
you should not be asked any You chose not to install GRUB to any devices questions anymore.
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Thanks! I however need to do this automatically and not interactively. Any ideas? – user837208 Nov 26 '11 at 20:53
You do this interactively once. Then you should not be prompted anymore. – arrange Nov 26 '11 at 21:02
Have you solved this problem? I need to do it automatically too. – Fa11enAngel Jul 30 '13 at 9:28
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29194 | Indiana 1998 ballot measures
From Ballotpedia
Revision as of 17:21, 3 February 2009 by PaulD (Talk | contribs)
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This table shows all initiatives and referenda that made the ballot in Indiana in 1998.
1998 Election Results
Type Title Subject Description Outcome
LRCA Public Question 1 Elections Proposes to protect a person's right to vote when person moves to a new residence Approved
LRCA Public Question 2 State Government Proposes to permit a person serving as a state official to reside anywhere in Indiana Approved
See also
External links |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29197 | Information for "Robert Sprague"
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Default sort keyRobert Sprague
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Page creatorTylerM (Talk | contribs)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29208 | What is "Meth"?
The drug is called Methamphetamine or "Meth". It is produced in clandestine laboratories. "Meth" can be easily cooked using common household chemicals made in conjunction with asthma or cold remedies sold over the counter, or in a more elaborate fashion using chemicals purchased through the Internet.
Clandestine Laboratory Indicators:
Clan Labs are extremely dangerous. Many of the chemicals found in these labs are very corrosive or flammable. The vapors that are evolved from the chemical reactions attack mucous membranes, skin, eyes, respiratory tract. Some chemicals will react with water or other chemicals and cause a fire or explosion.
Effects on Brain
"Meth" initially sends the brain a feeling of pleasure, but as the drug is abused the pleasurable feeling is lost. The "Meth" abuser suffers the same addiction cycle as crack cocaine abusers. The biggest difference, however, is that while crack binges rarely last more than 72 hours, meth binges can last up to 2 weeks.
Under the effects of "Meth", you'll become agitated and feel "wired". Their behavior can become very unpredictable. They can be friendly and calm one moment and turn angry and paranoid the next. The abuse of "Meth" drives most people into a depression which leads into paranoia, and aggression.
Booby Traps
The following is a generic description of various types of booby-traps which have been encountered by law enforcement personnel at clan lab sites.
Minimizing the Effects of a Booby-Trap
For more information or to report a Methamphetamine Lab in your area contact the Special Investigations Division at (850) 747-4700 ext. 2700 or send email to [email protected] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29240 | Primordial dwarfism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Primordial dwarfism
Classification and external resources
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Primordial dwarfism
Classification and external resources
Primordial dwarfism is a form of dwarfism that results in a smaller body size in all stages of life beginning from before birth.[1] More specifically, primordial dwarfism is a diagnostic category including specific types of profoundly proportionate dwarfism, in which individuals are extremely small for their age, even as a fetus. Most individuals with primordial dwarfism are not diagnosed until they are about 3 years of age.
Medical professionals typically diagnose the fetus as being small for the gestational age, or as having intrauterine growth disability when an ultrasound is conducted. Typically, people with primoridal dwarfism are born with very low birth weights. After birth, growth continues at a stunted rate, leaving individuals with primordial dwarfism perpetually years behind their peers in stature and in weight.
Most cases of short stature are caused by skeletal or endocrine disorders. The five subtypes of primordial dwarfism are among the most severe forms of the 200 types of dwarfism, and it is estimated that there are only 100 individuals in the world with the disorder.[2] Other sources list the number of persons currently afflicted as high as 100 in North America.[citation needed]
It is rare for individuals affected by primordial dwarfism to live past the age of 30.[3] In the case of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD) type II there can be increased risk of vascular problems, which may cause premature death.[4]
Since primordial dwarfism disorders are extremely rare, misdiagnosis is common. Because children with PD do not grow like other children, poor nutrition, a metabolic disorder, or a digestive disorder may be diagnosed initially. The correct diagnosis of PD may not be made until the child is 5 years old and it becomes apparent that the child has severe dwarfism.
Types of primordial dwarfism
Seckel Syndrome210600People with Seckel Syndrome are noted to have microcephaly. Many also suffer from scoliosis, hip dislocation, delayed bone age, radial head dislocation, and seizures. Mutations in patients with Seckel syndrome have recently been identified in the gene encoding centrosomal protein CEP152, which is also mutated in some cases of primary isolated microcephaly.
Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type I (ODPDI)210710This form of primordial dwarfism is often shortened to ODPDI. The corpus callosum of the brain is often undeveloped (called agenesis of the corpus callosum) and patients are known to have seizures and apnea. Hair thinness is also common, including scalp, hair, eyelashes and eyebrows. They suffer skeletally from short vertebrae, elongated clavicles, bent femora and hip displacement. Like those with Seckel Syndrome they also often have microcephaly.
Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type II (ODPDII)210720Those who have ODPDII often have additional medical problems as compared with the other types, such as a squeaky voice, microdontia, widely spaced primary teeth, poor sleep patterns (in early years), delayed mental development, frequent sickness, breathing problems, eating problems, hyperactivity, farsightedness, brain aneurysms, and do not respond to hormone therapy because primordial dwarfism is not caused by a lack of any growth hormone. After reviewing x-rays it is also found that many have dislocated joints, scoliosis, and delayed bone age as well as microcephaly. They will not reach the size of an average newborn until they are between the ages of 3-5.
Russell-Silver Syndrome180860The final height of those with Russell-Silver Syndrome often exceeds the height of others with primordial dwarfism, and they are very different. Some phenotypes (characteristics) of people who have Russell-Silver Syndrome are inadequate catch-up growth in first 2 years, body asymmetry, lack of appetite, low-set posteriorly rotated ears, clinodactly (inward curving) of the 5th finger, webbed toes, non-descended testicles (in males), weak muscle tone, delayed bone age, downturned corners of mouth & thin upper lip, hypospadias, high pitched voice, small chin, delayed closure of the fontanel, hypoglycemia, and a bossed forehead. Their heads may appear to be triangular shaped and large for their small body size.
Meier-Gorlin syndrome224690Individuals with Meier-Gorlin Syndrome often have small ears and no kneecaps. They are also found to have curved clavicles, narrow ribs, and elbow dislocation. Like Russel-Silver Syndrome, they usually exceed the height of those with Seckel Syndrome and ODPDI and II. It is also known as "ear, patella, short stature syndrome" (EPS). Mutations in patients with Meier-Gorlin syndrome have recently been identified in a series of genes involved in chromosomal replication, specifically in the pre-replication complex. Specific genes include origin recognition complex genes ORC1, ORC4 and ORC6, as well as other replication genes CDT1 and CDC6.
Causes and treatment
There are as yet no effective treatments for primordial dwarfism. It is known that PD is caused by inheriting a mutant gene from each parent.[5] The lack of normal growth in the disorder is not due to a deficiency of growth hormone, as in hypopituitary dwarfism. Administering growth hormone, therefore, has little or no effect on the growth of the individual with primordial dwarfism. In January 2008, it was published that mutations in the pericentrin gene (PCNT) were found to cause primordial dwarfism.[6] Pericentrin has a role in cell division, proper chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis.
Notable people believed to have primordial dwarfism
See also
1. ^ Fima Lifshitz (2007). Pediatric Endocrinology: Growth, adrenal, sexual, thyroid, calcium, and fluid balance disorders. CRC Press. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-1-4200-4270-2. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
2. ^ TLC :: TV Listings :: Daily Schedule
3. ^ As seen on the 2006 TLC/Channel Four program on primordial dwarfism, The Smallest People in the World,
4. ^ a b American Journal of Medical Genetics
5. ^ National Geographic Channel Presents: Science of Dwarfism
6. ^ Rauch, A.; Thiel, C.T.; Schindler, D.; Wick, U.; Crow, Y.J.; Ekici, A.B.; Van Essen, A.J.; Goecke, T.O.; Al-gazali, L.; Chrzanowska, K.H.; Others, (2008). "Mutations in the Pericentrin (PCNT) Gene Cause Primordial Dwarfism". Science 319 (5864): 816. doi:10.1126/science.1151174. PMID 18174396.;319/5864/816. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
7. ^ "72-year-old Nepalese man from remote mountain village declared shortest human on record". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-2-28.
8. ^ {{Cite web|title=Living Life `Sinny-Sized': Houston Twin Tweens Only Known Pair in Which One Is Primordial Dwarf|publisher=ABC 20/20|url=
External links |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29241 | Ribera del Duero
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Ribera del Duero DO in Castilla y León region (Spain)
Ribera del Duero is a Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) located in the country's northern plateau and is one of eleven 'quality wine' regions within the autonomous community of Castile and León.[1] It is also one of several recognised wine-producing regions to be found along the course of the Duero river.
The region is characterised by a largely flat, rocky terrain and is centred on the town of Aranda de Duero, although the most famous vineyards surround Peñafiel and Roa de Duero to the west, where the regional regulatory council or Consejo Regulador for the denominación is based.
Ribera del Duero was named wine region of the year 2012 by the prestigious Wine Enthusiast Magazine.[2]
Wine has been produced in the region for thousands of years, but viticulture as we know it probably arrived in the Ribera del Duero region with Benedictine monks from Cluny in the Burgundy region of France in the twelfth century.[3] Ribera del Duero[4] wine making goes back over 2,000 years as evidenced by the 66-meter mosaic of Bacchus, the god of wine that was unearthed relatively recently at Baños de Valdearados.
Official seal of the Ribera del Duero Denominación de Origen (DO)
Vega Sicilia was established in the western part of Ribera del Duero in 1864, but although that bodega has been long established as Spain's perhaps most notable winery, up until the 1970s the rest of the region did not receive much attention. Most of the other wine production at that time consisted of simple rosé wines from Garnacha produced in the eastern parts of the region. This started to change when Alejandro Fernández founded his bodega Pesquera and started to make red wines from Tempranillo in a more concentrated, full-bodied and fruit-driven style than most Rioja wines of the day, which were then virtually the only Spanish red wines found on export markets. Pesquera was well-received both in Spain and by many international wine critics, and wine-making in the region expanded considerably in the 1980s and 1990s, with many new bodegas being founded. Another important winery from Ribera del Duero is Arzuaga Navarro'''', established at the beginning of the 90's. Prestigious Arzuaga Navarro Winery was founded by ambitious and dynamic Florentino Arzuaga, the wine village of Onesimo Quintanilla. There, near the quiet river Duero, Mr. Florentino bought the farm and then slowly turned it into something beautiful that delights the eyes, ears and taste buds of its visitors. His wines are well knowned all over the world from America to Europe and expanding to Asia and the Arabian Emirates.
The Denominación de Origen (D.O.) of Ribera del Duero was founded on July 21, 1982 by an organization of wine producers and growers who were determined to promote the quality of their wines and enforce regulatory standards.[5] Reports that it was set to be upgraded to Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa) status in 2008 proved to be unfounded and, as at 2011, it remains a DO and has no plans to change.[6]
Ribero del Duero wines are currently enjoying greater popularity, thanks largely to the considerable interest shown in the area by experienced growers from other regions.
A 2007 Ribera del Duero from Pesquera.
The Ribera del Duero is located on the extensive, elevated northern plateau of the Iberian Peninsula. It occupies the southern plains of the province of Burgos, extends west into Valladolid and includes parts of Segovia and Soria provinces to the south and east, respectively. As its name suggests, the region follows the course of the Duero river for approximately 115 km upstream from Valladolid and is around 35 km at its widest. The region is located around the younger stretches of the river, which later passes through the nearby Toro and Rueda regions before traversing the famous Portuguese growing areas of Douro and Porto, where it drains into the Atlantic Ocean.[7]
Geologically, tertiary sediments, consisting of gently lenticular layers of silty or clayey sand, alternate with layers of limestone, marl and chalky concretions. The Duero valley, formed during the Miocene period, has a flat, rocky, gently undulating terrain, ranging from 911 m down to 750 m above sea level.[8] The national highway N122 follows the river valley.
The Ribera del Duero has moderate to low rainfall (450 mm per year) and is exposed to quite extreme climatic conditions; long, dry summers with temperatures of up to 40 °C are followed by hard winters during which temperatures may fall as low as -18 °C. There are also marked variations in temperature within each season. The climate is continental and Mediterranean, with more than 2,400 hours of annual sunlight.[9]
Vineyards occupy around 120 km² of the region, most of which are situated in the province of Burgos, with around 5 km² in Valladolid and 6 km² in Soria. [10]
A Ribera del Duero wine.
Wine bottles from three well-known bodegas in Ribera del Duero: Alion, Vega Sicilia (here its second wine, Valbuena 5°) and Pesquera
Wines produced in the Ribera del Duero DO derive almost exclusively from red grapes. The Albillo grape is the only white variety grown, white wines being mostly destined for local consumption. The vast majority of production is dedicated to Tinto Fino (the local name for Tempranillo[11]), the dominant red varietal in the northern half of the Spanish peninsula. Tinto Fino is often, but not always complimented with Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec and Merlot, although the famous Tinto Pesquera, grown by Alejandro Fernández in Pesquera de Duero, is a 100% Tempranillo varietal wine. The introduction of Pesquera's 100% Tinto Fino wine was, at the time, somewhat controversial, as the considered benchmark Vega Sicilia wines traditionally blended Tinto Fino with such Bordeaux varietals as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec.
There are other similarities between Rioja and Ribera del Duero. Whereas the wines are quite distinctive as a result of significant differences in terroir, both regions produce wines selected for long aging with highly complex vinification procedures, producing intense, extremely long-lived wines emanating from largely limestone soils. Wines are classified as much for their longevity as their grape quality, and Ribera del Duero produces some extremely well-aging wines. The aging requirements for Ribera del Duero are the same used in Rioja. Wines labelled as "Crianza" must age two years with 12 months in oak. "Reserva" wines must be aged at least three years with at least 12 months in oak. The "Gran Reserva" labelled wines must spend 5 years aging prior to release, two being in oak.
The town of Pesquera is particularly noted for its wines and the area around La Horra (another small town in the region) is respected by locals for its consistent quality. Viña Sastre is one of the region's more respected wine producers and the world-renowned Vega Sicilia easily the most famous. Vega Sicilia's more eminent customers include Prince Charles of the British royal family, while Alex Ferguson's favourite wine is Pesquera.[12] Other notable bodegas include, Dominio de Pingus, Bodegas Alion, and Hacienda Monasterio, all of which lie along The Golden Mile, Spain.
See also[edit]
1. ^ Castile and León is home to Arlanza (DO), Arribes (DO), Rueda (DO), Toro (DO), Bierzo (DO), Tierra de León (DO), Tierra del Vino de Zamora (DO), Cigales (DO), Valles de Benavente (VCPRD) and Valtiendas (VCPRD) regions, as well as Ribera del Duero
2. ^ "Wine Region of the year 2012. Wine Region of the year 2012". winemag.com. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
3. ^ "Vintage Spain Wine tours. Destinations and wine regions". Vintagespain.com. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
4. ^ "History of Ribera del Duero". drinkriberawine.com.
5. ^ DrinkRiberaWine.com: History, accessed on October 7, 2009
6. ^ Decanter.com March 29, 2007: Ribera del Duero awaits appellation upgrade
7. ^ Antonello Biancalana - ProMIND software development - DiWineTaste. "Ribera del Duero". DiWineTaste. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
8. ^ "Ribera del Duero". Riberadelduero.es. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
9. ^ Peter J. Watzka, Ritz Carlton. "Ribera Del Duero - Spanish Wine Region - Wine Tours Spain". Cellartours.com. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
10. ^ [1][dead link]
11. ^ Local growers consider Tinto Fino to be a genetic mutation of the Rioja's Tempranillo, although there is no hard evidence for this at present.
12. ^ "Ferguson admits pressure of success means he can't waste time bringing English prospects through at Manchester United". Daily Mail (London). February 19, 2009.
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29255 | Houston Gamer
Video games with Willie Jefferson
Sources: Microsoft to remove DRM policies for Xbox One
Courtesy Microsoft
Courtesy Microsoft
Source: http://news.xbox.com/2013/06/update
If this is true, I totally called it.
My thoughts:
What are your thoughts?
Willie Jefferson
10 Responses
1. Shatroll says:
Haha this doesn’t make the Xbox One any better xD
2. Joshua says:
This headline is extremely misleading and creating false fears. Plus Microsoft has already stated that you can turn the Kinect completely off. It only has to be connected to the system I believe.
3. C to the J says:
Sweet! Score one for the little guy!
Now either do away with the $60/year fee to play online or drop the console price by $100 and we should have some pretty even competition.
I knew they were gonna have to do something. I read hundreds of reviews for XBO, and at least 75% of them were something to the effect of “PS4 here I come!”.
Do you think the initial sting of it all will still have a negative impact on some folks? If I were going to buy one of them, I would still choose PS4. Microsoft kind of shot themselves in the foot in my mind. They greedily went for as much as they could get, and only when they got push back from the community dialed it back. Sony was like “this sounds fair, cool?” from the get-go. Plus it’s still a lot cheaper than XBO.
4. Lauren says:
Thank you Sony PS4 for opening Microsoft’s eyes!
5. A says:
“Sources: Microsoft to remove software from Xbox One that records user movements”
Might want to change that headline. There was never going to be “software” on the Xbox One that recorded user movements. Trying to get that hit counter up?
Today’s announcement concerned the always-on Internet requirement, sharing games, and used games.
6. agnerd says:
Wasn’t considering upgrading my 360 until this announcement. But I think backwards compatibility is still an issue for me. So I’ll probably stick with my 360. Not enough new stuff I’m interested in to justify the price.
7. LCBH1 says:
This was expected. The real test will be whether or not the new Kinect is made into an optional piece of equipment rather than a requirement for normal operations with non-Kinect games. Some say “cover the camera” but this thing also has six microphones and can detect your pulse. I don’t like it.
8. Xbox Gamer 12Yrs says:
this is positive news!! Not too crazy about having the Kinect always on but that’s a totally different story.
9. Johnny R. says:
M4d Ski11z, you do realize that this is a Trojan Horse right? If it was this easy to turn these features off, then it’s easy to turn them back on at a later date, even individually. They could be doing this to pump up sales to lock the customers into the product…..just to turn them on at a later date. (See Sony’s Backward compatibility policy). I don’t buy it yet… |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29273 |
The release of the infamously wretched E.T. was a dark day in Atari 2600 history -- probably the darkest. This highly anticipated, magnificently botched game turned out to be so unsalvagably shitty, they had to bury the unsold copies in a mass grave in Alamagordo. (New Mexico is the king of alien coverups, after all.) This ad represents the few blissful months before Christmas when people were actually breathlessly awaiting the game's release, instead of angrily hurling the cartidges across the room. Since mere words cannot adeqautely capture its suckitude, check out this speed run. (WFMU offers strangely contrary bit of E.T. nostalgia here).
Exactly how much damage the E.T. game has wrought upon the collective human psyche is unclear, but we can still see ripple effects. Just this year, the Boston Underground Film Festival screened Prison_beta, by Lucas Dimwick. In this 8-bit short, "Catastrophic events are set in motion after millions of E.T. Atari video game cartridges become radioactive as a result of being buried near the Trinity nuclear bomb test site." Merry Christmas!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29275 | Regents Redux
Earlier today I noted the pep talk and toilet paper discussion the state Board of Regents had regarding the Roosevelt school district, which has been under state control since 2002 and which has become something of a headache for the board and state Education Department.
While the Regents this morning vowed to fix the troubled district, I’m told that they have also found a new leader for Roosevelt: William Brosnan.
The former superintendent at Long Island’s Northport-Eastport school district, Brosnan was appointed interim leader at Roosevelt by Education Commissioner Richard Mills. While Brosnan heads the district, the state is advertising for a permanent superintendent which they hope to have by July.
This isn’t Brosnan’s first stint as a fix-it man for the state. Back in 2003 he headed a special panel appointed by the Regents to look into what happened that year when two thirds of the students who took the Math A Regents exam failed.
Brosnan’s panel recommended that the state scrap a program in which many math concepts were taught in a year-and-a-half’s time. Instead, they successfully urged the state to go back to a more step-by-step program including algebra, geometry and algebra 2.
1. Patty Hearst says:
Correct me if I’m wrong, but didn’t Chuck D. and Flava Flav graduate from Roosevelt? Clearly they’re doing SOMETHING right.
2. hawkny2006 says:
Hhmmmm. I wonder what Mr. Brosnan does for a living between gigs offered to him by the Board of Regents?
3. Doc Holliday says:
Maybe they can look at the school report cards and figure out why so many students are reading below level. Of course, when you lump english reading grades ranging from 1 65-84 as “at level”, you have to wonder if your parents would not have walked you to the woodshed had you brought a 65 home from school. Then again, what better justification for all those extra $$ to fund remedial programs in our state college system.
RSS feed for comments on this post. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29290 | Another solid shortcut from O'Reilly by Wei-Meng Lee - -check it out
ASP.NET "Atlas" is a new developer framework from Microsoft that simplifies the task of building more interactive web pages by drawing on the power of the Ajax technologies found in most modern browsers. Because of its tight integration with ASP.NET 2.0, Atlas will be of particular interest to Microsoft web developers. In this Short Cut, Microsoft MVP Wei-Meng Lee introduces you to Atlas by showing ten ways you can use the technology to improve the user experience of your existing ASP.NET 2.0 apps. There's no better way to get acquainted with Atlas than by diving into a project, so read on and let's get started. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29294 | Ron Jacobs
Windows Workflow Foundation
July, 2011
• Ron Jacobs
MSTest [DeploymentItem] and Environment Variables
Today I’ve been fixing up the build system for Microsoft.Activities and Microsoft.Activities.UnitTesting. Over time I’ve been using a combination of strange tools and batch files to build things but it became such a mess I decided to take the time...
• Ron Jacobs
CleanProject - Cleans Visual Studio Solutions For Uploading or Email
You know those little tools you build to help in your development? The ones that you slapped together in a hurry and might not work all the time but you put up with them because you don’t want to take the time to fix them? Well CleanProject...
• Ron Jacobs
Nuget Package Images
The NuGet team has recently added the ability to store the package icon URL in the nuspec file. Now I need to have a public copy of the icon available somewhere on the web. I tried putting it on CodePlex but the URI uses QueryString parameters...
Page 1 of 1 (3 items) |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29300 | Cloud OS Technical Training Event - Cleveland OH - Nov 6th/b/keithmayer/archive/2012/10/25/cloud-os-technical-training-event-cleveland-oh-nov-6th.aspxPlease feel free to join us at our upcoming Cloud OS training event series in Cleveland OH on November 6th to check out the launch of our newest, most exciting infrastructure products! You'll find out how Windows Server 2012 , Windows Azure , and MicrosoftBe an Early Expert on Windows Server 2012 R2, Hyper-V, System Center 2012 R2, Azure and Windows 8.17.x Production |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29319 | The Motley Fool Discussion Boards
Previous Page
Financial Planning / Tax Strategies
Subject: Re: 401k withdrawal taxes at retiremtent Date: 7/10/2013 2:19 PM
Author: huntandfish Number: 118842 of 120460
I have already done my estate planning. Probate is covered along with the estate administration.
I thought it would be easy since I have only one son and figured he would get everything. But then the question was posed to me as to what happens if he goes first. It would have been easier to list the people in my life that I DIDN'T want to get any of my money rather than people/organizations worthy of my money.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29321 | Efforts - Webster's Specialty Crossword Puzzles, Volume 1: The Essentials Edition
Front Cover
Icon Group International, May 14, 2010 - 111 pages
0 Reviews
If you enjoy crosswords, or need to learn more about the word "efforts," these crosswords are for you. Learning a subject can be difficult. To ease the pain, hints are provided at the bottom of each page, though these are selected to prevent an engineered solution to the puzzle. The clues in this book are used under license or with permission, used under "fair use" conditions, used in agreement with the original authors, or are in the public domain. Definitions of terms can be found at www.websters-online-dictionary.org. All entries marked [WP] are adapted from articles created by contributors to Wikipedia.org, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) based on the headword. Please note that these entries are not full articles. For the full article associated with a given Wikipedia headword, the reader can simply go to www.wikipedia.org or www.websters-online-dictionary.org and type in the name of the topic to better understand the context of the entry; passages attributed to Wikipedia are exempt from any compilation or other copyright held by this book and can be freely used under the GFDL found at www.wikipedia.org. The full GFDL is reproduced at the end of the book after the solutions, and applies to each Wikipedia headword. Enjoy!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29336 | copy = concatenate ?
This is a discussion on copy = concatenate ? within the C Programming forums, part of the General Programming Boards category; As a newbye, I've justed started writing some code. Instead of writing 2 different functions for COPY and CONCATENATE string, ...
1. #1
Registered User
Join Date
Oct 2006
Question copy = concatenate ?
As a newbye, I've justed started writing some code.
Instead of writing 2 different functions for COPY and CONCATENATE string, I'm trying one that will do both:
a) if destination is empty then it will be a simple copy from original string to destination,
b) if destination is not empty, then a concatenation applies.
So, my code is as follows:
#include <stdio.h>
// a CONCATENATE function is similar to a COPY function, with the only
// difference that the copy to destination starts on first empty index
char *f_strcpy(char *v_string)
int length = 0; // determines what is actual length of destination string
int i;
char dest[100];
// check for length, ignoring termination character
for(i=0; dest[i]!='\0'; i++)
length = i; //
// starts concatenation (or simple copy if destination is empty)
for(i=0; v_string[i]!='\0'; i++)
dest[length+i]=v_string[i]; // leaves cycle as soon as ='\0'
dest[length+i] = '\0'; // assigns terminator after leaving cycle - otherwise
return dest;
Now, if i run this code, it returns some strange characters.
Any ideas?
2. #2
Registered User SKeane's Avatar
Join Date
Sep 2006
You are returning a pointer to variable (dest) that is local to your function. If you insist on using a fixed length character array, make it static, otherwise use malloc to create a dynamically allocated character array which you can safely return.
You are also scanning though dest when it isn't initialised.
3. #3
CSharpener vart's Avatar
Join Date
Oct 2006
Rishon LeZion, Israel
1. dest is not initialized - undefined behavior of the loop checking for the length
2. returning pointer to the local variable - memory is destroyed on function exit, pointer is dan
3. You don't check the destination buffer length (possible memory overrun).
4. #4
ATH0 quzah's Avatar
Join Date
Oct 2001
You are using dest uninitialized. Aren't you supposed to be counting v_string's length instead?
You can't return local variables. You'll need to use something like malloc.
Curses, foiled again!
Your problem is the concept of your function, really. What exactly are you trying to copy / fill? If "it's" empty... What's "it"? You imply that you have some kind of pointer that you need to be adding to. If you already have a string you want to add to, why aren't you passing both the one you want to add to and the one you are adding from?
You really need two arguments. If the first is NULL, duplicate the second. If it's not, then stick the two together.
Last edited by quzah; 11-03-2006 at 04:04 PM.
Hope is the first step on the road to disappointment.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29341 | HOME > Chowhound > General Topics >
Kimchi -- Japan vs. Korea
Jeremy Osner Feb 6, 2000 08:53 AM
Sorry to poste this a day late; yesterday's NY Times business section had a pretty interesting article about Kimchi. Korea is trying to get governing international bodies to regulate kimchi, so that a product soured with acetic acid instead of fermentation cannot be sold as kimchi -- this, because Japanese companies are selling cheap, non-fermented kimchi in Japan and cutting into Korea's export market.
1. m
Michael Yu Feb 7, 2000 01:59 AM
This made the local papers here in Korea also. It sort of digs at the underlying tension between the two peoples... I'm not sure where I stand on the issue.
The Korean companies are arguing that kimchi manufacturing has to be objectively governed, so that you have to ferment the cabbage and not use chemicals to imitate that process. And I would be in favor of this since it would tend to raise the quality of all kimchi. But I think deep down there is a popular sentiment here that really only Koreans can make kimchi, although I am sure there are plenty of factories in the US, Japan, and probably Brazil for that matter. On top of that, kimchi is widely consumed in Japan and in parts of the US. I remember I could buy the stuff at a regular Safeway in northern California. I am all for spreading the gospel of Kimchi...I mean, curry is made all over the world, but everyone recognizes that it originated from South Asia and that restaurants of those cultures do a better job than other places. Why not the same with kimchi?
On the other hand, having Japanese kimchi...at the basest level, it strikes a dissonant chord. German pizza? Russian salsa? Chinese cheese? I am sure these foods exist, but...well, they can exist. Hopefully, there would be an informative way for consumers to figure out which is good kimchi and which is made with chemicals, be they from Korea or Japan.
Michael Yu
Michael Yu
25 Replies
1. re: Michael Yu
wonki Feb 7, 2000 02:25 PM
it's a difficult issue. obviously there's a lot of national pride involved. but in the end, as the debate basically boils down to what name you can call a product, i don't think it will fly that the japanese cannot make "kimchi" per se. that's like mexico saying taco bell can't make tacos, though it would probably be in their best interest to do so. :-) i think mike is right, and probably the best resolution will be that people who appreciate kimchi will be able to tell the difference and will only buy the real thing. at least let's hope so.
1. re: wonki
Aleece Feb 28, 2000 06:20 AM
An interesting note: my sister reminded me today that there was a minor uproar in Korea last year when the Japanese tried to register "Japanese kimuchi" as an international trademark. I don't know the details of that incident (anyone?), but it looks like the kimchi wars won't be over any time soon...
2. re: Michael Yu
julie id Feb 14, 2000 06:29 AM
Well, as an American living in K-town, L.A., I must admit that I don't know much on the issue of the "real" way to make it, or what should or should not be labeled as such, but that Japanese kimchi simply TASTES better. Maybe the Japanese one should be recognized as the "real" one, and Korean-style could be labeled to warn customers.
The only problem is that Japanese tend to recognize only the main 4 or 5 types of kimchi/namul/etc., whereas our Korean supermarket here has a hundred or more. The namul is equally good from either source, but the actual (cabbage) kimchi is far better in Japan...or from our Japanese supermarket here.
Now, before some xenophobic Korean flames back at me, I'll point out that there are lots of things which were vastly improved by Japan. Certain Chinese foods. Many curries. Even HAMBURGERS...McD's Tokyo is FAR better than any we have ever had in the US.
1. re: julie id
Gary Cheong Feb 14, 2000 06:59 PM
I'll leave it for the Koreans to reply to your other comment. But curries ? You got to be kidding ... NO WAY the Japanese improved on any Thai, Malaysian, Singaporean or Indian curry. Howler (our regular Indian chowhound) can teach you more than a few things about Indian curries.
This isn't a xenophobic flame -- just a reaction to your jingoism.
1. re: Gary Cheong
julie id Feb 14, 2000 10:01 PM
I would venture that most neutral parties (non-Japanese, non-Korean) would choose Japanese kimchi over Korean. I don't make this claim out of thin air; sales figures in SE Asia and Europe support this.
I agree with you about SE Asia curries...I think you can't beat Thai/Malaysian/Indonesian. This statement in and of itself will prolly get me in trouble with Indians and Pakistani.
If I had to eat them day-in day-out for months, though, I would soon tire of all but the Japanese ones. Perhaps this is just an argument in support of them being BLAND !!
Anyway, back to kimchi...that could be the same issue. Perhaps the Korean one is TOO "authentic" for us rednecks, and that is why the Japanese import blows away the Korean one in most countries.
Certainly, some of my most vivid nightmares are of my husband's family (Pusan) serving up 8-alarm kimchi for 5:30 breakfast....
1. re: julie id
Michael Yu Feb 19, 2000 02:15 AM
Hmm. Believe it or not, I am personally not a big fan of real authentic kimchee. There is a dish called jokbal, which is steamed pork hoof, sliced and cooled off, and bossam which I believe entails sliced steamed pork (again cooled off a bit), both of which are served with some real "authentic" kimchee (along with raw oysters and leaves of cabbage). What the Koreans are getting at with the word "authentic" is that part of the seasoning in Korean kimchee entails the use of jut. Jut refers to a salting agent, something that gives kimchee a seafood-salty falvor. In many cases, kimchee jut will be clam, roe or teeny weeny anchovy based. (So watch out vegetarians...real vegetarian kimchee or buddhist kimchee is actually quite bland). Now, the fear on the side of Koreans is that Japanese industries will forego all of this messy business altogether and will use simply a bit more salt, or worse some chemical agents to push up their sales figures. And then the ultimate fear is that catering in this way to the customer will ultimately give the impression that the Japanese will make the "best" kimchee, based on their worldwide sales figures...I think this is something someone already brought up.
Korean companies probably could not do this in their home market (at least on a larger scale than at present) because there would be such an uproar. All those home kimchee-makers chucking bits of rotten jut at the mega corporations...not a pretty picture.
Well where does all this lead. The Korean companies I guess have one hand tied behind their backs because they deal with some pretty stern domestic customers when it comes to Kimchee. They see the Japanese companies doing well, and they think that there is some injustice in this. I do not think they want the Japanese to stop altogether, but they would like recognition that the Japanese are making something different altogether. That is all. And it does make sense. What the person from LA was describing, sounds more like Japanese daikon or pickle variant than Kimchee...But I guess that's pretty normative. Maybe in the end it will all end up like Germany and beer. Other countries brew beer, but the Germans are known to stick to their weird standards (or did the European Union do away with that?)... I would be interested to know. Well, I hope that was muted enough for a "xenophobic Korean's" reaction.
Michael Yu
1. re: Michael Yu
Sinead Kathleen O'Malley B'Hourihan Riley Feb 19, 2000 06:21 PM
Nothing can compare to the reaction of a bunch of Irish when I lift a pint of their beloved Guiness and declare "WHAT IS this dreck???!?!?!?".
1. re: Sinead Kathleen O'Malley B'Hourihan Riley
Trisha Feb 19, 2000 06:46 PM
Julie, may I suggest that you consider sort of taking things down a notch? We're always delighted to meet new, eager posters, and we encourage strong opinions...but as a group (I'm not speaking as an authority figure here...this is not censorship!) we chowhounds tend to prefer to cultivate a spirit of respect re: different traditions. A big part of being a chowhound is the "vive la difference!" spirit. Some of your harsher postings are strongly at odds with that spirit.
Other than that, we're pleased to have you, and glad you seem to like the site!
Just a friendly word of advice...please don't take it the wrong way...
1. re: Trisha
AHR Feb 19, 2000 07:58 PM
Julie, speaking only for myself, I'd suggest that you stay just the way you are. Please ignore any attempts at censorship, official or otherwise. I probably haven't read everything you've posted, but none of what I've seen (and enjoyed!) has in any way resembled some of the truly personal, nasty interchanges that have been taken place on Chowhound in the past.
BTW, "friendly word[s] of advice" remind me just a bit of the kind dispensed by the Bruce Willis character in the new "The Whole Nine Yards."
Comments, fellow Chowhounds?
1. re: AHR
Not P.C., but.... Feb 19, 2000 08:27 PM
If you haven't read her postings, isn't a wee bit premature for you to be taking sides?
1. re: Not P.C., but....
AHR Feb 19, 2000 08:38 PM
"If you haven't read her postings, isn't a wee bit premature for you to be taking sides?"
Apparently you didn't read mine. I said "I probably haven't read everything you've posted,..." Note carefully the words "probably" and "everything."
I have read (and replied to) many of Julie's postings, including that immediate thread, and find them informative, clever, and well-written. She does not deserve a stifling lecture from the PC police.
1. re: AHR
Joe O'Brien Feb 24, 2000 01:14 AM
Someone wrote: "Maybe the Japanese one should be recognized as the "real" kimchi"
You've got to be kidding!!! Japanese "kimchi" just doesn't make the grade when you've got a real craving for the hot stuff. Japanese "kimchi" is a kind of spicy pickle. Some people may even prefer it to the real thing, but it should not be confused with Kimchi, with a capital K.
OK, for a while you were talking my language, but then you brought up curry, or should I say "kaaree". Sorry, the Japanese article just doesn't cut it. Even when spicy, it's totally one-dimensional. Can't eat it two days in a row.
There is one good thing the Japanese did with curry: put it into donuts. One of my all-time favorite breakfast treats.
Anyhow, I'm glad to see that there are many other round-eyes out there who love pickled cabbage.
Joe O'Brien
2. re: AHR
Al Pastor Feb 19, 2000 10:23 PM
No, Trish is right. It's okay to come in here with a contrarian view once in a while--though the idea that Japanese kimchi is better than Korean is meshuggenah--but it's not a great idea to chime in with negative yaps about half the new threads on the site. We all want to hear about culinary experiences different than our own--it's the snide, uninformed dismissal of others that has no place on these boards. That being said...snide, informed dismissal is just grand.
1. re: Al Pastor
Jim Leff Feb 19, 2000 10:46 PM
Wow, Al Pastor taking the P.C. view. That's really something!
If I can step gingerly into the fray, you all have points. AHR, we DO want different voices...even harsh ones. We don't have sacred cows. We don't want everyone thinking and writing and opining in lockstep. We like nutsy fringey postings, postings with edge (I was the one who stuck up for Joey G, remember!). But, AHR, Trisha went out of her way to try to be friendly and non-authoritarian and make very clear that she wasn't censoring in any way, so it was unfair of you to throw that word back at her. She didn't deserve the severity of your response, though I do understand your point.
Julie, we're glad to have you on site, even if (ESPECIALLY if!) you hate Guinness and have unorthodox and undiplomatic views on kimchee. But you'd make more friends if you took a chill pill. Well...half a chill pill. But hey.....nobody's forcing anybody to make friends. It's not a requirement.
And I think that's all Trisha was saying ("Bruce Willis"? C'mon!).
can we move back to food now? I can see this discussion getting REALLY boring!
1. re: Jim Leff
julie id Feb 20, 2000 11:39 AM
Well, it is ironic that I was just on the verge of posting an APOLOGY (well, HALF an apology) when I noticed where this thread has gone lately. I am flattered by AHR's support, but I do confess that my motives WERE a bit less than pure the first day I posted. I do sincerely prefer Japanese kimchi (for much the same reasons as Michael Yu pointed out), but I did indeed INTEND to stir up trouble by my splashy entry into the subject....
That having been said, fear not AHR, my basic sarcasm/writing style shall not drastically change, because, after 40-some-odd years of this, it simply CANNOT. But my motives shall be a bit more sincere next time....
By the way, I'm neither Japanese nor Korean. Just so anyone keeping score will see that I have no "hidden agenda" for my kimchi preference. I reflect the same masses driving those import statistics in Europe and SE Asia. (I leave out the US specifically because kimchi imports are piddly -- too many domestic producers.)
And the same masses that can't STAND Guinness....
1. re: julie id
Aleece Feb 24, 2000 04:29 AM
Just out of curiosity, are you sure that the kimchi you get from your local Japanese supermarket is indeed Japanese? I only ask b/c I knew of a lot of Japanese stores getting their Korean food supplies from Korean cooks/merchants.
As for my two cents regarding the whole kimchi debate, I think that it would be a misguided attempt to regulate kimchi internationally, in the end. As it has been mentioned, hopefully people will recognize & appreciate the real thing. I do understand the concern, however, since the Japanese have appropriated Korean things in the past & presented them as "Japanese" to the world at large. (not that I think there is reason for that particular concern w/kimchi)
1. re: Aleece
Joe O'Brien Feb 24, 2000 10:52 AM
Aleece wrote:
True enuf. But just to be fair, I should point out that a large number of Korean-operated sushi bars in NYC try to pass themselves off as Japanese.
How about a deal: the Koreans stop calling their vinegared rice "sushi", and the Japanese stop calling their watery cabbage "kimchi"??
The Yeoman
1. re: Joe O'Brien
Jim Leff Feb 24, 2000 11:14 AM
hee...good one!
1. re: Joe O'Brien
Aleece Feb 26, 2000 12:43 AM
I can understand your gripe with the overall quality of sushi in Korean-operated restaurants. However--just to clarify my original point--these Korean restaurants never claim that sushi is, in fact, Korean in origin, no matter how authentic or inauthentic it is. In contrast, there are plenty of places that claim to serve "Japanese barbecue" w/menus that are almost entirely comprised of dishes derived from Korean food.
1. re: Aleece
j gold Feb 26, 2000 09:36 PM
Korean ``sushi'' is an entirely different school of fish, and a meal usually consists of different sorts of sashimi (or meat flayed from a living fluke, but that's another story) wrapped in lettuce with a dab of yellow bean paste, a sliver of fresh chile and a garlic clove. Yuk hwe, a sort of Korean version of chirashi flavored with bean paste and vegetables is also popular. It is very good stuff, and not even a little bit Japanese, although the places that serve tend also to serve sushi as a matter of course.
1. re: j gold
wonki Feb 28, 2000 06:10 PM
just a little clarification, i think the korean chirashi type dish is called hwe dub bap. yuk hwe is the korean version of steak tartare.
2. re: Jim Leff
AHR Feb 20, 2000 07:05 PM
I've sent you a brief message via email telling you all about kosher pizza... no, no, telling you why Trisha's comments set my Orwell bell a-clanging.
As for ol' Al P., I suspect that he's just in it for the sport; i.e, he couldn't resist a chance to be pithy.
3. re: Al Pastor
Rosalia Constantina Pollo Feb 20, 2000 08:47 PM
Who's that lout hiding bravely behind a pseudonym attacking the poor girl?
2. re: julie id
Wayne Apr 24, 2000 03:22 AM
Kimchi you find at Korean markets are authentic. Unlike other asian food at restaurants in the States most of Korean food they serve are not compromised, in other words, americanized. Therefore I find Korean food very unaccomodating to many virgin-Korean cusine-eaters. However if you really want to explore Korean food or kimchi you should try one that was prepared right. I do not belive that Japaneses could make anything close to genuine Kimchi when they don't appreciate the aroma of real kimchi which is very pungent. Japanese Kimchi, although I've never tried it, sounds tame and unhealthy.
3. re: Michael Yu
Steve Zang Feb 15, 2000 08:18 AM
Kimchi is no different from curry or tacos or any other food item. Anyone can make kimchi but how does it compare to that made according to Korean tradition? I've had Japanese kimchi and I find it bland but I've been raised on Korean kimchi. For those who prefer Japanese or any other kimchi, it's no big deal for them to like it and call it kimchi. There will always be demand for both the authentic (traditional) foods and new derivative versions. To each his own. I'm sure that the kimchi market in the long run will be best served by an extension of the product line into different variations.
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How many vinegars can I *get by* with?
c oliver Mar 1, 2009 12:11 PM
I currently have on hand balsamic, Champagne, red wine vinegar and plain white vinegar. Do you think that's adequate? I'd be willing to add one or two more if there's strong argument for one. Or perhaps one I just haven't thought of. Lately I seem to be using fresh Meyer lemon juice in place of vinegar in salad dressings. Any thoughts would be appreciated. Thanks.
1. LindaWhit Mar 22, 2009 09:54 AM
I have balsamic (30+ years aged and regular), cabernet, apple cider, rice wine, champagne, white wine balsamic (I like it for vinaigrettes), blood orange and raspberry vinegars. Used to have sherry vinegar, but I believe I used it up and never replaced it. Oh - and regular white vinegar (mostly used for cleaning <g>). I think that's it.
1. gourmandadventurer Mar 21, 2009 09:43 AM
As a random aside, several people I know including a doctor swear by the health benefits of taking a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar a day. It's also nice to have around to splash on salads so you might want to add that to the pantry!
1 Reply
1. re: gourmandadventurer
Val Mar 21, 2009 03:28 PM
I've seen that tip on the internet...I too am a lover of vinegar...I notice that I do love strongly flavored foods and am always seeking out low-sodium ways to achieve those flavors: vinegar does the trick. But, is there any scientific data to support the claim? Not sure I've seen it ... but I still love the vinegar!
2. t
Toni6921 Mar 21, 2009 09:40 AM
Kylie Kwong, who used to be on the old Discovery Home Network, turned me on to Chinese Red and Black Vinegars. They have become a staple in my kitchen. Recently, I found out about Blood Orange Vinegar, which is wonderful to use in a vinaigrette for fruit salads. Kat'z's in California makes a wonderful Sauvignon Vinegar that is very special, too. It's great to finish a sauce, and it's good in marinades and salad dressings.
1. Scriever Mar 21, 2009 09:00 AM
Pick up a couple specialty varieties for fun. A few favorites I've been burning through:
PURPLE SWEET POTATO VINEGAR - Great flavor, versatile. Aces for hollandaise and making a vinaigrette with pumpkin seed oil.
BLOOD ORANGE VINEGAR - Makes a great reduction to pair with homemade orange vanilla ice cream.
PASSION FRUIT VINEGAR - Good in marinade.
1. kattyeyes Mar 14, 2009 05:52 PM
Hey there! We just picked up a fantastic pomegranate balsamic. Enjoyed it straight as salad dressing tonight. What a flavor! Really outstanding:
Maybe make room for one more? :
1 Reply
1. re: kattyeyes
c oliver Mar 14, 2009 09:53 PM
Doesn't that sound good? But I'm trying to pare down!
Just sent friends home after Hazan's carbonara and MMRuth's arugula salad. All three dogs bonded well. Night, night.
2. alkapal Mar 4, 2009 06:22 AM
let's see:
1. white
2. apple cider
3. rice wine
4. red wine
5. champagne
6. balsamic
7. tarragon
8. sherry
9. white wine
9 essentials (mr. monk is now obsessing over getting an even "10").
OK, GOT IT!
10. chinese black vinegar
4 Replies
1. re: alkapal
c oliver Mar 4, 2009 06:44 AM
Oh, I forgot. I have Chinese red vinegar! Thanks for the reminder :)
1. re: c oliver
alkapal Mar 4, 2009 06:45 AM
dang, another condiment i gotta buy!
1. re: alkapal
c oliver Mar 4, 2009 06:53 AM
Too bad groups of chowhounds don't live in the same neighborhoods. We could share condiments! Hmm, I have keys to two of my neighbors' homes (they're second homes). I could start keeping things there, couldn't I?
1. re: c oliver
alkapal Mar 4, 2009 06:58 AM
c -- EX-cellent idea! {;^D.
2. a
adamshoe Mar 3, 2009 05:26 PM
Lurking in cupboard now: rice wine vinegar, aged sherry vinegar, cider vinegar, red wine vin., balsamic (the cheapstuff...), white vin., and white wine vin. Looked for a tarragon vin. a few months ago when making green goddess dressing but couldn't find it so just subbed fresh tarragon. I love vinegar! Almost out of my 50 yr. old sherry vin. that was a gift from a friend in the trade. Crying silently.... adam
2 Replies
1. re: adamshoe
Delucacheesemonger Mar 3, 2009 05:58 PM
Have a fifty year old sherry, dry and flavorful, is wonderful. Look at one of my earlier posts on this discussion above, talk about a syrupy sherry one.
1. re: Delucacheesemonger
c oliver Mar 3, 2009 05:59 PM
These sherry vinegars have definitely gotten my attention.
2. sfumato Mar 3, 2009 04:25 PM
Since you have rice vinegar, I'd say cider vinegar. We use it often for all the reasons already listed.
1. h
Harters Mar 3, 2009 01:33 PM
We usually have:
Red wine, white wine, cider, balsamic, sherry and malt.
I could get by without the balsamic, sherry and cider.
1. pikawicca Mar 3, 2009 12:35 PM
I recently acquired a bottle of Maple Syrup vinegar. It's delicious.
1 Reply
1. re: pikawicca
c oliver Mar 3, 2009 12:43 PM
Ooh, doesn't that sound good?
2. m
MazDee Mar 1, 2009 07:13 PM
Instead of buying another vinegar now, why not wait until you have a recipe that calls for one? I have red wine, balsamic (the cheap kind), cider (which is essential for my potato salad among other things), rice wine, and I use them all. I also have some berry vinegars that just sit there. After reading the comments, I would like to try sherry vinegar, but probably will wait until I want it for a specific dish. After all, it's probably only a couple miles away! Sometimes I buy white vinegar for household use or pickling.
1. Sam Fujisaka Mar 1, 2009 03:01 PM
Seconding some thoughts: white, red wine, balsamic, and rice wine. For me no others, but I use a lot of each of the four.
1. kchurchill5 Mar 1, 2009 01:42 PM
A standard for me, red, white, rice wine, cider, balsamic, champagne I always have them. Lemon and lime juice and yes I use those stupid plastic limes, just in case. Fresh, but you never know. It works just fine as a substitute. Also have sesame, olive 2 kinds and vegetable oil. My stables. Wouldn't leave ... (stay) home without them.
1. alanbarnes Mar 1, 2009 01:32 PM
Just to pile on, you've gotta try aged sherry vinegar. Reserva's great, Gran Reserva's spectacular. And apple cider vinegar is my go-to for down-home type cooking. White vinegar is largely reserved for use as a household cleaner.
8 Replies
1. re: alanbarnes
Val Mar 1, 2009 01:39 PM
For all you sherry vinegar owners: where do you buy it? Our Publix does not sell it...so I doubt that Sweetbay would. Do you order it? That's the one I don't have and I keep looking for it. Thanks!
1. re: Val
Delucacheesemonger Mar 1, 2009 01:48 PM
Have whole foods in Sarasota, do you have one in Naples. If not easy to get on internet, there are young, olod, and very very old as the one l described above. All wonderful and all different.
1. re: Delucacheesemonger
Val Mar 1, 2009 01:52 PM
Deluca...yes! Yay...we do have a Whole Foods here...thanks! They opened...hmmm...about 6 months ago, right nearby! Will stop by on my way home from work this week.
2. re: Val
alanbarnes Mar 1, 2009 01:56 PM
We're lucky enough to have an incredible gourmet grocery in town. If you don't, maybe someplace like Whole Foods? You might also try an upscale kitchenware store like Williams Sonoma or Sur la Table. Some wine shops also carry things like vinegar and olive oil. Failing all else, mail order would work, but the stuff isn't terribly expensive, so it seems like the shipping and handling charges might exceed the cost of the vinegar itself.
1. re: Val
kchurchill5 Mar 1, 2009 02:21 PM
My Publix and Sweetbay both carry it in Sarasota 3 or 4 stores. If not just ask the manager, they usually can get it in. My stores always have it.
2. re: alanbarnes
kchurchill5 Mar 1, 2009 02:20 PM
But I do use sometimes, not often mostly to clean the coffee pot, but I do use now and then. Works great on windows too
1. re: alanbarnes
alwayscooking Mar 1, 2009 02:51 PM
White vinegar is also great when used in the clothes washer - it make clothes/sheets softer and it's cheaper than a fabric softener.
1. re: alwayscooking
kchurchill5 Mar 1, 2009 04:25 PM
Really, never new. Very interesting. I clean with it alot, windows, everyday stuff. Clothes, I'll have to try.
2. JonParker Mar 1, 2009 01:19 PM
I find that I use sherry vinegar quite a bit. It's almost totally replaced red wine vinegar for me in cooking.
16 Replies
1. re: JonParker
Caitlin McGrath Mar 1, 2009 01:24 PM
I love sherry vinegar and personally, my kitchen is never without it. It has wonderful toasty, nutty flavors. I use it much more often than balsamic (I mean the non-precious kind!).
A favorite salad dressing during the colder months is simply equal parts sherry vinegar, fresh-squeezed orange juice, and olive oil.
1. re: Caitlin McGrath
MMRuth Mar 1, 2009 01:57 PM
I also use a lot of sherry vinegar - and love the idea of combining it with orange juice. I do not like apple cider vinegar, and could live without balsamic vinegar, though I do have a small ancient bottle of high quality aged vinegar. I usually have red wine vinegar, white wine vinegar, sherry vinegar, champagne vinegar, rice wine vinegar/rice vinegar. I do like tarragon vinegar as well, and I have a Greek rose wine vinegar that I need to consume.
1. re: MMRuth
kchurchill5 Mar 1, 2009 02:18 PM
My bad MMRuth, I have sherry as well. I love it. I don't know how I forgot. with OJ and lime it is wonderful. I use it all the time. Thanks for the reminder. Apple juice sherry and garlic makes an awesome marinade for pork chops simple and quick. Marinade and grill. Serve with sauteed apples and coleslaw and a side of roasted green beans. A favorite simple meal.
1. re: MMRuth
KTinNYC Mar 1, 2009 03:22 PM
I haven't had any balsamic in the house for months and do not miss it one bit.
1. re: KTinNYC
kchurchill5 Mar 1, 2009 04:24 PM
I use balsamic more than any other vinegar, I couldn't live without it
1. re: kchurchill5
KTinNYC Mar 1, 2009 05:30 PM
What kind do yo use? Most of the balsamic in the states is absolute garbage. It's one of those ingredients in which you get what you pay for. Because it was such a trendy product in the 90's we got inundated with junk that isn't truly balsamic vinegar at all.
1. re: KTinNYC
kchurchill5 Mar 1, 2009 05:47 PM
I get one from a small Italian shop down town. I don't have the bottle. sorry. It it is my green bottle on the counter. There is one whole foods carry that is also good. They are the only two that I buy. I have bought others and use them now and then but use these two for their flavor. Unfortunately I have neither bottle, sorry, but whole foods is one and the other is from Italy. Sorry I can't give you more info. I usually keep them, but in an apt. NO room. So I didn't keep it. I do use it all the times, fresh fruit, dressings, even over chicken and pork, lots of uses. I would be lost without it.
1. re: kchurchill5
MMRuth Mar 2, 2009 03:00 AM
Suzanne Goin calls for less expensive balsamics - i.e., not the aged ones - in many of her recipes. I'll see if she recommends a brand. I tend to substitute a combination of red wine vinegar with a little bit of my aged balsamic.
1. re: MMRuth
c oliver Mar 2, 2009 06:39 AM
Thanks, that would be great, MMR.
1. re: c oliver
MMRuth Mar 3, 2009 12:26 PM
She says to look for one from Modena, but not to confuse regular balsamic vinegar with "the pricier, aged vinegars labeled 'Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale', sold in small, shapely bottles."
1. re: MMRuth
c oliver Mar 3, 2009 12:29 PM
Thanks. Those "shapely" bottles sure are pretty though, aren't they?
1. re: MMRuth
KTinNYC Mar 3, 2009 12:42 PM
I'm a little confused, could you please clarify. So Goin suggest using any balsamic labeled Modena? I understand staying away from the Tradizionale because of the cost but does she mean the Condimento? As I understand it, regular unaged balsamic is just wine vinegar with caramel and color added.
1. re: KTinNYC
MMRuth Mar 3, 2009 12:53 PM
I'm not particularly familiar with balsamic vinegar - I do have one of those little bottles of v. aged balsamic vinegar. She does not mention 'Condimento' but adds, "These aged balsamics are used more as a condiment than a vinegar. Thick, syrupy, and rich, they're delicious drizzled over ...." In her recipes, she often calls for 1/4 cup or more.
Edit - Don't know if this makes a difference, but she refers to balsamic "from" Modena, rather than 'labeled" Modena.
1. re: MMRuth
KTinNYC Mar 3, 2009 01:00 PM
Thanks, MMRuth. I'm not really that familiar with balsamic vinegar either from what I've read and tasted most balsamic vinegar just isn't very good. Here is what wikipedia has to say about Balsamic Vinegar of Modena
"These commercial grade products imitate the centuries old traditional artisan product. They are made of wine vinegar with the addition of colouring, caramel and sometimes thickeners like Guar Gum or cornflour. There is no aging involved and hundreds of thousands of litres can be produced every day."
2. re: MMRuth
samsaulavi Mar 22, 2009 12:34 AM
I have a recipe for a cranberry-sherry vinegar dressing that my brother makes. It has some nutmeg in it, salt, pepper, and oil of choice - not in front of me at the moment. The cranberry is from soaking craisins and using the juice. Since I haven't been able to find a kosher sherry vinegar, I have been using a combination of cranberry concentrate (real, not sweetened), a bit of water and sherry. It's good, though I'd love a kosher sherry vinegar or to make my own. The salad to this dressing has tangerine slices, toasted pecans and craisins over fresh spinach- if they are to a person's tastes. It sounds like a lot, though it is quite refreshing.
3. re: Caitlin McGrath
maria_nyc Mar 22, 2009 09:42 AM
I use sherry vinegar and sometimes balsamic as part of the marinate for steak it makes for a nice combo with all the other spices.
2. chef chicklet Mar 1, 2009 01:06 PM
I see that you have also rice wine vinegar, that one is really necessary for dipping sauces and dressings. It's an old standby but apple cider vinegar is one of my favorites. If I want tarragon vinegar, I can make a small batch for what I need immediately.
I too love to use citrus for the acid I love lemon and olive oil, they are wonderful paired together. One of my favorite salads is arugula, artichoke and avocado with olive oil and lemon juice, cracked pepper and sea salt. SO fresh tasting!
3 Replies
1. re: chef chicklet
c oliver Mar 1, 2009 01:09 PM
I am totally addicted to arugula so thanks for this suggestion. Do you mean artichoke or the hearts? If hearts, marinated or canned?
1. re: c oliver
chef chicklet Mar 4, 2009 07:42 AM
As often as I make this salad and as much as I love to cook I don't use the fresh. I buy lovely artichokes in a jar packed in water from Trader Joes, they are the hearts with some stem and a few tender leaves. Actually they are quite good, and not as expensive as the canned hearts. Yes, I am another one that loves arugula, and I had this salad at Prima in Walnut Creek CA, a few years ago. At the time they charged about $10 for it, but by far it was the best thing I ate that night. I am totally addicted to it, I could eat a bucket load of it this salad. No don't sub those jarred marinated artichokes whatever you do, they are not for this salad.
1. re: chef chicklet
c oliver Mar 4, 2009 02:15 PM
Thnaks so much and also thanks for the tip about the TJs hearts. Yes, canned ones are SO expensive. Have you ever used or do you think frozen ones would work?
2. j
jaykayen Mar 1, 2009 12:36 PM
that's pretty much what I have, balsamic, champagne, and a sherry. If I had to add some more, plain white, and rice.
1. alwayscooking Mar 1, 2009 12:30 PM
To your list and Ms McGrath's, I'd add apple cider vinegar, and another balsamic (one to cook with and one to cherish). The apple cider adds a brightness to pork, soup, stews and potatoes - to me it tastes like a sunny day in autumn. I use all of these vinegars but always look first to lemons or limes.
6 Replies
1. re: alwayscooking
c oliver Mar 1, 2009 12:40 PM
That brings up another question. Since I have a friend who's been bringing me Meyer lemons, can I substitute them for vinegar in more than just salad dressing? Hadn't really thought of that.
1. re: c oliver
Caitlin McGrath Mar 1, 2009 12:48 PM
Since the role of acid in cooking is to add a certain dimension to dishes, in many instances they're interchangeable. Exceptions include when the point is the particular flavor of the vinegar and when the vinegar is used as a preservative (e.g., pickling, including refrigerator pickles).
Something to keep in mind is that Meyer lemons are much less acidic than standard Eurekas. Using Meyer lemon juice is closer to using orange juice than regular lemon or lime juice in terms of acidity.
1. re: Caitlin McGrath
c oliver Mar 1, 2009 01:01 PM
Excellent poin t about the lower acidity.
2. re: c oliver
Delucacheesemonger Mar 1, 2009 12:55 PM
Peels make a great limoncello as well
3. re: alwayscooking
cheesecake17 Mar 1, 2009 12:47 PM
I love apple cider vinager!
1. re: cheesecake17
samsaulavi Mar 22, 2009 12:26 AM
Me, too! I think I may be out of my league with some of the vinegar experts here. However, I thought I liked apple cider vinegar until I had it with mother. Know I really love apple cider vinegar!
4. Delucacheesemonger Mar 1, 2009 12:24 PM
If you are not using either a banyuls red or Martin Pouret red vinegar, perhaps you should include these in your bunch. l cook with gallons of cider vinegar as well. A new high-priced vinegar has recently come on the market that may make you forget about balsamic. Made of sherry vinegar by solera method than aged again when in this country in old maple syrup barrels, it is exceptional. Like the original balsamics before many were adulterated, so concentrated and syrupy. Just put on finger and enjoy. Brand name is Blis elixir, fabulous
6 Replies
1. re: Delucacheesemonger
samsaulavi Mar 22, 2009 12:22 AM
Please, any idea or anywhere to direct me as to how to make my own sherry vinegar. I need it to be kosher and cannot find it anywhere. I've been looking for two years. I had a lead through Chowhound, wrote to a chef, and never received a reply. I'd love to make my own. I'll take any nugget of help! Thank you!
1. re: samsaulavi
alanbarnes Mar 22, 2009 09:49 AM
First you're going to need Palomino Sherry. Easy enough to find.
Next you're going to need a mother. Ideally you could find a sherry vinegar culture, but that may be a challenge. Cider, wine, and malt vinegar cultures are readily available. The wine vinegar variety is probably your best bet. If you have a bottle of unpasteurized wine vinegar with an active mother (a jellyfish-looking thing that floats in the bottle), you can use a bit of that.
Sherry vinegar is aged in oak for at least six months and up to, well, centuries (in the solera system, each bottle contains a very small amount of the oldest stuff the winery ever made). At home, you're probably better off using the CA winemaker's cheat - age the vinegar in a crock, along with handful of oak chips.
You could even do a variation on the solera method - make a few gallons, and after six months of aging draw off a bottle or two. Replace the wood chips, top up the crock with fresh sherry, and let the vinegar go back to aging. Some of your very first batch will be in every bottle, and complexity and depth of flavor will develop over the years.
Good luck!
1. re: samsaulavi
c oliver Mar 22, 2009 05:47 PM
Found this source:
1. re: samsaulavi
alkapal Mar 24, 2009 06:49 AM
making a vinegar needs a yeast mother. you cannot have yeast during passover, right?
1. re: alkapal
alanbarnes Mar 24, 2009 07:36 AM
It's been a long time since I lived in a household that observed any dietary restrictinos, but AFAIR only grain yeasts are chametz. Otherwise wine - which is fermented with yeast, and is an essential part of Pesach - would be forbidden.
1. re: alanbarnes
alkapal Mar 24, 2009 05:07 PM
alan, you may be right. i was just thinking logically. in wine, the yeast is no longer in the wine. if one is in the process of *making* vinegar, however, the yeast is active. i'm not jewish, but i understand the symbolic reason behind getting rid of the yeast (leavening = sin, pride, self-justification). however, the kosher dietary laws are far beyond the torah's proscriptions. about these i have no idea.
2. Caitlin McGrath Mar 1, 2009 12:22 PM
The one I'd to your collection is (unseasoned) rice wine vinegar. It's not as acidic as many others, has a slightly sweet flavor, and makes a great dressing for veggies all on its own as well as being an ingredient in Chinese and Japanese (or Asian-style) preps. Try thinly sliced cucumbers sprinkled with rice vinegar mixed with a pinch each sugar and salt and allowed to sit for half an hour.
1 Reply
1. re: Caitlin McGrath
c oliver Mar 1, 2009 12:27 PM
Oops, I forgot I DO have rice vinegar!
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29356 | From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
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English: A tile is a regularly-shaped slab of clay or other material, affixed to cover or decorate a surface, as in a roof-tile, stove tile, etc.
Roof tiles[edit]
See also Category:Roof tiles
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29380 |
NFL Draft Blitz 7 round mock
Discussion in 'Draft Zone' started by SDogo, Apr 17, 2009.
1. SDogo
13,900 Messages
4 Likes Received
Besides a few head scratchers I would be thrilled with this mock.
2-19-51 Dallas-Jairus Byrd, CB-Oregon
Impartial to this pick
3- 5-69 Dallas from Cleveland-Rashad Johnson, S-Alabama
Love it
4- 1-101 Dallas from Detroit-Gerald Cadogan, OT-Penn State
Love it
4-17-117 Dallas-Lawrence Sidbury, Jr., DE-Richmond
You kidding! Love it!
5-20-156 Dallas-Terrence Taylor, DT-Michigan
Impartial to this pick
5-30-166 Dallas from Tennessee-Jeremiah Johnson, RB-Oregon
We don't need a RB but it would be great value
5-36-172 Dallas (Compensatory Selection)-Graham Gano, K-Florida State
Huh? ***?
6-24-197 Dallas from Miami-Edwin Williams, C-Maryland
impartial to this pick
6-35-208 Dallas (Compensatory Selection)-Johnny Knox, WR-Abilene Christian
Love it!
7- 1-210 Dallas from Detroit- Mike Reilly, QB-Central Michigan
Love it!
7-18-227 Dallas-Travis McCall, FB/TE-Alabama
Love it!
2. silverbear
silverbear Semi-Official Loose Cannon
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One of the all-time worst mocks I've ever seen... I mean, that's just putrid...
Byrd is too slow to justify a second round pick, I believe he'll be a bust in the NFL... he's the kind of player I might gamble a late round pick on, at best...
The Johnson pick is OK, Cadogan would be too except he most likely won't be on the board at that point... it's the same with Sidbury, nice player but he's probably gone before the end of the 3rd round... both picks are highly unrealistic, and suggest their rating system is whacked...
Taylor is a good need pick, but there is no need for a running back in this draft (Johnson), and NO need for a kicker (Gano), period... though the Boys could use a quality backup center, and Williams has great size, but he's a stiff... all of his agility numbers at the combine-- 40 time, 20 time, 10 time, 20 shuttle, 3 cone-- were below average, highlighted by a 5th worst time in the 20 yard shuttle and a 6th worst time in the 3 cone drill... his strength is average at best (22 reps in the bench press), too...
IOW, center is a position that requires quickness, and he doesn't have much... no thanks... Knox will never fall that far, not in a million years, and Reilly has a rep for having a weak arm, by NFL standards... after Brad Johnson, I've had enough of weak-armed QBs... finally, McCall is good lead blocker, but he's WAY too slow to offer you anything in the passing game, and the Cowboys want (need) their fullback to be able to swing out and catch the ball...
If the Cowboys had a draft that looked like that, I'd start taking up a collection to have Tom Ciskowski or Jerry, or both, killed... I'm almost offended, that mock is so freakin' bad... :D
3. Rampage
Rampage Benched
24,117 Messages
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I would be happy with that draft.
4. Woods
Woods Active Member
12,315 Messages
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I think that one of the things that hurt Byrd's 40 time is that he was recovering from a groin injury - and that's why he could only run after the Combine, etc.
I'd guess he's closer to a 4.5 guy than a 4.7 guy.
5. silverbear
silverbear Semi-Official Loose Cannon
24,188 Messages
0 Likes Received
That makes some sense, he wouldn't be rated nearly as high as he is if he was that slow...
But I still wouldn't spend a second round pick on the ASSUMPTION that he's faster... that's why I said I might gamble a late round pick on him, but you don't gamble with the 51st pick in the draft... I want a little surer bet than that...
6. silverbear
silverbear Semi-Official Loose Cannon
24,188 Messages
0 Likes Received
Why do you hate the Cowboys so much??
I'm kidding, Rampage...
7. AmishCowboy
AmishCowboy if you ain't first, you're last
4,255 Messages
9 Likes Received
Lotta talk that Bryd will be a Safety in the NFL, if that's the case then there is no need for Johnson. Taylor, Knox and Sidbury are nice picks though. Cadogan is soft.
8. BigBoy63
BigBoy63 New Member
312 Messages
0 Likes Received
replace the kicker and the HB witha postion we need and i would like it. Maybe an ILB, would be good with one of those picks.
9. cowboyjoe
cowboyjoe Well-Known Member
28,020 Messages
42 Likes Received
so i gather you dont like that mock draft silverbear? im not in love with the first pick, i think we can do alot better than byrd
10. silverbear
silverbear Semi-Official Loose Cannon
24,188 Messages
0 Likes Received
It's not just that I don't like the picks, joe... some of them I like just fine...
But every bit as bad is the way they have the Cowboys drafting players in ridiculous places, LONG after they're sure to be off the draft boards-- Sidbury in the 4th?? Knox in the 6th??
Yeah, that'll happen... IOW, this mock sucks because it's completely unrealistic... this is weird to me, NFL Draft Blitz used to do a pretty good job with their mocks...
11. BAT
BAT Mr. Fixit
6,905 Messages
178 Likes Received
Not a fan of the mock either, but Knox is currently rated between the 4th and 6th. But he has a slight frame despite his all world speed and he also played at Abilene Christian, and there are bound to be higher ranked players who fall. Not so sure that Knox in the 6th is that unrealistic.
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I graduated from Purdue University with a Bachelor's in Computer Engineering in December 2010. I'm interested in pretty much anything technology related and I spend a lot of my spare time (which I have little of) trying out different distributions of Linux/BSD (Manjaro, CrunchBang, Kali/BackTrack, Ubuntu), playing some video games, or writing some code for small projects. I have currently implemented two Android apps (on the market) and am working on a few others.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29386 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I run long and complex queries which mostly use one big table - 8GB, 40M rows. AFAIK, all/most rows are used in each query. I'm seeing lots of IO in the activity monitor - for the first query and for every subsequent one. The server is currently using 6.5GB of memory and I want to upgrade. Question is, how much memory is needed to avoid all these disk reads? Is it in the ballpark of the size of the table or more?
This is the SET STATISTICS IO output. BigTable is the one I'm asking about, SmallTable has a 1-to-many relation with BigTable. #entrance holds the output of the query (several hundred rows of output).
Table 'SmallTable'. Scan count 249005, logical reads 2829948, physical reads 2605, read-ahead reads 10395, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table 'BigTable'. Scan count 194004, logical reads 13482115, physical reads 33841, read-ahead reads 1181136, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table '#entrance__000000000023'. Scan count 0, logical reads 1568, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
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Does this server/database do nothing else other than run your queries over 1 table of 8GB of data? I'm also scratching my head somewhat over the 1 table but complex query aspect of this question. Any chance of DDL or a little insight into the nature of this complexity? – Mark Storey-Smith Sep 14 '11 at 22:20
Just a basic check, what version of SQL server are you using? if its not enterprise then you will not be able to use all of your current memory for sql server. – DamagedGoods Sep 16 '11 at 15:30
I eventually upgraded the RAM of the server and did a test. I posted the results as an answer below. – ytoledano Feb 9 '13 at 8:50
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5 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
what is the nature of your queries? SELECTs only? Or a mixture of DUI (DELETE, UPDATE, INSERTs)? and what is your recovery model? are you using the default transaction isolation level?
If you want to put all those pages in memory, then you will need to get more memory (but you knew that already). You want to know 'how much', but the truth is that depending on the nature of your queries you could still see some I/O issues even with enough memory to hold the entire table.
Consider ing all of the above...yeah, ballpark the size of the table on disk as the amount of memory. Just don't be surprised if you find you still have disk I/O afterwards.
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I upgraded the server RAM and "ballpark the size of the table on disk as the amount of memory" is absolutely correct. See my answer below. – ytoledano Feb 8 '13 at 11:59
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This is a two part answer.
The first part is buy as much RAM as you can afford (as long as it'll fit into the server).
The second part is that you'll always see reads on data. The trick is to see if those reads are physical or logical. Physical reads are going down to the disk. Logical reads are read from the buffer pool in memory. You can see this by putting "SET STATISTICS IO ON" at the top of the SQL Script then running it in SSMS. On the messages tab you'll get specific IO information for each query that is being run, specifically you'll get the number of both logical and physical operations (reads in your case) that are happening on a table by table basis. If the physical read numbers are pretty high (these numbers are basically the number of blocks that were read so multiple by 8 then divide by 1024 to get a number in Megs) and then you need more RAM. If the logical read numbers are high, then you aren't actually going to disk but your query may need tuning, indexes created, etc.
(Note: For the purposes of this answer, I'm assuming SELECT statements only. INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operations are a little more complex, but the same basics apply.)
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I'll try: SET STATISTICS IO ON and report back. More info: The queries are 100% selects. Each query takes several minutes. The server also runs the small app which does the querying and dumps results into Excel, but I doubt this affects server performance. – ytoledano Sep 15 '11 at 5:00
If you need some help reading the output, feel free to post the execution plan and SET STATISTICS IO output. – mrdenny Sep 15 '11 at 5:05
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I'm always late to the party. :) This query most likely can be tuned to great effect. But, for the question of how much RAM to cache an 8 GB table... a preliminary question is how many memory nodes does SQL Server report for the server? Each memory node (logical equivalent to the physical NUMA nodes) has an independently managed buffer pool cache. Tasks that run on processors in that node insert blocks into the buffer pool in that node.
So, if there's a chance that the tasks that will read the 8 GB table in its entirety will run on a single NUMA node, that node's buffer pool must be able to contain the 8 GB table. So start at 8 GB of max server memory per NUMA node. Then lets start increasing it. Query memory can consume up to 70% of the buffer pool, leaving only 30% for database block contents. So the 8 GB table needs to be no more than 30% of the max server memory on a single NUMA node for the server. 26 2/3 GB for max server memory. Per NUMA node. If its SQL Server 2012, the stuff that SQL Server 2008 R2 and previous used the multi-page allocator for (which was thus outside of the max server memory scope) is now within max server memory scope and needs to be accounted for. It has to be included in the total server memory either way, whether its part of the SQL Server max server memory limit or not.
Oh yeah... any use of temp tables or other tempdb use should be accommodated in the max server memory as well, so as not to let the table get evicted from cache.
Add enough memory for the Windows OS (4 GB at least). Add enough for SQL Server worker threads, the SQL Server core process, SQL Agent jobs, any other application memory needs.
On a single NUMA node server I'd ballpark about 36 GB of RAM with max server memory at least 27 GB to reliably cache the 8 GB table. And if there are multiple NUMA nodes, it'll increase by at least 26 2/3 GB of max server memory per NUMA node, as well as for the additional worker threads to accompany the additional cores in the additional NUMA nodes.
While that may seem excessive, its due in part to how SQL Server handles NUMA. But you might be in luck! If a single lazy writer will suffice, you can use startup trace flag 8015 to ignore NUMA and manage a single buffer pool. That way, about 36 - 40 GB should suffice to keep the 8 GB table memory-resident no matter how many NUMA nodes there are on the server. discuss this a bit more in the following blog post. If you decide to use trace flag 8015, I recommend evaluating trace flag 8048 along with it, to prevent escalating spinlock contention and CMEMTHREAD waits associated with memory allocation. http://sqlsasquatch.blogspot.com/2013/02/sql-server-cache-database-working-set.html
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Not sure that more RAM is going to help here. Quick calculation suggests your query is processing somewhere in the region of 125GB of data, quite impressive for a table that contains 8GB.
(2829948 + 13482115 + 1568) x 8 / 1048576 = 125GB
The 270MB of physical reads will account for a portion of the slow running but nothing like as much as the in-memory overheads.
You're going to get better results from re-working the query than by adding additional memory. Post DDL/query/execution plan in a fresh question and someone will certainly be able to help.
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I upgraded the server RAM from 8GB to 64GB and did a test. The table size is now 16.05GB and the index space is 187MB (1 clustered and 1 unique unclustered indexes). I checked total server RAM usage before and after running a query which averages every one of the 137 fields in the table. Total memory rose from 4.22GB to 20.4GB = 16.18GB which is 100.8% of the size of the table. SQLRockstar was absolutely correct in predicting that the amount of RAM usage is a ballpark of the size of the table.
More info:
• Page fullness of the clustered index is 98.1%
• Further queries on the table caused no disk IO.
• SQL Server 2008R2 Developer
• Execution plan shows that the clustered index was used
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29387 | 1 reputation
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I'm student of Information System, and i want to programming in JAVA platform with ANDROID environment
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29396 | Revision as of 09:41, 18 May 2009 by jaaura (Talk | contribs)
Porting Android (Java) applications to Java ME on S60 5th Edition
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Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language so we should recommend to port android application to s60 5th edition in java basically J2ME.
Application Development
Android has virtual machine called dalvik and it has API implemented by itself which has syntax similar to java but totally implemented by google and open handset alliance so how we will achieve that kind of functionality using JSRS provided by Sun microsystem and java.
Java Platform
Android has the latest version of 1.5. In this version there is support of different functionality and most of which can be achieved in Nokia s60 5th edition expect open GL support.
Coding Style
Generally xml files plays major roles in android application but if we see our j2me application which does not have generally xml file playing major role in application. In android application to create User Interface generally developer uses xml file and refer each component by I.D but most of the development language used in s60 5the edition refers each component by name by declaring it in the source file itself.
To get details description about each classes you can refer docs available for both platform. Generally APIS which is used for business logic are similar. It uses the concept of activity and intent which we can port into our platform's event architecture and APIs provided by it.
API Similarities and Difference
The android have following java packages. Supported.jpg
The following java packages is not available in android which is so similar to J2ME as most of it is not included in j2me too by considering the small devices limitation.
Not Supprted.jpg
Nokia - Jad, Jar
Android - .apk(using Ant)
Nokia supports: VeriSign, thawte, Java Verifed Certificate etc
Android supports: by private key ( Tools like Keytool and Jarsigner)
Permission of Resource
In android the developer need to set permission in the manifest file of android project to let the application or user to access the resource while in j2me if application is not sign then application will ask the permission to user while executing it and by signing it will be secure so there is no need of permission confirmation for most of the resource.
Data Storage on device
android : SQLite database.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29408 | a person or thing that blinds.
a blinker for a horse.
British Informal. a spectacular shot or action in sports, especially soccer: He played a blinder.
1580–90; blind + -er1 Unabridged
adjective, blinder, blindest.
not having or based on reason or intelligence; absolute and unquestioning: She had blind faith in his fidelity.
lacking all consciousness or awareness: a blind stupor.
hard to see or understand: blind reasoning.
hidden from immediate view, especially from oncoming motorists: a blind corner.
of concealed or undisclosed identity; sponsored anonymously: a blind ad signed only with a box number.
having no outlets; closed at one end: a blind passage; a blind mountain pass.
done without seeing; by instruments alone: blind flying.
of, pertaining to, or for blind persons.
Cookery. (of pastry shells) baked or fried without the filling.
verb (used with object)
to outshine; eclipse: a radiance that doth blind the sun.
something that obstructs vision, as a blinker for a horse.
Chiefly Midland U.S. and British, window shade.
a lightly built structure of brush or other growths, especially one in which hunters conceal themselves: a duck blind.
an activity, organization, or the like for concealing or masking action or purpose; subterfuge: The store was just a blind for their gambling operation.
a decoy.
Slang. a bout of excessive drinking; drunken spree.
Poker. a compulsory bet made without prior knowledge of one's hand.
into a stupor; to the degree at which consciousness is lost: He drank himself blind.
without the ability to see clearly; lacking visibility; blindly: They were driving blind through the snowstorm.
to an extreme or absolute degree; completely: The confidence men cheated her blind.
fly blind. fly1 ( def 34 ).
before 1000; (adj.) Middle English blind, Old English; cognate with Gothic blinds, Old Norse blindr, German, Dutch blind (< Germanic *blindaz, perhaps akin to blend; original sense uncertain); (v.) Middle English blinden, derivative of the adj.
blindingly, adverb
blindness, noun
half-blind, adjective
half-blindly, adverb
half-blindness, noun
quasi-blind, adjective
quasi-blindly, adverb
self-blinded, adjective
1. Blind, stone-blind, purblind mean unable to see. Blind means unable to see with the physical eyes. Stone-blind emphasizes complete blindness. Purblind refers to weakened vision, literally or figuratively. 4. irrational, uncritical, rash, thoughtless, unreasoning. 8. concealed. 25. See curtain. 28. hiding place, ambush.
1. seeing. 2. receptive. 4. rational.
27. See window shade. Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To blinder
World English Dictionary
blind (blaɪnd)
1. a. unable to see; sightless
b. (as collective noun; preceded by the): the blind
2. (usually foll by to) unable or unwilling to understand or discern
3. not based on evidence or determined by reason: blind hatred
4. acting or performed without control or preparation
5. done without being able to see, relying on instruments for information
6. hidden from sight: a blind corner; a blind stitch
7. closed at one end: a blind alley
8. completely lacking awareness or consciousness: a blind stupor
9. informal very drunk
10. having no openings or outlets: a blind wall
11. without having been seen beforehand: a blind purchase
12. (of cultivated plants) having failed to produce flowers or fruits
13. (intensifier): not a blind bit of notice
14. turn a blind eye to disregard deliberately or pretend not to notice (something, esp an action of which one disapproves)
15. without being able to see ahead or using only instruments: to drive blind; flying blind
16. without adequate knowledge or information; carelessly: to buy a house blind
17. (intensifier) (in the phrase blind drunk)
18. bake blind to bake (the empty crust of a pie, pastry, etc) by half filling with dried peas, crusts of bread, etc, to keep it in shape
19. to deprive of sight permanently or temporarily
20. to deprive of good sense, reason, or judgment
21. to darken; conceal
22. (foll by with) to overwhelm by showing detailed knowledge: to blind somebody with science
23. slang (Brit) (intr) to drive very fast
24. slang (Brit) (intr) to curse (esp in the phrase effing and blinding)
25. (modifier) for or intended to help blind and partially sighted people: a blind school
26. a shade for a window, usually on a roller
27. any obstruction or hindrance to sight, light, or air
28. a person, action, or thing that serves to deceive or conceal the truth
29. a person who acts on behalf of someone who does not wish his identity or actions to be known
30. old-fashioned, slang (Brit) Also called: blinder a drunken orgy; binge
31. poker a stake put up by a player before he examines his cards
32. chiefly (US), (Canadian) hunting Brit name: hide a screen of brush or undergrowth, in which hunters hide to shoot their quarry
33. military a round or demolition charge that fails to explode
usage It is preferable to avoid using phrases such as the blind. Instead you should talk about blind and partially sighted people
blinder (ˈblaɪndə)
1. an outstanding performance in sport
2. slang (Brit) another name for blind
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
O.E. blind "blind," also "dark, obscure, unintelligent," probably sharing with blend a P.Gmc. base *blandjan "to blind" (cf. Du., Ger. blind, O.N. blindr, Goth. blinds "blind"), perhaps also "to make cloudy, deceive," from PIE base *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn" (see
bleach); cf. Lith. blendzas "blind," blesti "to become dark." The original sense, not of "sightless," but of "confused," perhaps underlies such phrases as blind alley. Of aviators flying without instruments or without clear observation, from 1919. The verb is O.E. blendan, influenced in M.E. by the adj. The noun meaning "anything that obstructs sight" is from 1530s. Blindman's bluff is from 1580s.
"The twilight, or rather the hour between the time when one can no longer see to read and the lighting of the candles, is commonly called blindman's holiday." [Grose, 1796]
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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American Heritage
Medical Dictionary
blind (blīnd)
1. Unable to see; without useful sight.
2. Having a maximal visual acuity of the better eye, after correction by refractive lenses, of one-tenth normal vision or less (20/200 or less on the Snellen test).
3. Of, relating to, or for sightless persons.
4. Closed at one end, as a tube or sac.
blind'ness n.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Bible Dictionary
Blind definition
Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary
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Example sentences
The hat was therefore supposed to act as a sort of blinder.
We should work to make it blinder to the wealth of people.
They'd better not be flying any blinder than needed.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29409 | Crazy eightses
crazy eights
noun (used with a singular verb)
a card game played by two or more persons with a 52-card deck, the object of which is to be the first to get rid of one's hand by successively playing a card of the same suit or denomination as that played by the preceding player, with an eight counting for any desired suit.
Also called eights.
1955–60 Unabridged
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29410 | [kyoo-buh; Spanish koo-vah]
Cuban, adjective, noun
pro-Cuban, adjective, noun Unabridged
day name
(formerly, especially in creole-speaking cultures) a name given at birth to a black child, in accordance with African customs, indicating the child's sex and the day of the week on which he or she was born, as the male and female names for Sunday (Quashee and Quasheba) Monday (Cudjo or Cudjoe and Juba) Tuesday (Cubbena and Beneba) Wednesday (Quaco and Cuba or Cubba) Thursday (Quao and Abba) Friday (Cuffee or Cuffy and Pheba or Phibbi) and Saturday (Quamin or Quame and Mimba) Unabridged
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Cuba (ˈkjuːbə)
a republic and the largest island in the Caribbean, at the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico: became a Spanish colony after its discovery by Columbus in 1492; gained independence after the Spanish-American War of 1898 but remained subject to US influence until declared a people's republic under Castro in 1960; subject of an international crisis in 1962, when the US blockaded the island in order to compel the Soviet Union to dismantle its nuclear missile base. Sugar comprises about 80 per cent of total exports; the economy was badly affected by loss of trade following the collapse of the Soviet Union and by the continuing US trade embargo. Language: Spanish. Religion: nonreligious majority. Currency: peso. Capital: Havana. Pop: 11 328 000 (2004 est). Area: 110 922 sq km (42 827 sq miles)
day name
(W African) a name indicating a person's day of birth
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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American Heritage
Cultural Dictionary
Cuba definition
Republic consisting of the island of Cuba and other nearby islands. It lies in the Caribbean Sea at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. Its capital and largest city is Havana.
Note: The sinking of the United States battleship Maine in Havana harbor led to the Spanish-American War in 1898.
Note: Fidel Castro took control of the Cuban government in 1959. The United States broke off relations with Cuba in 1961, after Castro exhibited strong left-wing leanings, established a system of military justice, and confiscated American investments in banks, industries, and land. Cuba then formed a close attachment to the Soviet Union.
Note: In 1961, under the administration of John F. Kennedy, American-trained Cuban exiles attempted to invade Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs, only to be easily defeated by Castro's forces. The Kennedy administration was sharply criticized for the Bay of Pigs fiasco.
Note: The Cuban missile crisis of 1962 occurred as a result of a Soviet buildup of medium-range missiles (capable of striking targets in the United States) in Cuba.
Note: In 1980, Cuban refugees began pouring into the United States when Castro allowed free emigration.
Note: The collapse of communism in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has left Cuba as one of the last communist states.
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Example sentences for cuba
Cornhusk wrapped tamales are also popular in southeastern cuba.
When they failed, several went into hiding and established close ties with cuba.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29412 | here how
1 [hou]
in what state or condition?: How are you?
in whatever manner or way; however: You can travel how you please.
Informal. that: He told us how he was honest and could be trusted.
a word formerly used in communications to represent the letter H.
and how!, Informal. certainly! you bet!: Am I happy? And how!
Here's how, Informal. (used as a toast).
how come?, Informal. how is it that? why?: How come you never visit us anymore?
before 900; Middle English how, hu, Old English hū; cognate with Old Frisian hū, ho, Dutch hoe; akin to German wie (Old High German hweo), Gothic hwaiwa Unabridged
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how1 (haʊ)
1. in what way? in what manner? by what means?: how did it happen? Also used in indirect questions: tell me how he did it
2. to what extent?: how tall is he?
3. how good? how well? what…like?: how did she sing?; how was the holiday?
4. how about? used to suggest something: how about asking her?; how about a cup of tea?
5. how are you? what is your state of health?
6. informal how come? what is the reason (that)?: how come you told him?
7. how's that for…?
a. is this satisfactory as regards…?: how's that for size?
b. an exclamation used to draw attention to a quality, deed, etc: how is that for endurance?
8. how's that?
a. what is your opinion?
b. cricket Also written: howzat (an appeal to the umpire) is the batsman out?
9. archaic how now?, how so? what is the meaning of this?
10. not standard Also: as how that: he told me as how the shop was closed
11. in whatever way: do it how you wish
12. used in exclamations to emphasize extent: how happy I was!
13. ( intensifier ) and how! very much so!
14. here's how! (as a toast) good health!
15. the way a thing is done: the how of it
[Old English hu; related to Old Frisian hū, Old High German hweo]
how2 (haʊ)
sentence substitute
a greeting supposed to be or have been used by American Indians and often used humorously
[C19: of Siouan origin; related to Dakota háo]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
O.E. hu, from W.Gmc. *khwo- (cf. O.S. hwo, O.Fris., M.Du. hu, Du. hoe, Ger. wie, Goth. hvaiwa "how"), from common PIE interrogative pronomial stem. However is M.E.; how come? for "why?" is recorded from 1848. And how! emphatic, first recorded 1865, said to be a Ger.-Amer. colloquialism.
Native American greeting, Siouxan (cf. Dakota hao, Omaha hau); first recorded 1817 in Eng, but noted early 17c. by Fr. missionary Jean de Brebeuf among Hurons as an expression of approval (1636).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Abbreviations & Acronyms
home owners warranty
The American Heritage® Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29413 | Dictionary.com Unabridged
2 [leed; German leet]
noun, plural lieder [lee-der; German lee-duhr] .
a typically 19th-century German art song characterized by the setting of a poetic text in either strophic or through-composed style and the treatment of the piano and voice in equal artistic partnership: Schubert lieder.
1850–55; < German
1 [lahy]
a false statement made with deliberate intent to deceive; an intentional untruth; a falsehood. prevarication, falsification. truth.
an inaccurate or false statement; a falsehood.
verb (used without object), lied, lying.
to speak falsely or utter untruth knowingly, as with intent to deceive. prevaricate, fib.
to express what is false; convey a false impression.
verb (used with object), lied, lying.
give the lie to,
to accuse of lying; contradict.
1.See falsehood.
2 [lahy]
verb (used without object), lay, lain, lying.
(of objects) to rest in a horizontal or flat position: The book lies on the table. stand.
to be or remain in a position or state of inactivity, subjection, restraint, concealment, etc.: to lie in ambush.
to rest, press, or weigh (usually followed by on or upon ): These things lie upon my mind.
to depend (usually followed by on or upon ).
to be placed or situated: land lying along the coast.
to be stretched out or extended: the broad plain that lies before us.
to be in or have a specified direction; extend: The trail from here lies to the west.
to be found or located in a particular area or place: The fault lies here.
to consist or be grounded (usually followed by in ): The real remedy lies in education.
to be buried in a particular spot: Their ancestors lie in the family plot.
Archaic. to lodge; stay the night; sojourn.
the manner, relative position, or direction in which something lies: the lie of the patio, facing the water. place, location, site.
the haunt or covert of an animal.
Verb phrases
lie by,
to pause for rest; stop activities, work, etc., temporarily.
to lie unused: Ever since the last member of the family died, the old house has lain by.
lie down, to assume a horizontal or prostrate position, as for the purpose of resting.
lie in,
to be confined to bed in childbirth.
Chiefly British. to stay in bed longer than usual, especially in the morning.
lie over, to be postponed for attention or action at some future time: The other business on the agenda will have to lie over until the next meeting.
lie up,
to lie at rest; stay in bed.
(of a ship) to dock or remain in dock.
lie with,
to be the duty or function of: The decision in this matter lies with him.
Archaic. to have sexual intercourse with.
lie down on the job, Informal. to do less than one could or should do; shirk one's obligations.
lie in state. state ( def 24 ).
lie low. low1 ( def 51 ).
lie to, Nautical. (of a ship) to lie comparatively stationary, usually with the head as near the wind as possible.
take lying down, to hear or yield without protest, contradiction, or resistance: I refuse to take such an insult lying down.
See lay1.
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lie1 (laɪ)
vb , lies, lying, lied
3. an untrue or deceptive statement deliberately used to mislead
4. something that is deliberately intended to deceive
5. give the lie to
a. to disprove
b. to accuse of lying
Related: mendacious
lie2 (laɪ)
3. to be buried: here lies Jane Brown
5. to stretch or extend: the city lies before us
8. (foll by with)
b. archaic to have sexual intercourse (with)
10. archaic to stay temporarily
11. lie in state See state
12. lie low
a. to keep or be concealed or quiet
b. to wait for a favourable opportunity
14. the hiding place or lair of an animal
15. golf
16. lie of the land
a. the topography of the land
Lie (liː)
lied (liːd, German liːt)
n , pl lieder
music any of various musical settings for solo voice and piano of a romantic or lyrical poem, for which composers such as Schubert, Schumann, and Wolf are famous
[from German: song]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Word Origin & History
1852, from Ger., lit. "song," from M.H.G. liet, from O.H.G. liod, from P.Gmc. *leuthan (see laud).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Medical Dictionary
lie (lī)
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Bible Dictionary
Lie definition
Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary
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Example sentences
He told them that he had lied to them, and everyone else, and had to make it
lied to it.
And they've lied about how many trees they're cutting, so they can pay less in
But, be prepared to open your mind to the fact you have been lied to by the
environmentalist movement.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29416 | oxidative phosphorylation
noun Biochemistry.
the aerobic synthesis, coupled to electron transport, of ATP from phosphate and ADP.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
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World English Dictionary
oxidative phosphorylation
the process by which the energy liberated by oxidation of metabolites is used to synthesize the energy-rich molecule ATP
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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Medical Dictionary
oxidative phosphorylation n.
The formation of ATP from the energy released by the oxidation of various substrates, especially the organic acids involved in the Krebs cycle.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29417 | rank scale
noun Linguistics.
(in systemic linguistics) a hierarchical ordering of grammatical units such that a unit of a given rank normally consists of units of the next lower rank, as, in English, the ordering sentence, clause, group or phrase, word, morpheme.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29419 | Wind sleeve
a tapered, tubular cloth vane, open at both ends and having at the larger end a fixed ring pivoted to swing freely, installed at airports or elsewhere to indicate wind direction and approximate intensity.
Also, wind sock.
Also called air sleeve, air sock, wind cone, wind sleeve.
1925–30; wind1 + sock1 Unabridged
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windsock (ˈwɪndˌsɒk)
air sock, drogue, wind sleeve, Also called: wind cone a truncated cone of textile mounted on a mast so that it is free to rotate about a vertical axis: used, esp at airports, to indicate the local wind direction
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29424 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a slow-filling cistern and, having disassembled all the pipes inside I've identified a ripped seal. Assuming that I didn't cause that myself just a moment ago, I'm hopeful that replacing it will solve the problem.
Can you identify it?
Image of seal in my fingers, showing the tear Image of seal next to a 1p coin
share|improve this question
Is there a check valve involved? It looks like it may fit over a post – HerrBag Mar 19 '13 at 17:34
Ahhh a W.C. cistern, was imagining house sized cistern. – HerrBag Mar 19 '13 at 18:24
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1 Answer
It's a Torbeck Cistern Ball Valve Diaphragm Washer
enter image description here
FYI, I used google image search. I cropped the image and searched by image. I don't have an encyclopedic memory of seals.
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The force is strong with this one. – Chris Cudmore Mar 19 '13 at 18:34
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29425 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
As per the title, my kitchen cabinets use those little magnetic door catch devices.
Where there is a small plate on the door, and a housed magnet mounted to the frame of the cabinet to hold the door closed - instead of spring loaded hinges.
My high-use doors keep breaking their magnets every year or so - generally the central pin holding the magnet captive gives way and the thing falls apart.
Not expensive to replace, but annoying...
Am I likely mounting them wrong to cause such an issue. If they are too far back, then they do not engage at all and do not work.
If they are too far forward, the door looks ajar.
share|improve this question
add comment
3 Answers
Magnet latches are cheap and rarely work well. Consider replacing the hinges with capture, European style closing hinges that hold doors closed and don't require any mechanical holding devise on the open side of the door. They are inexpensive and work well and are fairly easy to install.
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I am not sure why the think is falling apart, is it setup to close and the impact of the cabinet damages it over time?
My pantry closet uses the same mechanism and while it never broke, I always had the issue where the magnets would not engage the door. I found a really easy fix by just attaching a small (but powerful) magnet to the plate on the door.
alt text
I did not use anything to attach them other than the force of the magnet, but ever since then the door has been consistently engaging.
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It sounds like the magnet mounts aren't high-enough duty. Are they designed for high-usage kitchen cupboard doors? I'd also check that you aren't deforming the mounts when you mount them. That would hasten failure.
You might be able to upgrade the magnet's mount, but since the pin is already metal, that would mean upgrading the rest of the mount.
share|improve this answer
I have replaced the entire assembly several times. Nothing deformed or out of alignment that I can tell. Not sure about duty-cycles, none are labelled as such at my local renovation store. – sdg Dec 16 '10 at 14:30
Looking at all the posts, I think another solution should be searched for. – staticsan Dec 17 '10 at 2:04
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29428 | 2.13.4 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
This section describes how to rebuild a table. This can be necessitated by changes to MySQL such as how data types are handled or changes to character set handling. For example, an error in a collation might have been corrected, necessitating a table rebuild to update the indexes for character columns that use the collation. (For examples, see Section 2.13.3, “Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt”.) It might also be that a table repair or upgrade should be done as indicated by a table check operation such as that performed by CHECK TABLE, mysqlcheck, or mysql_upgrade.
Methods for rebuilding a table include dumping and reloading it, or using ALTER TABLE or REPAIR TABLE.
shell> mysqldump db_name t1 > dump.sql
shell> mysql db_name < dump.sql
shell> mysqldump db_name > dump.sql
shell> mysql db_name < dump.sql
shell> mysqldump --all-databases > dump.sql
shell> mysql < dump.sql
To rebuild a table with ALTER TABLE, use a null alteration; that is, an ALTER TABLE statement that changes the table to use the storage engine that it already has. For example, if t1 is a MyISAM table, use this statement:
If you must rebuild a table because a table checking operation indicates that the table is corrupt or needs an upgrade, you can use REPAIR TABLE if that statement supports the table's storage engine. For example, to repair a MyISAM table, use this statement:
mysql> REPAIR TABLE t1;
For storage engines such as InnoDB that REPAIR TABLE does not support, use mysqldump to create a dump file and mysql to reload the file, as described earlier.
For specifics about which storage engines REPAIR TABLE supports, see Section, “REPAIR TABLE Syntax”.
shell> mysqlcheck --repair --databases db_name ...
shell> mysqlcheck --repair --all-databases
For incompatibilities introduced in MySQL 5.1.24 by the fix for Bug #27877 that corrected the utf8_general_ci and ucs2_general_ci collations, a workaround is implemented as of MySQL 5.1.62, 5.5.21, and 5.6.5. Upgrade to one of those versions, then convert each affected table using one of the following methods. In each case, the workaround altering affected columns to use the utf8_general_mysql500_ci and ucs2_general_mysql500_ci collations, which preserve the original pre-5.1.24 ordering of utf8_general_ci and ucs2_general_ci.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29429 | System Administration Guide: Network Services
ProcedureHow to Create Messages to Be Sent to Users
After the user is logged in, system-related or application-related messages are displayed on screen. The ftpaccess file lists the events that trigger associated message statements.
1. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
2. Add the following entries to the ftpaccess file:
message message-file [when [class ...]]
Keyword that is used to specify the message file to be displayed when a user logs in or executes the command to change the working directory.
Name of the message file to be displayed.
Example 28–10 Creating Messages to Be Sent to Users
message /etc/ftpd/Welcome login anon guest
message .message cwd=*
The preceding example states that the file /etc/ftpd/Welcome is displayed at login for users of the class anon or guest. The second line states that the .message file in the current working directory is displayed for all users.
Message files are created relative to the chroot directory for guest and anonymous users. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29430 | Sun Java Enterprise System 2005Q4 Technical Overview
Access Manager includes an authentication service for verifying the identities of users who request access (by way of HTTP or HTTPS) to web services within an enterprise. For example, a company employee who needs to look up a colleague’s phone number uses a browser to go to the company’s online phone book. To log in to the phone book service, the user has to provide a user ID and password.
The authentication sequence is shown in Figure 3–2. A policy agent intercedes in the request to log on to the phone book (1), and sends the request to the authentication service (2). The authentication service checks the user ID and password against information stored in Directory Server (3). If the log-in request is valid, the user is authenticated (4), (5), and (6), and the company phone book is displayed to the employee (7). If the log-in request is not valid, an error is generated, and authentication fails.
The authentication service also supports certificate-based authentication over HTTPS.
Figure 3–2 Authentication Sequence
Diagram showing authentication sequence, involving web browser,
policy agent, authentication service, session service, and Directory Server. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29442 | Artificial intelligence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of computer science that develops machines and software with human-like intelligence. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents",[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".[4]
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others.
The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be sufficiently well described to the extent that it can be simulated by a machine.[8] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[9] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of tremendous optimism[10] but has also suffered stunning setbacks.[11] Today it has become an essential part of the technology industry and defines many challenging problems at the forefront of research in computer science.[12]
Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the bronze robot of Hephaestus, and Pygmalion's Galatea.[13] Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization: animated cult images were worshiped in Egypt and Greece[14] and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi, Hero of Alexandria and Al-Jazari.[15] It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān, Judah Loew and Paracelsus.[16] By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots).[17] Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are examples of an ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge the gods".[9] Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artificial intelligence.
Mechanical or "formal" reasoning has been developed by philosophers and mathematicians since antiquity. The study of logic led directly to the invention of the programmable digital electronic computer, based on the work of mathematician Alan Turing and others. Turing's theory of computation suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as "0" and "1", could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction.[18][19] This, along with concurrent discoveries in neurology, information theory and cybernetics, inspired a small group of researchers to begin to seriously consider the possibility of building an electronic brain.[20]
The field of AI research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956.[21] The attendees, including John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, became the leaders of AI research for many decades.[22] They and their students wrote programs that were, to most people, simply astonishing:[23] Computers were solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.[24] By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense[25] and laboratories had been established around the world.[26] AI's founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field: Herbert Simon predicted that "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do" and Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that "within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved".[27]
They had failed to recognize the difficulty of some of the problems they faced.[28] In 1974, in response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from the US Congress to fund more productive projects, both the U.S. and British governments cut off all undirected exploratory research in AI. The next few years would later be called an "AI winter",[29] a period when funding for AI projects was hard to find.
In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of expert systems,[30] a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired the U.S and British governments to restore funding for academic research in the field.[31] However, beginning with the collapse of the Lisp Machine market in 1987, AI once again fell into disrepute, and a second, longer lasting AI winter began.[32]
In the 1990s and early 21st century, AI achieved its greatest successes, albeit somewhat behind the scenes. Artificial intelligence is used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and many other areas throughout the technology industry.[12] The success was due to several factors: the increasing computational power of computers (see Moore's law), a greater emphasis on solving specific subproblems, the creation of new ties between AI and other fields working on similar problems, and a new commitment by researchers to solid mathematical methods and rigorous scientific standards.[33]
On 11 May 1997, Deep Blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.[34] In 2005, a Stanford robot won the DARPA Grand Challenge by driving autonomously for 131 miles along an unrehearsed desert trail.[35] Two years later, a team from CMU won the DARPA Urban Challenge when their vehicle autonomously navigated 55 miles in an urban environment while adhering to traffic hazards and all traffic laws.[36] In February 2011, in a Jeopardy! quiz show exhibition match, IBM's question answering system, Watson, defeated the two greatest Jeopardy champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, by a significant margin.[37] The Kinect, which provides a 3D body–motion interface for the Xbox 360 and the Xbox One, uses algorithms that emerged from lengthy AI research[38] as does the iPhone's Siri.
The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific sub-problems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention.[6]
Deduction, reasoning, problem solving[edit]
Early AI researchers developed algorithms that imitated the step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions.[39] By the late 1980s and 1990s, AI research had also developed highly successful methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics.[40]
For difficult problems, most of these algorithms can require enormous computational resources – most experience a "combinatorial explosion": the amount of memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. The search for more efficient problem-solving algorithms is a high priority for AI research.[41]
Human beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgements rather than the conscious, step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model.[42] AI has made some progress at imitating this kind of "sub-symbolic" problem solving: embodied agent approaches emphasize the importance of sensorimotor skills to higher reasoning; neural net research attempts to simulate the structures inside the brain that give rise to this skill; statistical approaches to AI mimic the probabilistic nature of the human ability to guess.
Knowledge representation[edit]
Knowledge representation[43] and knowledge engineering[44] are central to AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are: objects, properties, categories and relations between objects;[45] situations, events, states and time;[46] causes and effects;[47] knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know);[48] and many other, less well researched domains. A representation of "what exists" is an ontology: the set of objects, relations, concepts and so on that the machine knows about. The most general are called upper ontologies, which attempt to provide a foundation for all other knowledge.[49]
Among the most difficult problems in knowledge representation are:
Default reasoning and the qualification problem
The breadth of commonsense knowledge
The number of atomic facts that the average person knows is astronomical. Research projects that attempt to build a complete knowledge base of commonsense knowledge (e.g., Cyc) require enormous amounts of laborious ontological engineering — they must be built, by hand, one complicated concept at a time.[52] A major goal is to have the computer understand enough concepts to be able to learn by reading from sources like the internet, and thus be able to add to its own ontology.[citation needed]
The subsymbolic form of some commonsense knowledge
Much of what people know is not represented as "facts" or "statements" that they could express verbally. For example, a chess master will avoid a particular chess position because it "feels too exposed"[53] or an art critic can take one look at a statue and instantly realize that it is a fake.[54] These are intuitions or tendencies that are represented in the brain non-consciously and sub-symbolically.[55] Knowledge like this informs, supports and provides a context for symbolic, conscious knowledge. As with the related problem of sub-symbolic reasoning, it is hoped that situated AI, computational intelligence, or statistical AI will provide ways to represent this kind of knowledge.[55]
A hierarchical control system is a form of control system in which a set of devices and governing software is arranged in a hierarchy.
Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.[56] They need a way to visualize the future (they must have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it) and be able to make choices that maximize the utility (or "value") of the available choices.[57]
In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only thing acting on the world and it can be certain what the consequences of its actions may be.[58] However, if the agent is not the only actor, it must periodically ascertain whether the world matches its predictions and it must change its plan as this becomes necessary, requiring the agent to reason under uncertainty.[59]
Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience[61][62] and has been central to AI research since the field's inception.[63]
Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input. Supervised learning includes both classification and numerical regression. Classification is used to determine what category something belongs in, after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories. Regression is the attempt to produce a function that describes the relationship between inputs and outputs and predicts how the outputs should change as the inputs change. In reinforcement learning[64] the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. These can be analyzed in terms of decision theory, using concepts like utility. The mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch of theoretical computer science known as computational learning theory.[65]
Within developmental robotics, developmental learning approaches were elaborated for lifelong cumulative acquisition of repertoires of novel skills by a robot, through autonomous self-exploration and social interaction with human teachers, and using guidance mechanisms such as active learning, maturation, motor synergies, and imitation.[66][67][68][69]
Natural language processing (communication)[edit]
A parse tree represents the syntactic structure of a sentence according to some formal grammar.
A common method of processing and extracting meaning from natural language is through semantic indexing. Increases in processing speeds and the drop in the cost of data storage makes indexing large volumes of abstractions of the users input much more efficient.
Machine perception[72] is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, tactile sensors, sonar and others more exotic) to deduce aspects of the world. Computer vision[73] is the ability to analyze visual input. A few selected subproblems are speech recognition,[74] facial recognition and object recognition.[75]
Motion and manipulation[edit]
The field of robotics[76] is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation[77] and navigation, with sub-problems of localization (knowing where you are, or finding out where other things are), mapping (learning what is around you, building a map of the environment), and motion planning (figuring out how to get there) or path planning (going from one point in space to another point, which may involve compliant motion - where the robot moves while maintaining physical contact with an object).[78][79]
Long-term goals[edit]
Among the long-term goals in the research pertaining to artificial intelligence are; (1) Social intelligence, (2) Creativity, and (3) General intelligence.
Social intelligence[edit]
Kismet, a robot with rudimentary social skills[80]
Affective computing is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects.[81][82] It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science.[83] While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical inquiries into emotion,[84] the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper[85] on affective computing.[86][87] A motivation for the research is the ability to simulate empathy. The machine should interpret the emotional state of humans and adapt its behaviour to them, giving an appropriate response for those emotions.
Emotion and social skills[88] play two roles for an intelligent agent. First, it must be able to predict the actions of others, by understanding their motives and emotional states. (This involves elements of game theory, decision theory, as well as the ability to model human emotions and the perceptual skills to detect emotions.) Also, in an effort to facilitate human-computer interaction, an intelligent machine might want to be able to display emotions—even if it does not actually experience them itself—in order to appear sensitive to the emotional dynamics of human interaction.
A sub-field of AI addresses creativity both theoretically (from a philosophical and psychological perspective) and practically (via specific implementations of systems that generate outputs that can be considered creative, or systems that identify and assess creativity). Related areas of computational research are Artificial intuition and Artificial thinking.
General intelligence[edit]
Many researchers think that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence (known as strong AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.[7] A few believe that anthropomorphic features like artificial consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a project.[89][90]
Many of the problems above may require general intelligence to be considered solved. For example, even a straightforward, specific task like machine translation requires that the machine read and write in both languages (NLP), follow the author's argument (reason), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully reproduce the author's intention (social intelligence). A problem like machine translation is considered "AI-complete". In order to solve this particular problem, you must solve all the problems.[91]
There is no established unifying theory or paradigm that guides AI research. Researchers disagree about many issues.[92] A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these: should artificial intelligence simulate natural intelligence by studying psychology or neurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is to aeronautical engineering?[93] Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic or optimization)? Or does it necessarily require solving a large number of completely unrelated problems?[94] Can intelligence be reproduced using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require "sub-symbolic" processing?[95] John Haugeland, who coined the term GOFAI (Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence), also proposed that AI should more properly be referred to as synthetic intelligence,[96] a term which has since been adopted by some non-GOFAI researchers.[97][98]
Cybernetics and brain simulation[edit]
When access to digital computers became possible in the middle 1950s, AI research began to explore the possibility that human intelligence could be reduced to symbol manipulation. The research was centered in three institutions: Carnegie Mellon University, Stanford and MIT, and each one developed its own style of research. John Haugeland named these approaches to AI "good old fashioned AI" or "GOFAI".[99] During the 1960s, symbolic approaches had achieved great success at simulating high-level thinking in small demonstration programs. Approaches based on cybernetics or neural networks were abandoned or pushed into the background.[100] Researchers in the 1960s and the 1970s were convinced that symbolic approaches would eventually succeed in creating a machine with artificial general intelligence and considered this the goal of their field.
Cognitive simulation
Unlike Newell and Simon, John McCarthy felt that machines did not need to simulate human thought, but should instead try to find the essence of abstract reasoning and problem solving, regardless of whether people used the same algorithms.[93] His laboratory at Stanford (SAIL) focused on using formal logic to solve a wide variety of problems, including knowledge representation, planning and learning.[103] Logic was also the focus of the work at the University of Edinburgh and elsewhere in Europe which led to the development of the programming language Prolog and the science of logic programming.[104]
"Anti-logic" or "scruffy"
Researchers at MIT (such as Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert)[105] found that solving difficult problems in vision and natural language processing required ad-hoc solutions – they argued that there was no simple and general principle (like logic) that would capture all the aspects of intelligent behavior. Roger Schank described their "anti-logic" approaches as "scruffy" (as opposed to the "neat" paradigms at CMU and Stanford).[94] Commonsense knowledge bases (such as Doug Lenat's Cyc) are an example of "scruffy" AI, since they must be built by hand, one complicated concept at a time.[106]
When computers with large memories became available around 1970, researchers from all three traditions began to build knowledge into AI applications.[107] This "knowledge revolution" led to the development and deployment of expert systems (introduced by Edward Feigenbaum), the first truly successful form of AI software.[30] The knowledge revolution was also driven by the realization that enormous amounts of knowledge would be required by many simple AI applications.
Bottom-up, embodied, situated, behavior-based or nouvelle AI
Computational intelligence
Interest in neural networks and "connectionism" was revived by David Rumelhart and others in the middle 1980s.[109] These and other sub-symbolic approaches, such as fuzzy systems and evolutionary computation, are now studied collectively by the emerging discipline of computational intelligence.[110]
In the 1990s, AI researchers developed sophisticated mathematical tools to solve specific subproblems. These tools are truly scientific, in the sense that their results are both measurable and verifiable, and they have been responsible for many of AI's recent successes. The shared mathematical language has also permitted a high level of collaboration with more established fields (like mathematics, economics or operations research). Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig describe this movement as nothing less than a "revolution" and "the victory of the neats."[33] Critics argue that these techniques are too focused on particular problems and have failed to address the long term goal of general intelligence.[111] There is an ongoing debate about the relevance and validity of statistical approaches in AI, exemplified in part by exchanges between Peter Norvig and Noam Chomsky.[112][113]
Integrating the approaches[edit]
Intelligent agent paradigm
An intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. The simplest intelligent agents are programs that solve specific problems. More complicated agents include human beings and organizations of human beings (such as firms). The paradigm gives researchers license to study isolated problems and find solutions that are both verifiable and useful, without agreeing on one single approach. An agent that solves a specific problem can use any approach that works – some agents are symbolic and logical, some are sub-symbolic neural networks and others may use new approaches. The paradigm also gives researchers a common language to communicate with other fields—such as decision theory and economics—that also use concepts of abstract agents. The intelligent agent paradigm became widely accepted during the 1990s.[2]
Agent architectures and cognitive architectures
Researchers have designed systems to build intelligent systems out of interacting intelligent agents in a multi-agent system.[114] A system with both symbolic and sub-symbolic components is a hybrid intelligent system, and the study of such systems is artificial intelligence systems integration. A hierarchical control system provides a bridge between sub-symbolic AI at its lowest, reactive levels and traditional symbolic AI at its highest levels, where relaxed time constraints permit planning and world modelling.[115] Rodney Brooks' subsumption architecture was an early proposal for such a hierarchical system.[116]
Search and optimization[edit]
Many problems in AI can be solved in theory by intelligently searching through many possible solutions:[117] Reasoning can be reduced to performing a search. For example, logical proof can be viewed as searching for a path that leads from premises to conclusions, where each step is the application of an inference rule.[118] Planning algorithms search through trees of goals and subgoals, attempting to find a path to a target goal, a process called means-ends analysis.[119] Robotics algorithms for moving limbs and grasping objects use local searches in configuration space.[77] Many learning algorithms use search algorithms based on optimization.this is a very important conceptual technology
Simple exhaustive searches[120] are rarely sufficient for most real world problems: the search space (the number of places to search) quickly grows to astronomical numbers. The result is a search that is too slow or never completes. The solution, for many problems, is to use "heuristics" or "rules of thumb" that eliminate choices that are unlikely to lead to the goal (called "pruning the search tree"). Heuristics supply the program with a "best guess" for the path on which the solution lies.[121] Heuristics limit the search for solutions into a smaller sample size.[78]
Evolutionary computation uses a form of optimization search. For example, they may begin with a population of organisms (the guesses) and then allow them to mutate and recombine, selecting only the fittest to survive each generation (refining the guesses). Forms of evolutionary computation include swarm intelligence algorithms (such as ant colony or particle swarm optimization)[123] and evolutionary algorithms (such as genetic algorithms, gene expression programming, and genetic programming).[124]
Logic[125] is used for knowledge representation and problem solving, but it can be applied to other problems as well. For example, the satplan algorithm uses logic for planning[126] and inductive logic programming is a method for learning.[127]
Several different forms of logic are used in AI research. Propositional or sentential logic[128] is the logic of statements which can be true or false. First-order logic[129] also allows the use of quantifiers and predicates, and can express facts about objects, their properties, and their relations with each other. Fuzzy logic,[130] is a version of first-order logic which allows the truth of a statement to be represented as a value between 0 and 1, rather than simply True (1) or False (0). Fuzzy systems can be used for uncertain reasoning and have been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems. Subjective logic[131] models uncertainty in a different and more explicit manner than fuzzy-logic: a given binomial opinion satisfies belief + disbelief + uncertainty = 1 within a Beta distribution. By this method, ignorance can be distinguished from probabilistic statements that an agent makes with high confidence.
Default logics, non-monotonic logics and circumscription[51] are forms of logic designed to help with default reasoning and the qualification problem. Several extensions of logic have been designed to handle specific domains of knowledge, such as: description logics;[45] situation calculus, event calculus and fluent calculus (for representing events and time);[46] causal calculus;[47] belief calculus; and modal logics.[48]
Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning[edit]
Bayesian networks[133] are a very general tool that can be used for a large number of problems: reasoning (using the Bayesian inference algorithm),[134] learning (using the expectation-maximization algorithm),[135] planning (using decision networks)[136] and perception (using dynamic Bayesian networks).[137] Probabilistic algorithms can also be used for filtering, prediction, smoothing and finding explanations for streams of data, helping perception systems to analyze processes that occur over time (e.g., hidden Markov models or Kalman filters).[137]
A key concept from the science of economics is "utility": a measure of how valuable something is to an intelligent agent. Precise mathematical tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory, decision analysis,[138] information value theory.[57] These tools include models such as Markov decision processes,[139] dynamic decision networks,[137] game theory and mechanism design.[140]
Classifiers and statistical learning methods[edit]
A classifier can be trained in various ways; there are many statistical and machine learning approaches. The most widely used classifiers are the neural network,[142] kernel methods such as the support vector machine,[143] k-nearest neighbor algorithm,[144] Gaussian mixture model,[145] naive Bayes classifier,[146] and decision tree.[147] The performance of these classifiers have been compared over a wide range of tasks. Classifier performance depends greatly on the characteristics of the data to be classified. There is no single classifier that works best on all given problems; this is also referred to as the "no free lunch" theorem. Determining a suitable classifier for a given problem is still more an art than science.[148]
Neural networks[edit]
The study of artificial neural networks[142] began in the decade before the field AI research was founded, in the work of Walter Pitts and Warren McCullough. Other important early researchers were Frank Rosenblatt, who invented the perceptron and Paul Werbos who developed the backpropagation algorithm.[149]
The main categories of networks are acyclic or feedforward neural networks (where the signal passes in only one direction) and recurrent neural networks (which allow feedback). Among the most popular feedforward networks are perceptrons, multi-layer perceptrons and radial basis networks.[150] Among recurrent networks, the most famous is the Hopfield net, a form of attractor network, which was first described by John Hopfield in 1982.[151] Neural networks can be applied to the problem of intelligent control (for robotics) or learning, using such techniques as Hebbian learning and competitive learning.[152]
Hierarchical temporal memory is an approach that models some of the structural and algorithmic properties of the neocortex.[153]
Control theory[edit]
Control theory, the grandchild of cybernetics, has many important applications, especially in robotics.[154]
AI researchers have developed several specialized languages for AI research, including Lisp[155] and Prolog.[156]
Evaluating progress[edit]
One classification for outcomes of an AI test is:[159]
1. Optimal: it is not possible to perform better.
2. Strong super-human: performs better than all humans.
3. Super-human: performs better than most humans.
4. Sub-human: performs worse than most humans.
For example, performance at draughts (i.e. checkers) is optimal,[160] performance at chess is super-human and nearing strong super-human (see computer chess: computers versus human) and performance at many everyday tasks (such as recognizing a face or crossing a room without bumping into something) is sub-human.
A quite different approach measures machine intelligence through tests which are developed from mathematical definitions of intelligence. Examples of these kinds of tests start in the late nineties devising intelligence tests using notions from Kolmogorov complexity and data compression.[161] Two major advantages of mathematical definitions are their applicability to nonhuman intelligences and their absence of a requirement for human testers.
An area that artificial intelligence had contributed greatly to is Intrusion detection.[162]
An automated online assistant providing customer service on a web page – one of many very primitive applications of artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence techniques are pervasive and are too numerous to list. Frequently, when a technique reaches mainstream use, it is no longer considered artificial intelligence; this phenomenon is described as the AI effect.[164]
Competitions and prizes[edit]
There are a number of competitions and prizes to promote research in artificial intelligence. The main areas promoted are: general machine intelligence, conversational behavior, data-mining, robotic cars, robot soccer and games.
A platform (or "computing platform") is defined as "some sort of hardware architecture or software framework (including application frameworks), that allows software to run." As Rodney Brooks[165] pointed out many years ago, it is not just the artificial intelligence software that defines the AI features of the platform, but rather the actual platform itself that affects the AI that results, i.e., there needs to be work in AI problems on real-world platforms rather than in isolation.
A wide variety of platforms has allowed different aspects of AI to develop, ranging from expert systems, albeit PC-based but still an entire real-world system, to various robot platforms such as the widely available Roomba with open interface.[166]
Turing's "polite convention"
We need not decide if a machine can "think"; we need only decide if a machine can act as intelligently as a human being. This approach to the philosophical problems associated with artificial intelligence forms the basis of the Turing test.[157]
The Dartmouth proposal
"Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." This conjecture was printed in the proposal for the Dartmouth Conference of 1956, and represents the position of most working AI researchers.[168]
Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis
"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action." Newell and Simon argue that intelligences consist of formal operations on symbols.[169] Hubert Dreyfus argued that, on the contrary, human expertise depends on unconscious instinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation and on having a "feel" for the situation rather than explicit symbolic knowledge. (See Dreyfus' critique of AI.)[170][171]
Gödel's incompleteness theorem
A formal system (such as a computer program) cannot prove all true statements.[172] Roger Penrose is among those who claim that Gödel's theorem limits what machines can do. (See The Emperor's New Mind.)[173]
Searle's strong AI hypothesis
"The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds."[174] John Searle counters this assertion with his Chinese room argument, which asks us to look inside the computer and try to find where the "mind" might be.[175]
The artificial brain argument
Predictions and ethics[edit]
Artificial intelligence is a common topic in both science fiction and projections about the future of technology and society. The existence of an artificial intelligence that rivals human intelligence raises difficult ethical issues, and the potential power of the technology inspires both hopes and fears.
In fiction, artificial intelligence has appeared fulfilling many roles.
These include:
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein considers a key issue in the ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human? The idea also appears in modern science fiction, including the films I Robot, Blade Runner and A.I.: Artificial Intelligence, in which humanoid machines have the ability to feel human emotions. This issue, now known as "robot rights", is currently being considered by, for example, California's Institute for the Future, although many critics believe that the discussion is premature.[176] The subject is profoundly discussed in the 2010 documentary film Plug & Pray.[177]
Martin Ford, author of The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future,[178] and others argue that specialized artificial intelligence applications, robotics and other forms of automation will ultimately result in significant unemployment as machines begin to match and exceed the capability of workers to perform most routine and repetitive jobs. Ford predicts that many knowledge-based occupations—and in particular entry level jobs—will be increasingly susceptible to automation via expert systems, machine learning[179] and other AI-enhanced applications. AI-based applications may also be used to amplify the capabilities of low-wage offshore workers, making it more feasible to outsource knowledge work.[180]
Joseph Weizenbaum wrote that AI applications can not, by definition, successfully simulate genuine human empathy and that the use of AI technology in fields such as customer service or psychotherapy[181] was deeply misguided. Weizenbaum was also bothered that AI researchers (and some philosophers) were willing to view the human mind as nothing more than a computer program (a position now known as computationalism). To Weizenbaum these points suggest that AI research devalues human life.[182]
Many futurists believe that artificial intelligence will ultimately transcend the limits of progress. Ray Kurzweil has used Moore's law (which describes the relentless exponential improvement in digital technology) to calculate that desktop computers will have the same processing power as human brains by the year 2029. He also predicts that by 2045 artificial intelligence will reach a point where it is able to improve itself at a rate that far exceeds anything conceivable in the past, a scenario that science fiction writer Vernor Vinge named the "singularity".[183]
Robot designer Hans Moravec, cyberneticist Kevin Warwick and inventor Ray Kurzweil have predicted that humans and machines will merge in the future into cyborgs that are more capable and powerful than either.[184] This idea, called transhumanism, which has roots in Aldous Huxley and Robert Ettinger, has been illustrated in fiction as well, for example in the manga Ghost in the Shell and the science-fiction series Dune. In the 1980s artist Hajime Sorayama's Sexy Robots series were painted and published in Japan depicting the actual organic human form with life-like muscular metallic skins and later "the Gynoids" book followed that was used by or influenced movie makers including George Lucas and other creatives. Sorayama never considered these organic robots to be real part of nature but always unnatural product of the human mind, a fantasy existing in the mind even when realized in actual form. Almost 20 years later, the first AI robotic pet, AIBO, came available as a companion to people. AIBO grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory (CSL). Famed engineer Toshitada Doi is credited as AIBO's original progenitor: in 1994 he had started work on robots with artificial intelligence expert Masahiro Fujita, at CSL. Doi's, friend, the artist Hajime Sorayama, was enlisted to create the initial designs for the AIBO's body. Those designs are now part of the permanent collections of Museum of Modern Art and the Smithsonian Institution, with later versions of AIBO being used in studies in Carnegie Mellon University. In 2006, AIBO was added into Carnegie Mellon University's "Robot Hall of Fame".
Political scientist Charles T. Rubin believes that AI can be neither designed nor guaranteed to be friendly.[185] He argues that "any sufficiently advanced benevolence may be indistinguishable from malevolence." Humans should not assume machines or robots would treat us favorably, because there is no a priori reason to believe that they would be sympathetic to our system of morality, which has evolved along with our particular biology (which AIs would not share).
Edward Fredkin argues that "artificial intelligence is the next stage in evolution", an idea first proposed by Samuel Butler's "Darwin among the Machines" (1863), and expanded upon by George Dyson in his book of the same name in 1998.[186]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Definition of AI as the study of intelligent agents:
2. ^ a b The intelligent agent paradigm: The definition used in this article, in terms of goals, actions, perception and environment, is due to Russell & Norvig (2003). Other definitions also include knowledge and learning as additional criteria.
3. ^ Although there is some controversy on this point (see Crevier (1993, p. 50)), McCarthy states unequivocally "I came up with the term" in a c|net interview. (Skillings 2006) McCarthy first used the term in the proposal for the Dartmouth conference, which appeared in 1955. (McCarthy et al. 1955)
4. ^ McCarthy's definition of AI:
5. ^ Pamela McCorduck (2004, pp. 424) writes of "the rough shattering of AI in subfields—vision, natural language, decision theory, genetic algorithms, robotics ... and these with own sub-subfield—that would hardly have anything to say to each other."
6. ^ a b This list of intelligent traits is based on the topics covered by the major AI textbooks, including:
7. ^ a b General intelligence (strong AI) is discussed in popular introductions to AI:
8. ^ See the Dartmouth proposal, under Philosophy, below.
9. ^ a b This is a central idea of Pamela McCorduck's Machines Who Think. She writes: "I like to think of artificial intelligence as the scientific apotheosis of a venerable cultural tradition." (McCorduck 2004, p. 34) "Artificial intelligence in one form or another is an idea that has pervaded Western intellectual history, a dream in urgent need of being realized." (McCorduck 2004, p. xviii) "Our history is full of attempts—nutty, eerie, comical, earnest, legendary and real—to make artificial intelligences, to reproduce what is the essential us—bypassing the ordinary means. Back and forth between myth and reality, our imaginations supplying what our workshops couldn't, we have engaged for a long time in this odd form of self-reproduction." (McCorduck 2004, p. 3) She traces the desire back to its Hellenistic roots and calls it the urge to "forge the Gods." (McCorduck 2004, pp. 340–400)
10. ^ The optimism referred to includes the predictions of early AI researchers (see optimism in the history of AI) as well as the ideas of modern transhumanists such as Ray Kurzweil.
11. ^ The "setbacks" referred to include the ALPAC report of 1966, the abandonment of perceptrons in 1970, the Lighthill Report of 1973 and the collapse of the Lisp machine market in 1987.
12. ^ a b AI applications widely used behind the scenes:
13. ^ AI in myth:
14. ^ Cult images as artificial intelligence: These were the first machines to be believed to have true intelligence and consciousness. Hermes Trismegistus expressed the common belief that with these statues, craftsman had reproduced "the true nature of the gods", their sensus and spiritus. McCorduck makes the connection between sacred automatons and Mosaic law (developed around the same time), which expressly forbids the worship of robots (McCorduck 2004, pp. 6–9)
15. ^ Humanoid automata:
Yan Shi:
Hero of Alexandria: Al-Jazari: Wolfgang von Kempelen:
16. ^ Artificial beings:
Jābir ibn Hayyān's Takwin:
Judah Loew's Golem: Paracelsus' Homunculus:
17. ^ AI in early science fiction.
18. ^ This insight, that digital computers can simulate any process of formal reasoning, is known as the Church–Turing thesis.
19. ^ Formal reasoning:
20. ^ a b AI's immediate precursors: See also Cybernetics and early neural networks (in History of artificial intelligence). Among the researchers who laid the foundations of AI were Alan Turing, John von Neumann, Norbert Wiener, Claude Shannon, Warren McCullough, Walter Pitts and Donald Hebb.
21. ^ Dartmouth conference:
• McCorduck 2004, pp. 111–136
• Crevier 1993, pp. 47–49, who writes "the conference is generally recognized as the official birthdate of the new science."
• Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 17, who call the conference "the birth of artificial intelligence."
• NRC 1999, pp. 200–201
22. ^ Hegemony of the Dartmouth conference attendees:
23. ^ Russell and Norvig write "it was astonishing whenever a computer did anything kind of smartish." Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 18
24. ^ "Golden years" of AI (successful symbolic reasoning programs 1956–1973): The programs described are Daniel Bobrow's STUDENT, Newell and Simon's Logic Theorist and Terry Winograd's SHRDLU.
25. ^ DARPA pours money into undirected pure research into AI during the 1960s:
26. ^ AI in England:
27. ^ Optimism of early AI:
28. ^ See The problems (in History of artificial intelligence)
29. ^ First AI Winter, Mansfield Amendment, Lighthill report
30. ^ a b Expert systems:
31. ^ Boom of the 1980s: rise of expert systems, Fifth Generation Project, Alvey, MCC, SCI:
32. ^ Second AI winter:
33. ^ a b Formal methods are now preferred ("Victory of the neats"):
34. ^ McCorduck 2004, pp. 480–483
35. ^ DARPA Grand Challenge – home page
36. ^ "Welcome". Retrieved 31 October 2011.
38. ^ Kinect's AI breakthrough explained
39. ^ Problem solving, puzzle solving, game playing and deduction:
40. ^ Uncertain reasoning:
41. ^ Intractability and efficiency and the combinatorial explosion:
42. ^ Psychological evidence of sub-symbolic reasoning:
43. ^ Knowledge representation:
44. ^ Knowledge engineering:
45. ^ a b Representing categories and relations: Semantic networks, description logics, inheritance (including frames and scripts):
46. ^ a b Representing events and time:Situation calculus, event calculus, fluent calculus (including solving the frame problem):
47. ^ a b Causal calculus:
48. ^ a b Representing knowledge about knowledge: Belief calculus, modal logics:
49. ^ Ontology:
50. ^ Qualification problem: While McCarthy was primarily concerned with issues in the logical representation of actions, Russell & Norvig 2003 apply the term to the more general issue of default reasoning in the vast network of assumptions underlying all our commonsense knowledge.
51. ^ a b Default reasoning and default logic, non-monotonic logics, circumscription, closed world assumption, abduction (Poole et al. places abduction under "default reasoning". Luger et al. places this under "uncertain reasoning"):
52. ^ Breadth of commonsense knowledge:
53. ^ Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986
54. ^ Gladwell 2005
55. ^ a b Expert knowledge as embodied intuition: Note, however, that recent work in cognitive science challenges the view that there is anything like sub-symbolic human information processing, i.e., human cognition is essentially symbolic regardless of the level and of the consciousness status of the processing:
• Augusto, Luis M. (2013). "Unconscious representations 1: Belying the traditional model of human cognition". Axiomathes. doi:10.1007/s10516-012-9206-z.
• Augusto, Luis M. (2013). "Unconscious representations 2: Towards an integrated cognitive architecture". Axiomathes. doi:10.1007/s10516-012-9207-y.
56. ^ Planning:
57. ^ a b Information value theory:
58. ^ Classical planning:
59. ^ Planning and acting in non-deterministic domains: conditional planning, execution monitoring, replanning and continuous planning:
60. ^ Multi-agent planning and emergent behavior:
61. ^ This is a form of Tom Mitchell's widely quoted definition of machine learning: "A computer program is set to learn from an experience E with respect to some task T and some performance measure P if its performance on T as measured by P improves with experience E."
62. ^ Learning:
63. ^ Alan Turing discussed the centrality of learning as early as 1950, in his classic paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".(Turing 1950) In 1956, at the original Dartmouth AI summer conference, Ray Solomonoff wrote a report on unsupervised probabilistic machine learning: "An Inductive Inference Machine".(pdf scanned copy of the original) (version published in 1957, An Inductive Inference Machine," IRE Convention Record, Section on Information Theory, Part 2, pp. 56–62)
64. ^ Reinforcement learning:
65. ^ Computational learning theory:
66. ^ Weng, J., McClelland, Pentland, A.,Sporns, O., Stockman, I., Sur, M., and E. Thelen (2001) "Autonomous mental development by robots and animals", Science, vol. 291, pp. 599–600.
67. ^ Lungarella, M., Metta, G., Pfeifer, R. and G. Sandini (2003). "Developmental robotics: a survey". Connection Science, 15:151–190.
68. ^ Asada, M., Hosoda, K., Kuniyoshi, Y., Ishiguro, H., Inui, T., Yoshikawa, Y., Ogino, M. and C. Yoshida (2009) "Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey". IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development, Vol.1, No.1, pp.12--34.
69. ^ Oudeyer, P-Y. (2010) "On the impact of robotics in behavioral and cognitive sciences: from insect navigation to human cognitive development", IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development, 2(1), pp. 2--16.
70. ^ Natural language processing:
71. ^ Applications of natural language processing, including information retrieval (i.e. text mining) and machine translation:
72. ^ Machine perception:
73. ^ Computer vision:
74. ^ Speech recognition:
75. ^ Object recognition:
76. ^ Robotics:
77. ^ a b Moving and configuration space:
78. ^ a b Tecuci, G. (2012). "Artificial intelligence". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 4 (2): 168–180. doi:10.1002/wics.200. edit
79. ^ Robotic mapping (localization, etc):
80. ^ "Kismet". MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Humanoid Robotics Group.
81. ^ Thro, Ellen (1993). Robotics. New York.
82. ^ Edelson, Edward (1991). The Nervous System. New York: Remmel Nunn.
85. ^ "Affective Computing" MIT Technical Report #321 (Abstract), 1995
86. ^ Kleine-Cosack, Christian (October 2006). "Recognition and Simulation of Emotions" (PDF). Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. "The introduction of emotion to computer science was done by Pickard (sic) who created the field of affective computing."
87. ^ Diamond, David (December 2003). "The Love Machine; Building computers that care". Wired. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. "Rosalind Picard, a genial MIT professor, is the field's godmother; her 1997 book, Affective Computing, triggered an explosion of interest in the emotional side of computers and their users."
88. ^ Emotion and affective computing:
89. ^ Gerald Edelman, Igor Aleksander and others have both argued that artificial consciousness is required for strong AI. (Aleksander 1995; Edelman 2007)
90. ^ a b Artificial brain arguments: AI requires a simulation of the operation of the human brain A few of the people who make some form of the argument: The most extreme form of this argument (the brain replacement scenario) was put forward by Clark Glymour in the mid-1970s and was touched on by Zenon Pylyshyn and John Searle in 1980.
91. ^ AI complete: Shapiro 1992, p. 9
92. ^ Nils Nilsson writes: "Simply put, there is wide disagreement in the field about what AI is all about" (Nilsson 1983, p. 10).
93. ^ a b Biological intelligence vs. intelligence in general:
• Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 2–3, who make the analogy with aeronautical engineering.
• McCorduck 2004, pp. 100–101, who writes that there are "two major branches of artificial intelligence: one aimed at producing intelligent behavior regardless of how it was accomplioshed, and the other aimed at modeling intelligent processes found in nature, particularly human ones."
• Kolata 1982, a paper in Science, which describes McCathy's indifference to biological models. Kolata quotes McCarthy as writing: "This is AI, so we don't care if it's psychologically real"[1]. McCarthy recently reiterated his position at the AI@50 conference where he said "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence" (Maker 2006).
94. ^ a b Neats vs. scruffies:
95. ^ a b Symbolic vs. sub-symbolic AI:
96. ^ Haugeland 1985, p. 255.
97. ^
98. ^ Pei Wang (2008). Artificial general intelligence, 2008: proceedings of the First AGI Conference. IOS Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-58603-833-5. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
99. ^ Haugeland 1985, pp. 112–117
100. ^ The most dramatic case of sub-symbolic AI being pushed into the background was the devastating critique of perceptrons by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert in 1969. See History of AI, AI winter, or Frank Rosenblatt.
101. ^ Cognitive simulation, Newell and Simon, AI at CMU (then called Carnegie Tech):
102. ^ Soar (history):
103. ^ McCarthy and AI research at SAIL and SRI International:
104. ^ AI research at Edinburgh and in France, birth of Prolog:
105. ^ AI at MIT under Marvin Minsky in the 1960s :
106. ^ Cyc:
107. ^ Knowledge revolution:
108. ^ Embodied approaches to AI:
109. ^ Revival of connectionism:
110. ^ Computational intelligence
111. ^ Langley, P. (2011). "The changing science of machine learning". Machine Learning 82 (3): 275–279. doi:10.1007/s10994-011-5242-y. edit
112. ^ Yarden Katz, "Noam Chomsky on Where Artificial Intelligence Went Wrong", The Atlantic, November 1, 2012
113. ^ Peter Norvig, "On Chomsky and the Two Cultures of Statistical Learning"
114. ^ Agent architectures, hybrid intelligent systems:
115. ^ Hierarchical control system:
116. ^ Subsumption architecture:
117. ^ Search algorithms:
118. ^ Forward chaining, backward chaining, Horn clauses, and logical deduction as search:
119. ^ State space search and planning:
120. ^ Uninformed searches (breadth first search, depth first search and general state space search):
121. ^ Heuristic or informed searches (e.g., greedy best first and A*):
122. ^ Optimization searches:
123. ^ Artificial life and society based learning:
124. ^ Genetic programming and genetic algorithms:
125. ^ Logic:
126. ^ Satplan:
127. ^ Explanation based learning, relevance based learning, inductive logic programming, case based reasoning:
128. ^ Propositional logic:
129. ^ First-order logic and features such as equality:
130. ^ Fuzzy logic:
131. ^ Subjective logic:
132. ^ Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning:
133. ^ Bayesian networks:
134. ^ Bayesian inference algorithm:
135. ^ Bayesian learning and the expectation-maximization algorithm:
136. ^ Bayesian decision theory and Bayesian decision networks:
137. ^ a b c Stochastic temporal models: Dynamic Bayesian networks: Hidden Markov model: Kalman filters:
138. ^ decision theory and decision analysis:
139. ^ Markov decision processes and dynamic decision networks:
140. ^ Game theory and mechanism design:
141. ^ Statistical learning methods and classifiers:
142. ^ a b Neural networks and connectionism:
143. ^ kernel methods such as the support vector machine, Kernel methods:
144. ^ K-nearest neighbor algorithm:
145. ^ Gaussian mixture model:
146. ^ Naive Bayes classifier:
147. ^ Decision tree:
148. ^ Classifier performance:
149. ^ Backpropagation:
150. ^ Feedforward neural networks, perceptrons and radial basis networks:
151. ^ Recurrent neural networks, Hopfield nets:
152. ^ Competitive learning, Hebbian coincidence learning, Hopfield networks and attractor networks:
153. ^ Hierarchical temporal memory:
154. ^ Control theory:
155. ^ Lisp:
156. ^ Prolog:
157. ^ a b The Turing test:
Turing's original publication:
Historical influence and philosophical implications:
158. ^ Subject matter expert Turing test:
159. ^ Rajani, Sandeep (2011). "Artificial Intelligence - Man or Machine". International Journal of Information Technology and Knowlede Management 4 (1): 173–176. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
160. ^ Game AI:
161. ^ Mathematical definitions of intelligence:
162. ^
163. ^ O'Brien and Marakas, 2011, Management Information Systems 10th ed.
164. ^ "AI set to exceed human brain power" (web article). CNN. 26 July 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
165. ^ Brooks, R.A., "How to build complete creatures rather than isolated cognitive simulators," in K. VanLehn (ed.), Architectures for Intelligence, pp. 225–239, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991.
166. ^ Hacking Roomba » Search Results » atmel
167. ^ Philosophy of AI. All of these positions in this section are mentioned in standard discussions of the subject, such as:
168. ^ Dartmouth proposal:
169. ^ The physical symbol systems hypothesis:
170. ^ Dreyfus criticized the necessary condition of the physical symbol system hypothesis, which he called the "psychological assumption": "The mind can be viewed as a device operating on bits of information according to formal rules". (Dreyfus 1992, p. 156)
171. ^ Dreyfus' critique of artificial intelligence:
172. ^ This is a paraphrase of the relevant implication of Gödel's theorems.
173. ^ The Mathematical Objection: Making the Mathematical Objection: Refuting Mathematical Objection: Background:
• Gödel 1931, Church 1936, Kleene 1935, Turing 1937
175. ^ Searle's Chinese room argument: Discussion:
176. ^ Robot rights: Prematurity of: In fiction:
177. ^ Independent documentary Plug & Pray, featuring Joseph Weizenbaum and Raymond Kurzweil
178. ^ Ford, Martin R. (2009), The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future, Acculant Publishing, ISBN 978-1448659814. (e-book available free online.)
179. ^ "Machine Learning: A Job Killer?"
180. ^ AI could decrease the demand for human labor:
181. ^ In the early 1970s, Kenneth Colby presented a version of Weizenbaum's ELIZA known as DOCTOR which he promoted as a serious therapeutic tool. (Crevier 1993, pp. 132–144)
182. ^ Joseph Weizenbaum's critique of AI: Weizenbaum (the AI researcher who developed the first chatterbot program, ELIZA) argued in 1976 that the misuse of artificial intelligence has the potential to devalue human life.
183. ^ Technological singularity:
184. ^ Transhumanism:
185. ^ Rubin, Charles (Spring 2003). "Artificial Intelligence and Human Nature". The New Atlantis 1: 88–100.
186. ^ AI as evolution:
AI textbooks[edit]
History of AI[edit]
Other sources[edit]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29444 | Gold and Green
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gold and Green
Studio album (Christmas) by Sugarland
Released October 13, 2009
Genre Christmas, country
Length 37:04
Label Mercury Nashville
Producer Byron Gallimore and Sugarland
Sugarland chronology
Live on the Inside
Gold and Green
The Incredible Machine
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 2/5 stars[1]
Paste (38/100)[2]
The 9513 2/5 stars[3]
Roughstock (favorable)[4]
Gold and Green is the first Christmas album from country music duo Sugarland. The album was released on October 13, 2009 via Mercury Records Nashville. It features five original songs penned by group members Jennifer Nettles and Kristian Bush and five traditional holiday songs that were also previously included as part of a Wal-Mart-exclusive re-release of the duo's 2006 album Enjoy the Ride.
Critical reception[edit]
Thom Jurek of Allmusic gave a two-star review, calling it "an obvious, cloying exercise in marketing" and saying that it "holds little artistic merit."[1] Paste critic Cory Albertson similarly said, "Gold and Green’s schizophrenic tone seems tailored for mass consumption by country radio and the soccer-mom set, but most other listeners will need far more eggnog to stomach such uninspired holiday cheer."[2] Matt Bjorke reviewed it positively on Roughstock, saying, "City of Silver Dreams" could actually find itself a seminal holiday song like Joni Mitchell’s "River" as it tells a wonderfully soft and melodic story of New York City and the beauty of a new romance within the context of Christmas." The song was co-written with Lisa Carver and Ellis Paul.[4]
Track listing[edit]
No. Title Writer(s) Length
1. "City of Silver Dreams" Kristian Bush, Lisa Carver, Jennifer Nettles, Ellis Paul 4:28
2. "Winter Wonderland" Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith 2:27
3. "Holly Jolly Christmas" Johnny Marks 3:06
4. "Coming Home" Bush, Nettles 3:33
5. "Gold and Green" Bush, Nettles 4:02
6. "Maybe Baby (New Year's Day)" Troy Bieser, Bush, Nettles 5:02
7. "Nuttin' for Christmas" Sid Tepper, Roy C. Bennett 3:24
8. "O Come, O Come, Emmanuel" Traditional 4:08
9. "Little Wood Guitar" Bush, Paul 4:12
10. "Silent Night" Traditional 3:22
Chart performance[edit]
Gold and Green debuted at No. 12 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart; it has since risen to a peak of No. 3 on the chart. During the 2009 holiday season, the set sold approximately 256,000 copies.[5]
Chart (2009) Peak
U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums 3
U.S. Billboard 200 24
U.S. Billboard Top Holiday Albums 3
End of year charts[edit]
Chart (2010) Year-end
US Billboard 200 163[6]
US Billboard Top Country Albums 33[7]
1. ^ a b Jurek, Thom. "Gold and Green review". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
2. ^ a b Albertson, Cory. "Gold and Green review". Retrieved 01 December 2009.
3. ^ Deusner, Stephen M. "Album Review: Sugarland – Gold and Green". The 9513. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
4. ^ a b Bjorke, Matt (2009-10-14). "Gold and Green review". Roughstock. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
5. ^ Edward Morris (January 7, 2010). "Country Albums Sales Down Again Slightly in 2009". Retrieved May 5, 2011. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29447 | History of logic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Logic in Greece)
Jump to: navigation, search
The history of logic is the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). Formal logic was developed in ancient times in China, India, and Greece. Greek logic, particularly Aristotelian logic, found wide application and acceptance in science and mathematics.
Aristotle's logic was further developed by Islamic and Christian philosophers in the Middle Ages, reaching a high point in the mid-fourteenth century. The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century was largely one of decline and neglect, and is regarded as barren by at least one historian of logic.[1]
Logic was revived in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary period when the subject developed into a rigorous and formalistic discipline whose exemplar was the exact method of proof used in mathematics. The development of the modern so-called "symbolic" or "mathematical" logic during this period is the most significant in the two-thousand-year history of logic, and is arguably one of the most important and remarkable events in human intellectual history.[2]
Progress in mathematical logic in the first few decades of the twentieth century, particularly arising from the work of Gödel and Tarski, had a significant impact on analytic philosophy and philosophical logic, particularly from the 1950s onwards, in subjects such as modal logic, temporal logic, deontic logic, and relevance logic.
Prehistory of logic[edit]
Valid reasoning has been employed in all periods of human history. However, logic studies the principles of valid reasoning, inference and demonstration. It is probable that the idea of demonstrating a conclusion first arose in connection with geometry, which originally meant the same as "land measurement".[3] In particular, the ancient Egyptians had empirically discovered some truths of geometry, such as the formula for the volume of a truncated pyramid.[4]
Another origin can be seen in Babylonia. Esagil-kin-apli's medical Diagnostic Handbook in the 11th century BC was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions,[5] while Babylonian astronomers in the 8th and 7th centuries BC employed an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems, an important contribution to the philosophy of science.[6]
Logic in Greek philosophy[edit]
Before Plato[edit]
While the ancient Egyptians empirically discovered some truths of geometry, the great achievement of the ancient Greeks was to replace empirical methods by demonstrative science. The systematic study of this seems to have begun with the school of Pythagoras in the late sixth century BC.[4] The three basic principles of geometry are that certain propositions must be accepted as true without demonstration, that all other propositions of the system are derived from these, and that the derivation must be formal, that is, independent of the particular subject matter in question.[4] Fragments of early proofs are preserved in the works of Plato and Aristotle,[7] and the idea of a deductive system was probably known in the Pythagorean school and the Platonic Academy.[4]
Separately from geometry, the idea of a standard argument pattern is found in the Reductio ad absurdum used by Zeno of Elea, a pre-Socratic philosopher of the fifth century BC. This is the technique of drawing an obviously false, absurd or impossible conclusion from an assumption, thus demonstrating that the assumption is false.[8] Plato's Parmenides portrays Zeno as claiming to have written a book defending the monism of Parmenides by demonstrating the absurd consequence of assuming that there is plurality. Other philosophers who practised such dialectic reasoning were the so-called minor Socratics, including Euclid of Megara, who were probably followers of Parmenides and Zeno. The members of this school were called "dialecticians" (from a Greek word meaning "to discuss").
Further evidence that pre-Aristotelian thinkers were concerned with the principles of reasoning is found in the fragment called dissoi logoi, probably written at the beginning of the fourth century BC. This is part of a protracted debate about truth and falsity.[9]
In the case of the classical Greek city-states, interest in argumentation was also stimulated by the activities of the Rhetoricians or Orators and the Sophists, who used arguments to defend or attack a thesis, both in legal and political contexts.[10]
Plato's logic[edit]
Mosaic: seven men standing under a tree
Plato's academy
None of the surviving works of the great fourth-century philosopher Plato (428–347 BC) include any formal logic,[11] but they include important contributions to the field of philosophical logic. Plato raises three questions:
• What is it that can properly be called true or false?
• What is the nature of definition?
The first question arises in the dialogue Theaetetus, where Plato identifies thought or opinion with talk or discourse (logos).[12] The second question is a result of Plato's theory of Forms. Forms are not things in the ordinary sense, nor strictly ideas in the mind, but they correspond to what philosophers later called universals, namely an abstract entity common to each set of things that have the same name. In both The Republic and The Sophist, Plato suggests that the necessary connection between the premisses and the conclusion of an argument corresponds to a necessary connection between "forms".[13] The third question is about definition. Many of Plato's dialogues concern the search for a definition of some important concept (justice, truth, the Good), and it is likely that Plato was impressed by the importance of definition in mathematics.[14] What underlies every definition is a Platonic Form, the common nature present in different particular things. Thus a definition reflects the ultimate object of our understanding, and is the foundation of all valid inference. This had a great influence on Aristotle, in particular Aristotle's notion of the essence of a thing, the "what it is to be" a particular thing of a certain kind.[15]
Aristotle's logic[edit]
Front cover of book, titled "Aristotelis Logica", with an illustration of eagle on a snake
Aristotle's logic was still influential in the Renaissance
The logic of Aristotle, and particularly his theory of the syllogism, has had an enormous influence in Western thought.[16] His logical works, called the Organon, are the earliest formal study of logic that have come down to modern times. Though it is difficult to determine the dates, the probable order of writing of Aristotle's logical works is:
These works are of outstanding importance in the history of logic. Aristotle was the first logician to attempt a systematic analysis of logical syntax, into noun (or term), and verb. In the Categories, he attempted to all the possible things that a term can refer to. This idea underpins his philosophical work, the Metaphysics, which also had a profound influence on Western thought. He was the first to deal with the principles of contradiction and excluded middle in a systematic way. He was the first formal logician (i.e. he gave the principles of reasoning using variables to show the underlying logical form of arguments). He was looking for relations of dependence which characterise necessary inference, and distinguished the validity of these relations, from the truth of the premises (the soundness of the argument). The Prior Analytics contains his exposition of the "syllogistic", where three important principles are applied for the first time in history: the use of variables, a purely formal treatment, and the use of an axiomatic system. In the Topics and Sophistical Refutations he also developed a theory of non-formal logic (e.g. the theory of fallacies).[17]
Stoic logic[edit]
Stone bust of a bearded, grave-looking man
Chrysippus of Soli
The other great school of Greek logic is that of the Stoics.[18] Stoic logic traces its roots back to the late 5th century BC philosopher, Euclid of Megara, a pupil of Socrates and slightly older contemporary of Plato. His pupils and successors were called "Megarians", or "Eristics", and later the "Dialecticians". The two most important dialecticians of the Megarian school were Diodorus Cronus and Philo who were active in the late 4th century BC. The Stoics adopted the Megarian logic and systemized it. The most important member of the school was Chrysippus (c. 278–c. 206 BC), who was its third head, and who formalized much of Stoic doctrine. He is supposed to have written over 700 works, including at least 300 on logic, almost none of which survive.[19][20] Unlike with Aristotle, we have no complete works by the Megarians or the early Stoics, and have to rely mostly on accounts (sometimes hostile) by later sources, including prominently Diogenes Laertius, Sextus Empiricus, Galen, Aulus Gellius, Alexander of Aphrodisias and Cicero.[21]
Three significant contributions of the Stoic school were (i) their account of modality, (ii) their theory of the Material conditional, and (iii) their account of meaning and truth.[22]
• Modality. According to Aristotle, the Megarians of his day claimed there was no distinction between potentiality and actuality.[23] Diodorus Cronus defined the possible as that which either is or will be, the impossible as what will not be true, and the contingent as that which either is already, or will be false.[24] Diodorus is also famous for his so-called Master argument, that the three propositions "everything that is past is true and necessary", "the impossible does not follow from the possible", and "What neither is nor will be is possible" are inconsistent. Diodorus used the plausibility of the first two to prove that nothing is possible if it neither is nor will be true.[25] Chrysippus, by contrast, denied the second premise and said that the impossible could follow from the possible.[26]
• Conditional statements. The first logicians to debate conditional statements were Diodorus and his pupil Philo of Megara. Sextus Empiricus refers three times to a debate between Diodorus and Philo. Philo argued that a true conditional is one that does not begin with a truth and end with a falsehood. such as "if it is day, then I am talking". But Diodorus argued that a true conditional is what could not possibly begin with a truth and end with falsehood – thus the conditional quoted above could be false if it were day and I became silent. Philo's criterion of truth is what would now be called a truth-functional definition of "if ... then". In a second reference, Sextus says "According to him there are three ways in which a conditional may be true, and one in which it may be false."[27]
• Meaning and truth. The most important and striking difference between Megarian-Stoic logic and Aristotelian logic is that it concerns propositions, not terms, and is thus closer to modern propositional logic.[28] The Stoics distinguished between utterance (phone), which may be noise, speech (lexis), which is articulate but which may be meaningless, and discourse (logos), which is meaningful utterance. The most original part of their theory is the idea that what is expressed by a sentence, called a lekton, is something real. This corresponds to what is now called a proposition. Sextus says that according to the Stoics, three things are linked together, that which is signified, that which signifies, and the object. For example, what signifies is the word Dion, what is signified is what Greeks understand but barbarians do not, and the object is Dion himself.[29]
Logic in Asia[edit]
Logic in India[edit]
Logic began independently in ancient India and continued to develop through to early modern times, without any known influence from Greek logic.[30] Medhatithi Gautama (c. 6th century BC) founded the anviksiki school of logic.[31] The Mahabharata (12.173.45), around the 5th century BC, refers to the anviksiki and tarka schools of logic. Pāṇini (c. 5th century BC) developed a form of logic (to which Boolean logic has some similarities) for his formulation of Sanskrit grammar. Logic is described by Chanakya (c. 350-283 BC) in his Arthashastra as an independent field of inquiry anviksiki.[32]
Two of the six Indian schools of thought deal with logic: Nyaya and Vaisheshika. The Nyaya Sutras of Aksapada Gautama (c. 2nd century AD) constitute the core texts of the Nyaya school, one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. This realist school developed a rigid five-member schema of inference involving an initial premise, a reason, an example, an application and a conclusion.[33] The idealist Buddhist philosophy became the chief opponent to the Naiyayikas. Nagarjuna (c. 150-250 AD), the founder of the Madhyamika ("Middle Way") developed an analysis known as the catuskoti (Sanskrit). This four-cornered argumentation systematically examined and rejected the affirmation of a proposition, its denial, the joint affirmation and denial, and finally, the rejection of its affirmation and denial. But it was with Dignaga (c 480-540 AD), who is sometimes said to have developed a formal syllogistic,[34] and his successor Dharmakirti that Buddhist logic reached its height. (Whether their analysis actually constitutes a formal syllogistic is contested.) Their analysis centered on the definition of an inference-warranting relation, "vyapti", also known as invariable concomitance or pervasion.[35] To this end a doctrine known as "apoha" or differentiation was developed.[36] This involved what might be called inclusion and exclusion of defining properties.
The difficulties involved in this enterprise, in part, stimulated the neo-scholastic school of Navya-Nyāya, which developed a formal analysis of inference in the sixteenth century. This later school began around eastern India and Bengal, and developed theories resembling modern logic, such as Gottlob Frege's "distinction between sense and reference of proper names" and his "definition of number," as well as the Navya-Nyaya theory of "restrictive conditions for universals" anticipating some of the developments in modern set theory.[37] Since 1824, Indian logic attracted the attention of many Western scholars, and has had an influence on important 19th-century logicians such as Charles Babbage, Augustus De Morgan, and particularly George Boole, as confirmed by his wife Mary Everest Boole who wrote in an "open letter to Dr Bose" titled "Indian Thought and Western Science in the Nineteenth Century" written in 1901:[38][39] "Think what must have been the effect of the intense Hinduizing of three such men as Babbage, De Morgan and George Boole on the mathematical atmosphere of 1830-1865"
As a general matter, some authorities have maintained that classical Indian logic is not actually a theory of deductive validity and that the tendency to suppose otherwise is the effect of imposing Western expectations on the ancient material. Bimal Krishna Matilal remarks, “The usual distinction, so well entrenched in the Western tradition, between deduction and induction was not to be found in the same way in the Indian tradition. The argument patterns studied were at best an unconscious mix of the two processes.” He continues, “The inductive element of the argument patterns studied by the Indian philosophers has thus often been lost sight of by modern scholars who emphasize the alleged certainty of the inferred conclusions, and then go on to equate the Indian argument patterns invariably with deductive or syllogistic forms.”[40]
On this view, though Indian logic aimed to establish the grounds of reasonable inference, it did not distinguish between the logically necessary inferences of valid deduction and the highly probable inferences of reasonable induction. Matilal argues that ancient Indian philosophers were largely uninterested in formal deductive validity for its own sake, and in this sense “Indian logic is not formal logic.”[41]
Seen in this way, Dignāga’s famous “wheel of reason” (Hetucakra) is a method of indicating when one thing (such as smoke) can be taken as an invariable sign of another thing (like fire), but the inference is often inductive and based on past observation. Matilal remarks that Dignāga’s analysis is much like John Stuart Mill’s Joint Method of Agreement and Difference, which is inductive.[42]
In addition, the traditional five-member Indian syllogism, though deductively valid, has repetitions that are unnecessary to its logical validity. As a result, some commentators see the traditional Indian syllogism as a rhetorical form that is entirely natural in many cultures of the world, and yet not as a logical form—not in the sense that all logically unnecessary elements have been omitted, for the sake of analysis.
Logic in China[edit]
Medieval logic[edit]
Logic in the Middle East[edit]
Arabic text in pink and blue
A text by Avicenna, founder of Avicennian logic
The works of Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Al-Ghazali, Averroes and other Muslim logicians were based on Aristotelian logic and were important in communicating the ideas of the ancient world to the medieval West.[43] Al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950) was an Aristotelian logician who discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and non-Aristotelian forms of inference.[44] Al-Farabi also considered the theories of conditional syllogisms and analogical inference, which were part of the Stoic tradition of logic rather than the Aristotelian.[45]
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) was the founder of Avicennian logic, which replaced Aristotelian logic as the dominant system of logic in the Islamic world,[46] and also had an important influence on Western medieval writers such as Albertus Magnus.[47] Avicenna wrote on the hypothetical syllogism[48] and on the propositional calculus, which were both part of the Stoic logical tradition.[49] He developed an original theory of "temporally modalized" syllogistic[44] and made use of inductive logic, such as the methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation which are critical to the scientific method.[48] One of Avicenna's ideas had a particularly important influence on Western logicians such as William of Ockham. Avicenna's word for a meaning or notion (ma'na), was translated by the scholastic logicians as the Latin intentio. In medieval logic and epistemology, this is a sign in the mind that naturally represents a thing.[50] This was crucial to the development of Ockham's conceptualism. A universal term (e.g. "man") does not signify a thing existing in reality, but rather a sign in the mind (intentio in intellectu) which represents many things in reality. Ockham cites Avicenna's commentary on Metaphysics V in support of this view.[51]
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (b. 1149) criticised Aristotle's "first figure" and formulated an early system of inductive logic, foreshadowing the system of inductive logic developed by John Stuart Mill (1806–1873).[52] Al-Razi's work was seen by later Islamic scholars as marking a new direction for Islamic logic, towards a Post-Avicennian logic. This was further elaborated by his student Afdaladdîn al-Khûnajî (d. 1249), who developed a form of logic revolving around the subject matter of conceptions and assents. In response to this tradition, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) began a tradition of Neo-Avicennian logic which remained faithful to Avicenna's work and existed as an alternative to the more dominant Post-Avicennian school over the following centuries.[53]
The Illuminationist school, founded by Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155–1191), who developed the idea of "decisive necessity", which refers to the reduction of all modalities (necessity, possibility, contingency and impossibility) to the single mode of necessity.[54] Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) wrote a book on Avicennian logic, which was a commentary of Avicenna's Al-Isharat (The Signs) and Al-Hidayah (The Guidance).[55] Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), wrote the Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin, where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the syllogism[56] and in favour of inductive reasoning.[52] Ibn Taymiyyah also argued against the certainty of syllogistic arguments and in favour of analogy. His argument is that concepts founded on induction are themselves not certain but only probable, and thus a syllogism based on such concepts is no more certain than an argument based on analogy. He further claimed that induction itself is founded on a process of analogy. His model of analogical reasoning was based on that of juridical arguments.[57][58] This model of analogy has been used in the recent work of John F. Sowa.[58]
The Sharh al-takmil fi'l-mantiq written by Muhammad ibn Fayd Allah ibn Muhammad Amin al-Sharwani in the 15th century is the last major Arabic work on logic that has been studied.[59] However, "thousands upon thousands of pages" on logic were written between the 14th and 19th centuries, though only a fraction of the texts written during this period have been studied by historians, hence little is known about the original work on Islamic logic produced during this later period.[53]
Logic in medieval Europe[edit]
Top left corner of early printed text, with an illuminated S, beginning "Sicut dicit philosophus"
Brito's questions on the Old Logic
"Medieval logic" (also known as "Scholastic logic") generally means the form of Aristotelian logic developed in medieval Europe throughout the period c 1200–1600.[60] For centuries after Stoic logic had been formulated, it was the dominant system of logic in the classical world. When the study of logic resumed after the Dark Ages, the main source was the work of the Christian philosopher Boethius, who was familiar with some of Aristotle's logic, but almost none of the work of the Stoics.[61] Until the twelfth century the only works of Aristotle available in the West were the Categories, On Interpretation and Boethius' translation of the Isagoge of Porphyry (a commentary on the Categories). These works were known as the "Old Logic" (Logica Vetus or Ars Vetus). An important work in this tradition was the Logica Ingredientibus of Peter Abelard (1079–1142). His direct influence was small,[62] but his influence through pupils such as John of Salisbury was great, and his method of applying rigorous logical analysis to theology shaped the way that theological criticism developed in the period that followed.[63]
By the early thirteenth century the remaining works of Aristotle's Organon (including the Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics and the Sophistical Refutations) had been recovered in the West and was revived by Saint Thomas Aquinas.[64] Logical work until then was mostly paraphrasis or commentary on the work of Aristotle.[65] The period from the middle of the thirteenth to the middle of the fourteenth century was one of significant developments in logic, particularly in three areas which were original, with little foundation in the Aristotelian tradition that came before. These were:[66]
• The theory of supposition. Supposition theory deals with the way that predicates (e.g. 'man') range over a domain of individuals (e.g. all men).[67] In the proposition 'every man is an animal', does the term 'man' range over or 'supposit for' men existing in the present? Or does the range include past and future men? Can a term supposit for non-existing individuals? Some medievalists have argued that this idea was a precursor of modern first order logic.[68] "The theory of supposition with the associated theories of copulatio (sign-capacity of adjectival terms), ampliatio (widening of referential domain), and distributio constitute one of the most original achievements of Western medieval logic".[69]
• The theory of syncategoremata. Syncategoremata are terms which are necessary for logic, but which, unlike categorematic terms, do not signify on their own behalf, but 'co-signify' with other words. Examples of syncategoremata are 'and', 'not', 'every', 'if', and so on.
The last great works in this tradition are the Logic of John Poinsot (1589–1644, known as John of St Thomas), the Metaphysical Disputations of Francisco Suarez (1548–1617), and the Logica Demonstrativa of Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri (1667–1733).
Traditional logic[edit]
The textbook tradition[edit]
Frontispiece, with title beginning "The Artes of Logike and Rethorike, plainlie set foorth in the English tounge, easie to be learned and practised".
Dudley Fenner'sArt of Logic (1584)
Traditional logic generally means the textbook tradition that begins with Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole's Logic, or the Art of Thinking, better known as the Port-Royal Logic.[71] Published in 1662, it was the most influential work on logic in England until the nineteenth century.[72] The book presents a loosely Cartesian doctrine (that the proposition is a combining of ideas rather than terms, for example) within a framework that is broadly derived from Aristotelian and medieval term logic. Between 1664 and 1700 there were eight editions, and the book had considerable influence after that.[72] The account of propositions that Locke gives in the Essay is essentially that of Port-Royal: "Verbal propositions, which are words, [are] the signs of our ideas, put together or separated in affirmative or negative sentences. So that proposition consists in the putting together or separating these signs, according as the things which they stand for agree or disagree." (Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV. 5. 6)
Another influential work was the Novum Organum by Francis Bacon, published in 1620. The title translates as "new instrument". This is a reference to Aristotle's work Organon. In this work, Bacon rejected the syllogistic method of Aristotle in favour of an alternative procedure "which by slow and faithful toil gathers information from things and brings it into understanding".[73] This method is known as inductive reasoning. The inductive method starts from empirical observation and proceeds to lower axioms or propositions. From the lower axioms more general ones can be derived (by induction). In finding the cause of a phenomenal nature such as heat, one must list all of the situations where heat is found. Then another list should be drawn up, listing situations that are similar to those of the first list except for the lack of heat. A third table lists situations where heat can vary. The form nature, or cause, of heat must be that which is common to all instances in the first table, is lacking from all instances of the second table and varies by degree in instances of the third table.
Other works in the textbook tradition include Isaac Watts' Logick: Or, the Right Use of Reason (1725), Richard Whately's Logic (1826), and John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic (1843). Although the latter was one of the last great works in the tradition, Mill's view that the foundations of logic lay in introspection[74] influenced the view that logic is best understood as a branch of psychology, an approach to the subject which dominated the next fifty years of its development, especially in Germany.[75]
Logic in Hegel's philosophy[edit]
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel indicated the importance of logic to his philosophical system when he condensed his extensive Science of Logic into a shorter work published in 1817 as the first volume of his Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences. The "Shorter" or "Encyclopaedia" Logic, as it is often known, lays out a series of transitions which leads from the most empty and abstract of categories—Hegel begins with "Pure Being" and "Pure Nothing"—to the "Absolute, the category which contains and resolves all the categories which preceded it. Despite the title, Hegel's Logic is not really a contribution to the science of valid inference. Rather than deriving conclusions about concepts through valid inference from premises, Hegel seeks to show that thinking about one concept compels thinking about another concept (one cannot, he argues, possess the concept of "Quality" without the concept of "Quantity"); and the compulsion here is not a matter of individual psychology, but arises almost organically from the content of the concepts themselves. His purpose is to show the rational structure of the "Absolute"—indeed of rationality itself. The method by which thought is driven from one concept to its contrary, and then to further concepts, is known as the Hegelian dialectic.
Although Hegel's Logic has had little impact on mainstream logical studies, its influence can be seen in Carl von Prantl's Geschichte der Logik in Abendland (1855–1867),[76] and in the work of the British Idealists—for example in F.H. Bradley's Principles of Logic (1883)—and in the economic, political and philosophical studies of Karl Marx and the various schools of Marxism.
Logic and psychology[edit]
Between the work of Mill and Frege stretched half a century during which logic was widely treated as a descriptive science, an empirical study of the structure of reasoning, and thus essentially as a branch of psychology.[77] The German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, for example, discussed deriving "the logical from the psychological laws of thought", emphasizing that "psychological thinking is always the more comprehensive form of thinking."[78] This view was widespread among German philosophers of the period: Theodor Lipps described logic as "a specific discipline of psychology";[79] Christoph von Sigwart understood logical necessity as grounded in the individual's compulsion to think in a certain way;[80] and Benno Erdmann argued that "logical laws only hold within the limits of our thinking"[81] Such was the dominant view of logic in the years following Mill's work.[82] This psychological approach to logic was rejected by Gottlob Frege. It was also subjected to an extended and destructive critique by Edmund Husserl in the first volume of his Logical Investigations (1900), an assault which has been described as "overwhelming".[83] Husserl argued forcefully that grounding logic in psychological observations implied that all logical truths remained unproven, and that skepticism and relativism were unavoidable consequences.
Such criticisms did not immediately extirpate so-called "psychologism". For example, the American philosopher Josiah Royce, while acknowledging the force of Husserl's critique, remained "unable to doubt" that progress in psychology would be accompanied by progress in logic, and vice versa.[84]
Rise of modern logic[edit]
The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century had been largely one of decline and neglect, and is generally regarded as barren by historians of logic.[1] The revival of logic occurred in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary period where the subject developed into a rigorous and formalistic discipline whose exemplar was the exact method of proof used in mathematics. The development of the modern so-called "symbolic" or "mathematical" logic during this period is the most significant in the 2,000-year history of logic, and is arguably one of the most important and remarkable events in human intellectual history.[2]
A number of features distinguish modern logic from the old Aristotelian or traditional logic, the most important of which are as follows:[85] Modern logic is fundamentally a calculus whose rules of operation are determined only by the shape and not by the meaning of the symbols it employs, as in mathematics. Many logicians were impressed by the "success" of mathematics, in that there had been no prolonged dispute about any truly mathematical result. C.S. Peirce noted[86] that even though a mistake in the evaluation of a definite integral by Laplace led to an error concerning the moon's orbit that persisted for nearly 50 years, the mistake, once spotted, was corrected without any serious dispute. Peirce contrasted this with the disputation and uncertainty surrounding traditional logic, and especially reasoning in metaphysics. He argued that a truly "exact" logic would depend upon mathematical, i.e., "diagrammatic" or "iconic" thought. "Those who follow such methods will ... escape all error except such as will be speedily corrected after it is once suspected". Modern logic is also "constructive" rather than "abstractive"; i.e., rather than abstracting and formalising theorems derived from ordinary language (or from psychological intuitions about validity), it constructs theorems by formal methods, then looks for an interpretation in ordinary language. It is entirely symbolic, meaning that even the logical constants (which the medieval logicians called "syncategoremata") and the categoric terms are expressed in symbols.
Periods of modern logic[edit]
The development of modern logic falls into roughly five periods:[87]
• The embryonic period from Leibniz to 1847, when the notion of a logical calculus was discussed and developed, particularly by Leibniz, but no schools were formed, and isolated periodic attempts were abandoned or went unnoticed.
• The algebraic period from Boole's Analysis to Schröder's Vorlesungen. In this period there were more practitioners, and a greater continuity of development.
• The logicist period from the Begriffsschrift of Frege to the Principia Mathematica of Russell and Whitehead. This was dominated by the "logicist school", whose aim was to incorporate the logic of all mathematical and scientific discourse in a single unified system, and which, taking as a fundamental principle that all mathematical truths are logical, did not accept any non-logical terminology. The major logicists were Frege, Russell, and the early Wittgenstein.[88] It culminates with the Principia, an important work which includes a thorough examination and attempted solution of the antinomies which had been an obstacle to earlier progress.
• The metamathematical period from 1910 to the 1930s, which saw the development of metalogic, in the finitist system of Hilbert, and the non-finitist system of Löwenheim and Skolem, the combination of logic and metalogic in the work of Gödel and Tarski. Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 was one of the greatest achievements in the history of logic. Later in the 1930s Gödel developed the notion of set-theoretic constructibility.
• The period after World War II, when mathematical logic branched into four inter-related but separate areas of research: model theory, proof theory, computability theory, and set theory, and its ideas and methods began to influence philosophy.
Embryonic period[edit]
Triptych: left, crucifixion; middle, figure approaches the virgin and child; right, figure approaches a man
Life of Raymond Lull. 14th-century manuscript.
The idea that inference could be represented by a purely mechanical process is found as early as Raymond Llull, who proposed a (somewhat eccentric) method of drawing conclusions by a system of concentric rings. The work of logicians such as the Oxford Calculators[89] led to a method of using letters instead of writing out logical calculations (calculationes) in words, a method used, for instance, in the Logica magna of Paul of Venice. Three hundred years after Llull, the English philosopher and logician Thomas Hobbes suggested that all logic and reasoning could be reduced to the mathematical operations of addition and subtraction.[90] The same idea is found in the work of Leibniz, who had read both Llull and Hobbes, and who argued that logic can be represented through a combinatorial process or calculus. But, like Llull and Hobbes, he failed to develop a detailed or comprehensive system, and his work on this topic was not published until long after his death. Leibniz says that ordinary languages are subject to "countless ambiguities" and are unsuited for a calculus, whose task is to expose mistakes in inference arising from the forms and structures of words;[91] hence, he proposed to identify an alphabet of human thought comprising fundamental concepts which could be composed to express complex ideas,[92] and create a calculus ratiocinator which would make reasoning "as tangible as those of the Mathematicians, so that we can find our error at a glance, and when there are disputes among persons, we can simply say: Let us calculate."[93]
Gergonne (1816) said that reasoning does not have to be about objects about which we have perfectly clear ideas, since algebraic operations can be carried out without our having any idea of the meaning of the symbols involved.[94] Bolzano anticipated a fundamental idea of modern proof theory when he defined logical consequence or "deducibility" in terms of variables: a set of propositions n, o, p ... are deducible from propositions a, b, c ... in respect of the variables i, j, ... if any substitution for i, j that have the effect of making a, b, c ... true, simultaneously make the propositions n, o, p ... also.[95] This is now known as semantic validity.
Algebraic period[edit]
Coloured diagram of 4 interlocking sets
Boolean multiples
Modern logic begins with the so-called "algebraic school", originating with Boole and including Peirce, Jevons, Schröder and Venn.[96] Their objective was to develop a calculus to formalise reasoning in the area of classes, propositions and probabilities. The school begins with Boole's seminal work Mathematical Analysis of Logic which appeared in 1847, although De Morgan (1847) is its immediate precursor.[97] The fundamental idea of Boole's system is that algebraic formulae can be used to express logical relations. This idea occurred to Boole in his teenage years, working as an usher in a private school in Lincoln, Lincolnshire.[98] For example, let x and y stand for classes let the symbol = signify that the classes have the same members, xy stand for the class containing all and only the members of x and y and so on. Boole calls these elective symbols, i.e. symbols which select certain objects for consideration.[99] An expression in which elective symbols are used is called an elective function, and an equation of which the members are elective functions, is an elective equation.[100] The theory of elective functions and their "development" is essentially the modern idea of truth-functions and their expression in disjunctive normal form.[99]
Boole's system admits of two interpretations, in class logic, and propositional logic. Boole distinguished between "primary propositions" which are the subject of syllogistic theory, and "secondary propositions", which are the subject of propositional logic, and showed how under different "interpretations" the same algebraic system could represent both. An example of a primary proposition is "All inhabitants are either Europeans or Asiatics." An example of a secondary proposition is "Either all inhabitants are Europeans or they are all Asiatics."[101] These are easily distinguished in modern propositional calculus, where it is also possible to show that the first follows from the second, but it is a significant disadvantage that there is no way of representing this in the Boolean system.[102]
In his Symbolic Logic (1881), John Venn used diagrams of overlapping areas to express Boolean relations between classes or truth-conditions of propositions. In 1869 Jevons realised that Boole's methods could be mechanised, and constructed a "logical machine" which he showed to the Royal Society the following year.[99] In 1885 Allan Marquand proposed an electrical version of the machine that is still extant (picture at the Firestone Library).
The defects in Boole's system (such as the use of the letter v for existential propositions) were all remedied by his followers. Jevons published Pure Logic, or the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity in 1864, where he suggested a symbol to signify exclusive or, which allowed Boole's system to be greatly simplified.[103] This was usefully exploited by Schröder when he set out theorems in parallel columns in his Vorlesungen (1890–1905). Peirce (1880) showed how all the Boolean elective functions could be expressed by the use of a single primitive binary operation, "neither ... nor ..." and equally well "not both ... and ...",[104] however, like many of Peirce's innovations, this remained unknown or unnoticed until Sheffer rediscovered it in 1913.[105] Boole's early work also lacks the idea of the logical sum which originates in Peirce (1867), Schröder (1877) and Jevons (1890),[106] and the concept of inclusion, first suggested by Gergonne (1816) and clearly articulated by Peirce (1870).
The success of Boole's algebraic system suggested that all logic must be capable of algebraic representation, and there were attempts to express a logic of relations in such form, of which the most ambitious was Schröder's monumental Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik ("Lectures on the Algebra of Logic", vol iii 1895), although the original idea was again anticipated by Peirce.[107]
Boole’s unwavering acceptance of Aristotle’s logic is emphasized by the historian of logic John Corcoran in an accessible introduction to Laws of Thought[108] Corcoran also wrote a point-by-point comparison of Prior Analytics and Laws of Thought.[109] According to Corcoran, Boole fully accepted and endorsed Aristotle’s logic. Boole’s goals were “to go under, over, and beyond” Aristotle’s logic by 1) providing it with mathematical foundations involving equations,2) extending the class of problems it could treat—from assessing validity to solving equations--,and 3) expanding the range of applications it could handle—e.g. from propositions having only two terms to those having arbitrarily many.
More specifically, Boole agreed with what Aristotle said; Boole’s ‘disagreements’, if they might be called that, concern what Aristotle did not say. First, in the realm of foundations, Boole reduced the four propositional forms of Aristotle's logic to formulas in the form of equations—-by itself a revolutionary idea. Second, in the realm of logic’s problems, Boole’s addition of equation solving to logic—-another revolutionary idea—-involved Boole’s doctrine that Aristotle’s rules of inference (the “perfect syllogisms”) must be supplemented by rules for equation solving. Third, in the realm of applications, Boole’s system could handle multi-term propositions and arguments whereas Aristotle could handle only two-termed subject-predicate propositions and arguments. For example, Aristotle’s system could not deduce “No quadrangle that is a square is a rectangle that is a rhombus” from “No square that is a quadrangle is a rhombus that is a rectangle” or from “No rhombus that is a rectangle is a square that is a quadrangle”.
Logicist period[edit]
Straight line with bend; text "x" over bend; text "F(x)" to the right of the line.
Frege's "Concept Script"
After Boole, the next great advances were made by the German mathematician Gottlob Frege. Frege's objective was the program of Logicism, i.e. demonstrating that arithmetic is identical with logic.[110] Frege went much further than any of his predecessors in his rigorous and formal approach to logic, and his calculus or Begriffsschrift is important.[110] Frege also tried to show that the concept of number can be defined by purely logical means, so that (if he was right) logic includes arithmetic and all branches of mathematics that are reducible to arithmetic. He was not the first writer to suggest this. In his pioneering work Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Foundations of Arithmetic), sections 15–17, he acknowledges the efforts of Leibniz, J.S. Mill as well as Jevons, citing the latter's claim that "algebra is a highly developed logic, and number but logical discrimination."[111]
Frege's first work, the Begriffsschrift ("concept script") is a rigorously axiomatised system of propositional logic, relying on just two connectives (negational and conditional), two rules of inference (modus ponens and substitution), and six axioms. Frege referred to the "completeness" of this system, but was unable to prove this.[112] The most significant innovation, however, was his explanation of the quantifier in terms of mathematical functions. Traditional logic regards the sentence "Caesar is a man" as of fundamentally the same form as "all men are mortal." Sentences with a proper name subject were regarded as universal in character, interpretable as "every Caesar is a man".[113] Frege argued that the quantifier expression "all men" does not have the same logical or semantic form as "all men", and that the universal proposition "every A is B" is a complex proposition involving two functions, namely ' – is A' and ' – is B' such that whatever satisfies the first, also satisfies the second. In modern notation, this would be expressed as
(x) Ax -> Bx
In English, "for all x, if Ax then Bx". Thus only singular propositions are of subject-predicate form, and they are irreducibly singular, i.e. not reducible to a general proposition. Universal and particular propositions, by contrast, are not of simple subject-predicate form at all. If "all mammals" were the logical subject of the sentence "all mammals are land-dwellers", then to negate the whole sentence we would have to negate the predicate to give "all mammals are not land-dwellers". But this is not the case.[114] This functional analysis of ordinary-language sentences later had a great impact on philosophy and linguistics.
This means that in Frege's calculus, Boole's "primary" propositions can be represented in a different way from "secondary" propositions. "All inhabitants are either Europeans or Asiatics" is
(x) [ I(x) -> (E(x) v A(x)) ]
whereas "All the inhabitants are Europeans or all the inhabitants are Asiatics" is
(x) (I(x) -> E(x)) v (x) (I(x) -> A(x))
As Frege remarked in a critique of Boole's calculus:
"The real difference is that I avoid [the Boolean] division into two parts ... and give a homogeneous presentation of the lot. In Boole the two parts run alongside one another, so that one is like the mirror image of the other, but for that very reason stands in no organic relation to it'[115]
As well as providing a unified and comprehensive system of logic, Frege's calculus also resolved the ancient problem of multiple generality. The ambiguity of "every girl kissed a boy" is difficult to express in traditional logic, but Frege's logic captures this through the different scope of the quantifiers. Thus
(x) [ girl(x) -> E(y) (boy(y) & kissed(x,y)) ]
means that to every girl there corresponds some boy (any one will do) who the girl kissed. But
E(x) [ boy(x) & (y) (girl(y) -> kissed(y,x)) ]
means that there is some particular boy whom every girl kissed. Without this device, the project of logicism would have been doubtful or impossible. Using it, Frege provided a definition of the ancestral relation, of the many-to-one relation, and of mathematical induction.[116]
This period overlaps with the work of the so-called "mathematical school", which included Dedekind, Pasch, Peano, Hilbert, Zermelo, Huntington, Veblen and Heyting. Their objective was the axiomatisation of branches of mathematics like geometry, arithmetic, analysis and set theory.
The logicist project received a near-fatal setback with the discovery of a paradox in 1901 by Bertrand Russell. This proved that the Frege's naive set theory led to a contradiction. Frege's theory is that for any formal criterion, there is a set of all objects that meet the criterion. Russell showed that a set containing exactly the sets that are not members of themselves would contradict its own definition (if it is not a member of itself, it is a member of itself, and if it is a member of itself, it is not).[117] This contradiction is now known as Russell's paradox. One important method of resolving this paradox was proposed by Ernst Zermelo.[118] Zermelo set theory was the first axiomatic set theory. It was developed into the now-canonical Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF).
The monumental Principia Mathematica, a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics, written by Russell and Alfred North Whitehead and published 1910–13 also included an attempt to resolve the paradox, by means of an elaborate system of types: a set of elements is of a different type than is each of its elements (set is not the element; one element is not the set) and one cannot speak of the "set of all sets". The Principia was an attempt to derive all mathematical truths from a well-defined set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic.
Metamathematical period[edit]
Balding man, with bookshelf in background
Alfred Tarski
The names of Gödel and Tarski dominate the 1930s,[119] a crucial period in the development of metamathematics – the study of mathematics using mathematical methods to produce metatheories, or mathematical theories about other mathematical theories. Early investigations into metamathematics had been driven by Hilbert's program. which sought to resolve the ongoing crisis in the foundations of mathematics by grounding all of mathematics to a finite set of axioms, proving its consistency by "finitistic" means and providing a procedure which would decide the truth or falsity of any mathematical statement. Work on metamathematics culminated in the work of Gödel, who in 1929 showed that a given first-order sentence is deducible if and only if it is logically valid – i.e. it is true in every structure for its language. This is known as Gödel's completeness theorem. A year later, he proved two important theorems, which showed Hibert's program to be unattainable in its original form. The first is that no consistent system of axioms whose theorems can be listed by an effective procedure such as an algorithm or computer program is capable of proving all facts about the natural numbers. For any such system, there will always be statements about the natural numbers that are true, but that are unprovable within the system. The second is that if such a system is also capable of proving certain basic facts about the natural numbers, then the system cannot prove the consistency of the system itself. These two results are known as Gödel's incompleteness theorems, or simply Gödel's Theorem. Later in the decade, Gödel developed the concept of set-theoretic constructibility, as part of his proof that the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis are consistent with Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.
In proof theory, Gerhard Gentzen developed natural deduction and the sequent calculus. The former attempts to model logical reasoning as it 'naturally' occurs in practice and is most easily applied to intuitionistic logic, while the latter was devised to clarify the derivation of logical proofs in any formal system. Since Gentzen's work, natural deduction and sequent calculi have been widely applied in the fields of proof theory, mathematical logic and computer science. Gentzen also proved normalization and cut-elimination theorems for intuitionistic and classical logic which could be used to reduce logical proofs to a normal form.[120][121]
Alfred Tarski, a pupil of Łukasiewicz, is best known for his definition of truth and logical consequence, and the semantic concept of logical satisfaction. In 1933, he published (in Polish) The concept of truth in formalized languages, in which he proposed his semantic theory of truth: a sentence such as "snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Tarski's theory separated the metalanguage, which makes the statement about truth, from the object language, which contains the sentence whose truth is being asserted, and gave a correspondence (the T-schema) between phrases in the object language and elements of an interpretation. Tarski's approach to the difficult idea of explaining truth has been enduringly influential in logic and philosophy, especially in the development of model theory.[122] Tarski also produced important work on the methodology of deductive systems, and on fundamental principles such as completeness, decidability, consistency and definability. According to Anita Feferman, Tarski "changed the face of logic in the twentieth century".[123]
Alonzo Church and Alan Turing proposed formal models of computability, giving independent negative solutions to Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem in 1936 and 1937, respectively. The Entscheidungsproblem asked for a procedure that, given any formal mathematical statement, would algorithmically determine whether the statement is true. Church and Turing proved there is no such procedure; Turing's paper introduced the halting problem as a key example of a mathematical problem without an algorithmic solution.
Church's system for computation developed into the modern λ-calculus, while the Turing machine became a standard model for a general-purpose computing device. It was soon shown that many other proposed models of computation were equivalent in power to those proposed by Church and Turing. These results led to the Church–Turing thesis that any deterministic algorithm that can be carried out by a human can be carried out by a Turing machine. Church proved additional undecidability results, showing that both Peano arithmetic and first-order logic are undecidable. Later work by Emil Post and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1940s extended the scope of computability theory and introduced the concept of degrees of unsolvability.
The results of the first few decades of the twentieth century also had an impact upon analytic philosophy and philosophical logic, particularly from the 1950s onwards, in subjects such as modal logic, temporal logic, deontic logic, and relevance logic.
Logic after WWII[edit]
After World War II, mathematical logic branched into four inter-related but separate areas of research: model theory, proof theory, computability theory, and set theory.[124]
In set theory, the method of forcing revolutionized the field by providing a robust method for constructing models and obtaining independence results. Paul Cohen introduced this method in 1962 to prove the independence of the continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.[125] His technique, which was simplified and extended soon after its introduction, has since been applied to many other problems in all areas of mathematical logic.
Computability theory had its roots in the work of Turing, Church, Kleene, and Post in the 1930s and 40s. It developed into a study of abstract computability, which became known as recursion theory.[126] The priority method, discovered independently by Albert Muchnik and Richard Friedberg in the 1950s, led to major advances in the understanding of the degrees of unsolvability and related structures. Research into higher-order computability theory demonstrated its connections to set theory. The fields of constructive analysis and computable analysis were developed to study the effective content of classical mathematical theorems; these in turn inspired the program of reverse mathematics. A separate branch of computability theory, computational complexity theory, was also characterized in logical terms as a result of investigations into descriptive complexity.
Model theory applies the methods of mathematical logic to study models of particular mathematical theories. Alfred Tarski published much pioneering work in the field, which is named after a series of papers he published under the title Contributions to the theory of models. In the 1960s, Abraham Robinson used model-theoretic techniques to develop calculus and analysis based on infinitesimals, a problem that first had been proposed by Leibniz.
In proof theory, the relationship between classical mathematics and intuitionistic mathematics was clarified via tools such as the realizability method invented by Georg Kreisel and Gödel's Dialectica interpretation. This work inspired the contemporary area of proof mining. The Curry-Howard correspondence emerged as a deep analogy between logic and computation, including a correspondence between systems of natural deduction and typed lambda calculi used in computer science. As a result, research into this class of formal systems began to address both logical and computational aspects; this area of research came to be known as modern type theory. Advances were also made in ordinal analysis and the study of independence results in arithmetic such as the Paris–Harrington theorem.
This was also a period, particularly in the 1950s and afterwards, when the ideas of mathematical logic begin to influence philosophical thinking. For example, tense logic is a formalised system for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time. The philosopher Arthur Prior played a significant role in its development in the 1960s. Modal logics extend the scope of formal logic to include the elements of modality (for example, possibility and necessity). The ideas of Saul Kripke, particularly about possible worlds, and the formal system now called Kripke semantics have had a profound impact on analytic philosophy.[127] His best known and most influential work is Naming and Necessity (1980).[128] Deontic logics are closely related to modal logics: they attempt to capture the logical features of obligation, permission and related concepts. Although some basic novelties syncretizing mathematical and philosophical logic were shown by Bolzano in the early 1800s, it was Ernst Mally, a pupil of Alexius Meinong, who was to propose the first formal deontic system in his Grundgesetze des Sollens, based on the syntax of Whitehead's and Russell's propositional calculus.
Another logical system founded after World War II was fuzzy logic by Iranian mathematician Lotfi Asker Zadeh in 1965.
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b Oxford Companion p. 498; Bochenski, Part I Introduction, passim
2. ^ a b Oxford Companion p. 500
3. ^ Kneale, p. 2
4. ^ a b c d Kneale p. 3
7. ^ Heath, Mathematics in Aristotle, cited in Kneale, p. 5
8. ^ Kneale p. 15
9. ^ Kneale, p. 16
10. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica
11. ^ Kneale p. 17
12. ^ "forming an opinion is talking, and opinion is speech that is held not with someone else or aloud but in silence with oneself" Theaetetus 189E–190A
13. ^ Kneale p. 20. For example, the proof given in the Meno that the square on the diagonal is double the area of the original square presumably involves the forms of the square and the triangle, and the necessary relation between them
14. ^ Kneale p. 21
15. ^ Zalta, Edward N. "Aristotle's Logic". Stanford University, 18 March 2000. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
16. ^ See e.g. Aristotle's logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
17. ^ Bochenski p. 63
18. ^ "Throughout later antiquity two great schools of logic were distinguished, the Peripatetic which was derived from Aristotle, and the Stoic which was developed by Chrysippus from the teachings of the Megarians" – Kneale p. 113
19. ^ Oxford Companion, article "Chrysippus", p. 134
20. ^ [1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Susanne Bobzien, Ancient Logic
21. ^ K. Huelser, Die Fragmente zur Dialektik der Stoiker, 4 vols, Stuttgart 1986-7
22. ^ Kneale 117–158
23. ^ Metaphysics Eta 3, 1046b 29
24. ^ Boethius, Commentary on the Perihermenias, Meiser p. 234
25. ^ Epictetus, Dissertationes ed. Schenkel ii. 19. I.
26. ^ Alexander p. 177
27. ^ Sextus, Adv. Math. Bk viii, Section 113
28. ^ See e.g. Lukasiewicz p. 21
29. ^ Sextus Bk viii., Sections 11, 12
30. ^ Bochenski p. 446
32. ^ R. P. Kangle (1986). The Kautiliya Arthashastra (1.2.11). Motilal Banarsidass.
33. ^ Bochenski p. 417 and passim
34. ^ Bochenski pp. 431–7
35. ^ Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1998). The Character of Logic in India. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 12, 18. ISBN 9780791437407.
36. ^ Bochenksi p. 441
38. ^ Boole, Mary Everest "Collected Works" eds E M Cobham and E S Dummer London, Daniel 1931. Letter also published in the Ceylon National Review in 1909, and published as a separate pamphlet "The Psychologic Aspect of Imperialism" in 1911.
39. ^ Jonardon Ganeri (2001). Indian logic: a reader. Routledge. p. vii. ISBN 0-7007-1306-9
40. ^ Matilal, 14-15
41. ^ Matilal, 17
42. ^ Matilal, 17
43. ^ See e.g. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online Version 2.0, article 'Islamic philosophy'
44. ^ a b History of logic: Arabic logic, Encyclopædia Britannica.
45. ^ Feldman, Seymour (1964-11-26). "Rescher on Arabic Logic". The Journal of Philosophy (Journal of Philosophy, Inc.) 61 (22): 724–734. doi:10.2307/2023632. ISSN 0022-362X. JSTOR 2023632. [726]. Long, A. A.; D. N. Sedley (1987). The Hellenistic Philosophers. Vol 1: Translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27556-3.
46. ^ Dag Nikolaus Hasse (September 19, 2008). "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
48. ^ a b Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
50. ^ Kneale p. 229
52. ^ a b Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" (cf. [2] and [3])
53. ^ a b Tony Street (July 23, 2008). "Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
54. ^ Dr. Lotfollah Nabavi, Sohrevardi's Theory of Decisive Necessity and kripke's QSS System, Journal of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences.
56. ^ See pp. 253–254 of Street, Tony (2005). "Logic". In Peter Adamson and Richard C. Taylor (edd.). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–265. ISBN 978-0-521-52069-0.
59. ^ Nicholas Rescher and Arnold vander Nat, "The Arabic Theory of Temporal Modal Syllogistic", in George Fadlo Hourani (1975), Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, pp. 189–221, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-87395-224-3.
60. ^ Boehner p. xiv
61. ^ Kneale p. 198
62. ^ Stephen Dumont, article "Peter Abelard" in Gracia and Noone p. 492
63. ^ Kneale, pp. 202–3
64. ^ See e.g. Kneale p. 225
65. ^ Boehner p. 1
66. ^ Boehner pp. 19–76
67. ^ Boehner p. 29
68. ^ Boehner p. 30
69. ^ Ebbesen 1981
70. ^ Boehner pp. 54–5
71. ^ Oxford Companion p. 504, article "Traditional logic"
72. ^ a b Buroker xxiii
73. ^ Farrington, 1964, 89
74. ^ N. Abbagnano, "Psychologism" in P. Edwards (ed) The Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, MacMillan, 1967
75. ^ Of the German literature in this period, Robert Adamson wrote "Logics swarm as bees in springtime..."; Robert Adamson, A Short History of Logic, Wm. Blackwood & Sons, 1911, page 242
76. ^ Carl von Prantl (1855-1867), Geschichte von Logik in Abendland, Leipsig: S. Hirzl, anastatically reprinted in 1997, Hildesheim: Georg Olds.
77. ^ See e.g. Psychologism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
78. ^ Wilhelm Wundt, Logik (1880–1883); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, pp. 115–116.
79. ^ Theodor Lipps, Grundzüge der Logik (1893); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. 40
80. ^ Christoph von Sigwart, Logik (1873–78); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. 51
81. ^ Benno Erdmann, Logik (1892); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. 96
82. ^ Dermot Moran, "Introduction"; Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. xxi
83. ^ Michael Dummett, "Preface"; Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. xvii
84. ^ Josiah Royce, "Recent Logical Enquiries and their Psychological Bearings" (1902) in John J. McDermott (ed) The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce Volume 2, Fordham University Press, 2005, p. 661
85. ^ Bochenski, p. 266
86. ^ Peirce 1896
87. ^ See Bochenski p. 269
88. ^ Oxford Companion p. 499
89. ^ Edith Sylla (1999), "Oxford Calculators", in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge.
90. ^ El. philos. sect. I de corp 1.1.2.
91. ^ Bochenski p. 274
92. ^ Rutherford, Donald, 1995, "Philosophy and language" in Jolley, N., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge Univ. Press.
93. ^ Wiener, Philip, 1951. Leibniz: Selections. Scribner.
94. ^ Essai de dialectique rationelle, 211n, quoted in Bochenski p. 277.
95. ^ Wissenschaftslehre II 198ff, quoted in Bochenski 280; see Oxford 'Companion p. 498.
96. ^ See e.g. Bochenski p. 296 and passim
97. ^ Before publishing, he wrote to De Morgan, who was just finishing his work Formal Logic. De Morgan suggested they should publish first, and thus the two books appeared at the same time, possibly even reaching the bookshops on the same day. cf. Kneale p. 404
98. ^ Kneale p. 404
99. ^ a b c Kneale p. 407
100. ^ Boole (1847) p. 16
101. ^ Boole 1847 pp. 58–9
102. ^ Beaney p. 11
103. ^ Kneale p. 422
104. ^ Peirce, "A Boolean Algebra with One Constant", 1880 MS, Collected Papers v. 4, paragraphs 12–20, reprinted Writings v. 4, pp. 218-21. Google Preview.
105. ^ Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., xiv (1913), pp. 481–8. This is now known as the Sheffer stroke
106. ^ Bochenski 296
107. ^ See CP III
110. ^ a b Kneale p. 435
111. ^ Jevons, The Principles of Science, London 1879, p. 156, quoted in Grundlagen 15
112. ^ Beaney p. 10 – the completeness of Frege's system was eventually proved by Jan Łukasiewicz in 1934
113. ^ See for example the argument by the medieval logician William of Ockham that singular propositions are universal, in Summa Logicae III. 8 (??)
114. ^ "On concept and object" p. 198; Geach p. 48
115. ^ BLC p. 14, quoted in Beaney p. 12
116. ^ See e.g. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, article "Frege"
117. ^ See e.g. Potter 2004
118. ^ Zermelo 1908
119. ^ Feferman 1999 p. 1
120. ^ Girard, Jean-Yves; Paul Taylor, Yves Lafont (1990) [1989]. Proofs and Types. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, 7). ISBN 0-521-37181-3.
121. ^ Alex Sakharov, "Cut Elimination Theorem", MathWorld.
122. ^ Feferman and Feferman 2004, p. 122, discussing "The Impact of Tarski's Theory of Truth".
123. ^ Feferman 1999, p. 1
124. ^ See e.g. Barwise, Handbook of Mathematical Logic
126. ^ Many of the foundational papers are collected in The Undecidable (1965) edited by Martin Davis
127. ^ Jerry Fodor, "Water's water everywhere", London Review of Books, 21 October 2004
128. ^ See Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2: The Age of Meaning, Scott Soames: "Naming and Necessity is among the most important works ever, ranking with the classical work of Frege in the late nineteenth century, and of Russell, Tarski and Wittgenstein in the first half of the twentieth century". Cited in Byrne, Alex and Hall, Ned. 2004. 'Necessary Truths'. Boston Review October/November 2004
• Alexander of Aphrodisias, In Aristotelis An. Pr. Lib. I Commentarium, ed. Wallies, C.I.A.G.
• Avicenna, Avicennae Opera Venice 1508.
• Barwise, Jon, ed. (1982), Handbook of Mathematical Logic, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, North Holland, ISBN 978-0-444-86388-1 .
• Beaney, Michael, The Frege Reader, London: Blackwell 1997.
• Bochenski, I.M., A History of Formal Logic, Notre Dame press, 1961.
• Philotheus Boehner, Medieval Logic, Manchester 1950.
• Boethius Commentary on the Perihermenias, Secunda Editio, ed. Meiser.
• Bolzano, Bernard Wissenschaftslehre, 4 Bde Neudr., 2. verb, A. hrsg. W. Schultz, Leipzig I-II 1929, III 1930, IV 1931 (trans. as Theory of science, attempt at a detailed and in the main novel exposition of logic with constant attention to earlier authors.) (Edited and translated by Rolf George University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1972).
• Bolzano, Bernard Theory of science (Edited, with an introduction, by Jan Berg. Translated from the German by Burnham Terrell – D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht and Boston 1973).
• Boole, George (1847) The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (Cambridge and London); repr. in Studies in Logic and Probability, ed. R. Rhees (London 1952).
• Boole, George (1854) The Laws of Thought (London and Cambridge); repr. as Collected Logical Works. Vol. 2, (Chicago and London: Open Court, 1940).
• Jill Vance Buroker (transl. and introduction), A. Arnauld, P. Nicole Logic or the Art of Thinking, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-48249-6.
• Church, Alonzo, 1936-8. "A bibliography of symbolic logic". Journal of Symbolic Logic 1: 121–218; 3:178–212.
• Ebbesen, S. "Early supposition theory (12th–13th Century)" Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage 3/1: 35–48 (1981).
• Epictetus, Dissertationes ed. Schenkl.
• Farrington, B., The Philosophy of Francis Bacon, Liverpool 1964.
• Feferman, Anita B. (1999). "Alfred Tarski". American National Biography. 21. Oxford University Press. pp. 330–332. ISBN 978-0-19-512800-0.
• Feferman, Anita B.; Feferman, Solomon (2004). Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80240-6. OCLC 54691904.
• Frege, G., Boole's Logical Calculus and the Concept Script, 1882, in Posthumous Writings transl. P.Long and R. White 1969, pp. 9–46.
• Gabbay, Dov and John Woods, eds, Handbook of the History of Logic 2004. 1. Greek, Indian and Arabic logic; 2. Mediaeval and Renaissance logic; 3. The rise of modern logic: from Leibniz to Frege; 4. British logic in the Nineteenth century; 5. Logic from Russell to Church; 6. Sets and extensions in the Twentieth century; 7. Logic and the modalities in the Twentieth century; 8. The many-valued and nonmonotonic turn in logic; 9. Logic and computation (not yet published); 10. Inductive logic; 11. Logic: A history of its central concepts; Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-51611-5.
• Geach, P.T. Logic Matters, Blackwell 1972.
• Gergonne, Joseph Diaz, (1816) "Essai de dialectique rationelle", in Annales de mathem, pures et appl. 7, 1816/7, 189–228.
• Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
• Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). Avicenna. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-01929-X.
• Haaparanta, Leila (ed.) 2009. The Development of Modern Logic Oxford University Press.
• Heath, T.L., 1949. Mathematics in Aristotle Oxford University Press.
• Heath, T.L., 1931, A Manual of Greek Mathematics, Oxford (Clarendon Press).
• Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
• Jevons, The Principles of Science, London 1879.
• Lukasiewicz, Aristotle's Syllogistic, Oxford University Press 1951.
• Ockham's Theory of Terms: Part I of the Summa Logicae, translated and introduced by Michael J. Loux (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press 1974). Reprinted: South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press, 1998.
• Ockham's Theory of Propositions: Part II of the Summa Logicae, translated by Alfred J. Freddoso and Henry Schuurman and introduced by Alfred J. Freddoso (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980). Reprinted: South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press, 1998.
• Peirce, C.S., (1896), "The Regenerated Logic", The Monist, vol. VII, No. 1, p pp. 19-40, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, 1896, for the Hegeler Institute. Reprinted (CP 3.425–455). Internet Archive The Monist 7.
• Michael Potter (2004), Set Theory and its Philosophy, Oxford Univ. Press.
• Zermelo, Ernst (1908). "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre I". Mathematische Annalen 65 (2): 261–281. doi:10.1007/BF01449999. English translation in Heijenoort, Jean van (1967). "Investigations in the foundations of set theory". From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931. Source Books in the History of the Sciences. Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 199–215. ISBN 978-0-674-32449-7. .
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29448 | Naomi Rivera
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Naomi Rivera was a United States politician of the Democratic Party who represented District 80 in the New York State Assembly from 2004 to 2012. Her district encompassed Morris Park, Pelham Parkway, Pelham Gardens, and Norwood, among other communities located in The Bronx.
An assemblywoman since January 2005, she previously served as Director of Special Events for the Bronx Borough President's office and Deputy Chief Clerk of the Bronx Board of Elections. On September 13, 2012, Naomi Rivera lost to Mark Gjonaj in the Democrat primary race.[1] Prior to the primary election, Rivera was investigated by four governmental regulatory agencies on corruption charges.[2]
She is the daughter of New York Assemblyman Jose Rivera and sister of New York City Councilman Joel Rivera.
1. ^ King, David (November 5, 2012). "Guide For The Last Minute Voter: General Election 2012". Gotham Gazette. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
2. ^ Kratz, Alex (September 20, 2012). "Naomi Rivera Defeated Soundly in Assembly Primary By Hard-Working Challenger". Bronx News. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
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New York Assembly
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Jeffrey Klein
New York State Assembly, 80th District
Succeeded by
Mark Gjonaj |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29452 | The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy (book)
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The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy
Cover of the 1988 printing of The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy, published by Transaction Books
Author Mark Snyderman and Stanley Rothman
Country United States
Language English
Series Center for the Study of Social and Political Change
Subject Intelligence levels—Public opinion
Publisher Transaction Books
Publication date
Media type print
Pages xiii and 310
ISBN 978-0-88738-839-2
Dewey Decimal 153.9
LC Class BF431.S615 1988
The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy is a book published by Smith College professor emeritus Stanley Rothman and Harvard researcher Mark Snyderman in 1988. Claiming to document liberal bias in media coverage of scientific findings regarding intelligence quotient (IQ), the book builds on a survey of the opinions of hundreds of North American psychologists, sociologists and educationalists conducted by the authors in 1984. The book includes also an analysis of the reporting on intelligence testing by the press and television in the US for the period 1969–1983, as well as an opinion poll of 207 journalists and 86 science editors about IQ testing.
Snyderman and Rothman originally conducted their survey in 1984 because they felt that intelligence testing had been portrayed in the media as being in direct opposition to egalitarianism. They described the IQ controversy in terms of two conflicting sets of values in the US: egalitarianism, favouring equal opportunity, and meritocracy, favouring individual differences. In the 1960s, in the light of the civil rights movement, an environmental view of intelligence differences, de-emphasizing heritability, had become prevalent. In their view equality of opportunity had been transformed to mean equality of outcome, to the detriment of more able individuals. As they wrote:[1][2]
The danger inherent in egalitarianism is that a philosophy of human rights may be extrapolated into a theory of human nature. That individuals should be treated equally does not mean that all individuals are equal. Whether as a result of accidents of birth and environment, or through strength of will, people differ in abilities of all sorts.
As a consequence, they wrote that attitudes to intelligence testing had changed:[1][3]
Intelligence and aptitude tests have fallen into disfavor among the literate public, as have attempts to define intelligence. However intelligence is defined, the suggestion that individual differences in intelligence, like individual capacities for painting or composing, may have a genetic component has become anathema.
Snyderman and Rothman claimed that the media had misrepresented the views of experts, so that the public now believed that it was impossible to define intelligence, that IQ or aptitude tests were outmoded and that environmentalism and hereditarianism were incompatible points of view. As they wrote:[1][3]
Most significantly, the literate and informed public today is persuaded that the majority of experts in the field believe it is impossible to adequately define intelligence, that intelligence tests do not measure anything that is relevant to life performance... It appears from book reviews in popular journals and from newspaper and television coverage of IQ issues that such are the views of the vast majority of experts who study questions of intelligence and intelligence testing.
The purpose of their survey was to challenge what they considered to be the media's portrayal of intelligence testing. Their study had three parts:[4]
• A questionnaire with 48 multiple choice questions sent to 1020 academics in 1984 (661 replies), reported in Snyderman & Rothman (1987)
• An analysis of all coverage of issues related to intelligence tests in major US print and television news sources (1969–1983) conducted by 9 trained graduate students
• An opinion poll of 207 journalists concerning their attitudes to intelligence and aptitude tests (119 replies); 86 editors of popular science magazines were also polled (50 replies)
The 1020 experts were chosen randomly from the following professional bodies:
The 16 page questionnaire had 48 multiple choice questions spread over 6 different sections:[5]
• The nature of intelligence (1-10)
• The heritability of intelligence (11-14)
• Race, class and cultural differences in IQ (15-23)
• The use of intelligence testing (24-33)
• Professional activities and involvement with intelligence testing (34-40)
• Personal and social background (41-48)
Respondents on average identified themselves as slightly left of center politically, but political and social opinions accounted for less than 10% of the variation in responses.
Snyderman and Rothman discovered that experts were in agreement about the nature of intelligence.[6] "On the whole, scholars with any expertise in the area of intelligence and intelligence testing (defined very broadly) share a common view of the most important components of intelligence, and are convinced that it can be measured with some degree of accuracy." Almost all respondents picked out abstract reasoning, ability to solve problems and ability to acquire knowledge as the most important elements.
The study found that psychologists were in agreement about the heritability of intelligence in that almost all (94%) felt that it played a substantial role but there was disagreement regarding accuracy with half of those that felt qualified to reply in this section agreed that there was not enough evidence to estimate heritability accurately. The 214 who thought there was enough evidence gave an average estimate of .596 for the US white population and .57 for the US black population.
The study also revealed that the majority (55%) of surveyed experts believed that genetic factors also help to explain socioeconomic differences in IQ.
The role of genetics in the black-white IQ gap has been particularly controversial. The question regarding this in the survey asked "Which of the following best characterizes your opinion of the heritability of black-white differences in IQ?" Amongst the 661 returned questionnaires, 14% declined to answer the question, 24% voted that there was insufficient evidence to give an answer, 1% voted that the gap was "due entirely to genetic variation", 15% voted that it was "due entirely to environmental variation" and 45% voted that it was a "product of genetic and environmental variation". According to Snyderman and Rothman, this contrasts greatly with the coverage of these views as represented in the media, where the reader is led to draw the conclusion that "only a few maverick 'experts' support the view that genetic variation plays a significant role in individual or group difference, while the vast majority of experts believe that such differences are purely the result of environmental factors."[7]
In their analysis of the survey results, Snyderman and Rothman state that the experts who described themselves as agreeing with the "controversial" partial-genetic views of Arthur Jensen did so only on the understanding that their identity would remain unknown in the published report. This was due, claim the authors, to fears of suffering the same kind of castigation experienced by Jensen for publicly expressing views on the correlation between race and intelligence which are privately held in the wider academic community.[8]
Snyderman and Rothman stated that media reports often either erroneously reported that most experts believe that the genetic contribution to IQ is absolute (~100% heritability) or that most experts believe that genetics plays no role at all (~0% heritability). As they wrote:[9]
With the possible exception of Leon Kamin, we can be confident that none of the experts cited here actually believes that genes play no role in individual differences in IQ, but their positions are represented as such by newspapers that divide the world into hereditarians and environmentalists, and often fail to clarify for their readers that the argument is over the degree of genetic influence, not its existence or exclusive control. Because newspaper journalists either cannot or do not want to understand this distinction, readers will not either.
News reports made mistakes of the same proportion when reporting the expert view on the contribution of genetics to racial-ethnic group differences in IQ.
News reports also tended to cite the opinions of only very few experts, such as Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, and William Shockley, to whom they often erroneously attributed a variety of views, including that Blacks are 'inherently or innately inferior' to Whites, that their views have adverse implication for education policy or adverse political implications, or that they are racist.[10] Snyderman and Rothman speculated that the misattribution of views to these individuals is fueled by the attacks made on them by public intellectuals, such as psychologist Leon Kamin.
The study also found that the media regularly presented the views of Kamin and evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould as representative of mainstream opinion among experts, whereas those who publicly state that individual and group differences are partly genetic, in particular psychologist Arthur Jensen, were characterized as a small minority. According to Synderman and Rothman, their survey of expert opinion found that the opposite is actually true. In particular, the surveyed experts reported that they hold the scientific views of Kamin to be of only marginal importance.[11]
The survey confirmed that IQ tests had been misused but that nevertheless most respondents strongly supported their continued use:[12][13]
Our expert sample agrees that test misuse in elementary and secondary schools is prevalent...but they believe that test use should continue...It is also the case that almost half of all experts believe test misuse to be an infrequent phenomenon. Yet in all the news media coverage of test misuse, there is virtually no indication that misuse is not highly prevalent or that it does not completely invalidate test use.
Snyderman and Rothman suggested that the personal views and preferences of journalists and editors influenced their reporting, especially their selection of which views to present and how to present them. They suggested that the desire of the journalists and editors to advance liberal political goals, which are seen by many as incompatible with a substantial genetic contribution to individual and group differences in IQ, caused them to preferentially report the views of experts who reject the heritability of IQ.
Related works[edit]
Rothman continued to refine explanations for bias in his later work. In Journalists, Broadcasters, Scientific Experts and Public Opinion (1990), he writes: "Since they lack the time to read many books or to think issues through carefully, [...] the judgements which journalists present to the public are often based on a very shallow knowledge of the subject with which they deal. They learn by reading newspapers and journals, and more important, obtain information from those they interview. They thus develop a superficial sophistication about various public issues."[14]
The findings were welcomed by psychologists and educationalists engaged in hereditarian research, such as Arthur Jensen, Hans Eysenck, Linda Gottfredson and Robert A. Gordon. As Gottfredson (2005) relates, even Jensen himself was surprised by the findings. Eysenck (1994) saw them as a vindication that his writings in the 1970s had been in "complete accord with orthodoxy". Gordon (1992) wrote that "the survey dispels once and for all the media fiction that researchers like Jensen are outside of the mainstream because they examine such an impolitic hypothesis." Gottfredson (1994) suggested that the findings confirmed a systematic and ongoing attempt in the media and academia to promote the "egalitarian fiction" and "scientific fraud" that intelligence differences are entirely due to environmental causes.[15]
A 1990 review of the book by behavior geneticist and IQ researcher Erik Turkheimer commented "The authors do not attempt to document their assertion that the opinion of scientific experts is colored by their political beliefs; thankfully, they can't make it stick."[16] In a 1994 article entitled Media vs. Reality, psychologist Hans J. Eysenck cites the Snyderman and Rothman study as proof that, despite the reports of him and his views which have appeared in the media to the contrary, his findings have always been in "complete accord with orthodoxy".[17] He complains of being misrepresented in the media as a "maverick" with "controversial" views who went against consensus. Eysenck sees the Snyderman and Rothman study as proving that "exactly the opposite is true".[18]
Linda Gottfredson, author of Mainstream Science on Intelligence (1994), a public statement signed by 52 professors in various disciplines intended to represent the dominant view in the field of intelligence research, argues that the Snyderman and Rothman study helps to uncover what she refers to as the "egalitarian fiction" which "undergirds much current social policy".[19] She further opines that the reluctance among experts to voice their privately held views as documented by Snyderman and Rothman could be a contributing factor to what she sees as being widespread misinformation among the public regarding the actual findings of intelligence research.[20]
In 2002, senior editor of Skeptic magazine Frank Miele interviewed Arthur Jensen about the public and academic reception of his work. In his response, Jensen cites the Synderman and Rothman study as a "thorough presentation of expert opinion among behavior geneticists and psychometricians" on the subject of intelligence.[21] When Miele points out that, despite the findings of Snyderman and Rothman to the effect that the majority of experts silently agree with Jensen's views, no official body such as the APA has issued a statement explicitly supporting him or his findings, Jensen responds that, in his opinion, no scientific organization such as the APA should make such public statements, as "these questions are not answered by a show of hands".[22]
A long review by Silverman (1991) in the journal Gifted Child Quarterly described the book as important in the field of gifted education. She welcomed its endorsement of IQ tests, contrary to the press's indictment of intelligence testing, and praised it for affirming the heritability of intelligence in individuals from parents to children. She pointed out that, "Since Mark Snyderman has been a collaborator with Richard Herrnstein, the book may have been written partially in defense of Herrnstein, who was often barred from speaking engagements because of his views on the heritability of IQ," before concluding that, "Armed with the support of the psychological community that this book provides, we will be able to take an informed stand in attempting to preserve gifted education in the months ahead."
Professor of education Myron Lieberman described the Snyderman and Rothman study as "impressive evidence that the American people are misinformed about basic educational issues."[23]
Another review by Lennon (1990) in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science was less positive, describing the authors as giving "overwhelming approval" for Jensen's position and the book as "comprehensive and informative" on the controversy over IQ tests but also as "insensitive, irresponsible, and dangerous". He took particular issue with the last chapter where the authors picked out the "real culprits" in the controversy during the 1970s and 1980s: "the liberal press, a biased and uninformed 'elite'; media personalities, seekers of sensational topics only; universities and academics; environmentalists; civil rights activists who dared to question and confront the societal implementation of the in-place value system; and social service professionals who are responsible for 'liberal and cosmopolitan ideas'." He queried their assertion that a positive review in the press could sometimes provide "a more significant source of recognition and reward than that offered by professional journals."
Some commentators have been more incredulous, particularly about the single question concerning race and intelligence, "Which of the following best characterizes your opinion of the heritability of black-white differences in IQ?" Amongst the 661 returned questionnaires, 14% declined to answer the question, 24% voted that there was insufficient evidence to give an answer, 1% voted that the gap was "due entirely to genetic variation", 15% voted that it "due entirely to environmental variation" and 45% voted that it was a "product of genetic and environmental variation". Jencks & Phillips (1998) have pointed out that it was unclear to them how many of those who replied "both" would have agreed with them that genetics did not play a large role; it was also unclear to them whether those responding were familiar with the literature on the subject.[24] Sternberg, Grigorenko & Kidd (2006), responding to a citation of the same question in a comment on one of their earlier papers, stated that they did not give "much credence" to the survey.[25]
Conrad (1997) noted that Snyderman and Rothman echoed the claims of Richard Herrnstein, another psychologist of the hereditarian school, in claiming that "the media, relative to the scientific experts surveyed, were overly critical of testing and the heritability of IQ and that it continually manifested an environmental bias in explanations of IQ differences between blacks and whites."
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b c Silverman 1991, p. 153
2. ^ Snyderman & Rothman 1988, p. 32
3. ^ a b Snyderman & Rothman 1988, p. 250
4. ^ Silverman 1991, pp. 153–154
5. ^ Snyderman Rothman, pp. 291–301, Appendix F, facsimile of 1984 questionnaire
6. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 250
7. ^ Snyderman & Rothman (1987:255), cited in Eysenck (1994:66).
8. ^ Gottfredson 1995, pp. 97–98
9. ^ Snyderman & Rothman 1988, p. 217
10. ^ Snyderman & Rothman 1987
11. ^ Gottfredson (1995:98).
12. ^ Silverman 1991, p. 155
13. ^ Snyderman & Rothman 1988, p. 211
14. ^ See Rothman (1990:117).
15. ^ See:
16. ^ Turkheimer, Eric (1990). "Consensus and Controversy about IQ". Contemporary Psychology 35 (5): 428–430. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
17. ^ Eysenck (1994:66).
18. ^ Eysenck (1994:66). See also Eysenck (2000:2-3).
19. ^ Gottfredson (1995:95).
20. ^ Gottfredson (1995:98)
21. ^ Miele (2002:79).
22. ^ Miele (2002:163).
23. ^ Lieberman (1993:80).
24. ^ Jencks & Phillips 1998
25. ^ See: |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29453 | Toto and the Women
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(Redirected from Totò e le donne)
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Toto and the Women
(Totò e le donne)
Toto and the Women.jpg
Directed by Mario Monicelli
Produced by Luigi De Laurentiis
Written by Age & Scarpelli
Mario Monicelli
Starring Totò, Ave Ninchi, Franca Faldini, Peppino De Filippo
Cinematography Tonino Delli Colli
Release dates 1952
Running time 103 minutes
Country Italy
Language Italian
Toto and the Women (Italian: Totò e le donne) is a 1952 Italian film directed by Mario Monicelli and Steno
The Roman businessman Philip (Totò) can not standthat his possessive and domineering wife (Ave Ninchi) wants to require its own lifestyle. In fact, for years now after the wedding, Philip was now totally feel deprived of their freedom of her husband. The only freedom that remains is to hole up in the attic read novels polizieschie and venerate the leader of the Italian sergeants. The balance family collapses when the young daughter of Philip became engaged to a young doctor (Peppino De Filippo) to prove to everyone that his talent decides to use the poor Philip as a guinea pig! When enough is enough: Philip decides to spend his evenings in the greater worldliness possible along with his young girlfriend. However Philip soon discovers that the girl is too young for him and, feeling ridiculous, decides to break off the relationship. But it is too late: his wife discovered him and wants to drag it to court ...
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29454 | Grand prince
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Velikiy kniaz')
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The title grand prince or great prince (Latin: Magnus Princeps) ranked in honour below emperor and tsar and above a sovereign prince (or Fürst).
Grand duke is the usual and established, though not literal, translation of these terms in English and Romance languages, which do not normally use separate words for a "prince" who reigns as a monarch (e.g. Albert II, Prince of Monaco) and a "prince" who does not reign, but belongs to a monarch's family (e.g. Prince William, Duke of Cambridge). German, Dutch, Slavic and Scandinavian languages do use separate words to express this concept, and in those languages grand prince is understood as a distinct title (for a cadet of a dynasty) from grand duke (hereditary ruler ranking below a king).
The title of grand prince was once used for the sovereign of a "grand principality". The last titular grand principalities vanished in 1917 and 1918, the territories being united into other monarchies or becoming republics. Already at that stage, the grand principalities of Lithuania, Transylvania and Finland had been for centuries under rulers of other, bigger monarchies, so that their title of grand prince was "masked" by a royal title (king/tsar) or an imperial one (emperor). The last sovereign to reign whose highest title was grand prince was Ivan IV of Moscow in the 16th century, until he assumed the style Tsar of Russia. When Ivan IV's pre-tsarist title is referred to in English, however, it is usually as grand duke.
Velikiy knjaz is also a Russian courtesy title for members of the family of the Russian tsar (from the 17th century), although those grand princes were not sovereigns.
Medieval use[edit]
Grand Prince, used in the Slavic and Baltic languages, was the title of a mediæval monarch who headed a more-or-less loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser princes. Those grand princes' title and position was at the time usually translated as king. In fact, the Slavic knjaz and the Baltic kunigaikštis (nowadays usually translated as prince) are cognates of king. However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, primogeniture not governing the order of succession. All princes of the family were equally eligible to inherit a crown (for example, succession might be through agnatic seniority or rotation). Often other members of the dynasty ruled some constituent parts of the monarchy/country. An established use of the title was in the Kievan Rus' and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from the 14th century). Thus, Veliki Knjaz has been more like high king than "grand duke", at least, originally and were not subordinated to any other authority as more western (for example Polish) Grand Dukes were.[citation needed] As these countries expanded territorially and moved towards primogeniture and centralization, their rulers acquired more elevated titles.
Some of the first rulers of Hungary in the 10th century were grand princes: Geza and, until his royal coronation, his son and heir Stephen of Hungary.
Великий князь (Velikiy Kniaz; literally, great prince) was, starting in the 10th century, the title of the leading Prince of the Kievan Rus', head of the Rurikid House: first the prince of Kiev, and then that of Vladimir and Galicia-Volhynia starting in the 13th century. Later, several princes of nationally important cities, which comprised vassal appanage principalities, held this title (Grand Prince of Moscow, Tver', Yaroslavl', Ryazan', Smolensk, etc.). From 1328 the Grand Prince of Moscow appeared as the titular head of all of Russia and slowly centralized power until Ivan IV was crowned tsar in 1547. Since then, the title grand prince ceased to be a hereditary office and became a generic title for members of the Imperial family until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
The Lithuanian title Didysis kunigaikštis was used by the rulers of Lithuania, and after 1569, it was one of two main titles used by the monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The kings of Poland from the Swedish House of Vasa also used this title for their non-Polish territories. This Lithuanian title was sometimes latinized as Magnus Dux or Grand Duke.
In 1582, king John III of Sweden added Grand Prince of Finland to the subsidiary titles of the Swedish kings, however without any territorial or civic implications, Finland already being a part of the Swedish realm.
The Holy Roman Empire ruling house of Habsburg instituted a similar Grand Principality in Transylvania (Siebenburgen) in 1765.
After the Russian conquests, the title continued to be used by the Russian emperor in his role as ruler of Lithuania (1793–1918) and of autonomous Finland (1809–1917) as well. His titulary included, among other titles: "Grand Duke of Smolensk, Volynia, Podolia", "Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod, Chernigov" etc.
Modern use[edit]
A more literal translation of the Russian title than grand duke would be great prince — especially in the pre-Petrine era — but the term is neither standard nor widely used in English. In German, however, a Russian Grand Duke was known as a Großfürst, and in Latin as Magnus Princeps.
Grand prince remained as a dynastic title for the senior members of the Romanov dynasty in Russia's imperial era. The title Velikiy Kniaz, its use finally formalized by Alexander III, then belonged to children and grandchildren (through sons) of the emperors of Russia. The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russia's emperors used a different version of the title from females who obtained it as the consorts of Russian grand princes; the form for the latter was Великие Княгини, Velikie knjagini.
The title grand prince is also used for Archduke Amadeo of Austria, the son and heir of the pretender to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. His Tuscan style is HI&RH The Grand Prince of Tuscany.
Styles and forms of address[edit]
In modern times a Russian Grand Duke or Grand Duchess is styled Imperial Highness.
See also[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29455 | Verily Anderson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Verily Anderson (12 January 1915 – 16 July 2010) was a British author, best known for writing the screenplay of the film No Kidding,[1] based on her 1958 book Beware of Children, for writing Brownie books and writing genealogical books about the Gurney, Barclay and Buxton families.
Born as Verily Bruce on 12 January 1915,[2] she was the daughter of Francis Rosslyn Courtenay Bruce and Rachel Gurney.
Verily Bruce was educated at Edgbaston High School for Girls, Birmingham, between the ages of 4 and 7, then she attended Normanhurst School in Battle, Sussex. At 16, she went to Royal College of Music in London. She was in the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry between 1938 and 1941.
On 2 August 1940 she married Captain Donald Clive Anderson, son of Frank Anderson, thereafter using the name Verily Anderson for her writing. She was with the BBC in TV and radio between 1946 and 2002 working on Woman's Hour and writing TV Plays.
On 10 August 1971, she married Paul Edward Paget.
She last resided in Northrepps, Norfolk, where she died at home on 16 July 2010, just after completing a book.[3] She is buried with her husband Paul Paget in neighbouring Sidestrand.
Children of Verily Bruce and Captain Donald Clive Anderson.[2]
1. Marian O'Hare designer
2. Rachel Anderson is also a writer mostly of children’s literature
3. Eddie Anderson is a television producer.
4. Janie Anderson (now Janie Hampton) is a writer and radio presenter
5. Alexandra Walker (née Anderson) is a literacy tutor to young people.
Gurney family history and genealogy[edit]
Verily Anderson was the author two books about the Gurney, Barclay and Buxton families:
• Northrepps Grandchildren (ISBN 1-898030-67-7)
• Northrepps is a large manor house near Cromer, Norfolk, that has been occupied by the same family for more than eight generations. This family now has thousands of members; many of whom have made their mark on British society. Notable are Thomas Fowell Buxton, of slave emancipation fame, and Elizabeth Fry, the social reformer. For the Buxton, Barclay and Gurney families, Northrepps has been a central focus for many years; Verily Anderson recalls living there, and provides a close-up account of family life through the eyes of the many children who used the house over generations.
• Friends and Relations (ISBN 1-898030-84-7). A detailed family history of the Gurney family, using information from family records.
Brownie books[edit]
• Brownies' Day Abroad, published 1984.[2]
• Brownies' Cook-Book, published 1974.[2]
• Towards the Golden Hand. A play for Brownies. Published 1948.[4]
• Magic for the Golden Bar, published 1953.[4]
• Amanda and the Brownies. Illustrated by Joan Milroy. Published 1960.[4]
• The Brownies and the Ponies. Illustrated by Edgar Norfield. Published 1965.
• The Brownies and the Christening, published 1977.[4]
• The Brownies and the Wedding Day, published 1974.[4]
• Brownies on Wheels, published 1966.[4]
• The Brownies and the Golden Hand. Illustrated by Edgar Norfield. Published 1963.[4]
Other children's books[edit]
• Vanload to Venice. Illustrated by Margaret Ingram. Published 1961.[4]
• Camp Fire Cook-Book, published 1976.[5]
• Clover Coverdale published 1966.[6]
• Our Square, published 1957.[2]
• Scrambled Egg for Christmas; line drawings by Marian O'Hare, published 1970.[2]
• Spam Tomorrow, published 1956.[2]
• Beware of Children, published 1958.[2]
• Daughters of Divinity, published 1960.[2]
• The Flo Affair, published 1963.[2]
• Nine Times Never. Illustrated by Edward Lewis. Published 1962.[4]
• The Yorks in London. Illustrated by Nathaniel Mayer. Published 1964.
• The Last of the Eccentrics: A Life of Rosslyn Bruce, published 1972.[2]
• The Northrepps Grandchildren, published 1968.[2]
• 'The De Veres of Castle Hedingham, published 1993.[2]
• Friends and Relations, published 1980.[4]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Obituary London Guardian, 29 July 2010.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lundy, Darryl. "Verily Bruce". The Peerage. [unreliable source]
3. ^ Batson, Richard (20 July 2010). "Tributes paid to Norfolk author Verily Anderson". Eastern Daily Press (Norwich, England: Archant Regional). Retrieved July 2010.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j British Library Catalogue
5. ^
6. ^ [1]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29456 | Video-in video-out
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Video In Video Out)
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Video In Video Out (VIVO)
Vivo splitter cable.jpg
A 6-connector VIVO splitter cable. From left to right: S-Video In, Component Pb out, Component Pr out, Component Y out/Composite out, Composite in, S-Video Out
Type Analog video connector
Manufacturer Various graphics card manufacturers
Width 10
Hot pluggable Yes
External Yes
Video signal At least up to 1080p
Pins 9
Connector Mini-DIN 9
MiniDIN-9 Diagram.svg Pseudo miniDIN-9 Diagram.png
VIVO port using standard (left) and non-standard (right) Mini-DIN
Video in video out (usually seen as the acronym VIVO and commonly pronounced vee-voh), is a graphics port which enables some video cards to have bidirectional (input and output) analog video transfer through a mini-DIN connector, usually of the 9-pin variety, and a specialised splitter cable (which can sometimes also transfer analog audio).
VIVO is found on high-end ATI and NVIDIA computer video cards, sometimes labeled "TV OUT". VIVO on these graphics cards typically supports composite, component, and S-Video as outputs, and composite and S-Video as inputs. Many other video cards only support component and/or S-Video outputs to complement VGA or DVI, typically using a component breakout cable and an S-Video cable. While component-out operation supports high-definition resolutions, it does not support the HDCP standard which would be required for official HDTV support as set out by the EICTA.
A graphics card with VGA, VIVO and DVI outputs
Some practical uses of VIVO include being able to display multimedia stored on a computer on a TV, and being able to connect a DVD player or video game console to a computer while continuing to allow viewing via a TV monitor. VIVO itself, however, can not decode broadcast signals from any source, and so, like HDTV sets without tuners and composite monitors, additional equipment is required to be able to show broadcast TV programs.
Some manufacturers enable their version of the VIVO port to also transfer sound.
The VIVO output on graphics cards is often not used by those who have no need to connect their computer to a TV. Also, there can be issues in software supporting the use of VIVO ports.
A computer using VIVO must have software that can handle an input signal. For example, in the case of Nvidia GeForce series 6 and 7 video card users this means downloading Nvidia's WDM drivers.
Additionally, On Windows XP computers that use GeForce video cards with Scalable Link Interface (SLI) mode enabled, using a TV to display part of the desktop via VIVO is disabled, just as dual-monitor mode is disabled. Confusingly, however, some distorted images may be visible on a properly-connected VIVO-driven television display at boot-up due to the fact that prior to the OS loading the display driver, the video bios might initialize outputs that are then unavailable once the OS takes over and the driver loads into SLI mode.
See also[edit]
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29457 | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 52°17′N 1°35′W / 52.28°N 1.59°W / 52.28; -1.59
Warwick overview from the castle.jpg
A view over Warwick
Warwick is located in Warwickshire
Warwick shown within Warwickshire
Population 30,114
OS grid reference SP2865
Civil parish Warwick
District Warwick
Shire county Warwickshire
Region West Midlands
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town WARWICK
Postcode district CV34 CV35
Dialling code 01926
Police Warwickshire
Fire Warwickshire
Ambulance West Midlands
EU Parliament West Midlands
UK Parliament Warwick and Leamington
List of places
Warwick (/ˈwɒrɪk/ WORR-ik) is the county town of Warwickshire, England. The town lies upon the River Avon, 11 miles (18 km) south of Coventry and just west of Leamington Spa and Whitnash with which it is conjoined. As of the 2001 United Kingdom census, it had a population of 23,350, increasing a decade later to 30,114.
There has been human activity at Warwick as early as the Neolithic, and constant habitation since the 6th century. A Saxon burh was created at Warwick in the 9th century and Warwick Castle was established on the site in 1068 as part of the Norman conquest of England. Warwick School claims to be the oldest boys' school in the country. The earldom of Warwick was created in 1088 and the earls controlled the town in the medieval period. During this time Warwick was given town walls; Eastgate and Westgate survive. The castle developed into a stone fortress and then a country house and is today a popular tourist attraction.
The Great Fire of Warwick in 1694 destroyed much of the medieval town and as a result most of the buildings post-date this period. Though Warwick did not become industrialised in the 19th century, it has experienced growth since 1801 when the population was 5,592. Racing Club Warwick F.C., founded in 1919, are based in the town. The town is administered by Warwick District Council and Warwickshire County Council has its headquarters in Warwick.
Lord Leycester hospital by the west gate, Warwick
An Ordnance Survey map published in 1834 showing Warwick; the castle is at the south of the settlement next to the River Avon.
Human activity on the site of the town dates back to the Neolithic, when a settlement may have been established. From the 6th century onwards, Warwick has been continuously inhabited. According to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle, in the year 914 Anglo Saxon Ethelfleda Lady of the Mercians, daughter of king Alfred the Great and sister of king Edward the Elder of Wessex, built a burh or fortified dwelling at Warwick. It was one of ten burhs built to defend the kingdom of Mercia against the Danes.[1] Warwick was chosen as the site for one of these fortifications because of its proximity to the important transport routes of the Fosse Way and the Avon. In the early 10th century a new shire was founded with Warwick as its administrative centre, giving the settlement new importance.[2] The name 'Warwick' means "dwellings by the weir".[3] In 1050 the Danes invaded Mercia and burned down much of Warwick including the nunnery (which stood on the site of the present day St Nicholas Church).[4]
William the Conqueror founded Warwick Castle in 1068 on his way to Yorkshire to deal with rebellion in the north.[2] Building a castle within a pre-existing settlement could require demolishing properties on the site, and in the case of Warwick four houses were pulled down.[5] The castle was within the larger Anglo-Saxon burh and a new town wall was created close to the rampart of the burh.[6]
In the medieval period Warwick remained under the control of various Earls of Warwick, mostly of the Beauchamp family, becoming a walled town. Today the only remains of the town walls are the east and west gatehouses. The eastern gatehouse now serves as part of the King's High School, a sister institution to Warwick School. Warwick was not incorporated as a borough until 1545.[4] The town's Priory was founded in 1142 on the site of the current Priory Park.
The Eastgate, Warwick
Much of the medieval town was destroyed in the Great Fire of Warwick which occurred in 1694.[7] As a result, most of the buildings in the town centre are of late 17th- and early 18th-century origin, although a number of older medieval timber framed buildings survive, especially around the edges of the town centre.[8]
Warwick is represented in Parliament as part of the Warwick and Leamington constituency. It has been held by the Conservative Party since the 2010 general election; since then, Chris White has been the constituency's member of parliament. From the 1945 general election until 1997 the consistuency elected a Conservative MP. In 1997 a Labour MP was elected and held the seat until 2010 when White was voted in.[9]
Antiquarian William Dugdale wrote in the 17th century that Warwick was "standing upon a rocky ascent from every side, and in a dry and fertile soil, having ... rich and pleasant meadows on the south part ... and ... woodland on the north".[10] Two factors have effected Warwick's built environment: the Great Fire of 1694 and the lack of industrialisation. The fire destroyed much of the town, and the subsequent rebuilding was largely in one style. In the 19th century, when other towns were rapidly growing during the Industrial Revolution, Warwick did not experience the same growth. As a result, the factories and workers' housing largely passed Warwick by.[11] Part of the reason Warwick did not develop as a centre of industry was that the town did not lie on important roads and the River Avon was not navigable as far as Warwick.[12]
Suburbs of Warwick include Bridge End, Emscote, Forbes, Myton (connecting Warwick with Leamington Spa), Packmores, The Cape, Warwick Gates, Woodloes Park and the newly established Chase Meadow.
Warwick Gates[edit]
Warwick Gates is a newly developed housing estate and business park in Heathcote, south-west Warwick. Although separated from Warwick town centre by open fields, Warwick Gates falls within the Warwick South and Bishops Tachbrook parish. It is adjacent to Whitnash, a small town near Leamington Spa, and nearby the village of Bishops Tachbrook. The Tachbrook Park and Heathcote industrial estates are located nearby. The NHS Royal Leamington Spa Rehabilitation Hospital is adjacent to Warwick Gates.
Warwick, along with the rest of the British Isles, experiences a maritime climate, characterised by a narrow temperature range, mild winters and cool summers. The nearest official met office weather station is Wellesbourne, located about 6 miles south of Warwick town centre, and at a similar elevation.
The absolute maximum temperature (also the absolute maximum for the county of Warwickshire) stands at 36.1 °C (97.0 °F)[13] recorded in August 1990. During a typical year, the warmest day should reach 30.0 °C (86.0 °F),[14] and 16.5 days[15] should report a maximum of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher.
The lowest recorded temperature is −17.8 °C (0.0 °F),[16] recorded in January 1982. Typically, 53.3 air frosts are recorded in an 'average' year.
Rainfall averages out at 608 millimetres (23.9 in) per year,[17] with over 114 days[18] seeing 1mm or more falling. All averages refer to the 1971–00 period.
Climate data for Wellesbourne, elevation 47m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960–
Record high °C (°F) 14.5
Average high °C (°F) 7.0
Average low °C (°F) 0.9
Record low °C (°F) −17.8
Precipitation mm (inches) 53.84
Source: KNMI[19]
Warwick compared
2001 UK census Warwick[20] Warwick Local Authority[21] England
Total population 23,350 125,931 49,138,831
White 93.9% 92.9% 90.9%
Asian 3.8% 4.7% 4.6%
Black 0.4% 0.5% 2.3%
As of the 2001 UK census, Warwick had a population of 23,350. The population density was 8,841 per square mile (3,414 /km2), with a 100 to 95.7 female-to-male ratio.[22] Of those over 16 years old, 29.0% were single (never married), 43.4% married, and 8.9% divorced.[23] Warwick's 10,285 households included 33.1% one-person, 36.7% married couples living together, 8.6% were co-habiting couples, and 16.8% single parents with their children; these figures were similar to those of the wider district of Warwick, however both borough and town had higher rates of single parents than England (9.5%).[24] Of those aged 16–74, 26.2% had no academic qualifications, above the figure for the district but below proportion nationally (22.2% and 28.9& respectively), and 26.2% had an educational qualification such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacher status, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, qualified nurse, midwife, health visitor, etc. compared to 19.9% nationwide.[25][26]
Population change[edit]
Warwick is also known for Warwick Racecourse, near the west gate of the medieval town, which hosts several televised horse racing meetings a year. Within the racecourse is a small golf course. Warwick Hospital, Royal Leamington Spa Rehabilitation Hospital and St Michael's Hospital (a psychiatric unit that superseded Central Hospital, Hatton) are situated within the town.
Warwick and its historic buildings have featured in a number of television series, including the BBC's drama series Dangerfield, the period dramas Pride and Prejudice and Tom Jones and Granada Television's Moll Flanders. Parts of the town subbed for Elizabethan and Jacobean era London in the third-series episode two (The Shakespeare Code) of Doctor Who which ran 7 April 2007.
Warwick has many long established sports clubs including Warwick Hockey Club which was founded in 1920 and Racing Club Warwick F.C. founded a year earlier.
Aylesford School
There are a number of secondary schools located within Warwick, including Warwick School, an independent school for boys, The King's High School For Girls, an independent school for girls, Myton School and Aylesford School, both of which are state run co-educational schools. Campion School and Trinity Catholic School in Leamington Spa also include parts of Warwick in their priority areas.[28]
Warwick School[edit]
Warwick School is an independent school for boys which claims to be the oldest boys' school in England.[29] The actual date of its founding is unknown, although 914 has been quoted in some cases. For some years the school honoured the fact that King Edward the Confessor (c.1004–1066) chartered it, although there is no direct evidence for this, and King Henry VIII re-founded the school in 1545. Whatever the truth of the matter, there is no doubt that there has been a grammar school in the town of Warwick since before the Norman Conquest, and its successor, the present independent school, has been on its current site south of the River Avon since 1879.
University of Warwick[edit]
Warwick bus depot near the Lord Leycester Hospital
Warwick is on the M40 London-Birmingham motorway, connected to junctions 13, 14 and 15, and is on the A46 dual-carriageway trunk road positioned between Coventry and Stratford-upon-Avon. Warwick has several council off-street car parks in the town.[30] There are also a few privately run car parks, including those at the railway station and the castle. There is also limited on-street parking in some streets, enforcement of which is the responsibility of council parking wardens.[30]
Bus services to Leamington Spa, Stratford-upon-Avon and Coventry are operated by Stagecoach in Warwickshire from the bus station in the town centre.
There is also a National Express coach stop in the town's bus station with limited services. The nearby Warwick Parkway railway station also has a coach stop with more frequent services.
The nearest international airport to Warwick is Birmingham Airport, about 20 miles (32 km) by road from the town centre. There also used to be a RAF station called RAF Warwick.
Public services[edit]
Twin towns[edit]
The town of Warwick has formal twinning arrangements with two European towns: Saumur in France (since 1976) and Verden in Germany (since 1989). Havelberg in Germany has been a friendship town since 1990 when it was adopted by Verden.[31] There is also a friendship link with Bo District in Sierra Leone.[32]
1. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. M. Swanton (Dent, London 1997), s.a. 911–918.
2. ^ a b Allison, Dunning & Jones 1969, p. 418
3. ^ Warwickshire History, Warwickshire County Council, archived from the original on 1 October 2011, retrieved 2 April 2011
4. ^ a b Slater 1981
5. ^ Harfield 1991, pp. 373, 382
6. ^ Allison & Dunning Jones, pp. 418–419
7. ^ The governing charter of the borough of Warwick p.51 Joseph Parks (1827)
8. ^ Allen 2000
9. ^ "Warwick and Leamington", The Guardian, retrieved 3 April 2011
10. ^ Quoted in Allison, Dunning & Jones 1969, p. 417
11. ^ Pevsner & Wedgwood 1996, p. 443
12. ^ Allison, Dunning & Jones 1969, p. 417
13. ^ "1990 maximum". Retrieved 28 February 2011.
14. ^ "Annual average maximum". Retrieved 28 February 2011.
15. ^ "Days >25c average". Retrieved 28 February 2011.
16. ^ "1982 minimum". Retrieved 28 February 2011.
17. ^ "1971-00 Rainfall". Retrieved 28 February 2011.
18. ^ "1971-00 Raindays". Retrieved 28 February 2011.
20. ^ KS06 Ethnic group: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 25 January 2005, retrieved 2 April 2011 [dead link]
21. ^ Warwick (Local Authority) ethnic group, Statistics.gov.uk, retrieved 2 April 2011
22. ^ KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 7 February 2005, retrieved 2 April 2011 [dead link]
23. ^ KS04 Marital status: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 2 February 2005, retrieved 2 April 2011 [dead link]
24. ^ KS20 Household composition: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 2 February 2005, retrieved 2 April 2011 [dead link]
Warwick (Local Authority) household data, Statistics.gov.uk, retrieved 12 September 2008
25. ^ Warwick (Local Authority) key statistics, Statistics.gov.uk, retrieved 2 April 2011
26. ^ KS13 Qualifications and students: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Statistics.gov.uk, 2 February 2005, retrieved 2 April 2011 [dead link]
27. ^ Allison, Dunning & Jones 1969, pp. 417–418
28. ^ "Secondary school priority areas: Central area". Warwickshire County Council. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. [dead link]
29. ^ About us, Warwick School, retrieved 15 March 2012
30. ^ a b "Parking in Warwick". Warwick District Council. 1 January 2011. [dead link]
31. ^ Twinning, Warwick District Council, retrieved 3 April 2011
32. ^ One World Link, One World Link, retrieved 3 April 2011
Further reading[edit]
• Allison, K. J. (1969a), "The Borough of Warwick: Political and Administrative History to 1545", in Stephens, W. B., A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8: The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick, Victoria County History, pp. 476–480, ISBN 0-19-722734-1
• Allison, K. J. (1969b), "The Borough of Warwick: Economic and Social History to 1545", in Stephens, W. B., A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8: The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick, Victoria County History, pp. 480–489, ISBN 0-19-722734-1
External links[edit] |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29458 | glass electrode
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
Wikipedia has an article on:
glass electrode (plural glass electrodes)
1. (chemistry, physics) Any of several electrodes, having a thin glass bulb, whose potential is dependent upon the concentration of hydrogen or other ions in the solution in which it is immersed; used in pH meters etc. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29463 | Tue, 18 Sep 2012 16:42:12 GMT | By IANS
Won't stop working: Knightley
Los Angeles: Actress Keira Knightley might have just exchanged engagement rings with musician James Righton, but she is quite clear that she won't spend her future as a housewife.
Won't stop working: Knightley
"I don't want to deny my femininity. But would I want to be a stay-at-home mother? No. On the other hand, you should be allowed to do that, as should men, without being sneered at," US Vogue magazine quoted her as saying.
However, the 27-year-old does accept that after the engagement, things have changed for her.
"It's no longer 'I' but that big old 'we'," she said.
Knightley was last seen in Joe Wright's movie "Anna Karenina" and will next be seen in the movie adaptation of author Claire Messud's novel "The Emperor's Children".
MSN Mobile Entertainment
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29468 | QA:Testcase Gnome Web
From FedoraProject
Jump to: navigation, search
See new features in Gnome Web.
If you have Adobe Flash Player installed, but it doesn't work in Gnome Web, install package Package-x-generic-16.pngnspluginwrapper and run command /usr/lib64/nspluginwrapper/npconfig -v -n -a -i as a regular user. Replace "lib64" with "lib" is you are running i686 arch.
How to test
1. Test Gnome Web with sites you visit daily, like Google, YouTube, Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, Slashdot, etc. and don't forget on your local sites and sites using HTTPS. Open multiple tabs as many as it's your usual daily peak.
2. Play HTML5 video on YouTube. Try pause, play, fullscreen mode, video seek, changing video resolution, etc.
3. Download some files.
4. Add and open bookmarks from "gearwheel icon" - Bookmarks" menu. Manage them in "Super menu" - "Bookmarks".
5. Login to some pages and store your passwords in Gnome Web. Manage them in "Super menu" - "Personal Data".
6. Configure Gnome Web in "Super menu" - "Personal Data".
7. Save page as web application: "gearwheel icon" - "Save As Web Application..." and search for it and open in Gnome Shell Activities.
8. Try other actions in "gearwheel" menu.
Expected Results
1. All websites should be rendered correctly and look like in other web browsers. You can play HTML5 videos and if you have Package-x-generic-16.pngflash-plugin installed use Flash.
2. You can play video flawlessly and without any glitches or crash.
3. Files should be downloaded to default location, usually your localized "Downloads" directory and automatically opened.
4. Adding, opening and removing bookmarks should work.
5. Gnome Web should ask you before it stores password. You can show and remove your passwords.
6. Every option change should provide result you are expecting from description.
7. You can find and open web application from Activities like local installed applications.
8. Gnome Web should not crash.
9. Every action should work as you expect. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29491 | AnimeSuki Forums
Go Back AnimeSuki Forum > teachopvutru
Conversation Between teachopvutru and Ledgem
Showing Visitor Messages 1 to 3 of 3
1. teachopvutru
2012-04-17 22:40
Haha, glad to see that you still remember me. I still visit animesuki forum but rarely log on.
2. Ledgem
2012-02-01 00:52
Good to see that you're still logging in!
3. Ledgem
2008-06-04 21:21
Been a while since I've seen you active on the forums, welcome back.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29492 | AnimeSuki Forums
Go Back AnimeSuki Forum > AnimeSuki & Technology > Download Help
Thread Tools
Old 2004-04-15, 13:07 Link #1
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2003
Location: Antwerp area, Belgium, Europa
Age: 37
issues between ABC- Torrentstorm
I just wanna ask if someone knows what I'm doing wrong. I have both the ABC and the Torrentstorm client installed but when I try to download anything through the torrentstorm I get lousy dl rates of like 5-10 kB/sec. If I switch to ABC however and try the same torrent I get 40-50 kB/sec...
I prefer Torrentstorm however as this one can make me choose specific files in a batch .
Is their some kind of configuration I have to take care off?
PS yes I have ports 6881-6889 enabled
Thx in advance
7thMethuselah is offline Reply With Quote
Old 2004-04-15, 13:48 Link #2
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2004
Make sure the same upload speed and connections settings are at both client. In TorrentStorm, click View> Settings, and check your settings. Also, in Settings, move to Downloader Version, and choose the newest The Shad0w's client... Oh, don't worry, if you have never been in Settings there before, you only click on the red X to apply the settings.
KiNG is offline Reply With Quote
Old 2004-04-28, 16:53 Link #3
Olde Skool Hooligan
Join Date: Apr 2004
Send a message via AIM to RPGWizard
You could use Azureus. It works like TorrentStorm (as far as I know, I haven't used TorrentStorm) in that it lets you choose which files to d/l, and it's fast, so long as you have the available bandwidth. It's the one I use. Note: You'll need the latest Java Virtual Machine installed. Get it at
RPGWizard is offline Reply With Quote
Old 2004-05-04, 08:47 Link #4
Junior Member
Join Date: May 2004
Location: Fort Wayne Indiana
Age: 27
You use a router? Try This
(note that I use a d-link router so this might not be 100% accurate if you use other.)
If you use a router go to command prompt and type ipconfig look for default gateway and type that i.p in your browser to get acess into your router. Unless you set a password put in User Admin password is blank dont put 1 in . Then when your at your routers front page click advanced then applications and put this.
name - torrent 1
Trigger port - 6881-6889
Trigger Type- Tcp
Public Port - 6881-6889
Public Type - Tcp
This worked for me I went from 1-9 to 150+ on the slowest of downloads.I hope it works for you.
STaROcEaN is offline Reply With Quote
Old 2004-05-22, 00:07 Link #5
Senior Member
Join Date: Dec 2003
Alright, I have a brain buster for you all. I just moved into a house and we have a number of computers hooked up. Roughly six. Now here is the deal.
We have a line going into the motorlola cable modem, that line running to a computer (which is always on). Then we have another ethernet card as an output to a Linksys Hub. Then we have the linksys hub running to an intel hub and finally inputed into my computer.
I switched from Abc to torentstorm and so far I like using torrentstorm, problem is the speeds are crappy on both uploading and downloading. I checked my speeds and I am getting 240+ KB/sec on the download and only 84 Kb/sec on the upload. (Good old Comcast!)
Sooo, can anyone solve this brain buster? am I thinking too hard and it is simple than what I think? Let me know. Thanks alot
Sig by Kagetsu, Avy by wnkryo
xavier8200 is offline Reply With Quote
Old 2004-05-22, 04:50 Link #6
Romanji is evil
Join Date: May 2004
Location: シアトル
Send a message via ICQ to weyoun6
Try using a router for your network instead, so you all have a Direct Connection. If you want the server setup for some reason, see if there is any firewall, NAT etc... settings on the server, and do as in the previous posts. If that doesnt work consider another BT client, and see if it improves your speeds.
weyoun6 is offline Reply With Quote
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29496 | View Full Version : little mistake in store
Sep 5, 2007, 01:40 PM
theres a mistake or is it something special go to: http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/specs.html and you'll see that the ipod touch with 8 GB can support 3500 songs but the ipod nano with the same 8GB can only support 2000 songs , same with the 4GB little mistake or is this true?
Sep 5, 2007, 01:45 PM
I'm seeing 1750 for the 8 GB and 3500 for the 16 GB on the Touch in the comparison chart. The 8 GB nano holds 2000...presumably the Touch holds less at the equivalent capacity due to the more space being taken up by the software. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29508 | RSS 1192 projects tagged "Markup"
Download Website Updated 08 Feb 2002 XML intelligence Visual Editor
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tkxmlive is a Tcl/Tk XML editor. It has a fully configurable user interface based on XML description.
No download Website Updated 15 Mar 2002 OSSP sugar
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OSSP sugar is a markup language and corresponding processing tool for writing technical documentation that uses a mostly invisible markup language (so-called "syntactic sugar" in compiler construction folk terminology). The idea behind it is that markup looks mostly like the textual output; i.e., the OSSP sugar source can be treated as its textual output format ("ASCII WYSIWYG"). Additionally, the OSSP sugar markup language is considered intuitive enough to be recognized and remembered easily, so writing technical documentation is mainly just a matter of performing a "brain dump". OSSP sugar provides only a few markup concepts, but those are stretched to their maximum. The syntactic principle is "keep it simple, stupid" (KISS), but it's still powerful enough to allow one to produce high-quality technical documentation.
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No download Website Updated 26 Apr 2002 @1 Data Sorting Tool
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Download Website Updated 06 May 2002 XMLParser
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XMLparser is a lightweight C++ XML parser written using lex/bison++. It is similar in usage to the Qt DOM classes but works much faster because only the bare essentials are implemented.
No download Website Updated 12 May 2002 Supercharged CMS
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No download Website Updated 11 Jun 2002 GNU JAXP
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No download Website Updated 11 Jun 2002 XT
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XT is a fast, free implementation of XSLT in Java.
No download Website Updated 11 Jun 2002 Xalan-C++
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Xalan-C++ is an XSLT processor for transforming XML documents into HTML, text, or other XML document types.
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An extension for port knocking in iptables. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29522 | Thread: 08:40 PM
View Single Post
Old 07-28-2012, 18:24 #15789
Dungeon Schmuck
Join Date: Dec 1998
Location: Indianapolis, IN
Posts: 6,922
Originally Posted by MinervaDoe View Post
I will sell you guys a special hubcab ejection device for a nominal fee, (mine holds seven.)
I suggest we lease with option to buy; tax advantages for BOTH of us!
Does your ejector have a hard-programmed ejection counter, or are we dependent on the same guy that lost count while editing the original movie?
Samurai Rabbi
samurairabbi is offline Reply With Quote |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29526 | bio-0.5: A bioinformatics library
This implements a number of filters used in the Titanium pipeline, based on published documentation.
Discarding filters
type DiscardFilter = ReadBlock -> BoolSource
DiscardFilters determine whether a read is to be retained or discarded
discard_empty :: DiscardFilterSource
This filter discards empty sequences.
discard_key :: String -> DiscardFilterSource
Discard sequences that don't have the given key tag (typically TCAG) at the start of the read.
discard_dots :: Double -> DiscardFilterSource
1. The dots filter discards sequences where the last positive flow is before flow 84, and flows with >5% dots (i.e. three successive noise values) before the last postitive flow. The percentage can be given as a parameter.
discard_mixed :: DiscardFilterSource
1. The mixed filter discards sequences with more than 70% positive flows. Also, discard with 30% noise, 20% middle (0.45..0.75) or <30% positive.
discard_length :: Int -> DiscardFilterSource
Discard a read if the number of untrimmed flows is less than n (n=186 for Titanium)
Trimming filters
type TrimFilter = ReadBlock -> ReadBlockSource
TrimFilters modify the read, typically trimming it for quality
trim_sigint :: TrimFilterSource
1. Signal intensity trim - trim back until <3% borderline flows (0.5..0.7). Then trim borderline values or dots from the end (use a window).
trim_primer :: String -> TrimFilterSource
1. Primer filter This looks for the B-adaptor at the end of the read. The 454 implementation isn't very effective at finding mutated adaptors.
trim_qual20 :: Int -> TrimFilterSource
1. Quality score trimming trims using a 10-base window until a Q20 average is found.
Utility functions
dlength :: [a] -> DoubleSource
List length as a double (eliminates many instances of fromIntegral)
avg :: Integral a => [a] -> DoubleSource
Calculate average of a list
clipFlows :: ReadBlock -> Int -> ReadBlockSource
Translate a number of flows to position in sequence, and update clipping data accordingly
clipSeq :: ReadBlock -> Int -> ReadBlockSource
Update clip_qual_right if more severe than previous value |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29527 | Nerve cell memory holds key erasing pain
Researchers have found the key to how memories of pain are stored in the brain, especially in nerve cells (neurons), and how they can be erased to ease pain.
The central nervous system is known to “remember” painful experiences, that they leave a memory trace of pain.
“Perhaps the best example of a pain memory trace is found with phantom limb pain,” suggests McGill University neuroscientist Terence Coderre.
“Patients may have a limb amputated because of gangrene, the patients continue to feel they are suffering from pain in the absent limb,” he said, according to a McGill statement.
Recent work has shown that the protein kinase PKMzeta plays a crucial role in building and maintaining memory by strengthening the connections between neurons (nerve cells).
Even more importantly, the researchers found that by blocking the activity of PKMzeta at the neuronal level reverses the hypersensitivity to pain that neurons develop after irritating the skin by applying capsaicin — the active ingredient in hot peppers.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29550 | Sword Fighting with Neal Stephenson and His Mongoliad Co-AuthorsS
It's not even 10:30 in the morning, and I'm already holding an archaic deadly weapon in my hands. I'm in a nondescript warehouse in Seattle, to which I've traveled so that award-winning science fiction novelists can demonstrate how they could cut me in half if they felt like it. Somebody has just pulled a sword out of its scabbard and is passing it around. I'm holding its hilt in both hands, just to make absolutely sure it doesn't slice off something it's not supposed to. It's lighter than I always figured a sword would be.
I'm at the weekly meeting of a bunch of "Western martial arts" enthusiasts, some of them very well-known writers—most prominently Neal Stephenson and Greg Bear. They gather (with various friends, partners and advisors in tow) to talk about swords and pikes and bucklers, occasionally to go upstairs and practice attacking each other with them, and more recently to plan out the open-ended transmedia project they've been working on.
The group — which still doesn't really have a name — began to coalesce a few years ago when Stephenson got interested in swords and assembled a group to figure out how they were actually used back when they were the standard tools of combat. When Stephenson's study of arcane fighting techniques expanded to Bartitsu (a turn-of-the-twentieth-century discipline that has nothing to do with Coyote Ugly but does involve canes), Greg Bear and his son Erik Bear joined the group. Get enough writers together, and one thing leads to another; a cluster of the dojo's members ended up writing a novel. Well, a few novels. Some other stuff, too.
At some point, perhaps after a rousing round of bashing each other with canes, the group started tossing around a concept for a movie — one that, as Stephenson puts it, "would essentially take the tropes of martial arts movies and move them over whole to medieval Europe. If you see a movie set in the East and you see a couple of guys fighting, there's a huge foundation of knowledge and myth that you've got in your head. You know that they're not just making this up: each one of these guys has spent years practicing specific, very highly sophisticated techniques that have names, and give them much greater ability to fight than someone who doesn't have them. That doesn't have to be discursively explained to the audience. But if you see a couple of knights square off, they're doing this kind of HUHHH! — ksssh! — thing..."
The group played with the movie idea for a while, but then they got sidetracked by a question about some of its backstory — specifically why it was that the Mongols, having already flattened Eastern Europe, didn't press onward into Western Europe after the death of Ögedei Khan in 1242. The answer they devised was that a small crew of European warriors, or whatever the European equivalent of samurai would be, came up with the inevitable dangerous but cunning plan.
That became the plot of The Mongoliad, a very long narrative that was serialized online from September, 2010 until January of this year; the first of three print volumes of a significantly revised version came out at the end of April. It was written collectively by Stephenson, the Bears, fantasy author Mark Teppo, journalist Cooper Moo, fighting instructor Joseph Brassey, and the mysterious and pseudonymous "E.D. deBirmingham," about whose identity all the others claim to be sworn to secrecy. (It takes roughly three seconds of online research to find out who she really is, though.) The seven... whatever the Pacific Northwest novelist equivalent of samurai would be... were more or less directed by Teppo, pairing up on particular story threads, alternating chapters, and revising each other's work ad lib.
By the time The Mongoliad got up to speed, they'd decided that what they were creating wasn't just a novel, it was going to be part of a mammoth source of intellectual property — comics, games, movies, you name it — to be called the Foreworld. "We're still working on film and games and that kind of thing," Teppo says. "But it's expensive and difficult to mount those kinds of productions, whereas a bunch of writers have the advantage that they can get something done almost immediately. The Mongoliad grew out of that: 'let's go, what are we waiting for?' The long-term plan is still to nucleate more stuff around that, to include media and games. But the book part has to be run on very narrow margins."
To which Greg Bear adds: "Unless it becomes so horrendously successful that we're all running around in crinoline and organdy, giving up our secret romance writing careers and all that sort of stuff."
Bear's kind of the cheerful uncle figure of the group; he's a bit older than the rest, and a habitual wisecracker. The conversational tic he has in common with his collaborators, though, is that he starts rattling off (genuinely) fascinating anecdotes about historical events and their technological underpinnings at every available opportunity. That explanatory impulse is what fuels The Mongoliad as much as Snow Crash or The Forge of God: science fiction tends to address the intersection of culture, time and technology, and the "time" in that equation is not necessarily the future.
The Mongoliad (like a lot of Stephenson's books) is about the cultural impact of technology as its authors imagine it might have been in the past. As Stephenson puts it, "since we don't have that existing infrastructure of background about these ancient martial arts, we're having to create it out of whole cloth. The whole Foreworld project is an effort to erect that whole infrastructure, so when a character shows up and has awesome fighting abilities, there's a reason why."
As of this sunny Seattle morning, the Foreworld project's immediate scope has abruptly changed a bit. The plan had been to publish the other two volumes of The Mongoliad over the next year, followed by at least two volumes exploring other centuries in the Foreworld timeline. But 47 North — the print branch of Amazon that's publishing it — has suggested that maybe readers would like to continue to hang out around the year 1242 for a while, and the group's on board with that idea.
So, following an hour or so of introductory chatter, Mark Teppo steps up to a chalkboard and calls the meeting to as much order as it's going to get. He's described his role as "cat-herding," which is about right: today's task is figuring out where all the characters are going to go in volumes 4 and 5, and how they're going to get there, and everyone is full of ideas about how to make that happen. But it only takes a few seconds before the conversation becomes eight conversations at once, punctuated by frequent loud laughter from one part of the room or another:
"Maybe we could kill 'em all in the first chapter, then have 500 pages of wind blowing across the graves."
"The party as we left them are in Mongolia, which means they need to come back as far as..."
"Sir, it grieves me to see you wearing those greaves! — Are those greaves, or are greaves on the leg?"
"— It's not right next to Novgorod, but it's in Rus. North of Kiev."
"I'm not sure whether we're going to this year's Comic-Con or not."
"How do the Lithuanians get involved, though?"
"No frickin' story about Russia is complete without Baba Yaga."
"I'll handle Baba Yaga."
"Judicious use of powders and unguents."
"We can't kill him — he has to meet up with Roger Bacon in 1246."
"Who do we have that we can kill?"
Sword Fighting with Neal Stephenson and His Mongoliad Co-AuthorsS
Meanwhile, Stephenson is standing over in a corner, next to a big barrel full of practice weapons that he built a few years ago. He's explaining how it is that "Western martial arts" were forgotten to the point where they have to be reconstructed from sparse documentation. "We got guns," he says, "and we switched over completely to guns and forgot the old tradition. Whereas, in Japan, this very odd thing happened, which is that they had guns and they got rid of them in what we would call the Elizabethan era, and then they put their whole culture into suspended animation until, like, 1867. So that whole time, people were walking around with katanas and maintaining these ancient traditions of swordplay.
"That's part of it. And part of it is that the loss of the actual weapons led to some distortions in what we believe. The only weapons that tended to survive were ceremonial swords, which are ridiculously heavy, because they were never meant to be used, and they've got all kinds of crap hanging off them."
What happened to the other swords, I ask? Angus Trim, a Seattle-based swordmaker, has wandered over to our part of the room. "Where did all the swords go, Gus?" Stephenson prompts him.
"Swords are really prone to things like rust," Trim says. This is a spiel he's clearly got cued up and ready to go at all times. "If they're not taken care of, they're just going to disappear. They're broken up, melted down..." He makes a whatcha gonna do? gesture. "If you got a good sword, that was a valuable object, and so you sharpen it, and every time you sharpen it, you're making it a little bit smaller. You hone it to a certain point and the steel is gone — you're in iron."
Stephenson and Trim are in their element now: they're getting to explain and contextualize weaponry. "You end up with a paring knife that was a mighty longsword a couple of generations ago," Stephenson says. "In Ridley Scott's Robin Hood, there's a scene where they need to pry up a stone, and this guy pulls out his sword — a beautiful sword — and jams it under this giant rock and uses it like a crowbar. Anybody who knows about swords... it's like fingernails on a chalkboard."
"People had swordmakers follow them into battle," Trim adds. "You get a nick in a sword and hit it wrong, whang, it goes flying across a room. How many times did Excalibur have to be replaced in a ten-year period?"
Their enthusiasm has drawn Greg Bear over by this point. "This is why it was a legendary sword — because it lasted!"
I ask Stephenson about the cane-fighting subgroup that drew Greg and Erik Bear into the project, and he's off into explanatory mode again. (I'm not complaining. I could listen to Neal Stephenson explain stuff all day.) "It's an interesting thing," Stephenson says, "because from a distance 19th-century martial arts looks kind of dorky — it looks like Monty Python. It ties into everything we believe about the Victorians: that they were out of touch with their bodies, that they didn't really understand medicine very well, and that they were uncomfortable with physical activities. But once you get into it, you find that these people really knew what they were doing in terms of physical culture, in terms of self-defense. Victorians were really serious about staying fit.
"We want to do a side-story quest thing about the jiujitsu suffragettes. The image that we're all dying to get into a full-page spread in a comic book is this lineup of Edwardian women with the flowered hats and the long skirts and the bustles, and they're all walking eight abreast down a London street, swaggering toward the camera and approaching a bunch of bobbies... if we could get that image in some medium, that would be a good thing."
Sword Fighting with Neal Stephenson and His Mongoliad Co-AuthorsS
Eventually, the next week's worth of writing has been sketched out, and the group moves upstairs, where they've got an armory full of more or less sharp and pointed things, as well as protective gear of various kinds. There are a few old tires hanging from the ceiling to practice attacking, and mats to practice footwork. The group hadn't really been planning on doing much fighting today, but Mongoliad co-author Joseph Brassey and Michael "Tinker" Pearce, an antique weapons expert and the author of The Medieval Sword in the Modern World, take out some practice swords and a bit of armor, and spar a bit just so their visitors can see what it looks like.
Actual swordfighting, as nearly everyone in the group has mentioned to me at some point, doesn't look much like the clanging-intensive version we're all used to seeing in movies, or even like fencing. Rule #1 is don't get hit. Even armor may not help you if you're facing somebody who knows how to put some body English into a swing. "In the Bayeux Tapestry," Pearce notes, "you see a guy in armor getting cut through the middle of his chest with a single-edged sword. That was believable to the people who paid a lot of money for the Bayeux Tapestry. It wouldn't happen a lot, because you wouldn't wear chainmail if it did, but it could happen."
The group effectively falls into two camps: one for whom swords are everything, and one for whom swords are awesome because they offer a break from ordinary existence. Stephenson's the biggest marquee name involved with The Mongoliad, but he's distinctly part of the latter camp. "It's just a form of exercise," he says. "At the end of the day, we live in a sedentary society; we need to exercise or we die young. The only thing that really matters is: what do you enjoy doing? What will motivate you to get up, get away from the computer and start moving? For me, this is just the thing that's got the right combination of being interesting and being fun. It's got some competition, some cooperation, some historical elements, and it's something that I've stuck with. That's the only real reason to do it. "
Top image via The Mongoliad, other two photos by Douglas Wolk. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29551 | Winston Churchill's plan to fight Nazis with massive aircraft carriers made from iceS
As 1942 began, the Americans had joined World War II and the Battle of the Atlantic began to intensify. German U-boats were picking off merchant ships at an alarming rate. From January 13 to February 6, Hitler's wolfpacks dropped 157,000 tonnes of Allied shipping to the bottom of the ocean — and without incurring a single loss. Later that October, 56 ships totalling 258,000 tonnes were sunk in the "air gap" between Greenland and Iceland.
And therein laid the problem: The mid-Atlantic was inaccessible to submarine snuffing Allied aircraft. It was a desperate situation that called for a radical solution. Looking to turn things around, Winston Churchill — an ardent supporter of unique technological innovations — approved Operation Habakkuk: The plan to create a fleet of massive aircraft carriers made from ice.
Above image: An idealized artistic impression of the H.M.S. Habakkuk.
Indeed, Churchill was in no mood to see the war in the Atlantic slip even further out of control. Throughout its history, the island nation had recognized the importance of sea power, and World War II was proving no different.
Britain required more than a million tons of imported material each week in order to be able to survive and fight the Germans. But by that stage in the war, the country's inhabitants were already on food rations. Churchill was genuinely concerned that mass starvations were right around the corner. Moreover, if a second European front was ever going to happen, the sea lanes had to be free from marauding U-boats.
Churchill later wrote, "The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome." After the war, he admitted that U-boats were the only thing that truly terrified him during the struggle.
Thus, to Churchill's surprise, a potential solution came in the form a unique material consisting primarily of ice. While taking a bath one day at his home at Chequers in late 1942, an excited Lord Louis Mountbatten — the British military Chief of Combined Operations — stormed in and dropped a chunk of ice between Churchill's legs. During the course of the next several minutes, the two watched in amazement as the ice refused to melt in the warm water.
A frozen slurry of wood pulp and ice
It was called pykrete, the invention of Geoffrey Pyke, an eccentric scientist who was working for Combined Operations. Earlier that year, Pyke was struck with the idea of creating floating islands made from carefully sculpted icebergs. He eventually realized, however, that his vision was unworkable. Standard ice was simply too weak. He needed something considerably more durable.
No doubt, ice is not a great material to work with. Under normal conditions, ice that has been moulded into a beam will fracture at loads anywhere from five kilograms per square centimeter (70 pounds per square inch) to 35 kilograms per square centimeter (500 pounds per square inch). Moreover, because it fails at unpredictable loads, it's not an ideal medium for construction.
Undaunted, Pyke figured he could find a way to reinforce ice, so he began to experiment with various concoctions. After a process of trial-and-error, he threw some wood pulp into the mix — and the ensuing difference in strength was dramatic. The new material, dubbed pykrete, increased the strength of regular ice to 70 kilograms per square centimeter (1,000 pounds per square inch) — enough to deflect a bullet shot at close range (as proven later in this story). It also had tremendous crush resistance; a one-inch column would be able to support an entire automobile. Further, pykrete took a lot longer to melt than regular ice.
Pyke had stumbled upon a rather fortuitous combination of materials. When water freezes, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms form a six-sided crystalline structure. These crystals provide open spaces, which is why water expands as it freezes, and why it's susceptible to pressure changes. Pykrete, on the other hand, still takes advantage of the crystalline structure, but the cellulose fibres from the wood pulp reinforces it in a way that's similar to how concrete is reinforced by steel wiring. Once frozen, it's about 14 times stronger than regular ice, and tougher than concrete.
A work in your days which ye will not believe
This was the wonder material that Pyke was looking for — what would form the basic building block of his giant floating island made from ice. He presented his findings to Mountbatten, who in turn brought the plan to Churchill's attention.
And for good reason; Churchill displayed a tremendous willingness to entertain unconventional ideas. Indeed, during the course of the war the Allies employed unorthodox tactics like dropping streams of tinfoil from planes to confuse enemy radar (dubbed "Window" — and an idea the Nazis later stole when bombing London in 1944), the development of miniature submarines, the construction of artificial harbors (called mulberries — an idea that Churchill first sketched out in 1917!), and dam busting bouncing bombs.
Pykrete, thought Mountbatten, could be another unconventional innovation. He told Churchill that it would last indefinitely and be self-healing against bullets, bombs and torpedoes. Ice was inherently unsinkable, and any holes could quickly be patched up with quickly freezing water. The ice-carriers would also reduce Britain's dependency on steel.
Churchill, who used to worked for the First Lord of the Admiralty and was an inventor in his own right, immediately seized upon the idea.
"I attach the greatest importance to the prompt examination of these ideas," he wrote in his ensuing approval letter. "The advantages of a floating island or islands, even if only used as refueling depots for aircraft, are so dazzling that they do not need at the moment to be discussed." He stamped the letter ‘Action This Day.'
Operation Habakkuk was officially underway. Churchill, though not a religious man, came up with the name by referring to an old Testament text which read, "Behold ye among the heathen…for I will work a work in your days…which ye will not believe."
Once developed, Churchill planned to deploy the ice-carriers off the coast of France and in the Indian Ocean where they would primarily serve as refuelling stations for the RAF. The plans called for an entire fleet, with each carrier measuring 2,000 feet long, 300 feet wide, and with walls forty feet thick. The entire structure would displace two million tonnes of water and be stitched together using 40 foot blocks of pykrete. Had it been constructed, it would have been the largest floating structure ever built.
Each carrier would be capable of carrying over 300 aircraft of all sorts, including bombers and fighters (like Spitfires and Hurricanes, which did not have folding wings). For contrast today's Nimitz class carriers can carry 90 aircraft. On the downside, however, the designs called for a structure that could only travel at 6 knots (11 km/h or 7 mph).
Eventually, Churchill shared the plan with his American allies, who exhibited more skepticism than they did enthusiasm.
After a heated discussion among the Allied chiefs of staff at Quebec's Chateau Frontenac Hotel in August 1943 on another matter, Mountbatten suddenly announced that he was going to give a demonstration. He pulled out two blocks of ice: a regular chunk of ice, the other pykrete. Without warning, he pulled out his revolver and shot the ice block, shattering it to pieces. Then he turned the gun to the pykrete and pulled the trigger. The bullet ricocheted off the block and buzzed around the room like an angry bee. The bullet grazed the legs of U.S. Fleet Admiral Ernest King and U.K. RAF Marshal Charles Portal, shocking the Allied chiefs — who soon erupted into a chorus of relieved laughter. Meanwhile, outside the room, a junior officer was heard to exclaim, "Good God, they've started shooting now!"
This bizarre episode aside, some members of the Combined staff were intrigued by what the ice islands could mean for the war in the Pacific theatre. In one scenario, fleets of ice-aircraft carriers could be brought down from the Aleutian Islands and re-located near the Japanese main island. From there, squadrons of B17 or B29 bombers could be deployed — and all without having to displace Japanese troops from the surrounding occupied islands.
Building the behemoth
The first stage of Habakkuk involved some proof-of-concept testing. Along with the Austrian-born British molecular biologist, Max Perutz, Pyke set to work on refining the material in an ultra secret location in Great Britain: a refrigerated meat locker in a Smithfield Market butcher's basement. The team's "assistants" were British commandos in disguise, and they worked behind a protective screen of frozen animal carcasses. Even Mountbatten came to visit one day, but had to be disguised as an everyday civilian.
Once satisfied with their mixture — 86% ice and 14% wood pulp — the project was relocated to Patricia Lake in Jasper, Canada, where a scale model was built in the summer of 1943. The location was chosen on account of its remoteness, frigid climate, and accessibility to crucial railway lines.
To construct the miniature prototype, a team of "alternative workers" was employed — a group of conscientious objectors who hadn't the slightest clue what they were building.
The scale model measured 60 feet long and 30 feet wide. It weighed 1,000 tons, and was kept frozen by a 1-horsepower motor.
And indeed, it soon became obvious that pykrete was not immune to the elements — it was in fact susceptible to melting. To deal with this, the designers had to provision for a complex cooling system — which essentially turned the H.M.S. Habakkuk into a giant refrigerator. The entire structure would have be fitted with a series of pipes that ran coolant. Suddenly, the project became considerably more complicated — and an order of magnitude more expensive.
Moreover, the amount of material required to build just one Habakkuk was immense. Hundreds of thousands of tons of wood pulp would be required — an amount that would have a profound impact on the production of other wood and pulp based products, including (and especially) paper.
It also became obvious that the Americans would have to get involved by providing the large quantities of steel required.
The project started to spiral out of control on account of untenable technological hurdles, supply problems, and rapidly escalating costs. Churchill himself got cold feet when he learned that each carrier would cost upwards of £6 million.
Died on the vine
Though the scale model was built, the project was eventually cancelled.
By the time the developers were ready to go with the full-blown version — which was now 1944 — the situation in the war was dramatically different. The Battle of the Atlantic had been won, and the Americans were mass producing small aircraft carriers at a daunting rate. In addition, Portugal made its airfields available to the Allies, land-based aircraft were attaining longer ranges, and U-boats were being sunk at rates faster than they could be built. Moreover, the U.S. was making progress in the Pacific without the floating islands. And of course, there was always the chance the the atomic bomb would soon end things once and for all.
So, with Operation Habakkuk canceled, the model sat abandoned on the surface of Patricia Lake — where it didn't melt until later the following summer. In the 1970s, remnants of the prototype were found and studied. Today, a plaque commemorating Operation Habakkuk can be seen on the lake's shore.
Sources: The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill: Defender of the Realm, 1940-1965 (Manchester & Reid), London Evening Standard (1951), Cabinet Magazine, Royal Naval Museum.
Images: Library of Congress, UAF, Irrational Geographic, BookOfNorm. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29553 | Comments on: Problem with delimiter in CPYTOIMPF Sun, 16 Mar 2014 04:15:49 +0000 hourly 1 By: philpl1jb Fri, 16 Jan 2009 13:52:27 +0000 #comment-59237 Yes. 6a is the split vert bar.
Anyone using the QASCII table as their default would get that conversion unless they change the table.
And wayback when I was using the cut and past I must have been on a system using those tables.
By: Anderson123 Fri, 16 Jan 2009 11:16:33 +0000 #comment-59234 I declared x’6A’ as suggested and it worked.That was a good one.Is 6A the hex value for spilt vertical bar?Am still confused as to why this happened?was it because of conversion from EBCDIC to ASCII.I think this is a rare case correct me if am wrong.
By: philpl1jb Tue, 13 Jan 2009 19:14:01 +0000 #comment-59162 Well there seems to be trouble in them their translation tables.
I’m not sure which translation table you use
WrkTbl QASCII <– an obvious EBCDIC
The vertical bar in ASCII is 127 Hex 7c
The vertical bar in EBCDIC is 79 Hex 4f |
and 90 Hex 5a is !
and 106 Hex 6a is the broken vertical bar
My ASCII table shows EBCDIC 6a to 7c but my conversion for 4f works — I suspect my system isn’t using this table.
AND — HERE’S THE KICKER — 4f to 21 which happens to be … ! So QASCII will convert vert bar to !
So code your vertial var like this
D vert2 s 1 inz(X’6a’)
It will look like a vertical broken bar on your 400 screen but will convert to a real 7c vertical bar .. maybe.
By: Anderson123 Tue, 13 Jan 2009 17:14:22 +0000 #comment-59158 I tried transmitting the flat file without using cpytoimpf and there still is a problem.
I dont have much idea about things like the ASCII conversion table.A small sample would gretaly help.
As of now i have initialised the part of DS with a ‘|’ symbol.A solution would be greatly appreciated.
By: philpl1jb Tue, 13 Jan 2009 17:06:04 +0000 #comment-59157 Apparently you’re not the only one.
My vertical bar is EBSIDIC 4F and when I FTP a file with it to my PC I get the vertical bar.
I think you want to transmit ascii 124 (decimal).
So you’ll want to check the ASCII conversion table you’re using.
In the data structure you may want to load it as X’4F’ or whatever value the conversion table uses.
By: Anderson123 Tue, 13 Jan 2009 16:16:00 +0000 #comment-59152 The reason why i used cpytoimpf is that i want the naming convention to have more than 15 characters.Also i have already used the pipe to seperare the fields in flat file.Now when am doing cpytoimpf there are options like field and string delimiter where i have given a pipe symbol still it reaches the other system as !
I also sent the flat file with pipe delimiter directly thr ftp without using cpytoimpf and the same problem occured.
By: teandy Tue, 13 Jan 2009 16:00:08 +0000 #comment-59151 The way I read your question, it looks like you are adding the pipe symbol to the flat file. I think this may be your problem.
Are you creating a flat file because you only need certain fields from the original file?
If not, let the CPYTOIMPF insert the pipe symbol for you.
If you do only need certain fields from the original file, create a work file using DDS that contains only the fields you want. Then use the CPYTOIMPF command as illustrated above.
By: philpl1jb Tue, 13 Jan 2009 13:55:39 +0000 #comment-59142 Some time ago, I remember a similar problem.
What we did was to cut and paste the ‘|’ from a pc screen to the editor.
That symbol from the terminal emulator keyboard looked the same but had a different hex value.
By: Anderson123 Tue, 13 Jan 2009 11:48:38 +0000 #comment-59138 I have tried all three and the result is the same… |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29554 | Comments on: Remote desktop file transfer logs? Sun, 16 Mar 2014 04:15:49 +0000 hourly 1 By: melanieyarbrough Wed, 22 Sep 2010 14:04:52 +0000 #comment-81740 Hi Everonn,
Please start a new thread for your question. Be sure to include details (e.g. what sort of files you wish to move, what type of hardware or software you’re using, what OSes are installed on each PC) necessary to provide a thorough answer.
By: everonn Wed, 22 Sep 2010 08:11:13 +0000 #comment-81734 how to copy the file one pc to anther pc |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29560 | TY - JOUR T1 - PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE. ED. 2. Edited by Roger Dee, Lawrence C. Hurst, Martin A. Gruber, and Stephen A. Kottmeier. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1997. $179.00, 1522 pp. AU - Lazar, Richard Y1 - 1997/07/01 N1 - JO - The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery SP - 1118 EP - 1118 VL - 79 IS - 7 N2 - With the proliferation of subspecialty multiple-volume textbooks on the spine, shoulder, hand, hip, knee, foot, fractures, arthroscopy, and so on, it is amazing that anyone would attempt to compile a single-volume general textbook on orthopaedics. The editors deserve recognition for their sheer determination. Dee, the senior editor of this second edition, demonstrates his exceptional expertise for teasing out the essentials of each subject presented, and he is to be commended for the simplicity of the language. The end result is a text that is readable and educational, with a steady focus on issues that are essential for the practicing orthopaedic surgeon and fundamental for the resident in training for both the examination and the board review. SN - 0021-9355 M3 - doi: UR - http://dx.doi.org/ ER - |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29597 | Tue November 1, 2011
Live @ Swallow Hill Sessions
This Saturday: The Wood Brothers Are On 'Live @ Swallow Hill'
The Wood Brothers, Live at Austin City Limits, 2010
Credit thewoodbros.com
Tune in this Saturday at 7pm for another Live @ Swallow Hill broadcast on KUNC. This edition features The Wood Brothers, recorded at the L2 Arts & Culture Center on September 23rd.
To whet your appetite for this Live @ Swallow Hill experience here's 'Shoofly Pie' from Smoke Ring Halo:
The Wood Brothers, who both grew up in Boulder, pursued separate projects for some 15 years before deciding to join forces in 2004. Chris, best known as part of the influential jazz-funk trio Medeski Martin & Wood, and brother Oliver decided to adapt the blues, folk and other roots-music sounds they loved as kids into their own evocative sound. The sibling singers are renowned for twining their voices in a sort of high-lonesome harmony blend.
You wouldn't necessarily gather this fact from listening to Smoke Ring Halo in which Oliver and Chris refine their rich, spacious sound - the brothers simmer, swing and soar, shifting moods and time signatures with aplomb.
Paste Magazine lauds; "Smoke Ring Halo only further cements the pair’s reputation as masters of soulful folk." Nate Chien of the New York Times exclaims, "This band has been working at something and it shows."
Tune in this Saturday at 7pm for Live @ Swallow Hill w/ The Wood Brothers. If you miss the show, then shame on you, but don't worry. This show will be archived right here on KUNC.org. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29606 | ThickButtons Update Adds Voice Input, Smarter Landscape ModeS
Android only: ThickButtons' keyboard slightly enlarges the letters you're most likely to type next. It's a neat idea, but you might miss a standard landscape mode, or Android's voice-to-text powers. Luckily, both are present in the latest ThickButtons update.
ThickButtons certainly won't be everyone's cup of tea. Commenters in our original post were divided on whether they actually gained speed from having predictive buttons, or if they'd rather their keys stay in place for their muscle memory. For those with fingers too large for a comfortable fit with the standard Android keyboard, and those who don't quite dig swipe-style alternatives (like the invite-only Swype beta), ThickButtons might be worth another look, though.
You can now set ThickButtons so its landscape mode doesn't use predictive buttons. The keyboard also includes a microphone button for activating voice-to-text input (on Android 2.2 and later), which can be better than any keyboard. The developers also promise speed and algorithm improvements in this 0.9 release, with more to come.
ThickButtons is a free download for Android phones. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29612 |
Re: "scheme" attribute of META element
From: Tom Dent <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 4 Aug 2009 07:43:39 +0100
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
To: Ian Hickson <[email protected]>
Cc: [email protected]
On Wed, Jul 29, 2009 at 7:27 PM, Ian Hickson <[email protected]> wrote:
> On Wed, 29 Jul 2009, Tom Dent wrote:
> >
> > As well as using Dublin Core, other schemes are used, such as IPSV
> > (Integrated Public Sector Vocabulary): '<meta name="DC.subject"
> > that was developed with the backing of the Department for Communities and
> > Local Government (CLG - formerly the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister)
> > public sector organisations and is available in machine-readable format
> > from here: http://www.esd.org.uk/standards/ipsv/
> What other scemes are used with this name?
I'm not sure what you mean, but any controlled list (eGMS also
references the Local Government Service List (available at
http://www.esd.org.uk/standards/lgsl)) or data format pattern might
constitute a scheme. The Dublin Core metadata, which is also
referenced, is designed to be universal, as are the schemes which it
employs (such as date and URI), and references other more universal
schemes such as ISO 3166 http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm
> What happens when the value used doesn't come from the allowed list? Or
> when the scheme doesn't match "eGMS.IPSV" but the value is still one of
> the allowed values?
If a value does not reflect a concept id or preferred label for a
concept in a controlled list, the page reference is ignored as
invalid. If the value is an allowed value but the scheme is not
specified, we assume that the value does not necessarily mean the same
as we mean within the scheme. Hence again we ignore the reference.
So we could think of the scheme as a namespace for the value.
> > be referenced in a way which is relatively easy for a machine to
> > content gives the name of the item, making it a more reliable way of
> > sourcing the exact content of the page and matching it to others that are
> > validity of UK sites in several areas, use this metadata to check content:
> > into a CMS used by UK sites:
> Could you show an example of how the scheme attribute affects the user
> experience? I looked around but couldn't find any pages that actually
> expose any of this data, so it wasn't clear to me whether any code other
> than the validators and CMSes actually used it.
The scheme does not directly impact on the user, but can (for example)
do so via search software. You can see a view of IPSV at
http://www.esd.org.uk/standards/ipsv/viewer/ or LGSL at
http://www.esd.org.uk/standards/lgsl/viewer .
If a user searched for pages by using a "non-preferred term", the
search engine should convert that to an IPSV preferred term and then
return all content with that preferred term in its metadata (with the
IPSV scheme). The search software might also suggest showing content
for broader and narrower subject headings from the IPSV hierarchy.
The LGSL is being used to reference local authority sites in the UK
Government's Directgov site (at http://www.direct.gov.uk/) which is
used as a portal to local authority sites, and uses LGSL to reference
Tom Dent
Porism Limited
Received on Tuesday, 4 August 2009 06:44:22 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29613 |
From: Robert J Burns <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 19 Feb 2009 23:58:37 -0500
Message-Id: <[email protected]>
To: Ian Hickson <[email protected]>
Hi Ian,
On Feb 19, 2009, at 11:12 PM, Ian Hickson wrote:
> On Thu, 19 Feb 2009, Robert J Burns wrote:
>> HTML5 has specified error-handling for the 'img' element. I guess
>> it is
>> not an issue then. But you began this particular thread with an
>> example
>> of an 'img' element which you claimed was a compatibility problem in
>> that alternate text for the image might either be expressed as the
>> value
>> of the 'alt' attribute or in the contents of the element.
> The only problem I was trying to show is that an implementation that
> implements both XHTML2 and XHTML1 in the same namespace would be faced
> with an irreconcilable difference in semantics when an element in the
> "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" namespace with the tag name "img" is
> created without any other context, since the two specs have
> conflicting
> requirements (or rather, since XHTML2 has requirement that conflict
> with
> the requirements imposed by legacy content). This is merely intended
> to
> show that if XHTML2 does use the same namespace as XHTML1, the two
> languages cannot be sanely implemented in the same user agent.
Certainly it can be implemented by the same user agent, it just
requires error-handling specified either in a standard fashion or by
each individual user agent.
> The point being that HTML5 has no real choice regarding what
> namespace it
> uses,
There are always choices, but if you simply mean we would prefer to
use the existing namespace, I agree.
> and that any compatibility issue that XHTML2 has is actually not a
> clash with XHTML5 but a clash with XHTML1.
We still haven't identified any clashes at all (none that cannot be
handled by some basic error-handling). The failure of HTML5 to specify
such error handling is a problem as far as I am concerned. It is very
low hanging fruit to permit richer content models in an XML
serialization of HTML5 and, if we specify any vocabulary enhancements
at all, that would be the place to begin.
> I also indicated that in my
> opinion this is not necessarily even a problem for XHTML2, since it
> may be
> (as indicated by XHTML2 itself in section 1.1.2) that "strict
> element-wise
> backwards compatibility is no longer necessary", and thus that
> software
> need not implement both languages at all.
I think you're making way too much of this one sentence. Its hard to
imagine this was intended as a normative criterion. In any event
whether it is necessary for a vocabulary specification to concern
itself with backwards compatibility is a completely separate issue
from whether a UA implementing that vocabulary need concern itself
with backwards compatibility. And I don't think you can read that
sentence to say anything to such an implementation about its
requirements, recommendations or options. HTML5 takes on that task of
dealing with backwards compatibility itself, and XHTML2 does not. But
from that we cannot conclude that an XHTML2 implementation does not
need to deal with backwards compatibility (only that the XHTML2
recommendation does not). Moreover, HTML5 in this particular case
deals with backwards compatibility by simply refusing to add new low-
hanging fruit capabilities that would be beneficial for authors and
users alike. This isn't a case to be celebrated as HTML5 being
backwards compatible, but rather HTML5 simply fails to add some
obvious new features. Of course if HTML5 adds no new features its easy
to claim it has focussed on backwards compatibility.
To make this clear, it would be very easy to HTML5 to permit fallback
contents within an 'img' element and to specify that that content
should be treated as alternate text for an image over the contents of
the 'alt' attribute, if both were specified. If only one is specified
then that serves as the alternate text for the 'img' element. XHTML2
could specify the same type of error-handling if it wanted to address
backwards compatibility. Though both can change nothing about their
specifications and still claim to have error-handling built in, both
specifications fail to deal with the opposite method of specifying
alternate content. In my view that is still an incomplete
specification of error-handling.
Take care
Received on Friday, 20 February 2009 04:59:17 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29618 |
Re: HTML or XHTML - why do you use it?
From: Boris Zbarsky <[email protected]>
Date: Thu, 09 Jan 2003 02:53:12 -0500
Message-Id: <[email protected]>
To: Toby A Inkster <[email protected]>
Cc: Ian Hickson <[email protected]>, "Peter Foti (PeterF)" <[email protected]>, "'[email protected]'" <[email protected]>
> Yes, but if you read me message fully, you'd see that I suggested that
> IE/Windows is the browser *most* likely to do doctype sniffing, because of
> their history of ignoring MIME types:
IE/Windows does not do content sniffing just because it wants to violate the
http standard. It sniffs because its developers think it provides a better
experience for their users (let's not attribute malice where there is only
Doing doctype sniffing of the sort you describe would decidedly _not_ lead to a
better experience for their users (pages would suddenly break that used to
work). So I doubt that IE/Windows will start doing it.
I could be wrong, of course; I have no inside knowledge regarding IE/Windows.
In the first place, God made idiots; this was for
practice; then he made school boards.
-- Mark Twain
Received on Thursday, 9 January 2003 02:53:20 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29620 |
From: Brian Manthos <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2011 18:34:59 +0000
Message-ID: <FA122FEC823D524CB516E4E0374D9DCF1FB130EE@TK5EX14MBXC136.redmond.corp.microsoft.com>
Something was bugging me about the linear gradient keywords, and I think I narrowed it down.
The same issue applies to the Working Draft and the Editor's Draft.
For now, let's use the Working Draft:
# The gradient-line may be specified in two different ways. The
# first is by specifying the angle the gradient-line should assume;
# this uses the standard algebraic notation for angles where 0deg
# points to the right, 90deg points up, and positive angles go
# counterclockwise. The starting-point and ending-point of the
# gradient-line are determined by extending a line in both
# direction from the center of the box at the angle specified.
# [1]In the direction of the angle, the ending-point is the point on
# the gradient-line where a line drawn perpendicular to the
# gradient-line would intersect the corner of the box in that
# direction. The starting-point is determined identically, except
# in the opposite direction of the angle.[/1]
# The [2]second way is to simply provide a side or corner of the box
# that the gradient should start[/2] at; the gradient will then
# automatically angle itself to [3]extend from the specified side or
# corner to the opposite[/3] side or corner in a straight line. To be
# precise, the gradient is converted to the angle form described
# in the previous paragraph at used-value time. If a 'left',
# 'bottom', 'right', or 'top' is given, the used value of the gradient
# is 0deg, 90deg, 180deg, or 270 deg, respectively. If a corner is
# given, the used value of the gradient is the angle necessary to
# place the starting-point of the gradient in that corner of the box.
Paraphrasing [1]:
When specified via angle, the angle can be understood as both the direction ("toward the <angle>") and the ending point ("ends at <angle>").
Paraphrasing [2] and [3]:
When specified via keyword, the keyword can be understood as both opposite direction ("away from the <keyword(s)>") and the starting point ("starts at <keyword>").
Is it intentional that these two ways of specifying gradient-line are opposite?
Received on Tuesday, 7 June 2011 18:35:31 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29621 |
RE: line-height limitations
From: Alex Mogilevsky <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 16 Mar 2011 19:17:43 +0000
Message-ID: <D51C9E849DDD0D4EA38C2E539856928411ED43CA@TK5EX14MBXC212.redmond.corp.microsoft.com>
It seems that you really want here is for first-letter to not affect line descent.
Would "line-heigh:fit" be a reasonable way to say "calculate line height as usual, but ignore descent unless there are glyphs with non-zero descent"?
Sent: Wednesday, March 16, 2011 11:41 AM
(2) We could add a property just to specify this fitting behavior. For example:
line-height-policy: normal | fit;
Received on Wednesday, 16 March 2011 19:18:17 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29624 |
Completing the tables SRR MEP description.
From: Williams, Stuart <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 12 Apr 2002 19:46:06 +0100
Message-ID: <[email protected]>
At the TBTF telcon yesterday I was actioned to start discussion of how we
complete the input column of tables 5 and 6 in the MEP description in part 2
I have previously proposed text for these columns in [2,3]. Discussion in
the TBTF has been around whether we cover the error cases well enough. In
addition, the question of whether or not we should be specifying support for
overlapping requests and responses (ie. a responding node may start sending
a response prior to having fully recieved the corresponding request, and
whether a sending node should expect to start receiving a response before it
has complete the transmission of the corresponding request).
At present the single-request-response MEP specifid in part 2 does not
support overlapping request and response. It has been mentioned that
deadlocks become possible with if a responding node generate overlapping
responses, and concerns have been expressed within the TBTF about the amount
of work it would take to do a thorough job of covering the overlapping case.
In summary, we need to complete tables 5 and 6 [1]. An initial proposal is
available for discussion at [2,3] and we need some guidance on whether to
address the case of overlapping request/response.
Best regards
Stuart Williams
(Member only)
[3] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-archive/2002Apr/0028.html
(Public archive copy of [2])
Received on Friday, 12 April 2002 14:46:37 GMT
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29644 | Switch to Desktop Site
Side By Side: movie review
What do advances in tech mean for art?
Host of the documentary Keanu Reeves asks good questions of the famous subjects, including directors Martin Scorsese and George Lucas.
Courtesy of Tribeca Films
About these ads
Chris Kenneally’s fascinating documentary “Side by Side” is about the impact of digital technology on modern-day movie-making. This may sound like a dry subject, but, as presented here, it’s anything but – especially if you have more than a passing interest in the art and science of what gets projected onto our movie screens these days.
Featured is an A-list roster of talking heads, including Martin Scorsese, Christopher Nolan, Steven Soderbergh, George Lucas, and James Cameron, as well as lesser-known but no less challenging commentators such as the cinematographer Ellen Kuras, the editor Anne V. Coates (who cut “Lawrence of Arabia”), and the wizardly sound designer and editor Walter Murch. Keanu Reeves, looking more like a scraggly film school grad student than a movie star, is the documentary’s host and guide. He asks good questions.
The primary question overhanging everything is: Is film dead? That is to say, is photochemical film, the standard for 100 years, rapidly on its way to being replaced by digital technology? The answer, judging from the evidence on view, is a qualified “yes.”
Page: 1 | 2 | 3 |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29648 | Crooked Beauty is a film that makes you question your own sanity. In a raw but composed narrative Jacks McNamara leads us through her experience of mental illness. She talks about beauty (it grows through the cracks in the pavement), about normality (in Western capitalist society, compared to the real world), about the felicitous, insightful perspective gained through a lens of mental illness, and about the unbearable pain that follows close behind.
The score is sparse, the silence confronting. Most of the film is in black and white and the photography illuminates the heightened perception she tells us of. We only see Jacks’ face for the first few minutes; beyond this her voice alone guides us: fitting, considering it’s her mind that is the subject.
She uses her story to critique the common medical system and challenges viewers to reconsider what depression might actually entail. Is it really that strange, she asks, for people to live outside of a world dictated by routines and protocols? As a student of both anthropology and creative writing I was amazed by the way Crooked Beauty weaves poetry and theory into a compelling story.
I want someone to turn this film into an installation: I want to walk through it and move between it’s spaces at my own will; to pick things up and ask strangers questions; to rearrange the order of things, not because they are wrong but because any idea of rightness is illusionary – is mad, you could say.
Crooked Beauty does everything a good documentary should. It ignites your curiosity and a sense of injustice; it gives you insight into a world that not all are familiar with; it begins, in a precocious voice, to develop the language of compassion Jacks’ hopes to begin.
Go and see it, then go and think about it.
Crooked Beauty is showing as part of the Documentary Edge Festival.
For more information see the website here.
Friday 4 May 12:45pm
Friday 11 May 6:15pm
Friday 25 May 12:45pm
Tuesday 29 12:15pm
Friday 1 June 5:45pm |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29652 | Subject: Re: pwdb busy
To: None <>
From: Andrew Brown <>
List: current-users
Date: 06/24/1997 14:58:39
>> >> maybe chfn needs an alarm to wake it up in case of only the vi process
>> >> being killed?
>> >
>> >wait() works just fine.
>> i think you missed the original thrust of the discussion. wait() will
>> not work when chfn has been suspende, and its child (the editor) has
>> been killed. i was suggesting that chfn wake up and notice that the
>> editor has been killed and then release its password database lock.
>How do you propose to wake chfn up if it is stopped? SIGALRM won't be
>delivered, either.
yes, you're right. that part of my brain was stopped and the alarm
when i typed stupid things didn't wake it up. :)
see my previous followup...
|
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29653 | Subject: Re: hangs while trying to record a CD
To: Michael Core <>
From: Nathan J. Williams <>
List: current-users
Date: 05/14/2002 17:11:22 (Michael Core) writes:
> Connect your burner to the second IDE-bus. If I burn a cd from the a
> device on the same bus it will lock my system as well. Otherwise I hardly
> notice the burning process.
First, they are already on different busses:
> > wd0 at pciide0 channel 0 drive 0: <MAXTOR 6L080L4>
> > atapibus0 at pciide0 channel 1: 2 targets
> > cd0 at atapibus0 drive 0: <LITE-ON LTR-32123S, , XS0R> type 5 cdrom
... that's what "channel" is referring to.
Second, even having them on the same bus shouldn't lock the system. It
might hurt performance, but locking the system is a bug.
- Nathan |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29664 | [Numpy-discussion] NumPy Histogram for Tentative NumPy Tutorial Questions
Wayne Watson sierra_mtnview@sbcglobal....
Thu Nov 26 13:44:47 CST 2009
I decided to try some example code from Subject.
import numpy
import pylab
# Build a vector of 10000 normal deviates with variance 0.5^2 and mean 2
mu, sigma = 2, 0.5
v = numpy.random.normal(mu,sigma,10000)
# Plot a normalized histogram with 50 bins
pylab.hist(v, bins=50, normed=1) # matplotlib version (plot)
# Compute the histogram with numpy and then plot it
(n, bins) = numpy.histogram(v, bins=50, normed=1) # NumPy version (no plot)
pylab.plot(.5*(bins[1:]+bins[:-1]), n)
After the histogram is displayed how do I get to the plot?
Where is histogram described in some detail? Normalized?
The histogram x-axis goes from 0 to 4.5. How does that happen?
Is v is two dimensional? What if it's one dimensional?
350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350
Make the number famous. See 350.org
The major event has passed, but keep the number alive.
Web Page: <www.speckledwithstars.net/>
More information about the NumPy-Discussion mailing list |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29669 | Social Media
The Great Firewall of China Goes Local
Last week we wrote about China's blockade of most major social networks and search engines during the anniversary of the Tiananmen Massacre on 4th of June. Now, the Chinese authorities want to take it a step further, ordering that all PCs sold in the country, starting July 1, must come with software that blocks certain websites.
According to the Chinese government, who haven't yet gone public with the announcement, but have warned PC makers about the deadline, this measure's aim is to protect the Chinese from harmful content, primarily pornography. But since this same government has blocked sites like Twitter, YouTube, MySpace and Bing, it's quite possible that this software's primary aim is adding another layer of censorship over the existing Great Firewall.
The Chinese authorities have, however, taken a somewhat lax approach - for now. According to the WSJ, the software, whose Chinese name is "Green Dam-Youth Escort" needn't be pre-installed on the PCs; it may simply come in the form of a CD, and the users can choose whether they want to install it or not. The software is designed in such a way that it allows transferring of user's private information, as well as blocking sites other than pornography; according to software's developer, Jinhui Computer System Engineering Co, it would have no reason to do so. It doesn't sound very convincing, and given a choice, I'd definitely skip it; it's unclear, however, whether the authorities plan to somehow pressure users into installing the software.
There's always hope that the PC makers will try to resist these claims from the Chinese authorities, but it's hard to imagine them saying no, given the importance of the Chinese market. Furthermore, as we've seen in this latest blockade, there's always a technical workaround for these types of censorship attempts. However, if Chinese censors had control of what happens on user computers locally, as well as being able to block certain online destinations, it would make it much harder for users to circumvent such measures.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29670 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
The following is an excerpt from Paul Cohen's "The Discovery of Forcing", pp 1091, in which he explains why we do not want to add new ordinals to a countable transitive model $M$ when extending it using forcing:
Suppose $M$ were a countable model. Up until now we have not discussed the role countability might play. This means that all the sets of $M$ are countable, although the enumeration of some sets of $M$ does not exist in $M$. The simplest example would be the uncountable ordinals in $M$. These of course are actually countable ordinals, and hence there is an ordinal $I$, not in $M$, which is countable, and which is larger than all the ordinals of $M$. Since $I$ is countable, it can be expressed as a relation on the integers and hence coded as a set $a$ of integers. Now if by misfortune we try to adjoin this $a$ to $M$, the result cannot possibly be a model for ZF. For if it were, the ordinal $I$ as coded by $I$1 would have to appear in $M(a)$. However, we also made the rigid assumption that we were going to add no new ordinals. This is a contradiction, so that $M(a)$ cannot be a model. From this example, we learn of the extreme danger in allowing new sets to exist. Yet $a$ itself is a new set. How then can we satisfy these two conflicting demands?
1 I think this is a typo and he meant to write $a$.
What I understand: If $M$ is countable then it cannot contain all countable ordinals (since the set of all countable ordinals is itself uncountable) hence there is at least one countable ordinal not in $M$. Since it is countable it is a subset $a$ of $\omega$. If we adjoin $a$ to $M$ then in particular $a \in M(a)$ so that we have added an ordinal that was previously not in $M$.
What I don't understand:
Why can't $M(a)$ possibly satisfy ZF? If $M$ is a countable model of ZF and we add an ordinal $a$ not in $M$, why is it impossible for $M(a)$ to still satisfy ZF?
Thank you for your help.
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1 Answer
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Note that part of the working assumption is that passing from $M$ to $M(a)$ does not add ordinals; earlier on that page P. Cohen states:
An important decision is that no new ordinals are to be created.
and also in the text you quoted:
So $M(a)$ cannot satisfy ZF because it does not contain the ordinal that $a$ encodes.
share|improve this answer
Thank you! I'm sorry but I still don't understand. My current understanding of Cohen's text is "Assume adjoining $a$ to $M$ does not add any new ordinals. Let $a$ be an ordinal not in $M$. Then $M(a)$ contains $a$ and hence an ordinal that was not previously in $M$ which is a contradiction to $M(a)$ does not contain any new ordinals. Hence $M(a)$ cannot satisfy ZF." What am I missing? – Matt N. Jan 24 '13 at 12:19
@Matt: The text you quoted was really about some of the technical problems related to the discovery of forcing. Once he made the decision that ordinals should not be added he had to ensure that the sets he did add did not somehow encode new ordinals. But these new sets also had to be... new. This is (I believe) what he means by "these two conflicting demands." – Arthur Fischer Jan 24 '13 at 12:36
@MattN. The way I read Cohen's text, $M(a)$ is the result of adding $a$ to $M$ in some unspecified way. What he wants from it is that it contains $a$ and has no ordinals that weren't already present in $M$. He then argues that if $M(a)$ satisfies all of this it cannot be a ZF model; if it were, we could decode $a$ and a new ordinal would appear. – Miha Habič Jan 24 '13 at 12:37
@Matt: (This is a correction of my previous comment; lots of errors there.) Also note that $a$ is not an ordinal in the text quoted. As $I$ is assumed to be a countable ordinal, there is a well-ordering on $\omega$ of order-type $I$. We can then encode this well-ordering (via, say, a nice pairing function) as a subset of $\omega$. The new set $a$ is then this encoding in this example. – Arthur Fischer Jan 24 '13 at 12:59
@Matt: If $a$ codes a well-ordering of $\omega$, then by Replacement any model of ZF containing $a$ must contain the order-type of the well-ordering it codes. – Arthur Fischer Jan 24 '13 at 17:07
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29671 | Results 1 to 1 of 1
Math Help - Bending Moments
1. #1
Mar 2009
Newcastle upon-Tyne, England, UK
Exclamation Bending Moments
Hi all
I'm a trainee studying Civil Engineering at College.
I am stuck on a few things and will fail my course by the end of the week if I do not get this done...
I have a problem where I have to draw shear force diagrams and bending moment diagrams. I have done the loading diagram and the shear force diagram but am completely stuck with the bending moment diagram.
The beam is 10m long with a 92.5kN force acting up on the left hand end, there are 2m to the 40kN/m UDL which lasts for 4m, then there is 2m to the next upward force of 77.5kN then a further 2m to the end of the beam which has a 10kN downward force on the end. I have calculated it on each metre, therefore I will end up with 10 points to plot on my bending moment diagram and each metre has been given a letter; A to K.
I hope I have explained this well - if not I could scan a copy in but this may take me a couple of days and I don't really have a couple of days to play with.
I have got my calculations right along the beam to the point where the 77.5kN force comes in (so I have 2 more calcs to complete then I can draw the bending moment diagram. I have no idea what to do with the 10kN force on the end. The following calculations are what I have used:
A = 0
B = 92.5 x 1 = 92.5
C = 92.5 x 2 = 185
D = (92.5 x 3) - (40 x 0.5) = 257.5
E = (92.5 x 4) - (80 x 1) = 290
F = (92.5 x 5) - (120 x 1.5) = 282.5
G = (92.5 x 6) - (160 x 2) = 235
H = (92.5 x 7) - (160 x 3) = 167.5
I = (92.5 x 8) - (160 x 4) = 100
J = (92.5 x 9) - ***STUCK***
K = (92.5 x 10) - ***STUCK***
As you can see I do not know what to do with the last 2 calcs. The last one needs to come out with 0!
ANY help will be taken with so much thanks - as I'm a trainee, if I fail this course I will also be sacked... please help.
Thanks for your time and in advance of any help or guidance.
Last edited by 88engine; March 18th 2009 at 10:38 AM. Reason: Amendment
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29673 | Take the 2-minute tour ×
My altima 2008 brakes squeal when touched lightly. I bought the Bosch BC815 QuietCast Brake Pad Set, hoping that "QuietCast" means that they are cast to be quiet, but they really don't. I'm now at the point where I would rather spend $$$ and buy a rotor/brake set that doesn't squeal. Anyone has any recommendations? Preferably if you got the same problem
FYI: Brakes are NOT dysfunctional. They function perfectly, and I am aware that squealing is an indicator that they work fine. I just want to move squealing into a frequency that I do not hear.
share|improve this question
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2 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
If you did not replace the hardware they may be the cause of the noise. It is fairly common for most brake pads to slide on a steel clip that slides over the caliper mounting bracket. The clips sometimes come with the pads and sometimes must be purchased separately. The clips provide a smooth surface for the pads to slide on. They also apply pressure to the pad to prevent vibration and noise. I like to apply a small dab of grease under the clip and in the slot that the pads ride in. I also apply some "disc brake quiet" to the back of the pads at the caliper contact points.
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I reassembled the brakes applying grease to the clips, and also applied "disk brake quiet" while I was on it. Squeaking is gone – galets Nov 4 '13 at 23:36
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Your brakes may just be dirty. Get a can of brake cleaner and follow the instructions. Also take the time to apply grease to moving parts (be careful not to get grease on the contact surfaces).
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29674 | Gandak River,also called Nārāyani Narayani River, river in central Nepal and northern India. It is formed by the union of the Kāli Kali and Trisūli Trisuli rivers, which rise in the Great Himalaya Range in Nepal; from this junction to the Indian border the river is called the NārāyaniNarayani. It flows southwest into India and then turns southeast along the Uttar Pradesh–Bihār Pradesh–Bihar state border and across the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It enters the Ganges (Ganga) River opposite Patna after a winding course of 475 miles (765 km). The Burhi (“Old”) Gandak flows parallel to and east of the Gandak River in an old channel. It joins the Ganges northeast of MonghyrMunger. |
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29676 | I have since updated the faq page for the meta since this post was written -- now the rest of the faq pages on the SE should follow suit, see update on bottom of this post.
Now Back to the OP:
On the Faq Page for flags and flagging can we update the image to a more recent view of how it looks?
For example:
Question Flag:
Answer Flag:
I edited the faq with one of the images above with the given link in the comments below, but i feel it could be expanded more to include both image and what the differences are between them.
ALSO I only edited the meta faq -- it seems to be that all of the faq pages need to be updated with the new image(s) and I cannot do that -- it needs to be handled by a mod.
share|improve this question
Feel free to edit it yourself :) – Shadow Wizard Sep 12 '11 at 22:52
The full page should be edited, as it is referring to three types of flags. – kiamlaluno Sep 13 '11 at 0:55
@Shadow, but which image to add, im just choosing one of them for now, i guess someone else can edit the rest – amanaP lanaC A nalP A naM A Sep 13 '11 at 14:54
Nice! If you have time, just add both and explain the difference. :) – Shadow Wizard Sep 13 '11 at 14:57
@Shadow -- see my ALSO statement that I just added to the OP – amanaP lanaC A nalP A naM A Sep 13 '11 at 14:59
No mods need to be involved. Propagation of the privilege pages from MSO to other sites is done automatically and regularly. – Pops Sep 13 '11 at 15:06
@PopularDemand -- yea I was wondering how it was done because I saw no edit button on any other SE page. Also the info needs to be updated accordingly and maybe even add both images into the faq page. – amanaP lanaC A nalP A naM A Sep 13 '11 at 15:07
@PopularDemand -- the page was never pushed. – amanaP lanaC A nalP A naM A Sep 15 '11 at 15:03
sorry about that -- pushing the privilege wikis out from meta to all sites now. – Jeff Atwood Sep 16 '11 at 5:23
@JeffAtowwod -- what about my suggestion to expand the faq wikis to include both popups and their explanations? – amanaP lanaC A nalP A naM A Sep 16 '11 at 14:27
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
This has been completed. Just posting an answer to get this off the "unanswered" list.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29677 | Someone unaccepted my answer today, which was accepted Sep 27th. "Unaccept" showed up in my reputation tab. Currently it shows that I obtained 130 reputation today. In /reputation audit, I see I obtained 145 today. I have triggered recalc, and the reputation tab still shows the same thing.
Please clarify, did I lose 15 reputation from TODAY or from that day answer was accepted?
I feel it should remove reputation from the day it was accepted, but as I see, it takes 15 from today. Is this ? Shouldn't it take off reputation from Sep 27th & just show the "-15" line today?
share|improve this question
Good point - from what I remember, it is unclear on whether or not it should stay grouped with its original entry, or be created as a new entry on a new day. – Nightfirecat Sep 30 '11 at 23:46
@Nightfirecat: I'd like to keep -15 as is, but remove reputation from day answer was accepted, not from day it was unaccepted – genesis Sep 30 '11 at 23:49
The challenge is dealing with answers that are unaccepted months later. The way it is right now makes it easier to track the day-to-day changes in your reputation. Even though someone unaccepting your answer reduces your reputation value for Sep 27th, you had that reputation until today. – Troyen Oct 1 '11 at 0:30
Reputation recalcs don't affect the reputation tab in any way. It'll just change your site rep. – NullUserException อ_อ Oct 1 '11 at 0:34
@NullUserException_: it should. It did for me a lot times – genesis Oct 1 '11 at 0:35
@NullUserException_: thanks for grammar edits :( I'm still learning and trying to do my best – genesis Oct 1 '11 at 0:35
Hmmm that's interesting. They don't change anything for me. My reputation tab says I got 289 points for yesterday, even though my /reputation audit tells me I've got 290. And I just performed a recalc. – NullUserException อ_อ Oct 1 '11 at 0:39
@NullUserException_: I see 290 – genesis Oct 1 '11 at 8:59
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1 Answer
up vote 14 down vote accepted
This is by-design, the -15 shows on the day it occured, which is correct as your rep that day did change by a net -15 as a result of the unaccept happening that day. This is for a convenient view of "what changed in my rep today?" which is a question/email we get a lot.
The reputation report has a different view, the accept being deleted means it never happened, we haven't changed this behavior.
There is a long-term plan to have a better representation of all of this, but it requires quite a bit of work on the back-end for a denormalized log-type linear event storage, rather than a interpretation of historical vote data which happens currently. But...that chunk of time hasn't been available yet, we'll get to it when possible.
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"The reputation report has a different view, the accept being deleted means it never happened" - it means I should lost 15 reputation from day it was accepted. Or am I wrong? – genesis Oct 1 '11 at 8:50
@genesis-φ - Nope, your rep went up 15 on that day, and when it was unaccepted you lost 15 rep on that day, from the /reputation report though we just exclude it entirely like it never happened, since the goal there is representing you an accurate total. – Nick Craver Oct 1 '11 at 11:38
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29678 | I'm not the author of the question, "C# to Java conversion?", but I had written an answer. The question, which is a very specific question about converting a piece of C# code to Java, was closed as "not a real question":
The above close message is totally unhelpful. It is not true that the question is ambiguous, difficult to understand, or any of the other justifications. I guess the real reason was "this question is trivial", in which case Stack Overflow urgently needs more descriptive close messages!
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I probably would have closed it as Too localized. – Felix Jan 27 '12 at 17:28
One way to justify the selected close reason: "show me teh codez" is not a real question, as far as we are concerned. – Andrew Barber Jan 27 '12 at 17:46
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up vote 14 down vote accepted
I think that the first comment on that question sorta hits the nail on the head:
What have you tried so far? What does the bg variable represent in this sample? What is your specific question? – Darin Dimitrov 2 hours ago
I actually agree with the close reason. The question is vague. They don't explain what the code is supposed to do (it's sort of clear, but still!), they don't say what the bg object is, and they don't indicate what problems they specifically had with converting the code.
Also, the question was closed over an hour after the above comment was posted. The OP had plenty of time to try and respond to comments / questions, but they did not (in fact they did not comment on the question, or any of the 3 posted answers).
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You're right, this is probably the reason. It's just that the message "it's difficult to tell what is being asked" is so far from the truth it becomes unhelpful: you and everyone else on SO can easily understand what's being asked. I'm actually arguing for another close reason. – Andres F. Jan 27 '12 at 17:39
@AndresF. It's just my opinion, but I think it is difficult to tell what's being asked, because of the complete lack of context and explanation. Sure "Convert this to Java" is the question, but without some context on what "this" is, it's still vague. I can see what you're saying though. But, I don't think it's a great idea to start adding close reasons (people don't like to look through a long list of choices). – jadarnel27 Jan 27 '12 at 17:44
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The question was closed because the asker seems to have made no effort to try to answer it on his own, as the two comments mention. Perhaps this could/should have been closed as "too localized" instead, but I find that when a question gets at least one close vote, there is a tendency to select the same close reason.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/29679 | 1 reputation
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2004 - Cont: The Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology of Turkey
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The examples in this topic demonstrate how to combine events from different streams by using a union operation. A union operation takes two input streams and combines the events to produce a single output event stream. A union operates on two CepStream<T> streams and combines them into one CepStream<T> stream.
The following example combines all events from stream1 with the events in stream2 into a single stream.
var unioned = stream1.Union(stream2);
The following example demonstrates how to union more than two streams by performing cascades of unary union calls. The first call combines the events from stream1 with the events from stream2. The resulting stream, unionTmp, is then combined with stream3 to produce the final output stream unionFinal.
var unionTmp = stream1.Union(stream2);
var unionFinal = unionTmp.Union(stream3);
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Native Image Generation
.NET Framework 4.5
Native image generation improves the performance of managed applications. A native image is an executable file that contains compiled processor-specific machine code for a managed assembly. It is stored in a native image cache on the local computer. The .NET Framework runtime can use native images from the cache instead of using the just-in-time (JIT) compiler to compile the assembly. Using native images typically benefits applications by improving their startup times. Shared assemblies, such as the assemblies that make up the .NET Framework, also benefit from native image generation by reduced memory requirements: When assemblies are compiled by the JIT compiler, their compiled code is duplicated. By contrast, the native image for an assembly is identical in each consuming application, which allows the operating system to share the native image across applications and reduce the overall memory required.
Beginning with the .NET Framework 4.5, native images can be generated automatically and reclaimed automatically based on application use. In earlier versions of the .NET Framework, the developer was responsible for requesting the generation of native images, as part of the installation of the application. The topics in this section describe native image generation, and the scenarios in which the .NET Framework handles it automatically.
Native Images
Describes native images, and explains the considerations for using them in scenarios where automatic image generation is not available.
Creating Native Images
Describes the scenarios in which native images are generated and reclaimed automatically, and explains how to generate and install native images manually by using the Ngen.exe tool.
Reclaiming Native Images
Describes the reclamation of automatically installed native images, and the process of uninstalling native images manually.
Advanced Native Image Generation Scenarios
Describes assembly dependencies, assembly sharing, debugging and profiling, binding issues, and other features of manual image generation.
The Native Image Generation Log
Describes the log file (ngen.log) that records success and failure information for native image generation, and explains how to set the level of detail of log entries.
Troubleshooting Automatic Native Image Generation
Describes where to get information and report issues, if errors occur in automatic native image generation when your app goes through certification testing for the Windows Store.
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AutomationPeer.GetLocalizedControlType Method
Gets a localized string that represents the control type, for the control that is associated with this automation peer. The localized string parallels a AutomationControlType value.
Namespace: System.Windows.Automation.Peers
Assembly: System.Windows (in System.Windows.dll)
public string GetLocalizedControlType()
Return Value
Type: System.String
A string that reports the localized type of the associated control.
This implementation does nothing more than calling GetLocalizedControlTypeCore.
A UI Automation client such as a screen reader might use the GetLocalizedControlType value as a suffix to the UI Automation Name value. For example, if a Button has content of "OK", and that content is promoted by Button peer behavior to be the name, the screen reader might read out "OK Button". The "OK" portion comes from a UI Automation Name, the "Button" portion comes from a GetLocalizedControlType value or a similar UI Automation technique for reading LocalizedControlType.
Supported in: 5, 4, 3
Silverlight for Windows Phone
Supported in: Windows Phone OS 7.1, Windows Phone OS 7.0
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EventLogInstaller.UninstallAction Property
Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the Installer Tool (Installutil.exe) should remove the event log or leave it in its installed state at uninstall time.
Namespace: System.Diagnostics
Assembly: System.Configuration.Install (in system.configuration.install.dll)
public UninstallAction UninstallAction { get; set; }
/** @property */
public UninstallAction get_UninstallAction ()
/** @property */
public void set_UninstallAction (UninstallAction value)
public function get UninstallAction () : UninstallAction
public function set UninstallAction (value : UninstallAction)
Not applicable.
Property Value
One of the UninstallAction values that indicates what state to leave the event log in when the EventLog is uninstalled. The default is Remove.
Exception typeCondition
UninstallAction contains an invalid value. The only valid values for this property are Remove and NoAction.
When you install an event log, you can optionally connect it to an existing log. If you do so, you must decide whether the log should return to its pre-installation state, or remain in its current, post-installation state. If you elect to return the event log to its pre-installation state, changes to the event log entries at installation are not restored. You can reset only the event log properties that are associated with the EventLogInstaller to their pre-installation values.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.0, 2.0, 1.1, 1.0
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