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global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26023
Talk:Declarative Access Control in Java Revision as of 06:02, 14 January 2008 by Stephendv (Talk | contribs) Jump to: navigation, search Released 14/1/2008 • Dave Ferguson • Pierre Parrend General Discussion • global comment: this overview is very quick, but clear and efficient • Introduction: a remainder of the technical context could be useful - what piece of code do one needs for executing this declarative access control: a servlet container ? a J2EE platform ? • first XML excerpt: no global tag is shown. If I have a real Web App descriptor without security, in which tag should I put the given xml code ? • authentication methods 'Digest' ad 'Client cert' are evoked. How can they be implemented, i.e what is required on the client side (algorithm, certificate with proper issuer) and on the server side (algorithm for digest and certificate control, access to a trusted certificate database) • 2 different 'transport guarantees' are evoked, 'integral' and 'confidential'. What specific protocols, algorithms, and data, are required ? • SSL is evoked. a pointer toward a SSL page could be useful • no extra link is given. Is it deliberate from the Owasp editor ? Where can I go and look if I need further information ? • I usually recommend storing the JSP files used for form based authentication in the WEB-INF directory. This way they cannot be accessed directly from the browser
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26030
RE: Cooperative Bug Isolation Project > > > Could you give an example of what the student would post i.e., the > of information you are looking for? > Richard Thanks for the reply. I owe you a dollar :) Personally, I'd be particularly interested in things relating to the Fedora as a community. For instance, the status of Fedora Extra's and the other community contribution policies. Are these being discussed internally, or is progress as stagnant as it appears on this list? I do realize that any posting to the list is an invitation to the peanut gallery for comment, but I guess that goes with the territory. Secondly, I'd be very interested in hearing about policy decisions that are made regarding Fedora. For instance "we decided not to support kernel 2.4 in FC2 since we're targeting kernel 2.6 for RHEL4". I realize some of this information has been presented in the past, but I can't imagine weeks and months go by without any change. I'd also be interested to hear random "blog" information that provides a picture of what RedHat folks are working on that relates to Fedora. Such as "Person's X and Y have been working on integrating selinux policies for FC2, Person Z is working on a new set of user configuration tools. Those interested in helping out with these should contact person A." IE a more user readable summary of the sort of information that can be gleaned from the commit comments in rawhide report. Obviously progress is happening on FC2 and at redhat in general, but from my perspective (monitoring fedora-devel primarily) it's really tough to know what, exactly. Obviously it's impractical for all technical discussion to go through the list, but some summary of what's been going on would help. Perhaps a periodically updated list of areas where volunteer help would be most appreciated would be a good idea, too? Just my $0.02.
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26031
Fatty liver (Read 1283 times) Too soon! just a simple cat sowwy  Sad mileage hound Trent, give up.  The guy has apparently found a good excuse not to run and you're going to ruin it for him. 2013 goals:  Somehow get healthy again. The King of Beasts 18 years old, so what? Newton's laws are even older Smile. I found another excerpt more interesting: "In rhesus monkeys an increase in liver glycogen induced by glucose loading was accompanied by an increase in attenuation values on computed tomography and a decrease in total liver fat. Conversely, fasting depleted glycogen, increased fat, and decreased liver attenuation". So, high liver glycogen decreases fat. Low liver glycogen is replaced with fat. It does not happen quickly, I assume, but still... monkeys !! If I am fat everywhere, is that better or worse than fatty liver ?? Dimitri Minaev No, I'm not trying to convince anyone in what I'm not convinced in Smile. Please, don't get me wrong. I appreciate all well-grounded opinions, of which Trent's was most valuable. While discussing the question here I've read and learned a lot and found an answer for myself. Thanks to all participants!
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26122
Take the 2-minute tour × In Ubuntu, I would like to know How do I access a specific file on a Windows share? In Windows XP I could the use Run Command >>\\someserver but Im not sure what the equivilent options are in Ubuntu. share|improve this question add comment 1 Answer nautilus "smb://someserver/share/path/to/file" share|improve this answer thanks. that's what i was looking for! –  sotiris Feb 19 '12 at 20:37 Hi, welcome to AskUbuntu. If you are satisfied by the answer, please do accept the answer with the tick-mark present next to the answer :) –  nitstorm Feb 19 '12 at 21:56 add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26123
Take the 2-minute tour × I have a raw file but I don't know the pixel format or the width of the image. I need a tool that can quickly display the data and allow me to try different formats easily. An example of such a tool for Windows would be 7yuv. What software exists for this task on Linux? Note: This has nothing to do with digital camera raws, which is frustrating my attempts to use Google to answer this question. share|improve this question I'm guessing there are lots available (a quick search in the repos will propably give you more than enough results). The one I prefer though is digikam (I haven't tried many others though). I'm also certain that GIMP has a plugin that allows viewing and manipulating raw files. –  VasPle Jun 7 '12 at 0:19 Searching the repos finds nothing appropriate. Additionally, these aren't camera raws as stated in the question. –  Alistair Buxton Jun 7 '12 at 12:53 Use can use 7yuv in Linux also through WINE. It has a silver rating so it will probably run just fine... if you can't find any linux native alternatives, give it a try. –  VasPle Jun 7 '12 at 14:38 add comment 1 Answer up vote 1 down vote accepted Turns out Gimp can do this. Just open the file as raw, and you get this helpful dialog that allows you to preview the image: enter image description here share|improve this answer add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26125
Take the 2-minute tour × I am a software developer that usually deals with Windows products (C#) and Android products (Java) and they both have a relatively easy was to write and use libraries across projects, C# having .dll's and Java having .jar's. I have background in all sorts of languages, C++, python, Java, C#, web development (which includes JavaScript) so developing for Ubuntu Touch shouldn't be to much of a challenge for me. And then I started... What I want to do is write a library in C++ (Are there any other languages I could use?) that I can use across my applications (For Ubuntu Touch). I know what I need to do programming wise. But when it comes to using the library what do I need to do? That part of it is what is getting me. My question really is, how do I write a library and then import it into my application? I see that there is a dependencies tab in the project manager in QtCreator, but not to sure what else I need to do. share|improve this question add comment 1 Answer up vote 1 down vote accepted Here's some documentation from QtCreator about how to do this: http://qt-project.org/wiki/How_to_create_a_library_with_Qt_and_use_it_in_an_application share|improve this answer This appears to be what I want, shall try it put tonight. –  FabianCook Oct 22 '13 at 0:13 Try it out I meant** –  FabianCook Oct 22 '13 at 2:14 add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26126
Take the 2-minute tour × Can I preserve currently installed apps after installation? share|improve this question add comment 2 Answers up vote 11 down vote accepted For 10.04 and 11.04 To install Lubuntu you need to do this: enter image description here Go to the Synaptic package manager and search for: You can search it on the Ubuntu Software Center as well. share|improve this answer @ Uri - Can I safely uninstall GNOME from there after I install lubuntu-desktop? Thanks for ur reply. –  Rahul May 20 '11 at 10:31 Applications you are using may need parts of GNOME as a dependency. I would rather not remove GNOME then. –  Takkat May 20 '11 at 10:44 @ Takkat - Can u pls elaborate? If don't uninstall & still I'm using lubuntu-desktop, will it show some problems? Thnx. –  Rahul May 20 '11 at 10:54 @Rahul: I've tried that once with 10.04 and did not encounter problems. However both, LXDE and GNOME will be regularly upgraded, and both will occupy their harddisk space (may be an issue if you are shot of capacity). –  Takkat May 20 '11 at 17:59 add comment For 11.10 and 12.04 Or install via the Software Center: Install via the software center enter image description here share|improve this answer add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26127
Take the 2-minute tour × As the title says it is bad with a lot of tearing. The strange thing is that with the standard Ubuntu (classic mode no effects) it works smoothly, better than ever before it seems by the way. • ATI HD 4350 with proprietary drivers through Additional Drivers • The latest Firefox 5.0 (or Chromium, doesn't matter) • Latest Flash • tried lubuntu-desktop on "top of" Ubuntu • tried lxde-core on "top of" Ubuntu • tried Lubuntu with the "standalone" install disk Always the same results. I really like LXDE for its speed/responsiveness and Ubuntu, but this is a big show stopper. Does anybody has the same/similar issues? I find it really strange and from a noob's perspective it makes no sense and is almost not excusable. ;) EDIT: Sorry for the missing piece of info. I use the Adobe Flash package from the Canonical Partner Repository. No Flash Aid with Firefox. My understanding was that Chromium doesnt come with the build in flash ? share|improve this question Latest Flash from? Are you using Flash Aid add-on for Firefox, or the latest Flash that comes with Google Chrome? –  Oxwivi Jun 27 '11 at 11:03 Thanks for the quick response. I edited my Question to include the missing info. –  Flashy Jun 27 '11 at 11:30 If your graphic card supports it you can always try to run compiz under lubuntu. –  Javier Rivera Jun 27 '11 at 12:15 No, Chromium doesn't com with Flash, Chrome does. Do try Flash Aid and see if it helps. –  Oxwivi Jun 27 '11 at 12:53 @Javier, I doubt Compiz has much to do with Flash. –  Oxwivi Jun 27 '11 at 12:53 show 2 more comments closed as too localized by fossfreedom Mar 10 '12 at 21:33 Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26137
Take the 2-minute tour × Silver amalgam fillings predominantly contain silver a known bactericidal agent and mercury which a known toxin and has bactericidal property. So how is it that the plaque bacteria survive near the filling margins and produce fresh caries? share|improve this question add comment Your Answer Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26182
Phineas Gage From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article Phineas P. Gage Phineas Gage Cased Daguerreotype WilgusPhoto2008-12-19 Unretouched Color.jpg [Fig. 2] The first identified (2009) portrait of Gage, here with his "constant companion for the remainder of his life"—​his inscribed tamping iron.​[C] BornJuly 9, 1823 (date uncertain) Grafton Co., New Hampshire[D] DiedMay 21, 1860(1860-05-21) (aged 36) In or near San Francisco[A] Cause of deathStatus epilepticus Resting place Known forPersonality change after brain injury Home townLebanon, New Hampshire[D] Jump to: navigation, search Phineas P. Gage Phineas Gage Cased Daguerreotype WilgusPhoto2008-12-19 Unretouched Color.jpg [Fig. 2] BornJuly 9, 1823 (date uncertain) Grafton Co., New Hampshire[D] In or near San Francisco[A] Cause of deathStatus epilepticus Resting place Known forPersonality change after brain injury Home townLebanon, New Hampshire[D] [Fig. 1]The "abrupt and intru­sive visitor".​[E][F] Long known as "the American Crowbar Case"—​once termed "the case which more than all others is calculated to excite our wonder, impair the value of prognosis, and even to subvert our physiological doctrines"[34]—​Phineas Gage influenced nineteenth-century discussion about the mind and brain, particularly debate on cerebral localization, and was perhaps the first case to suggest that damage to specific parts of the brain might affect personality.​[3]:ch7-9[13] Gage is a fixture in the curricula of neurology, psychology and related disciplines, and is frequently mentioned in books and academic papers; he even has a minor place in popular culture.[G] Despite this celebrity the body of established fact about Gage and what he was like (before or after his injury) is remarkably small,[H] which has allowed "the fitting of almost any theory [desired] to the small number of facts we have"[3]:290[I]—​Gage having been cited, over the years, in support of various theories of the brain entirely inconsistent with one another. A survey of published accounts, including scientific ones, has found that they almost always severely distort Gage's behavioral changes, exaggerating the known facts when not directly contradicting them.[H] Two photographic portraits of Gage, and a physician's report of his physical and mental condition late in life, were published in 2009 and 2010. This new evidence indicates that Gage's most serious mental changes may have been temporary, so that in later life he was far more functional, and socially far better adjusted, than was previously assumed. A social recovery hypothesis suggests that Gage's employment as a stagecoach driver in Chile provided daily structure allowing him to relearn lost social and personal skills. [Fig. 3]Caven­dish, Vermont about twenty years after Gage's accident. (A)The two possible accident sites; (T)Gage's lodgings; (H)Harlow's home and surgery.[J] [Fig. 4]Line of the Rutland & Burling­ton Railroad passing through cut in rock south of Caven­dish. Gage met with his acci­dent while setting explo­sives to create either this cut or a similar one nearby.​[J] Gage was the first of five children born to Jesse Eaton Gage and Hannah Trussell (Swetland) Gage, of Grafton County, New Hampshire.[D] Little is known about his upbringing and educa­tion, but he was almost certainly literate.​[3]:17,41 He may have gained skill with explosives on the family's farms or in nearby mines and quarries,​[3]:17-18 and by the time of his accident he was a blasting foreman (possibly an independ­ent contract­or) on railway construc­tion projects. His employers consid­ered him (as town doctor John Martyn Harlow later put it) "the most effi­­cient and capable foreman in their employ ... a shrewd, smart business­man, very energetic and persist­ent in executing all his plans of opera­tion", and he had even commis­sioned a custom-made tamping iron—​an iron rod three feet seven inches (1.1 m) long, and 1 ¼ inches (3.2 cm) in diameter—​for use in setting charges. Gage's injury[edit] External video Video recon­struc­tion of tamping iron passing through Gage's skull (Ratiu et al. 2004).​[K] [Fig. 5]The Boston Post for Sept. 21, 1848 (under­stat­ing the dimen­sions of Gage's tamp­ing iron and overstat­ing damage to the jaw).​[L] [Fig. 6]Gage's skull "hinged" open as the iron passed through.[K] On September 13, 1848 Gage (aged 25)[D] was directing a work gang blasting rock while preparing the roadbed for the Rutland & Burlington Railroad outside the town of Caven­dish, Vermont.(See[Fig. 3],[Fig. 4]) Setting a blast involved boring a hole deep into an outcropping of rock; adding blasting powder, a fuse, and sand; then compact­ing this charge into the hole using the tamping iron.[J] Gage was doing this around 4:30 p.m. when (possibly because the sand was omitted) the tamping iron struck a spark against the rock and the powder exploded. The tamping iron rocketed out of the hole and "entered on the [left] side of his face ... passing back of the left eye, and out at the top of the head."[L](See[Fig. 5],[Fig. 6]) Despite nineteenth-century refer­ences to Gage as "the American Crowbar Case"[54]:54[13] his tamping iron did not have the bend or claw sometimes associ­ated with the term crowbar; rather, it was simply a cylinder, "round and rendered compara­tively smooth by use":​[46]:331 The end which entered [Gage's cheek] first is pointed; the taper being [twelve] inches [30 cm] long ... circum­stanc­es to which the patient perhaps owes his life. The iron is unlike any other, and was made by a neighbour­ing black­smith to please the fancy of its owner.[M](See[Fig. 2]) Weighing 13 14 pounds (6 kg) this "abrupt and intrusive visitor"[E] was found some 80 feet (25 m) away, "smeared with blood and brain."[1]:331 Gage "was thrown upon his back by the explosion, and gave a few convulsive motions of the extremities, but spoke in a few minutes," walked with little assis­tance, and sat upright in an oxcart for the 34-mile (1.2-km) ride to his lodgings in town.[1]:331 Dr. Edward H. Williams arrived some thirty minutes after the accident: Harlow took charge of the case around 6 p.m.: The patient bore his sufferings with the most heroic firmness. He recognized me at once, and said he hoped he was not much hurt. He seemed to be perfectly conscious, but was getting exhausted from the hemorrhage. His person, and the bed on which he was laid, were literally one gore of blood.[N] Despite Harlow's skillful care,[O] Gage's recupera­tion was long and difficult. Pressure on the brain[P] left him semi-comatose from September 23 to October 3, "seldom speaking unless spoken to, and then answering only in monosyllables. The friends and attendants are in hourly expectan­cy of his death, and have his coffin and clothes in readi­ness."[N] But on October 7 Gage "succeeded in raising himself up, and took one step to his chair". One month later he was walking "up and down stairs, and about the house, into the piazza," and while Harlow was absent for a week, Gage was "in the street every day except Sunday," his desire to return to his family in New Hampshire being "uncon­trol­la­ble by his friends ... got wet feet and a chill." He soon developed a fever, but by mid-November he was "feeling better in every respect ... walking about the house again; says he feels no pain in the head". Harlow's prognosis at this point: Gage "appears to be in a way of recovering, if he can be control­led."[46]:392-3 Subsequent life and travels[edit] [Fig. 7]"Disfig­ured yet still handsome".[8] Note ptosis of the left eye. By November 25 Gage was strong enough to return to his parents' home in Lebanon, New Hampshire, where by late December he was "riding out, improving both mentally and physi­cally." In April 1849 he returned to Cavendish and paid a visit to Harlow, who noted at that time loss of vision (and ptosis) of the left eye,(See[Fig. 7]) a large scar on the forehead, and upon the top of the head ... a deep depression, two inches by one and one-half inches [5 cm by 4 cm] wide, beneath which the pulsa­tions of the brain can be perceived. Partial paralysis of the left side of the face. His physical health is good, and I am inclined to say he has recovered. Has no pain in head, but says it has a queer feeling which he is not able to de­scribe."[1]:338-9[47] New England[edit] Harlow says that Gage, unable to return to his railroad work,[1]:339 appeared for a time at Barnum's American Museum[Q] in New York City (the curious paying to see, presum­a­bly, both Gage and the instrument which had injured him) although there is no independ­ent confirma­tion of this.[citation needed] Recently, however, evidence has surfaced[citation needed] support­ing Harlow's statement that Gage made public appearances in "the larger New England towns". He subsequently worked in a livery stable in Hanover, New Hampshire.​[1]:340 Chile and California[edit] In August 1852 Gage was invited to Chile to work as a long-distance stage­coach driver there, "caring for horses, and often driving a coach heavily laden and drawn by six horses" on the Valparaiso–​Santiago route. After his health began to fail around 1859,[A] he left Chile for San Francisco, where he recovered under the care of his mother and sister (who had gone there from New Hampshire around the time Gage went to Chile). For the next few months he did farm work in Santa Clara.​[3]:103-4[1]:340-1 Death and subsequent travels[edit] [Fig. 8]Gage's skull (sawed to show inte­ri­or) and iron, photo­graphed for Harlow in 1868.​[R] In February 1860[A] Gage had the first in a series of increasingly severe convulsions;[S] he died status epilepticus[2]:E in or near[2]:B San Francisco on May 21, just under twelve years after his injury, and was buried in San Francisco's Lone Mountain Cemetery.[A](See[Fig. 16]) (Some accounts[39][38][48] assert that Gage's iron was buried with him, but there appears to be no evidence for this.)[T] Skull and iron[edit] In 1866 Harlow (who had "lost all trace of [Gage], and had well nigh abandoned all expecta­tion of ever hearing from him again") somehow learned that Gage had died in Califor­nia, and initiated a correspondence with Gage's family there. At Harlow's request they opened Gage's grave long enough to remove his skull, which the family then personally[21]:6 delivered to Harlow back in New England. About a year after the accident, Gage had given his tamping iron to Harvard Medical School's Warren Anatomical Museum, but he later reclaimed it[32]:22n[29][3]:46-7 and made what he called "my iron bar" his "constant companion during the remainder of his life";[1]:339 now it too was delivered to Harlow.(See[Fig. 8]) After studying them for a triumphal[E] retrospective paper on Gage,[1] Harlow redepos­ited the iron—​this time with Gage's skull—​in the Warren Museum, where they remain on display today.[U] The iron bears this inscrip­tion (though the date it gives for the accident is one day off, and Phinehas is not the way Gage spelled his name):[4]:839fig.: This is the bar that was shot through the head of Mr Phinehas[sic] P. Gage at Cavendish, Vermont, Sept. 14,[sic] 1848. He fully recovered from the injury & deposited this bar in the Museum of the Medical College of Harvard University. Phinehas P. Gage Lebanon Grafton Cy N–H Jan 6 1850.[B](See[Fig. 17]) Much later Gage's headless remains were moved to Cypress Lawn Cemetery as part of a systematic reloca­tion of San Francisco's dead to new burial places outside city limits.[3]:119-20 Brain damage and mental changes[edit] [Fig. 9]The left frontal lobe (red), the forward portion of which was dam­aged by Gage's injury, per Harlow's dig­ital exam­i­na­tion and the dig­ital analy­ses of Ratiu et al. and Van Horn et al.​[K] Extent of brain damage[edit] Debate as to whether the trauma and subsequent infection had damaged both of Gage's frontal lobes, or only the left, began almost immediately after his accident.[V] The 1994 conclu­sion of H. Damasio et al.,[39] that both frontal lobes were damaged, was drawn by modeling not Gage's skull but rather a "Gage-like" one.[4]:829-30 In 2004 Ratiu et al. used CT scans of Gage's actual skull[22][23] to confirm Harlow's conclu­sion (based on probing Gage's wounds with his finger)[W] that the right hemisphere had remained intact.[K](See[Fig. 9]) Van Horn et al. (2012) agree that the right hemisphere was undamaged, and make detailed estimates of the locus and extent of damage to Gage's white matter, suggest­ing that this damage may have been more signifi­cant to Gage's mental changes than the cerebral cortex (gray matter) damage.[X](See[Fig. 14]) [Fig. 10]"The leading feature of this case is its improba­bil­ity." Harvard's Henry J. Bigelow in 1854. His train­ing predis­posed him to minim­ize Gage's behav­ioral changes.[I] [Fig. 11]"I dressed him, God healed him."[O] Dr. John M. Harlow, who attended Gage after the "rude missle had been shot through his brain",[41] and obtained his skull for study after his death, in later life. Harlow's interest in phrenol­ogy prepared him to accept that Gage's injury might change his behavior.[I] [Fig. 12]"I have the pleasure of being able to present to you [a case] without parallel in the annals of surgery." Harlow's 1868 pre­sent­a­tion, to the Mass­a­chu­setts Medical Society, of Gage's skull, iron, and late-life history.[1] First-hand reports of mental changes[edit] Gage certainly displayed some kind of change in behavior after his injury,[21]:12-15 but the nature, extent, and duration of this change are very uncertain: little is reliably known about what Gage was like (either before or after the accident),[H] the mental changes described after his death were much more dramatic than anything reported while he was alive, and the few descrip­tions which seem credible do not specify the period of his post-accident life to which they are meant to apply. Harlow's 1848 report[edit] In his 1848 report, as Gage was just completing his physical recovery, Harlow had only hinted at possible psycho­log­i­cal symptoms: "The mental manifesta­tions of the patient, I leave to a future communica­tion. I think the case ... is exceed­ingly interest­ing to the enlight­ened physiolo­gist and intellec­tual philoso­pher."[46]:393 And after observing Gage for several weeks in late 1849, Harvard Professor of Surgery Henry Jacob Bigelow (in keeping with his anti-localiza­tion­ist training)[I] went so far as to say that Gage was "quite recovered in faculties of body and mind," there being only "inconsid­er­a­ble distur­bance of function".[32]:13-14 Harlow's 1868 report[edit] Not until 1868 did Harlow (having obtained Gage's skull, tamping iron, and late-life history) deliver the "future communica­tion" he had promised twenty years earlier,(See[Fig. 12]) detailing the mental changes found today in most presenta­tions of the case (though usually in exaggera­ted or distorted form—​see Distortion of mental changes, below). In memorable language, he described the pre-accident Gage as hard-working, responsi­ble, and "a great favorite" with the men in his charge, his employers having regarded him as "the most efficient and capable foreman in their employ". But these same employers, after Gage's accident, "consid­ered the change in his mind so marked that they could not give him his place again": The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his intellectual faculties and animal propensit­ies, seems to have been destroyed. He is fitful, irrever­ent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previ­ously his custom), manifest­ing but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertina­ciously obstinate, yet capri­cious and vacillat­ing, devising many plans of future opera­tions, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his intellect­ual capacity and manifesta­tions, he has the animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart business­man, very energetic and persist­ent in executing all his plans of opera­tion. In this regard his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his friends and acquaint­ances said he was "no longer Gage".[1] This oft-quoted descrip­tion appears to draw on Harlow's own notes set down soon after the accident,​[3]:90,375 but other behaviors he describes​[3]:117-8[1]:340,345 appear to draw on later communica­tions from Gage's friends or family,[Y] and it is difficult to match these various behaviors (which range widely in their implied level of func­tional impairment)[Z] to the particu­lar period of Gage's post-accident life during which each described behavior was present.[3]:90-5 This complicates recon­struc­tion of how Gage's behavior changed over time, a critical task in light of evidence that his behavior at the end of his life was very different from his behavior (described by Harlow above) immedi­ately post accident.[21]:6-9 Social recovery[edit] In 2008 a report was discov­ered calling Gage mentally unim­paired during his last years in Chile (from a physician who had known him "well" there), and since then a descrip­tion of what may have been his daily work routine there as a stage­coach driver, and advertise­ments for two previously unknown public appear­ances. This new evidence implies that the seriously maladap­ted Gage described by Harlow existed for only a limited time after the accident—​that Gage eventually "figured out how to live" despite his injury,[AA] and was in later life far more func­tional, and socially far better adapted, than previously assumed.[4]:831 Psychologist Malcolm Macmillan hypothesizes that this change represents a social recovery undergone by Gage over time, citing persons with similar injuries for whom "someone or something gave enough structure to their lives for them to relearn lost social and personal skills"[4]—​in Gage's case, his highly structured employ­ment in Chile.[AB] If this is so, Macmillan points out, then along with theoretical implica­tions it "would add to current evidence that rehabili­ta­tion can be effective even in difficult and long-standing cases"[4]:831—​and asks, if Gage could achieve such improvement without medical supervi­sion, "what are the limits for those in formal rehabili­ta­tion programs?"[5] Distortion of mental changes[edit] A moral man, Phineas Gage Tamping powder down holes for his wage Blew his special-made probe Through his left frontal lobe Now he drinks, swears, and flies in a rage. In the only book dedicated to the case, An Odd Kind of Fame:Stories of Phineas Gage (2000),[3] Macmillan carries out a comprehensive analysis of accounts of Gage (scien­tific and popular), finding that they almost always distort and exagger­ate his behav­ioral changes well beyond anything described by anyone who had actual contact with him.[H] In the words of Barker,[13] "As years passed, the case took on a life of its own, accruing novel additions to Gage's story without any factual basis", and even today (writes historian Zbigniew Kotowicz) "Most commenta­tors still rely on hearsay and accept what others have said about Gage, namely, that after the accident he became a psycho­path ..."[17] Attributes typically ascribed to the post-accident Gage which are either unsupported by, or in contradic­tion to, the known facts include mistreat­ment of wife and children (of which Gage had neither), inappro­pri­ate sexual behavior,[AC] an "utter lack of fore­sight", "a vainglori­ous tendency to show off his wound", inability or refusal to hold a job, plus drinking, bragging, lying, gambling, brawling, bullying, thievery, and acting "like an idiot". Macmillan's detailed analysis shows that none of these behaviors is mentioned by anyone who had met Gage or even his family;[H] as Kotowicz writes, "Harlow does not report a single act that Gage should have been ashamed of."[17][AD] For example, Antonio Damasio and Hanna Damasio[39][38] misinter­pret a passage by Harlow—"'... contin­ued to work in various places;' could not do much, changing often, 'and always finding something that did not suit him in every place he tried'"[1]:341—​as implying Gage could not hold a job after his accident and "never returned to a fully independ­ent exist­ence". In fact Harlow's words refer not to Gage's post-accident life in general, but only to the months just before his death, after convul­sions had set in; and until then Gage had supported himself throughout his adult life.[AE] Theoretical use, misuse, and nonuse[edit] [Fig. 13]Phrenolo­gists contended that destruc­tion of Gage's mental "organs"​ of Venera­tion and Benevo­lence (upper-right)caused his behav­ioral changes. [Fig. 14]False-color represen­ta­tion of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.​[26] Though Gage is considered the "index case for personal­ity change due to frontal lobe damage"[13][55][14][48] his scien­tific value is under­mined by the uncertain extent of his brain damage[14] combined with the lack of information about his behav­ioral changes.[3]:290 Instead, Macmillan writes, "Phineas' story is [primarily] worth remember­ing because it illus­trates how easily a small stock of facts becomes trans­formed into popular and scien­tific myth," the paucity of evidence having allowed "the fitting of almost any theory [desired] to the small number of facts we have".[3]:290 A similar concern had been expressed as far back as 1877, when British neurolo­gist David Ferrier (writing to Harvard's Henry Pickering Bowditch in an attempt "to have this case definitely settled") complained that In investi­gat­ing reports on diseases and injuries of the brain, I am con­stantly amazed at the inexacti­tude and distor­tion to which they are subject by men who have some pet theory to support. The facts suffer so fright­fully ...[44][I] More recently Sacks refers to the "interpreta­tions and misinterpreta­tions, from 1848 to the present," of Gage.[52] Thus in the nineteenth-century controversy over whether or not the various mental functions are localized in specific regions of the brain, both sides managed to enlist Gage in support of their theories;​[13][3]:ch9 for example, soon after Dupuy[40] wrote that Gage proved that the brain is not localized, Ferrier cited Gage as proof that it is.[45] Phrenolo­gists made use of Gage as well, contend­ing that his mental changes resulted from destruc­tion of his "organ of Venera­tion" and/or the adjacent "organ of Benevo­lence".[53]:194[I](See[Fig. 13]) Antonio Damasio, in support of his somatic marker hypothesis​ (relating decision-making to emotions and their biological underpin­nings), draws parallels between behaviors he attributes to Gage and those of modern patients with damage to the orbito­frontal cortex and amygdala.[38] But Damasio's depiction of Gage has been criticized as grotesque fabrica­tion ... ["perpetrating"] the myth of Gage the psycho­path ... Damasio changes [Harlow's] narrative, omits facts, and adds freely to his story ... It seems that the growing commitment to the frontal lobe doctrine of emotions brought Gage to the limelight and shapes how he is described.[AF] Or as Kihlstrom put it: [M]any modern commentators exagger­ate the extent of Gage's personal­ity change, perhaps engaging in a kind of retrospective recon­struc­tion based on what we now know, or think we do, about the role of the frontal cortex in self-regula­tion.[AG] Psychosurgery and lobotomy[edit] It is frequently said that what happened to Gage played a part in the later develop­ment of various forms of psychosur­gery, particu­larly lobotomy.[AH] Aside from the question of why the unpleasant changes usually (if hyperboli­cally) attrib­uted to Gage would inspire surgical imita­tion,[AI] careful inquiry turns up no such link, according to Macmillan: [T]here is no evidence that Gage's case contributed directly to psychosur­gery ... As with surgery for the brain generally, what his case did show came solely from his surviving his accident: major opera­tions could be performed on the brain without the outcome necessarily being fatal.[3]:250;ch10-11[2]:F [Fig. 15]The second portrait of Gage to be identified (2010).​[AJ] In 2009 a daguerreotype portrait of Gage was discovered,(See[Fig. 2]) the first likeness of him identified other than a life mask taken by Bigelow in late 1849.​[32]:22n[3]:ii It shows "a disfigured yet still-handsome" Gage[8] with one eye closed and scars clearly visible, "well dressed and confident, even proud"[9][AK] and holding his iron, on which portions of the inscrip­tion (recited above) can be made out. (For decades the daguerre­otype's owners had imagined it showed an injured whaler with his harpoon.)[10] Authenticity was confirmed in several ways, including photo-overlay­ing the inscrip­tion visible in the portraits against that on the actual tamping iron in Harvard's Warren Anatomical Museum, and matching the injuries seen in the portraits against those preserved in the life mask.[9] Macmillan cites the daguerre­otype as consistent with the social recovery hypothesis already described.[5] To better under­stand the question, he and collaborators are actively seeking addi­tional evidence on Gage's life and behavior, and describe certain kinds of historical material (see "Phineas Gage: Unan­swered ques­tions" in External links, below) for which they hope readers will remain alert, such as letters or diaries of physicians whom their research indicates Gage may have met, or by persons in certain places Gage seems to have been.​[2]:B[4]:831 In 2010 a second portrait of Gage was identified.(See[Fig. 15]) This new image, copies of which are in the posses­sion of at least two different branches of the Gage family, depicts the same subject seen in the Wilgus daguerre­otype identi­fied in 2009, according to Gage research­ers consulted by the Smithson­ian Institu­tion.[AJ] See also[edit] Date of Burial: 1860 May 23Name: Phineas B.(sic) GageAge (yrs mos ds): 36Nativity: New HampshireDisease: EpilepsyPlace of Burial (tier grave plot): VaultUndertaker: GrayPhineasGage BurialRecord GageEntry.jpg [Fig. 16]Excerpt from record book for Lone Mountain Cemetery, San Fran­cisco, reflect­ing the May 23, 1860 interment of Phineas B.[sic] Gage by under­takers N. Gray & Co.[A] (Mouse­over for transcrip­tion; click here for full page.) Phineas Gage GageMillerPhoto2010-02-17 TampingIron EnhancedCropped.jpg [Fig. 17]Detail (enhanced) of inscrip­tion from Miller–​Hartley image:[Fig. 15] [Phine]has P. Gage at Cavendish, Vermont, Sept. 14, 1848. He fully[B] 1. ^ a b c d e f g (See[Fig. 16])Gage's death and (original) burial are discussed at Macmillan (2000).[3]:108-9 Harlow (1868)[1] gives the date of Gage's death as May 21, 1861, but undertaker's records[28] show conclusively that Gage was buried May 23, 1860. That Harlow (though in contact with Gage's mother as he was writing) was mistaken by exactly one year implies that certain other dates he gives for events late in Gage's life—​his move from Chile to San Francisco and the onset of his convulsions—​must also be mistaken, presum­a­bly by the same amount; this article follows Macmillan in correct­ing those dates (each of which carries this annota­tion). 2. ^ a b c (See[Fig. 17])Macmillan (PGIP)[2]:D gives the text of the inscription, which was commis­sioned by Bigelow[citation needed] in prepara­tion for the iron's deposit in the Warren Anatomical Museum. The Jan 6 1850 following Gage's "signa­ture" corresponds to the latter part of the period during which Gage was in Boston under Bigelow's observa­tion.[citation needed] 3. ^ Daguerreotype from the collec­tion of Jack and Beverly Wilgus. The original, like almost all daguerre­otypes, shows its subject laterally (left-right) reversed, making it appear that Gage's right eye is injured; however, there is no question (Lena & Macmillan, 2010) that all Gage's injuries, including to his eye, were on the left.[7] Therefore, in presenting the image here a second, compensat­ing reversal has been applied in order to show Gage as he appeared in life. See Harlow (1868)[1]:340 for "constant companion". 4. ^ a b c d Macmillan (2000)[3]:11,17,490-1 discusses Gage's ancestry and what is and isn't known about his birth and early life. Possible birth­places are Lebanon, Enfield, and Grafton (all in Grafton County, New Hampshire) though Harlow (1868) refers to Lebanon in particu­lar as Gage's "native place" and as "his home"​ (probably that of his parents) to which he returned ten weeks after the accident. The vital records of neither Lebanon nor Enfield list Gage's birth. The birthdate July 9, 1823 (the only definite date given in any source) is from a comprehen­sive Gage genealogy, via Macmillan (2000),[3]:16 and is consist­ent with agree­ment, among the numerous contemporary sources addres­sing the point, that Gage was 25 years old at the time of the accident, as well as with Gage's age—​36 years—​as given in undertaker's records after his death on May 21, 1860. There is no doubt Gage's middle initial was P[4]:839fig.[46][1][32] but there is nothing to indicate what the P stood for (though his paternal grandfather was also named Phineas). Gage's mother's maiden name is variously spelled Swetland, Sweatland, or Sweetland. 5. ^ a b c d A tone of amused wonderment was common in 19th-century medical writing about Gage (as well as about victims of other unlikely-sounding brain-injury accidents—​see Macmillan 2000).[3]:66-7 Noting dryly that, "The leading feature of this case is its improba­bil­ity ... This is the sort of accident that happens in the pantomime at the theater, not else­where", Bigelow (1850) empha­sized that though "at first wholly skeptical, I have been person­ally convinced", calling the case "unparal­leled in the annals of surgery".[32]:13,19 This endorse­ment by Bigelow, Professor of Surgery at Harvard, helped end scoffing about Gage among medical men—​one of whom, Harlow (1868) later recalled, had dismissed the matter as a "Yankee in­vention": The case occurred nearly twenty years ago, in an obscure country town ..., was attended and reported by an obscure country physician, and was received by the Metropoli­tan doctors with several grains of caution, insomuch that many utterly refused to believe that the man had risen, until they had thrust their fingers into the hole of his head,​ [see Doubting Thomas] and even then they required of the Country Doctor attested state­ments, from clergymen and lawyers, before they could or would believe—​many eminent surgeons regarding such an occur­rence as a physiolog­ical impossi­bil­ity, the appearanc­es presented by the subject being variously explained away.[1]:329,344 Indeed Jackson (1870) wrote that, "Unfortu­nately, and notwith­stand­ing the evidence that Dr. H. has furnished, the case seems, generally, to those who have not seen the skull, too much for human belief."[50]:v But after Gage was joined by such later cases as a miner who survived traversal of his head by a gas pipe,[citation needed] and a lumber­mill foreman who returned to work soon after a circular saw cut three inches (8 cm) into his skull from just between the eyes to behind the top of his head (the surgeon removing from this incision "thirty-two pieces of bone, together with considera­ble saw­dust"),[42] the Boston Medical & Surgical Journal (1869) pretended to wonder whether the brain has any function at all: "Since the antics of iron bars, gas pipes, and the like skepticism is discomfitted, and dares not utter itself. Brains do not seem to be of much account now-a-days."[30] The Transac­tions of the Vermont Medical Society (Smith 1886) was similarly facetious: "'The times have been,' says Macbeth [Act III], 'that when the brains were out the man would die. But now they rise again.' Quite possibly we shall soon hear that some German professor is exsecting it."[54]:53-54 The reference to Gage's iron as an "abrupt and intrusive visitor" appears in the Boston Medical & Surgical Jouurnal's review[29] of Harlow (1868). 6. ^ Harlow (1868): "Front and lateral view of the cranium, represent­ing the direction in which the iron traversed its cavity; the present appearance of the line of fracture, and also the large anterior fragment of the frontal bone, which was wholly detached, replaced and partially re-united."[1]:347,fig.2 7. ^ For scientific and academic discussions see Macmillan;[3]:ch14 in particular, Macmillan found Gage cited in some 60% of introductory psychology textbooks in three university libraries. A small study found Gage to be easily the topic most frequently mentioned when, at the end of an introductory psychology course, students were asked to list "the first 10 things that come to your mind as you answer the question: What do you remember from this course?"; investigators noted that, "The Phineas Gage video [used in the course] re-creates the famous tamping rod piercing Gage’s skull. Students ... always react emotionally to this video clip."[25]:89 For popular culture, see Macmillan (2000)[3]:ch13 and Macmillan (2008);[4]:830 for example, several musical groups call themselves Phineas Gage (or some variation). 8. ^ a b c d e Accounts of Gage are compared to one another, and against the known facts, at Macmillan (PGIP)[2]:C and in Macmillan 2000.[3]:esp.116-19,ch13-14 According to Macmillan & Lena (2010, and see also Macmillan 2000)​[3]:11,89,93,116 available sources which offer detailed informa­tion on Gage, and for which there is evidence (if merely the source's own claim) of contact with him or with his family, were limited (until 2008) to Harlow (1848, 1849, 1868);[46][47][1] Bigelow (1850);[32] Jackson (1870);[50]; Jackson (1849).[49] Macmillan & Lena (2010) present previously unknown sources discovered post 2008. Macmillan (2001)[20]:161 and Macmillan (2000)[3]:94 discuss the high general reliability of Harlow (1868), and its primacy as a source. The contrast between Gage's celebrity, and the small amount known about him, is discussed in Macmillan (2000):[3]:1-2,11 "From my student days I had some apprecia­tion of the importance ascribed to the case and expected there would be a reasonably extensive litera­ture on it. This turned out not to be true. There were many mentions of him, but few papers solely or mainly about him ... [In my early research I had assumed that] because Phineas Gage was said to be important in psycholo­gy, everyone would have been interested in him; because his survival was so remark­a­ble, someone must have made a major study of him. Neither was the case." 9. ^ a b c d e f See Macmillan (2000)[3]:pass. and Macmillan (2008)[4]:831 for surveys and discus­sion of theoret­ical misuse of Gage, and Barker (1995) for, specifically, the way in which 19th-century reports of Gage were colored by various writers' doctrinal leanings: The educa­tional backgrounds of Harlow and Bigelow [explain] their differing attitudes toward the case. Harlow's interest in phrenol­ogy prepared him to accept the change in character as a signifi­cant clue to cerebral function which merited publica­tion. Bigelow had [been taught] that damage to the cerebral hemispheres had no intellectual effect, and he was unwilling to consider Gage's deficit signifi­cant ... The use of a single case [including Gage's] to prove opposing views on phrenol­ogy was not un­common.[13]:abstr Smith (1886) noted "the ingenuity with which the advocates of various theories [of the brain] will explain away the evidence of their opponents."[54]:51 10. ^ a b c See Macmillan (2000)[3]:25-7 and Macmillan (PGIP)[2]:A for the steps in setting a blast and the location and circum­stan­ces of the accident. The blast hole, about 1 ¾ inches (4.5 cm) in diameter and up to 12 feet (4 m) deep, might require three men working as much as a day to bore using hand tools. The labor invested in setting each blast, the judgment involved in selecting its location and the quantity of powder to be used, and the often explosive nature of employer-employee relations on this type of job, all under­score the signifi­cance of Harlow's statement that Gage's employers had consid­ered him "the most efficient and capable foreman in their employ" prior to the accident. 11. ^ a b c d Ratiu et al.[23][22] was the first study to account for the hairline fracture running from behind the exit region down the front of Gage's skull, as well as fact that the hole between the roof of the mouth and the base of the cranium (created as the iron passed through) has a diameter about half that of the iron itself—​hypothe­siz­ing that the skull​ "hinged" open as the iron entered the base of the cranium, and was afterward pulled closed by the resilience of soft tissues once the iron had exited at the top.[4]:830 12. ^ a b (See [Fig. 5])Boston Post, Septem­ber 21, 1848,[27] crediting an earlier report (unknown date) in the Ludlow Free Soil Union (Ludlow, Vermont). This early report misstates the length of the tamping iron, and confuses its circumfer­ence with its diameter. Also, despite its reference to the "shatter­ing [of the] the upper jaw", that did not in fact happen. See Harlow (1868) for a descrip­tion of the iron's path.[46]:342 13. ^ Bigelow describes the iron's taper as seven inches long, but the correct dimension is twelve (corrected in the quotation).​[46]:331[3]:26 14. ^ a b c Excerpted from Williams' and Harlow's statements in: Harlow (1848);[46]:390-2 Bigelow (1850);[32]:16 Harlow (1868).[1]:335-6 15. ^ a b As to his own role in Gage's survival, Harlow merely averred, "I can only say ... with good old Ambro[i]se Paré, I dressed him, God healed him"[1]:346—​an assess­ment Macmillan (2000) calls far too modest.[3]:12,59-62,346-7 See Macmillan (2008), Macmillan (2001) and Barker (1995) for further discuss­sion of Harlow's management of the case.[4]:828-9[20][13]:679-80 16. ^ Harlow's notes for September 24: "Failing strength ... During the three succeed­ing days the coma deepened; the globe of the left eye became more protuberant, with fungus pushing out rapidly from the internal canthus ... also large fungi pushing up rapidly from the wounded brain, and coming out at the top of the head".[1]:335 Here fungus does not mean an infecting mycosis but instead (Oxford English Diction­ary) a "spongy morbid growth or excrescence, such as exuberant granula­tion in a wound"—​that is, part of the body's own reaction to the injury.[3]:54,61-2 17. ^ Unlike Barnum's later circus, his Barnum's American Museum was not a traveling show but a station­ary installa­tion in New York City. There is no evidence Gage exhib­ited with a troupe or circus, or on a fair­ground (Macmillan & Lena 2010).[21]:3-4 18. ^ Here reproduced from Jackson (1870),[50] these images were commis­sioned by Harlow from photo­grapher Samuel Webster Wyman and were the basis for the woodcuts seen in Harlow (1868).​[1]:348[3]:26,115,479-80 19. ^ Apparently[21]:6-7 quoting Gage's mother, Harlow narrates that while sitting at dinner, [Gage] fell in a fit, and soon after had two or three fits in succes­sion ... "[Phineas had] been ploughing the day before he had the first attack; got better in a few days, and continued to work in various places;" could not do much, changing often, "and always finding something which did not suit him in every place he tried." On the 18th of May, [1860][A] he left Santa Clara and went home to his mother. At 5 o'clock, A.M., on the 20th, he had a severe convul­sion. The family physician was called in, and bled him. The convul­sions were repeated frequently during the succeed­ing day and night.[1] 20. ^ Macmillan & Lena: "Only Harlow[1]:342 writes of the exhuma­tion and he does not say the tamping iron was recovered then. Although what he says may be slightly ambiguous, it does not warrant the contrary and undocu­mented ac­count[s] ... that Gage's tamping iron was recovered from the grave."[21]:7 21. ^ Jackson (1870): "The most valuable specimen that has ever been added to the Museum, and probably ever will be, was given two years ago by Dr. John M. Harlow ... For the profes­sional zeal and the energy that Dr. H. showed, in getting posses­sion of this remark­a­ble specimen, he deserves the warmest thanks of the profes­sion, and still more, from the College [i.e. the "Medical College of Harvard University"], for his donation."[50]:v 22. ^ Early authors attempting to estimate the extent of damage include: Harlow (1848);[46]:389 Bigelow (1850);[32]:21-2 Harlow (1868);[1]:343-5 Dupuy (1877);[40] Ferrier (1878).[45] See also Bramwell (1888);[33] Tyler & Tyler (1982);[24] Cobb (1940, 1943).[36][37] 23. ^ See Macmillan & Lena (2010);[21]:9 Harlow (1868);[1]:332,345 Bigelow (1850);[32]:16-17 Harlow (1848);[46]:390 Macmillan (2000).[3]:86 24. ^ Specifically, Van Horn et al.[26] estimated that although "extensive damage occurred to left frontal, left temporal polar, and insular cortex, the best fit rod trajec­tory did not result in the iron crossing the midline as has been suggested by some authors"​ (such as H. Damasio). "Fiber pathway damage extended beyond the left frontal cortex to regions of the left temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices as well as to basal ganglia, brain stem, and cerebel­lum. Inter-hemi­spheric connec­tions of the frontal and limbic lobes as well as basal ganglia were also af­fected."​ (Quota­tions abridged to remove quantita­tive estimates of damage to each locus.) 25. ^ Macmillan (2000)[3]:106-8,375-6 also discusses potential reluctance on the part of Gage's friends and family (and of Harlow himself) to describe Gage negatively, especially while he was still alive, and argues[3]:350-1 that an 1850 communica­tion calling Gage "gross, profane, coarse, and vulgar" was anony­mously supplied by Harlow.[citation needed] 26. ^ For example, the "fitful, irreverent ... capri­cious and vacillating" Gage described in Harlow (1868)[1] is somewhat at variance with Gage's stage­coach work in Chile, which demanded that drivers "be reliable, resourceful, and possess great endurance. But above all, they had to have the kind of personal­ity that enabled them to get on well with their passen­gers"​ (Macmillan 2000,[3]:106 citing Austin 1977)[31]—​and note Gage was hired by his employer in advance, in New England, to be part of the new coaching enterprise in Chile.[3]:376-7[4]:831 27. ^ Fleischman (2002).[12]:75 See also Kotowicz (2007): "There is coher­ence and dignity in the way Gage dealt with his predicament. He deserves deep respect."[17] 28. ^ Macmillan & Aggleton (2011):[6] "Phineas' survival and rehabili­ta­tion demon­strated a theory of recovery which has influenced the treatment of frontal lobe damage today. [Macmillan explains:] 'There are something like 15 or 20 cases of people who've recovered from very serious frontal brain injury, of the kind that Phineas suffered from, without any profes­sional assis­tance. In every case, what's common in the reports is that someone, or something, has taken over the lives of these people and given them structure.' In modern treatment, adding structure to tasks by, for example, mentally visual­is­ing a written list, is consid­ered a key method in coping with frontal lobe damage. 'Phineas worked as a stage-coach driver,' continues Professor Macmillan. 'The job is one that has got an external structure. You've got to be here for this part, then there's that part, then there's something else. Just as with these cases who have recovered.'" 29. ^ Though Macmillan (2000)[3]:327 refers to the complete lack of informa­tion on Gage's sexual life, and Macmillan & Lena (2010)[21] discusses the continued absence of such informa­tion, curricu­lar materials at one medical school[51] go so far as to present Gage as having been "accused of sexually molesting young children". 30. ^ See also Van Horn (2012):[26] "Macmillan has noted that many reports on Gage's behav­ioral changes are anecdotal, largely in error, and that what we formally know of Mr. Gage's post-accident life comes largely from the follow-up report of Harlow according to which Gage, despite the descrip­tion of him having some early difficul­ties, appeared to adjust moder­ately well for someone experienc­ing such a profound injury." 31. ^ For end-of-life employ­ment difficulties see Macmillan (2000), p. 107; for misinter­pre­ta­tion and self-support, see Macmillan & Lena (2010) passim, as well as Kotowicz (2007): "What Harlow is telling us is clear and unambigu­ous: Gage returns from South America to his mother to recuperate. As soon as he is fit, he goes back to work with horses, which is what he has been doing for years." 32. ^ Kotowicz (2007),[17] which continues, "[A. Damasio's] account of Gage's last months [is] such a grotesque fabrica­tion that it leaves one baffled," then quotes á passage from A. Damasio (1994):[38]:9 In my mind is a picture of 1860's San Francisco as a bustling place, full of adventur­ous entrepre­neurs engaged in mining, farming, and shipping. That is where we can find Gage's mother and sister, the latter married to a prosper­ous San Francisco merchant (D.D. Shattuck, Esquire), and that is where the old Phineas Gage might have belonged. But that is not where we would find him if we could travel back in time. We would probably find him drinking and brawling in a question­able district, not convers­ing with the captains of commerce, as astonished as anybody when the fault would slip and the earth would shake threaten­ingly. He had joined the tableau of dispir­ited people who, as Nathanael West would put it decades later, and a few hundred miles to the south, "had come to Califor­nia to die". Kotowizc comments: "This little literary flourish is pure inven­tion ... There is something callous in insinuat­ing that Gage was some riff-raff who in his final days headed for Califor­nia to drink and brawl himself to death." Macmillan (2000)[3]:116-19,326,331 gives detailed criticism of A. Damasio's various presenta­tions of Gage (some of them in joint work with H. Damasio and others). 33. ^ Kihlstrom (2010).[16] See also Grafman:[15]:295: "Although [Gage] has been used to exemplify the problems that patients with ventromedial PFC [pre­frontal cor­tex] lesions have in obeying social rules, recogniz­ing social cues, and making appropriate social decisions, the details of this social cognitive impairment have occasion­ally been inferred or even embellished to suit the enthusiasm of the story teller—​at least regarding Gage" (citing Macmillan 2000).[3] 34. ^ See for example Carlson (1994);[35]:341 addi­tional examples and discus­sion are at Macmillan (2000).[3]:246;252-3n9,10 35. ^ "[No one involved in the early development of psychosur­gery] argued that psychiat­ric patients would benefit from having disinhib­ited behaviors like [Gage's] deliberately induced in them"​ (Macmillan 2000).[3]:250 36. ^ a b Lena & Macmillan (2010),[7] citing also B.&J. Wilgus.. The image seen here is in the posses­sion of Tara Gage Miller of Texas; an identical image belongs to Phyllis Gage Hartley of New Jersey. (Gage had no known children—​see Macmillan 2000;[3]:319,327 these are descendents of certain of his relatives—​see Macmillan & Lena 2010.)[21]:4 Unlike the Wilgus portrait, which is itself a daguerre­otype, the Miller and Hartley images are 19th-century photo­graphic reproduc­tions of a common original which remains undiscovered, itself a daguerre­otype or other laterally (left-right) reversing early-process photograph; therefore a second, compen­sat­ing reversal has been applied here to show Gage as he appeared in life. The shirt and tie Gage is wearing in the Miller–​Hartley image are different from those seen in the Wilgus image, though he is wearing the same waistcoat in both, and possibly the same jacket.[11] 37. ^ "Indeed, the recent discovery of daguerre­otype portraits of Mr. Gage show a 'hand­some ... well dressed and confident, even proud' man in the context of 19th-century portraiture. That he was any form of vagrant following his injury is belied by these remark­a­ble images."​ (Van Horn 2012,[26] quoting Wilgus 2009)[9] Sources and further reading[edit] For general audiences (Gage) Harlow, John Martyn (1868). "Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head". Publ Massachusetts Med Soc 2: 327–347.  open access publication - free to read 2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Macmillan, Malcolm B. (PGIP). "The Phineas Gage Informa­tion Page". The University of Akron. Retrieved July 22, 2013.  Includes: A. "Phineas Gage Sites in Cavendish".  open access publication - free to read B. "Phineas Gage: Unan­swered questions".  open access publication - free to read C. "Phineas Gage's Story".  open access publication - free to read D. "Correc­tions to An Odd Kind of Fame".  open access publication - free to read E. "Phineas Gage: Psychosoc­ial Adapta­tion".  open access publication - free to read F. "Phineas Gage and Frontal Loboto­mies".  open access publication - free to read ——— (2000). An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13363-6 (hbk, 2000) ISBN 0-262-63259-4 (pbk, 2002).  Appendices reproduce Harlow (1848, 1849, and 1868), Bigelow (1850) and other key sources, some unavailable elsewhere. open access publication - free to read  • See also "Correc­tions to An Odd Kind of Fame". open access publication - free to read ——— (2008). "Phineas Gage—​Unravell­ing the myth"". The Psychologist (British Psychological Society) 21 (9): 828–831.  open access publication - free to read 5. ^ a b c ——— (July 2009). "More About Phineas Gage, Especially After the Accident". Retrieved July 27, 2013.  open access publication - free to read 6. ^ a b ———; Aggleton, John (March 6, 2011). Phineas Gage: The man with a hole in his head. Audio interview with Claudia Hammond; Dave Lee. Health Check. BBC World Service. open access publication - free to read  For general audiences (portraits) 7. ^ a b c d Lena, M.L.; Macmillan, Malcolm B. (March 2010). "Picturing Phineas Gage (invited comment)". Smithsonian. p. 4.  open access publication - free to read 8. ^ a b c Twomey, S. (January 2010). "Finding Phineas". Smithsonian 40 (10): 8–10.  open access publication - free to read 9. ^ a b c d Wilgus, B.&J (2009). "Face to Face with Phineas Gage". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 18 (3): 340–345. doi:10.1080/09647040903018402. PMID 20183215.  Closed access 10. ^ a b ———. "Meet Phineas Gage". Retrieved October 2, 2009.  open access publication - free to read[full citation needed] 11. ^ a b ———. "A New Image of Phineas Gage". Retrieved March 10, 2010.  open access publication - free to read  For middle-school students 12. ^ a b c Fleischman, J. (2002). Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science. ISBN 0-618-05252-6.  open access publication - free to read  For researchers and specialists 13. ^ a b c d e f g h Barker, F.G. II (1995). "Phineas among the phrenolo­gists: the American crowbar case and nineteenth-century theories of cerebral localiza­tion". J Neurosurg 82: 672–682.  Closed access 14. ^ a b c Fuster, Joaquin M. (2008). The prefrontal cortex. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-12-373644-7.  Closed access 15. ^ a b Grafman, J. (2002). "The Structured Event Complex and the Human Prefrontal Cortex". In Stuss, D.T.; Knight, R.T. Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. pp. 292–310. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0019. ISBN 978-0-195-13497-1.  Closed access 16. ^ a b Kihlstrom, J.F. (2010). "Social neuroscience: The footprints of Phineas Gage". Social Cognition 28 (6): 757–782. doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.757.  open access publication - free to read 17. ^ a b c d e Kotowicz, Z. (2007). "The strange case of Phineas Gage". History of the Human Sciences 20 (1): 115–131. doi:10.1177/0952695106075178.  Closed access 18. ^ Macmillan, Malcolm B. (1986). "A wonderful journey through skull and brains: The travels of Mr. Gage's tamping iron". Brain and Cognition 5 (1): 67–107. doi:10.1016/0278-2626(86)90062-X. PMID 3513803.  Closed access 19. ^ ——— (2000). "Restoring Phineas Gage: A 150th Retrospective". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 9 (1): 46–66. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT046. PMID 11232349.  Closed access 20. ^ a b c ——— (2001). "John Martyn Harlow: Obscure Country Physician?". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 10 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1076/jhin. PMID 11512426.  Closed access ———; Lena, M.L. (2010). "Rehabilitating Phineas Gage". Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 20 (5): 641–658. doi:10.1080/09602011003760527. PMID 20480430.  Closed access 22. ^ a b c Ratiu, P.; Talos, I.F.; Haker, S.; Lieberman, D.; Everett, P. (2004). "The Tale of Phineas Gage, Digitally Remastered". Journal of Neurotrauma 21 (5): 637–643. doi:10.1089/089771504774129964. PMID 15165371.  Closed access 23. ^ a b c ———; Talos, I.F. (2004). "The Tale of Phineas Gage, Digitally Remastered". New England Journal of Medicine 351 (23): e21. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm031024. PMID 15575047.  open access publication - free to read 24. ^ a b Tyler, K.L.; Tyler, H.R. (1982). "A 'Yankee Inven­tion': the celebrated American crowbar case". Neurology 32: A191.  Closed access 25. ^ a b Vanderstoep, S.W.; Fagerlin, A.; Feenstra, J.S. (2000). "What Do Students Remember from Introductory Psychology?". Teaching of Psychology 27 (2): 89. doi:10.1207/S15328023TOP2702_02.  open access publication - free to read 26. ^ a b c d e Van Horn, J.D.; Irimia, A.; Torgerson, C.M.; Chambers, M.C.; Kikinis, R.; Toga, A.W. (2012). "Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage". PLoS ONE 7 (5): e37454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037454. PMC 3353935. PMID 22616011.  open access publication - free to read  Of historical interest 27. ^ a b "Horrible Accident". Boston Post. September 21, 1848.  28. ^ a b Volume 3: Lone Mountain register, 1850-1862, Halsted N.Gray – Carew & English Funeral Home Records (SFH 38), San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library. p. 285. 29. ^ a b c "Bibliographical Notice". Boston Medical & Surgical Journal. 3n.s. (7): 116–7. March 18, 1869.  30. ^ a b "Medical Intelligence. Extraordinary Recovery". Boston Medical & Surgical Journal. 3n.s. (13): 230–1. April 29, 1869.  31. ^ a b Austin, K.A. (1977). A Pictorial History of Cobb and Co.: The Coaching Age in Australia, 1854–1924. Sydney: Rigby. ISBN 0-7270-0316-X.  Bigelow, Henry Jacob (July 1850). "Dr. Harlow's Case of Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head". Am J Med Sci 20: 13–22.  Reproduced in Macmillan (2000).[3] 33. ^ a b Bramwell, B. (1888). BMJ 1 (1425): 835–840. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1425.835. PMC 2197878. PMID 20752265.  open access publication - free to read 34. ^ a b Campbell, H.F. (1851). "Injuries of the Cranium—​Trepan­ning". Ohio Med & Surg J 4 (1): 20–24  (crediting the Southern Med & Surg J (unknown date). 35. ^ a b Carlson, N.R. (1994). Physiology of Behavior. p. 341. ISBN 0-205-07264-X.  36. ^ a b Cobb, S (1940). "Review of neuropsy­chi­a­try for 1940". Arch Intern Med 66: 1341–54.  37. ^ a b ——— (1943). Borderlands of psychia­try. Harvard Univ. Press.  38. ^ a b c d e Damasio A.R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. ISBN 0-14-303622-X.  (2nd ed.: 2005) 39. ^ a b c d Damasio, H.; Grabowski, T.; Frank, R.; Galaburda, A.M.; Damasio, A.R. (1994). "The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient". Science 264 (5162): 1102–1105. doi:10.1126/science.8178168. PMID 8178168.  Closed access 40. ^ a b c Dupuy, Eugene (1877). "A critical review of the prevailing theories concern­ing the physiology and the pathology of the brain: localisa­tion of functions, and mode of produc­tion of symptoms. Part II.". Med Times & Gaz. II: 356–8.  open access publication - free to read 41. ^ a b Eliot, Samuel Atkins, ed. (1911). "John M. Harlow". Biograph­ical History of Massachu­setts: Biogra­phies and Autobiog­ra­phies of the Leading Men in the State 1 (Massachu­setts Biograph­i­cal Society).  open access publication - free to read 42. ^ a b Folsom, A.C. (May 1869). "Extraordinary Recovery from Extensive Saw-Wound of the Skull". Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal. pp. 550–555.  43. ^ Fowler, O.S. (1838). Synopsis of phrenol­ogy: and the phrenolog­ical develop­ments: together with the character and talents of _______ as given by _______: with refer­ences to those pages of "Phrenol­ogy proved, illus­trated and applied," in which will be found a full and correct delinea­tion of the intellec­tual and moral character and manifesta­tions of the above-named individual. New York: Fowler & Wells. p. 6.  open access publication - free to read 44. ^ a b Ferrier, David (1877–79). Correspondence with Henry Pickering Bowditch.  Countway Library (Harvard Univ.) Mss., H MS c 5.2. Transcribed in Macmillan (2000).[3]:464-5 45. ^ a b c ——— (1878). "The Goulstonian lectures of the localisa­tion of cerebral disease. Lecture I (concluded)". Br Med J 1 (900): 443–7.  Harlow, John Martyn (1848). "Passage of an Iron Rod through the Head". Boston Med & Surg J 39 (20): 389–393.  open access publication - free to read (Transcription.) 47. ^ a b c ——— (1849). "Medical Miscellany (letter)". Boston Med & Surg J 39: 506–7.  Reproduced in Macmillan (2000).[3] 48. ^ a b c Hockenbury, Don H.; Hockenbury, Sandra E. (2008). Psychology. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-429-20143-8.  Closed access 49. ^ a b Jackson, J.B.S. (1849). Medical Cases 4 (Case 1777).  Countway Library (Harvard Univ.) Mss., H MS b 72.4. 50. ^ a b c d e ———. "Frontis. and Nos. 949–51,3106". A Descriptive Catalog of the Warren Anatomical Museum.  Reproduced in Macmillan (2000),[3] in which see also p. 107. open access publication - free to read 51. ^ a b Nicholl, Jeffrey S. (2009). "Dementia Cases—​Problem #1". Neurology Clerkship. New Orleans: Tulane Univ. School of Medicine. Retrieved November 1, 2009.  open access publication - free to read 52. ^ a b Sacks, Oliver (1995). An Anthropolo­gist on Mars. pp. 59–61. ISBN 0-679-43785-1. OCLC 30810706.  Closed access 53. ^ a b Sizer, Nelson (1888). Forty years in phrenol­ogy; embracing recol­lec­tions of history, anecdote, and experience. New York: Fowler & Wells.  open access publication - free to read 54. ^ a b c d Smith, William T (1886). "Lesions of the Cerebral Hemispheres]". T Vermont Med Soc for the Year 1885. pp. 46–58.  open access publication - free to read 55. ^ a b Stuss, D.T.; Gow, C.A.; Hetherington, C.R. (1992). "'No longer Gage': Frontal lobe dysfunc­tion and emotional changes". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60 (3): 349–359. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.349. PMID 1619089.  Closed access External links[edit] [Fig. 18]Gage's skull, Warren Museum
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The Peace Pastor Pursuing Peace through Faith with the Rev. Marty Troyer What is a faithful Christian interpretation of Drone Warfare? War, more than any other area garnered strong consensus for both major political party candidates. Drones in particular had both candidates drooling over their continued use in the Jim Lehrer debate, and the President seems poised to expand their deployment into the west African country of Mali and likely beyond. Sadly, the President may actually believe his re-election signals a “mandate” for him to continue in this direction. With only 26% of eligible US voters personally selecting the President (60 million out of a possible 230 million), I’m not sure “mandate” is the right word. This is certainly a core reason I could not vote for President Obama. Nor is there a consensus for use of drones beyond those whose fingers are on the trigger. Here’s a sampling of the debate: Recent critical pieces include a study called Psychological effects of drone warfare (pointing out ¼ of those killed were citizens); “The Permanent Militarization of America” (a professor at the Naval Academy decries our unquestioned allegiance to a “daily diet of stories that valorize the military” and applaud drone warfare);  Drones terrorize families in Pakistan “death by robot” and Obama’s second term foreign policy and a great article on why you didn’t hear anything about November 3, 2012 as being the 10th anniversary of our “Third War.” And then there’s the church. What are we as followers of Jesus saying about drone warfare? Consensus there is not, with voices running the gamut from support to protest. Take the protest piece from The American Conservative, “Pro-Life means Anti-Drone“. Which asks, “for pro-lifers, there must be a question: If life is sacred, how can we justify killing so many innocent children? Some might say, “Well, that’s just war. We make mistakes.” Yet, I don’t know a single pro-lifer who would agree with rectifying the mistake of an unplanned pregnancy by making yet another mistake in terminating that pregnancy.” Or the Texas Baptists, whose complex indictment (not as sharp as above) assumes moral complicity, The National Catholic Reporter clearly calls drones “wrong” but also wonders where the bishops have been on this core issue. “Because they are indiscriminate in their damage, drones are a disproportionate tool. And the fear they inspire is as likely to engender new participants as to successfully end violence.” Christianity Today reported that in the UK, a number of churches (United Methodists, etc…) oppose drone warfare and are intentionally distancing themselves from the United States as an act of faithfulness. The article states this is “the ethical issue of our time.” On the support end of the spectrum, here’s an excellent Just War defense of and support for drone warfare. ”Yes, Drone Strikes are Legal and Moral, written by evangelicals David and Nancy French is quickly dismissive of pacifist critiques and is “puzzled” by other Christians who protest drone use. When I read their blog, it was quickly apparent that their support came from a uniquely different foundation than critical religious voices mentioned. These differences in foundation are why I felt such a deep disconnect with their argument. I think there are two major differences I’ve come across in those who religiously support, and those who oppose drone warfare. First, what are the appropriate sources and tools that would ensure a faithful Christian interpretation of drone warfare? The French’s pro-drone argument, supposedly “Christian,” is 100% based on politics, legislation and philosophy rather than scripture or theology. I’m not saying they have no basis in Christian tradition, but rather a theological justification for drone warfare would be shaped quite differently. The philosophical tool of Just War grants seemingly different results than pro-life hermeneutics or a Jesus-centered ethic. In other words, if a Christian ethical critique is valid, it matters not what is allowed under UN law. One wonders how important the core Christian belief in the authority of scripture (of allowing Scripture to interpret and guide life, and not the other way around) should be in a discussion of this magnitude? Second, and more importantly is the context within which you are standing: are we interpreting the issue of drone warfare as citizens of our Nation, or as members of the Body of Christ? Protest voices almost exclusively find their critique by viewing the issue from the perspective of the church, whereas supporters allow church to melt into the background and primarily (exclusively?) take a nation-state centered approach. For instance, the French’s primary question betrays this posture, “Are we lawfully and appropriately engaged in a state of war?” The question of legality (and limiting morality to it) is only possible when you assume the proper response is a national response (we are citizens, and we must support our nation). But does this not too strongly distance the US church from her core mission in our world? In other words, what if God’s will is broader than the protection of only one country that happens to be ours? The Pro-Life, Anti-Drone article above begs the question, can you act as both citizen and Christian at the same time? We can’t kill their 4 year olds to defend our own, then send them a loaf of bread as an act of charity in the name of Christ. What is a distinctly church-based response to drones? Our acceptance or critique of drone warfare seems to hinge on that question. (Here is another church-based response, posted earlier on my blog). How have your own sources (philosophy, politics, scripture, theology) and posture (national, church-based) played a role in your interpretation of drone warfare? What sources and posture should the church take in interpreting drone warfare? What does your Houston Church think about drones? You might also like: Marty Troyer | Seeking the Shalom of Houston 39 Responses 1. juan es de la Marque says: no matter which way you look at it, war is hell.. Matthew 26:52 Revelation 6:14-17 And the heaven departed as a scroll when it is rolled together; and every mountain and island were moved out of their places.And the kings of the earth, and the great men, and the rich men, and the chief captains, and the mighty men, and every bondman, and every free man, hid themselves in the dens and in the rocks of the mountains;And said to the mountains and rocks, Fall on us, and hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb:For the great day of his wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand?….Revelation 13:9-10, If any man have an ear, let him hear.He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints…… No matter what you do in this plane the end is still the same.. :) 2. Vallie says: In all wars between governments (and religions that are also government, like Islam) innocents die. It cannot be otherwise. Most of the people in any country of warring governments are innocent. In general we can define innocents as women, children, basically any noncombatant. The morality of killing innocents in war is a logical construct and as old as time. If a person is unable to overthrow their warring government or escape their county, then they pay price of the sins of the government they are subject to. It is as simple as that. Let me give you an example. In Germany, 1940’s, many innocents perished dreadfully. Did the Allied aviators who dropped bombs want to kill innocents? No, of course they didn’t. They had families of their own. They knew they were killing innocents but did it anyway. Why? Because they were at war with a government whose same innocents, willingly or unwillingly, supported their government in the deaths of millions of “enemy” innocents. Businesses drove the war machine. They had to be destroyed. Women clothed and feed the men who killed. They had to be stopped. The children would have grown up to be part of the machine that kills as well. They too, had to die. They, those women and children, those pacifists, and those who did not leave or who did nothing to prevent the horror are debited with the same charge as those who did commit atrocities. So, here we are in the enlightened twenty first century and we have a seventh century cult that believes they have the right to kill anyone who stands in their way. You want us to believe that those women who support jihadists, children of jihadists who will grow up to be jihadists, and pacifists who do nothing to stop the jihadists are innocent. And not only that, if you had it your way, but we wouldn’t even defend ourselves from the global jihad. It is suicidal naiveté. • martytroyer says: THanks for the post Vallie. One comment in particular stands out to me: “we have a seventh century cult that believes they have the right to kill anyone who stands in their way.” For two reasons. First, it is a highly offensive characterization of Islam, that I do not think is true or accurate, let alone helpful. Second, I’m not sure you see the glaring irony of such a statement: you have just defended the United States (backed by Christian principles, a 1st Century cult?) having the right to kill anyone who stands in their way. Yet you disparage a weaker force who has utilized the same tactics. Seems logically inconsistent. • Vallie says: First, I do not care that you find my statement about Islam offensive. It is true. All religions have cult characteristics in one way or another. However, only Islam mandates the death penalty for apostates. Only Islam mandates the death penalty for adultery. Only Islam mandates the death penalty for homosexuality. Islam is a death cult. That statement is true and accurate. I can quote the words of Muhammad that prove it. I can give you links that demonstrate those “values” in modern day practice. You said, and I quote, “…I do not think is true or accurate.” “Think” means you don’t know. It means you have swallowed the propaganda of the “moderate” Muslims who would have you believe their version of Islam is “true” Islam. It means, I suppose, you are not willing to research it on your own but more than willing to tell me I’m wrong. Islam, its treatment of women and Infidels, offends me. Sharia, the mandate for stoning and amputations, offends me. Muhammad, his tales of slavery, rape, and murder, offends me. As a Christian, it should offend you too. But then you support the murder of the unborn so it would not surprise if it didn’t. Second, I don’t see the glaring irony because there is none. I don’t appreciate you putting words in my mouth either. Only you see irony because that is how you see the world. I present the principle of the right of self-defense as a nation against Islamic jihad (Mark 12:17) and against Islam as an ideology (Surah 2.191). If a Christian murders it goes against everything Jesus taught. Whereas, for a ‘True Believing’ Muslim, one that believes the Qur’an is the unaltered word of Allah and emulates Muhammad in every way, murder is sanctioned, it is praised in fact. The only guaranteed ticket to Allah’s heaven is to “kill and be killed” per Surah 9:111. Muslims could stop the drone attacks tomorrow if they wanted to. All they have to do is stop the jihad. But, you see, it is not as easy. The words of the Qur’an cannot be changed. Muhammad’s deeds cannot be undone. Islam continues as it was created, a death cult, evil, and it must be confronted, and yes, innocents will die in the process. A famous man once said, “Without followers, evil cannot spread.” 3. Bob says: Why did Moses get away with murder? In Genesis 9:6 it says: Yet Moses Murders this guy in Exo. 2:12. It gets better. God hires Moses to go on a killing spree in Numbers 31:17 How do you justify this? • M4 says: Bob – If you’re serious in your inquiry, and not merely trying to set up a straw man argument, consider Moses’ action in context – from Exodus 2: Although both then and now, Moses’ killing of the Egyptian might be pleaded credibly as justifiable homicide (defense of a fellow human being from assault), justifying Moses’ actions does *not* appear to be the intent of this passage. Instead, the consequences of the homicide – which (whether justified or not) is clearly Moses’ action and not God’s command – are set forth clearly: Firstly, we see Moses’ hesitation and fear in his “looking this way and that” before taking action. Secondly, we see that instead of enlisting the Hebrews’ support, Moses’ actions led to their distrust and disavowal. Thirdly, the Egyptian Pharaoh did, indeed, try to execute Moses (this text leaves it unclear whether Pharaoh took action because of the homicide, which seems less convincing to me, or because of the potential threat from Moses identifying too strongly with his people). Most interpretations of this narrative emphasize that as a result of his failures in Egypt, Moses lived in exile for over a decade, and *even when called directly* by God, was so hesitant and fearful to return to Egypt (Exodus 3-4) that he “caused God’s anger to burn against him” for his multiple excuses and unbelief. A short passage in Exodus 4 testifies that Moses had not even circumcised his firstborn son when he began his return to Egypt – which readers of Torah would see as further evidence of Moses’ lack of faith in practice. That Moses, a man with such acknowledged fears, character flaws and failures (of which the homicide is only one – regardless of whether “justified” or not) would be called and empowered by God to become the greatest of the Hebrew prophets is acknowledged on multiple occasions within the texts of Torah itself, as well as by interpreters. • M4 says: Bob – Your interpretation, “God hires Moses to go on a killing spree in Numbers 31:17,” seems strangely divorced from the context supplied by the Scriptural record and available archaeological data. The peoples of Midian had a long history with the Hebrews, both good and ill – At least some of the Midianite caravans traded in slaves (ref. Gen. 37 – Joseph sold into Egypt); they are generally believed to have been Arabic in background, with territories centered around the present Gulf of Aqaba and along the route of the Hebrews in the Exodus. Although Moses was the son-in-law of a priest of Midian, this favor and protection would not necessarily have held outside the priest’s local domain. Numbers 10 hints that the Midianites were reluctant to help the Hebrews as they left Mt. Horeb toward Kadesh in what is now southern Israel. The next few chapters document that the Hebrew peoples retreated from a southerly entrance to the Promised Land out of fear and lack of faith – turning back to the Negev and moving generally toward the east. Numbers 20 documents that the Hebrew people were denied passage by the king of Edom, then (Numbers 21) attacked by Arad, then later attacked – despite a peaceful entreaty for safe passage – by Sihon (a king of the Amorites). The textual evidence suggests that the Hebrews were nearing the Transjordan region when kings of both Moab and Midian conspired to oppose them – first by bribing a prophet to curse the Hebrews (Bala’am; Num. 22-24 – during which the kings were warned repeatedly that their cause was unjust), then by encouraging seduction of Hebrew men to weaken them by incurring a plague (Num. 25). The text gives no clear word as to whether this was a sexually-transmitted disease, or some other transmissible illness – but is very clear that these actions were considered acts of war (Num. 25:17-18 – “Treat the Midianites as enemies and kill them. They treated you as enemies when they deceived you in the Peor incident…”). Although the text abbreviates these incidents into a few chapters, they actually extended over 3-4 decades – so it seems clear that Midianite resistance to the Hebrews was serious and not limited to sporadic incidents. By the time war came (Num. 31), the same cases for war were restated … and the commands given in Num. 31:14-24 sound, at least to me, more like measures to prevent disease spread (quarantine outside the camp, sterilization by fire, and thorough washing). I’m uncertain whether the selective killing of captives should be interpreted as punishment for participating in unprovoked acts of war, or as sparing of the only ones who could reasonably be presumed as free of disease. This war with the Midianite peoples had lasting impact: it defined the lands assigned to the Transjordan tribes of Israel (Joshua 13), and it continued for generations. The book of Judges (chapters 6-8) documents continued Midianite raids into Israel to destroy their crops and livestock (in essence, trying to starve them out), Midianite military alliances against Israel, and from a priestly standpoint, enticement of Israelites into idolatry. The oppression of Israel by the Midianites was so great that centuries later, Isaiah’s famous prophecy (chapter 9) employs the ending of the oppression of Midian as a metaphor for God’s deliverance (“as in the day of Midian’s defeat, you have shattered the yoke that burdens them, the bar across their shoulders, the rod of their oppressor”). Bob, you are entitled to express an opinion, but to selectively interpret this single passage of Torah as sanction for a divine “killing spree” – and an unprovoked one at that – completely ignores the building military opposition to the Hebrew peoples’ journey, the decades-long buildup toward war, and the subsequent raids and oppression that were remembered for centuries. Whether Moses’ actions would be viewed as laudable today – or even in the time of Jesus of Nazareth – could be argued, but not the strength of the case for war at the time, or the seriousness of the conflict, in which the survival of Israel was at stake. • juan es de la Marque says: That’s easy the law was given to reveal transgressions…it ended with Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross saving them who receive by believing.. The law of Moses was given to conclude all men under sin. so that man condemned in his sin would see redemption which only comes by Jesus Christ..Jesus redeems all by his blood..Remember David… a man after God’s own heart who also committed murder..the faithful and betrayed Uriah the Hittite; murdered by the King no less. Uriah no doubt had a, “My God, my God why hast thou forsaken me,” moment, when the soldiers, his companions, withdrew from him leaving him alone to fight the enemy, outnumbered. :) No doubt it’s bloody business….When you point the finger at God , you are condemning yourself; for he is the only one who has redemption plans for all.. :) :) :) 4. Jack says: As the Police Force for the planet, the US needs to do everything, including the use of drones,to keep the planet from blowing up in a nuclear war. If the theme of this article were written in the 1700′s when the US was protected from the rest of the world by two oceans, it might be right. But this is not the case today. 5. M4 says: You asked, “How have your own sources (philosophy, politics, scripture, theology) and posture (national, church-based) played a role in your interpretation of drone warfare?” Marty, I have written some long posts, but your question requires almost categorical rejections of certain positions simply for brevity. I’ll begin with Scriptural witness: I understand the progressive revelation of Scripture, the life and sacrifice of Jesus Christ, and the work of the Holy Spirit as foundational to salvation, the divine reconciliation of the breach between human beings and God – without which we would be lost, now and forever. Marty, I understand that the Scriptures witness to this sovereign work of God as deeper and broader than “peace,” “non-violence,” “shalom,” “community,” etc., and that they warn against exalting even an aspect of God’s own character as as potentially idolatrous and unfaithful. Finally, a faithful student of Scripture can no more exclude a revelation of Deity than one can exalt one aspect of Deity to the exclusion of the whole. This is critical, Marty, because the Scriptures witness to divine love *and* judgment, divine grace *and* truth, divine mercy *and* righteousness, and divine kindness *and* severity. Just as those who look to God and see only harshness and condemnation are in error, so are those who look to God and see only peace and non-violence. As I understand the Scriptural witness, Marty – and here you should take note – our Lord desires peace, commands us to live in peace whenever possible, even abhors war – but war still happens, is sometimes unavoidable, and is included within God’s plan. God’s good work is not thwarted by human propensity for tragic conflict. Where I seriously differ with the Mennonite emphasis, Marty, and with many that identify with the “peace movements,” is that theologically and Scripturally you appear to focus on a gift (peace) rather than the Giver of peace. Arguably you may also be putting the cart before the horse, trying to usher in the Kingdom *as you see it,* and under your own power. Perhaps I see you and your affiliated churches incorrectly, but this is the witness that appears to show forth. I have expressed similar Scriptural and theological concerns about the “peace movements” within the various Methodist churches and the Roman church. Finally, the Scriptures witness that, when dealing with various beliefs and doctrines, as well as individuals and groups, we should “know them by their fruit.” Historically, the record of the “peace movements” has been mixed, not positive. I’d especially indict the pre-WWII British peace movement as culpably helping to delay an effective response to the rise of Hitler’s war machine, and I’d urge serious examination of the role of “peace-seeking” Christians in Eastern Europe as enabling the rise of Marxist-Leninist totalitarianism (cf. the late Tony Judt’s essay in “Reappraisals”). The treatment of our veterans of Vietnam service by activists of “peace” was reprehensible, and due apology has never been rendered. From my perspective, Gandhi, King, and Mandela were outliers, not representatives, of non-violent protest. Secondly, I witness the Christian “peace movements” to be generally divisive, not unifying, to the extent that said movements portray conflict as fundamentally class-based, and to the extent that they identify as “liberal” (whatever that means) rather than appealing to independents and conservatives. I must say that generally I’ve experienced more hostility, fractiousness, and discord in the “peace churches” than I have witnessed among those who have personally borne the heavy burden of combat duty. Thirdly, I am appalled by the blindness of Christian “peace movements” to great harms and violations incurred in the pursuit of their visions. I personally have experienced such harms, so this is not a neutral issue for me. You – both you personally, Marty, and your affiliated movements – are far too accepting of State intrusions incurred in the pursuit of “worthy” goals, too naive to anticipate harmful consequences of actions, and too slow to recognize or try to rectify harms done by your pursuits. Finally, sir, I strongly perceive the “peace movements” as untruthful. From cherry-picking Scriptures to catastrophizing (e.g., drone warfare as “the ethical issue of our time”), and from repeating hearsay or questionable argument as established fact, to culpable ignorance of science and of history, there appears to be very little from these sources that is reliable. Tainted fruit, indeed. So there you have it in abbreviated form, Marty, from one who really dislikes war and has personally had to care for its survivors. You (and the peace movements) oppose what you do not know, have little idea as to why wars are even fought, and even less idea as to how to mitigate the principal drivers of conflict. Your interpretation of Scriptural witness to support “pacifism” is, in my view, at the very least not generalizable, and at worst seriously flawed. Your approach to “peace” appears fundamentally conflict-based, and I’d suggest that Isaiah’s metaphor, “truth is fallen in the streets,” characterizes a great deal of the peace movements’ sources and portrayals. I see the fruits of the “peace” churches’ efforts as tainted by poor outcomes, irresponsibility, and blindness. In this post, your portrayals of “just war” doctrine as “justifying war” rather than “mitigating war” is inaccurate, as is your characterization of approaches as “nation-based” that accept the possibility of war. You’ll note, in my response, I’ve mentioned neither politics nor patriotism – my concerns are more fundamental. Our divisions on this matter are deep, and perhaps we could only find common ground at the foot of the Cross, not in “pacifist” vs. “non-pacifist” argument. What do you think, Rev. T.? • martytroyer says: I find this helpful M4, on a number of levels. These are criticisms I am open to hearing, and some of them I have shared myself. I’d push you out even farther though regarding my own faith tradition and it’s quiet complicity over the centuries. Our stated stance for far too long was to “save” our own young men from war, with little to no regard for the young men around us that were fighting and dying in wars those young men thought to be just. We’ve been far too disconcerned with the epic struggles of our time/s, and not engaged as we need to be. Of course, until I heard personally what “harms” you personally have experienced, I wouldn’t know quite how to respond to that. But it deeply saddens me all the same. I believe this same reality is present in my denomination, a feeling of deep collective guilt, and shame, and fear, and pain, that has caused us to recoil from the strong stance of previous generations. Indeed many Mennonites have lost their peace-making ethics all together because of that same reality. My own response to what I read you saying has been in a different direction: transform the peace ethic itself, become engaged, put a fundamental stance towards peace in dialogue with the epic struggles of our day (and their politics), and attempt to resist violence at a much broader more universal level than just wanting it for my son (to keep him alive in times of war). Indeed, my own very emotional and vocational response to the 9/11 event changed the course of my ministry and career precisely at this point. What my faith tradition lacked, I’ve spent the last 11 years trying to find: deeper theological rooting, public spirituality, effective skills and practices, broader understanding of war and violence and her causes, etc… If I could spend all my time pursuing these issues I may one day live up to my self appointed title, Peace Pastor. Alas, as a solo pastor I counsel members, print bulletins, clean bathrooms, visit members at their work, spend countless hours helping those who ask for assistance, preaching and preaching prep… These are big topics that demand big attention. I do not think I have given them adequate treatment, though treatment they have received. M4, please recommend to me your top book recommendation on the sources of conflict and war, and I’ll read it. Help me to understand “that which I do not know.” I like that phrase, reminds me of somethign Jesus said that we also don’t know, “The things that make for peace.” Pass on a book, or resource, and I’ll dig into it. Because I think it would be helpful. Thanks. 6. M4 says: To Rev. Troyer – Regardless of views on your chosen focus, I see several serious problems with your arguments: 1. You leave it unclear whether your principal reason for this post is to voice selective opposition to the use of drones, or general opposition to warfare itself. If the latter, argument about the former is moot. You need to clarify and not conflate. 2. The quotes you cited appear illogical on their face, creating false dichotomies (e.g., a “pro-life” position means holding only a single set of views defined by the protester, not the holder of such views) and presupposing the conclusion (e.g., “indiscrimate” => “disproportionate”). You cannot simply drop unsupported quotes like Hellfire missiles shot into a village, and run from more critical analysis. 3. A priori exclusion of sources that may call your own arguments into question (e.g., “their support came from a uniquely different foundation than critical religious voices mentioned”) is inappropriate. Firstly, Marty, your exclusion of sources in this post is arbitrary and unsupported by argument. I’d also raise strong concern about bias. Secondly, you yourself employ non-Scriptural sources in your arguments, such as Menno’s writings, the doctrines of Anabaptism, and historical notes. Is it not hypocritical for you to (a priori) exclude extrabiblical sources from others’ arguments, when you take umbrage when others object to your sources’ genre rather than confronting their content? 4. Finally, in reference to point 3, have you overlooked the use of cultural and societal sources in Scripture itself? What of the arguments made to the dominant Persian culture in Esther and Nehemiah? What of Paul’s sermon in Athens (Acts 19), in which he quotes Greek philosophers to buttress his arguments for belief in Christ? The Scriptural writers were not invincibly ignorant of their milieu; neither should you be. Please address these concerns. • martytroyer says: M4, I’m saddened you didn’t find the tone and approach of this post more conducive, as it was written with some of your more repeated “thoughts” in mind (ie, trying to present more sides of issues, etc…). 1. The principal reason for this post is dialogue, and acknowledging that there ACTUALLY IS a dialogue on this, it’s not a given one way or another. So I link to folks who are against, and to those who are for, drone warfare. Then, digging deeper, I try to identify reasons for the differences. My own personal view, while present, is quite secondary to facilitation of dialogue. 2. The quotes are not written in support of an argument primarily, they are “links,” a uniquely blogish way of pointing readers to resources. They’re not meant to build on one another, but simply to say, “Gee, look at who else is saying stuff on this topic, and here’s a very short point they made.” 3. These are all links I’ve read in the last 2 weeks, plus about another 6. The French piece is the highest quality (I find it excellent) and most detailed in the bunch, and it gets the most play. It is also, I must say, the ONLY piece I could find written by a Christian in support of drone warfare. I asked, I googled, I searched, and could only find this. So a priori yes or no, if you agree its written with a different tone, focus, source, etc… then I find that meaningful. Do you? 4. And of course I would strongly agree with this point, and strongly disagree that I am. I am not arguing that ONLY scripture can be used. Indeed, if I were how would I have found it necessary to include the 3-4 links at the top that are not distinctly religious? Listen, perhaps you’ve made your mind up on this. But one can not deny there is a debate in our culture on this issue. And that people disagree. And that Christians disagree. I believe I have honored that disagreement, and my intent in this post was to foster dialogue. If you don’t think I’ve done that… • M4 says: Marty, I appreciated your thoughtful response. I believe your key observation lies in noting that you saw your post *much* differently than I, or a number of other readers, did. I’ll note that *even in your honest intent* to present both “sides,” you did not convey what many of us would regard as a reasonable portrayal. I’m speculating, Marty, but maybe your presuppositions literally prevent you from *seeing* an alternative as rational, however much you may try to compensate for that. I’d suggest a parallel with trying to explain balance sheets, return on investment, and market volatility to someone who fundamentally and unshakably believes that corporations are engines for extracting profit by worker exploitation. What makes intuitive sense to a business owner may make absolutely no sense to someone with differing beliefs and values. I’ll let you chew over this quote from Robert Burns: “O wad some Pow’r the giftie gie us To see oursels as others see us It wad frae monie a blunder free us An’ foolish notion What airs in dress an’ gait wad lea’e us.” Again, I really appreciated your response. • martytroyer says: There are at least 2 things that continue to surprise me M4 (in general, but specifically in how you have commented on this post). First, you have not in any way interacted with the sources I presented. Is it not in any way helpful, meaningful, worthy of note, surprising, or illustrative that Baptists, Catholics, Methodists, and other conservative Christians are indeed having an active debate on this issue. You are very skilled at painting me in to a corner, and leaving me aired out to pasture as the only person who believes x,y,and z (Kabuzz is also quite fond of this tactic!). And yet, when presented with a fuller picture, more information, and sources that support not my stance BUT AT A DEEPER LEVEL THE NEED FOR DIALOGUE you completely ignore the sources. I’m speculating, M4, but maybe your presuppositions literally prevent you from seeing an alternative as rational (a wiser man than I once asked me the same). Second, neither have you interacted with the main argument of the blog. I presented a thesis, and, rather than presenting an anti-thesis, or being in dialogue with said thesis, you have chosen instead (through lengthy, smart, even sophisticated means) to take the conversation in an entirely different direction. Your direction is fine on the surface sure. What’s troubling is your vehemence and demand that I PLAY YOUR GAME, when you have not played mine. Your points may all be valid, sure. If I were commenting on your blog I’d need to engage them on their own terms. You consistently employ this same tactic, of not dialoguing with my blogs, but rather picking them apart in tangential ways and asking me to spend grand amounts of time refuting your concerns. Perhaps we’d be in better dialogue if we each had a blog, and could comment back and forth. We don’t have that, do we? 2 more thoughts. One, I continue to hope that you will one day soon accept my invitation to meet face to face for coffee or lunch. I value your perspective and do believe that you have a lot to contribute to our shared values. I also know the depths of our disagreements would be received in a much softer way if our relationship were not anonymous. I anticipate enjoying time with you very much, and imagine we’d find more to bind us than to separate us! You know very much about me, could find me, watch me from afar, call and talk to me without me knowing it, take on various personas to get a chance to know me more. Indeed, as a pastor in a very public role, my life is an open book. All the while I would have no idea whom I’m talking to in real life. I don’t even know your real name. Though, I have in the past had hopes that your moniker (M4) means you’re involved in British secret intelligence! Second, it’s been pointed out to me by numerous of my readers that your intent, to them, is quite clear: refute absolutely everything that comes across this blog. These readers do not experience you as being in open dialogue, or bringing a helpful attitude, or furthering the dialogue, or pursuing peace. Instead, they find my efforts to stay engaged with you baffling. “Why would you talk with someone who doesn’t listen to anything you say, and tries to ruin your credibility for the rest of your readers?” Indeed, why? My perception is not that far off from theirs as to your intent. And yet I do remain engaged, I believe your purposes are more nuanced and mixed than that. Refutation? Yes, but also teaching and helpful advice in style and approach, etc… The teaching, like medicine, would go down a whole lot easier if it were sweetened with some friendship. But if I’m mistaken, and your goal is indeed singularly to refute me, than to you I can only say Touche! Your tactics are superb. Here we all are, investing copious amounts of energy in a rabbit trail so far from home I’m not sure we’ll find our way back to the original post. Which was about what again? Have a great day. And let me know if you want to meet up (PS, as blogger, I have access to people’s email but have never broken that confidentiality and used it without prior permission. I could email you if desired). 7. Ansar says: Rev. Marty I like the post but I look at drones as a new invention for use in warfare. Wars have been waged for time immemorial, history of warfare shows progressive use of innovative tools used by man as he became smarter technologically; The fortresses being built on hilltops, the catapults, the cannons and the list goes on. So warfare and use of innovative tools have been the norm for ever since ancient times. It is the morality, respect and etiquette applied in warfare of olden times that has changed. There are examples of those also. So drones are the modern technological thing for use in the modern warfare, and other robotic applications that are on the horizon, like jet fighters, destroyers etc. This was expected, in the past few decades man has advanced in electronics in a manner never seen below. With drones it is possible to sit in the comfort of a war office in Arizona and control a drone in enemy territory thousands of miles away, like playing a video game ! Yes the oops happen when the player sees something in the darkness on his screen which is the camera on the drone and information fed from ground troops telling him it is the enemy in the house ahead – blast it! A deadly mistake sometimes kill our own or an innocent family and maybe an enemy combatant – collateral damage. There is danger of insensitivity. But we have become insensitive to killing watching all the violence on TV also, which make our yongsters tote gun and kill. This will increase as now the whole world in arming themselves with drones and robotic arms. We pray to the higher authority, the Almighty Creator to give us moral sense direction. (sorry for the long post) • martytroyer says: No apologies needed! I appreciate the post. I find it to be helpful, especially in thinking about drone use expansion. I tend to agree, there is likely only going to be a natural increase. That certainly is what we’ve seen! From local law inforcement, to ICE, to other countries, increasingly choosing drones. However expansive their future, it is NOT a natural assumption that it has to be this way. Indeed, with the articles/studies I cite alone, there is much debate on their usefulness. So, here’s a specific question: given that they are a new invention for use in warfare, what if it could be proved to be more detrimental to the cause than helpful? What if the assumption were proved true that drone strikes do more to INCREASE terrorist recruitment than they do to stop terrorist expansion? Might you be persuaded that they are not, ultimately, helpful? In other words, setting aside issues of legality and morality, are they efficacious? • Ansar says: IN response to your question Rev. Marty, we have established that the drone is the result of natural progression of advanced technology for use in warfare. When stinger missile was invented by US to shoot down helicopter gunships, it was a revolutionary weapon. US gave it to the Afghan Mujahedeen who were fighting the Russian occupation forces, that proved to be the turning point of that war and eventual retreat of the Russians. Now good guys and bad guys use that weapon. Similarly with the drones, it is a new and advanced arrival in warfare. It has not taken long for good guys and bad guys to develop this weapon. Wars and battles are part of life with us humans. From scriptures we know that when Adam was created, the Angels asked the Creator why is He creating this new being who is going to shed blood on earth, the reply from the Almighty Creator was, ‘I know what you know not’. There are peaceful applications of the drone, like guarding our borders etc., but I am afraid the bad guys will find ways to exploit the technology – and we have to depend on the ‘Super Heroes’ to save us (just kidding). 8. ModerateChuck says: Let us put this in context. Can you imagine going back to the Siege of Vienna in 1529 and arguing that the Europeans were using weapons that were too effective? There we had a clear provocation – an attack on Europe by the Ottoman Empire. Christian churches were being converted into mosques in many parts of Hungary and parts south and west (for instance in Constantinople). Had the Ottomans not been stopped at Vienna, what would Christianity look like today? How about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and in the war that followed? Should we have used weapons that were somehow “more acceptable” to defend ourselves? Especially, were we justified in using atomic bombs on Japan? How about in Europe during WW2? Did the suffering in Dachau (for instance) justify our using aerial bombing? Or should we have used some more acceptable weapons? If so, what would have been acceptable? Does it make a difference if you defend yourself with a sword or a drone? The conclusion we must draw is that we must use the most effective weapon when someone attacks us. There is no need for us to lose one Allied person per enemy that we eliminate. Do you claim that the radicals over in Afghanistan and Pakistan will leave us alone if we leave them alone? Can we negotiate with them? If so, why could we have not negotiated before Sept 11, 2001? Do you feel that we did we something to deserve that? We are defending ourselves. We are using an appropriate method. It is far more accurate than the bombing campaigns of WW2 for instance. Reading the Bible – in a perfect world we would not defend ourselves at all, we would not have defended Vienna in 1529. I am a flawed Christian but I am going to defend my family and hope that Jesus forgives me for any mistakes I make. • martytroyer says: Moderate Chuck, I see all your points. Given the nature of my blog post, I would classify you as being in the same space as the French piece to which I refer and in which I put other perspectives. Both you are they are arguing near exclusively from a civic nation-state perspective. This is hallmark of Just War theory. The Just War theory is indeed a significant part of Christian tradition. With that in mind, do you have any reflections on the dialogue I’m encouraging? That we see the sources and context out of which we discern, and acknowledge their are other perspectives? • starchamber says: 7 billion plus humans differ from your views. Are they wrong, all of them, or are you? This failure to embrace the tools that God gave you for your defense, and your rejection of violence to save those that are in danger, is possibly a Psychiatric syndrome. I’m sure there are medical opinions on this, so I will defer to them, and continue to wonder why an intelligent person would give up his life without a fight. That seems as if the person is committing suicide. I believe that is frowned on by mainstream Christian religions. • martytroyer says: I can only assume you think you are correct when you say “7 billion plus humans differ from your views” but I find that intriguing because I quote a Baptist, a conservative Christian, a Catholic, the UK Methodist church, and several secular sources all grappling with the issue of drone warfare. While I did little to tip my hat, I did encourage dialogue on the issue in general, and on our reasons for thinking what we think in particular. I’ll note you weren’t interested in that. • starchamber says: You, and your religious sect*, do not believe in any form of violence. That intrigues me, and everything you write is viewed through that prism. I’m sure that you agree that you are a voice crying in the wilderness. Since the early ’60′s, I’ve known of the stories of those that would rather be hung all day, by their thumbs in a cell in Fort Leavenworth, than wear shiny buttons on their prison uniforms. I doubt if there are any of today’s Amish or Mennonites that would stand up to the torture that those Concientous Objectors did in WW1. While I greatly admired those people in my youth, I cannot now understand both their refusal to fight abroad and their refusal to defend themselves and their families at home. I have recently learned that in WW1 Russian Mennonites formed Militias, and with the help of the Germans, they fought for their lives against the Red Army and Makhno’s anarchists. Some Mennonites are flexible in times of death and destruction. Hopefully, these were welcomed back after their walk on the wild side. So there is no misunderstanding. *Definition of SECT b : a religious denomination archaic : sex 1 a : a group adhering to a distinctive doctrine or to a leader • martytroyer says: I find it hard to believe that the French’s could come up with a form of warfare that they would critique. How is that any less blind or sectarian than what you are accusing me of? • ModerateChuck says: Marty - Let’s put the headline at the front: And let’s see if the HTML works to highlight my quote. I acknowledge that there is no justification for war in Christian theology – though it is rewarded in many other faiths. Christians should just trust in Jesus and embrace our enemies. I am not ready to do that, certainly my faith is far too weak. He could walk fields at night and know that He would be safe since he had a far greater commission. I am not ready to drop everything (family, career, etc) as did the disciples. Even ministers are not ready to abandon their families and possessions to free up their time to follow Jesus. So given that, we have all fallen far short of where we should be. That causes us to want to defend our families, and start down the long road that leads to using drones to eliminate those who would kill our children in our homes. I accept that and feel we should use the best tool for the job. 9. carpenter says: Jesus said that whoever denied Him before men He would deny before His Father. The Bible teaches that they will then be cast into hell for eternity. Doesn’t sound too peaceful to me. • martytroyer says: Forgive me for failing to see the connection point between your statement and my post. Perhaps what you’re putting forth, and if this is the case please do clarify, is indeed a distinctly theological argument for drone warfare- which of course is what I was getting at in my post. That God damns folks to hell allows you to interpret drone warfare as a valid, legal, and moral act? Carpentar, if this is indeed what you are arguing, might I also ask you if this is your PRIMARY reasoning? In other words, do you start from this perspective and argue back to drone warfare? Or do you instead start with an assumed justification of drone warfare and work backward to this doctrine, which you then find to underwrite a previously held position? I genuinely want to understand. Please note the tone of my blog post is intended to be dialogical. • carpenter says: It is not an argument for drone warfare per se but it is an argument that Christ-likeness does not exclude violence. It is true that noncombatants are unintentionally killed but they are from a society that not only tolerates but encourages terrorism. When Dresden was firebombed prior to the relative precision of drones it destroyed Germany’s ball bearing industry but caused many civilian deaths which were regrettable but unavoidable to accomplish the mission. This is how I view the morality of drone warfare, a very efficient method of self defense. • martytroyer says: Carpenter, I have to tell you what this conjures for me: serious doubts that there would ever be a form of warfare that you would disagree with? With one caveat: it would need to be done by your country to defend you. I wholeheartedly disagree. But I thank you for engaging the process and answering my previous question. It’s helpful, and I’m glad you did. • carpenter says: You and I are alive today because of our nuclear deterrent. This means that the enemy (“the “evil empire”) knew that we had the means and the will to retaliate with devastating destruction of their homeland. Do you believe that our position was/is immoral? • martytroyer says: I have always been fascinated by the idea of a nuclear deterrent. Precisely at the point at which we deny the same protection to others. If it really is the only reason we are alive today, how can we deny the same protection to others? Seems like something only a country with nucs could say. Do I think that we are alive today because of our nuclear deterrent, yes and no I guess. In the same way that Israel’s nucs supposedly function as a deterrent to Iran (and others) doing something stupid, I can imagine had we never developed them (and say, Germany, or Russia did), THEIR possession would have kept us in check to, and we’d likely be sitting pretty today too. No, I do not think the bomb is God ordained. Yes, I think holding the world hostage by possession of a massive nuclear arsenal is immoral. That’s precisely what the previous pope meant when he called our culture a “culture of death.” We are living in the only time in human history with the capacity to destroy ourselves and our planet. I don’t think that’s neat, let alone Christian. It certainly does not indicate to me that we are especially blessed in any way, blessed by God that is. Blessed by the will to power, sure. But that’s an entirely different deity now isn’t it. • M4 says: To Rev. T., carpenter voiced two very strong points that you need to address: (1) “Christ-likeness does not exclude violence,” and (2) “You and I are alive today because of our nuclear deterrent.” You need to address how and why you interpret the Scriptures’ relevation of the character and outworking of our Lord as you do, as this is central. Secondly, you need to address how your position on nuclear deterrence should be *normative* for all Christians rather one of several strongly argued views within the Christian churches. In this regard, how much sacrifice would you, as a Christian pastor, have been willing to enjoin upon others to maintain the “purity” of your views? Have you considered at any length what even a “limited” failure of nuclear deterrence (e.g., the scenario of a conventional-force Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe after a U.S. stand-down and withdrawal from NATO) would have cost? Do you take seriously the holocaust that Marxist-Leninist ideology unleashed on the world – in sheer numbers of deaths surpassing the death toll from *all* “religious” conflicts in all of world history? • martytroyer says: I say nothing of Nuclear deterrance in this post, please keep that in mind. And to your point about needing to addressing character of God, I’m glad you mentioned it! I’m working on a series of posts on the violence of God, tied directly to his character, atonement, and concept of justice. • carpenter says: I fear that when the inherent contradictions in Marty’s thinking are exposed his response is silence, not engagement. 10. BigWilly says: The potential for the war machine to innovate and improve killing techniques is more than chilling, isn’t it? I could send one to your IP address and have you liquidated. I can’t wait for the android soldiers. We certainly can’t compete with them as servants. If you were the master, why would you want inferior servants around? Guys like Asimov were right in their speculations about what the future could hold. We can never assume that what they postulated was entirely wrong. Has there ever been a better time to bring the gospel into the discussion? There are a lot of things that I think Jesus would not have done and he wouldn’t do. I don’t know, I was kind of hoping for telekinesis and light sabers. • martytroyer says: One of the arguments the French article uses is that “terrorist combatants” do not dress properly, according to internationally accepted law. This lack of uniform not only frees us to engage in drone warfare, it also deeply blurs our complicity in killing innocents! In other words, because the bad guys who happen to live in their neighborhood don’t play by our rules, we can kill both the bad guys and the neighbors without any problems legally or morally. What’s so interesting to me about this argument is that our “guys” (ie, drones) don’t wear any clothes at all! The very argument they use to justify our killing also seems to, by the same logic, justify THEIR killing. Also, given our history of problems in Vietnam based on the same issue, it’s interesting that they are so adamant regarding the broadening of our capacity to kill, not its limit. Yes, our brilliance can indeed trigger either evil or good.
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♫ Tunes Tuesday – Guess Who? Can you guess who wore this animal print dress to Sunday’s VMAs? She’s an American born  singer, songwriter, actress and philanthropist. Her first album was actually released in 2001 under her real name and was her attempt to pursue a career in gospel music. It was not until 2007 when she signed a recording contract and changed her artist name to what she is best known as today. Please note: 1. paige says: katy perry! 2. Leticia A. says: 3. Liliana says: Katy perry 4. Meagan Grzembski says: Katy Perry 5. Felicia says: Katie Perry 6. Jordan says: Katy Perry! 7. brittany parker says: Katy Perry 8. Sarah p says: Katy perry 9. lisa edwin says: that’s katy perry 10. deena fazzari says: Katy perry! 11. Ashley Guyer says: Is it Katy Perry?? 12. Teri says: Katy Perry 13. Cayleen Culver says: Katy Perry :) 14. Jennifer says: I’m going w/ Jennifer Lopez. 15. Lori Peterson says: Katy Perry 16. erica says: katy perry 17. Kim Sherrickf says: Katy Perry 18. kristine m says: Katy Perry 19. Amber Scaplen says: Katy Parry wore that cheetah outfit! So adorable Comments are now closed for this article.
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My iPod Addiction: The Disaster By    |   Saturday, September 26, 2009 Filed under: Uncategorized Tags: , , , It began this morning. I laced up my running shoes, stretched half-heartedly, and reached for my iPod, just as I'd done every day for lo these many years, although until a couple of years ago the earphones connected to my iPod Classic had been connected to a Sony Walkman. The sky was gray; it was windy and kind of cool, but it was dry as—supply your own cliché. Dry, however, is the operative term, here. Keep it in mind. It is not merely a bit of gratuitous description. To continue: I tuned the iPod to the audio podcast of last night's Countdown. I stepped outside, and I began to jog. Slow and steady is my mantra. Steady and slow for an hour or so: there is poetry in it. About a half an hour later (Countdown has just passed through the third of its stories) it begins to drizzle. Since neither rain, nor snow, nor dark of night has ever (not often, at any rate) stayed me from my appointed jog, a little spray is at worst an annoyance, certainly no reason to curtail a morning's exercise. I continue running. It continues to drizzle. Countdown ends. I pull out my iPod, which is sitting in my jacket pocket, and dial up KCRW's Morning Becomes Electric which has The Decemberists in the studio. When they begin their second song, the drizzle turns to rain, and by the end, the rain turns to pour. I make for home. The pour turns to cats and then dogs, and then cats and dogs. The Decemberists are still singing when I finally get home. I drop my clothes in a puddle on the floor of the laundry room, dry off, and head for the coffee maker. The Decemberists finish their last song while the coffee is brewing. I dial up Tony Kornheiser for a little sports talk. It is then that disaster strikes. Silence. There isn't a sound to be heard. Tony is mute. The iPod is frozen. I toggle the hold switch. I get the logo. I press the menu and select. A few seconds elapse: I wait. And then it appears: a large red circle with a large red 'X.' This cannot be good, I tell myself, as I race to my laptop to get to Apple support. Sure enough there is help. If the red circled 'X' appears, first step is to put the iPod into Disk Mode as described in support document 93651. Now, without going into all the lurid details, support document 93651's instructions don't work. I follow them, but all I get is the big red 'X.' I try again, red 'X' again, and again, and. . . . You get the idea. Thankfully Apple has an 800 number and after only about ten minutes on hold I get to speak to tech support. In this case tech support is a pleasant young lady whose name I forget, and she wants to know the serial number of my iPod, a serial number that I have neglected to make note of. It's on the back of the iPod, the helpful young lady explains. If it is, I explain in return, I can't make it out. There's nothing on the back of this iPod. She can tell from my tone that I am becoming a mite agitated. Tell me the problem, she soothes, obviously used to handling distressed iPod owners. More or less lucidly, I explain. I got drenched in the rain. My iPod was in my pocket. "Did it get wet?" she asks. "Possibly," I equivocate. Wrong answer: "Water damage voids the warranty," she says. "Put in the ear pod jack, if the strip turns pink—" "What strip?" "If the strip on the jack turns pink there's water damage." Obviously, I've got a problem. "If there's water damage, then what?" "Then what" turns out to be a replacement at the cost of something in the neighborhood of $120. I can take it down to an Apple Store if there happens to be one nearby. The techies there will check it and let me know whether or not there is any water damage. If there isn't, they'll fix it up. If there is, well, $120 is cheap to feed an iPod habit. She makes me an appointment for three o'clock this afternoon. After all, we don't want to risk iPod withdrawal. Meanwhile I charge up an old iPod Mini, I still keep on hand just in case of emergency. • Robert M. Barga fyi, you can request that they check the real strip in the inside it is almost never affected
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public marks PUBLIC MARKS from tadeufilippini with tag kmobiletools 24 September 2007 00:45 The KDE Bluetooth Framework tadeufilippini's TAGS related to tag kmobiletools bluetooth +   cell +   celular +   celultelefone celular +   framework +   k mobile tools +   kde +   kde bluetooth framework +   kmobile +   mobile +   movel +   telefone +   telefonia +   telefonia movel +   tools +
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Way back I started a little laptop sitting in my office window and pointed a browser to a page that shows all tweets about OneNote.  I wondered if anyone would like or pay attention to what everyone was saying - they have.  Here's proof.  Antoine is our senior vice president here in Office.  Check out his "Introducing Office 2010" video and pay close attention to the 1:28 mark:  http://www.office2010themovie.com/?videoId=22599018-54fa-4c92-9034-ab3427efa093.  I can't remember how the paper got ripped, though, but it has since been taped back together. Keep those tweets coming! Questions, comments, concerns and criticisms always welcome,
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Microsoft Bob • Microsoft Bob Memory via PCIE-SSD as the authoritative data source i've blogged a few times about Fusion-IO devices and my experiences with SSD. I've been thinking about the implications of large in-memory databases that retain persistence and transactional capabilities. Turns out the game may be changing long-term to... Page 1 of 1 (1 items)
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Hello! Hej! હેલ્લો Ciao! Tere! नमस्ते Hallo! No matter where you are in the world it seems there’s a word for “hello”. Of course, it’s not always spelled the same way! Winking smile  The same can be said for many other words, so making sure that you’ve got the correct regional settings configured is important for spell checking and auto-correction. Just think - how many times have you gone for the @ symbol and ended up with “ instead? When provisioning new users in Live@edu you give them the option of choosing which settings are most suitable for them at first login: Occasionally users will pick the wrong language or time zone and this can lead to confusion and dissatisfaction with the service. It could also lead to an increase in support requests with your helpdesk; something I’m sure nobody wants! The good news is that there is a way to set this on behalf of your users so that they cannot make the mistake to start with. It is possible, using Windows PowerShell, to prescribe these settings, for example: To set an individual user to English (UK), and GMT Standard Time: Set-MailboxRegionalConfiguration <mailbox-id> -Language en-gb –TimeZone "GMT Standard Time" To set all users in the tenant to English UK, and GMT Standard Time: Get-Mailbox – Resultsize unlimited | Set- MailboxRegionalConfiguration –Language en-gb –TimeZone "GMT Standard Time" To retrieve settings for all users in the tenant: Get-Mailbox | Get-MailboxRegionalConfiguration Once these options are set users are not presented with the choice on first login, instead they are taken straight to their inbox. Users you create after running this command are not automatically configured, so you may want to run the command per-user for users created one-by-one throughout the academic year. One thing the code above doesn’t do is set the dictionary settings for your users. The default setting is for English (US) but most will want English (United Kingdom). The correct dictionary can be set in the mail options, as above. As part of a welcome note, orientation lesson, or campus publicity it may be useful to point out that users can change their default dictionary. PowerShell is a brilliant tool for performing advanced configuration of Live@edu. There are many features that cannot be controlled using the Exchange Control Panel. I definitely recommend checking out the PowerShell cmdlets reference on Outlook Live Help, and taking some time to get to grips with using PowerShell to manage the service.
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Syndicate content gender power doesn't come cheap Markus Goldstein's picture coauthored with Alaka Holla Some of these interactions will not be statistically significant (i.e. different from zero) simply because there aren’t enough observations to detect meaningful differences.   Say you find a difference between men and women of 30 percentage points, with a standard error of 20 percentage points.   Would you be comfortable saying there is no difference?   Statistically, this is not different from zero at a standard level of confidence. At this point, though, you may want to ask what was the smallest difference I could have detected, given the variance in the data?   The answer to this question is pretty easy to calculate (with just standard errors) – this paper by Don Andrews (ungated version here) shows you how.   If the smallest detectable difference is quite high (i.e. this would have been a result worthy of publication had it been statistically significant), then this is a zero that doesn’t tell us much.    But when you are powered to detect a reasonable effect size, then the zero is quite interesting. This is basically telling us that the intervention equally benefits men and women, and this is something policymakers should know (if they care about gender).   And we don’t see enough of these types of zero-results in published or (to a lesser extent) working papers.   Why? Clearly some papers don’t meet the bar in terms of statistical power, so they’re out.   But there are surely others where there actually is sufficient power, so why don’t we see more of this reported? (This is an optionally rhetorical question.) Given these issues with statistical power, does this mean we should plan in advance so that we can adequately capture gender-differentiated effects?   The first step would be, in the design stage, to do power calculations where you see what kind of sample size you would need to say something about gender differences in treatment impact.   Unless you expect this program to have monstrously large differences between men and women or you have access to a significant source of additional funding, you will be depressed by what you see.   Assuming a whole bunch of pretty routine things that are standard in power calculations, a rough rule of thumb is that to find a 50 percent or more difference in treatment impacts across men and women you need 4 times the sample size you would need if you were only interested in average treatment effects. That’s a lot more people, and that’s a significant chunk of change.     So what do we do?   If the data are already being collected on a wide scale (e.g. national surveys), you’re covered.   However, in others cases, the increased sample will require interviewing more people (not to mention possibly offering the intervention to more people). And for these, we need a policy discussion on what questions are worth this extra investment. But given that we’re talking about throwing a lot of money at understanding gender differences, we could also use that money to understand the effects of interventions which are explicitly targeted at addressing things that cause gender inequality. Both types of investment make sense – for example, we would want to know the gender differentiated impacts of a national labor market policy, but we might also want to know whether an intervention that aims to get women to shift into more productive sectors actually works.   And this second type of intervention is what we’ll talk about next week.
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The barriers for starting a company have come down. Today, the total available markets for new applications are hundreds of millions if not billions of users, while new classes of investors are popping up all over (crowdfunding, mobfunding, angels, superangels, archangels, and even seraphim and cherubim have been spotted.) Entrepreneurship departments are now the cool thing to have in colleges and universities, and classes on how to start a company are being taught over a weekend, a month, six weeks and via an online course. Science Experiments One of the amazing consequences of business-model design and customer development is the ability to assess product-market fit with very few resources, time and money. This allows a part-timer to significantly reduce the risk (and increase valuation of a round) before having to quit. In addition, the low cost of creating web and mobile apps means you can get a lot of experiments in both hardware and software up and running simultaneously and affordably. I call these app development projects “science experiments.” These science experiments are the logical extension of the customer discovery step in the customer development process. They’re a great way to brainstorm outside the building, getting real customer feedback as you think through your ideas about value proposition/customer/demand creation/revenue model. These low-cost experiments are the 21st century version of a product sketch on the back of a napkin. But instead of just a piece of paper, you end up with a site that users can visit, use and even pay for or a prototype users can play with or see. Tens of thousands of people who could never afford to start a company can now start several over their lunch break. And with any glimmer of customer interest, they can decide whether they want to: •   run it as a part-time business •   commit full-time to build a “buyable startup” (~$5 to $25 million exit) •   commit full-time and try to build a scalable startup The Difference Between Science Experiments and Commitment It’s important to note what these science experiments are not. They are not businesses. To turn them into buyable or scalable startups requires more than just working code or prototype hardware. It requires distribution, pricing, revenue models, demand generation, funding a team and all the other elements that turn something into a business. These elements remain difficult. They’re difficult because most of the time you get them wrong, fail, pick yourself up, iterate and pivot. You do it again and again until you run out of time and money. If startups weren’t difficult then you wouldn’t worry about quitting your day job to make them real. The reality is that until you actually commit to going “all in” by choosing one idea, quitting your day job and committing yourself 24/7, it’s not clear that the word “founder” even applies. And yes, while the definition of “founder” is just semantics, its definition (at least where I live) has specific meaning and causes specific actions or inactions for professional investors and sets a standard of behavior for the entrepreneurs themselves. One of the main challenges in building a buyable or scalable startup is to convince others (investors, employees and potential customers) to take part in the venture. People who are not willing to commit themselves will find it very hard to convince others. Founding a startup is an act of complete commitment. (Read more from startup mentor Steve Blank.) (Read about startup mentor Steve Blank.)
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Category:Kamarupa Kingdom From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Jump to: navigation, search Kamarupa, also called Pragjyotisha, was the first historical kingdom in Assam that existed between the 4th to the 12th century CE. Ruled by three dynasties from their capitals in present-day Guwahati and Tezpur, it covered the entire Brahmaputra river valley and, at times, North Bengal and parts of Bangladesh. Though the historical kingdom disappeared by 12th century to be replaced by smaller political entities, the notion of Kamarupa persisted and ancient and medieval chroniclers continued to call this region by this name. Coins of en:Alauddin Hussain Shah called the region Kamru or Kamrud. Media in category "Kamarupa Kingdom"
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Category:Kingswood, Buckinghamshire From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Jump to: navigation, search English: Kingswood is a hamlet of 30 dwellings on the South side of the A41 from Waddesdon to Bicester and between the villages of Ludgershall and Grendon Underwood in Buckinghamshire, England. Kingswood is also a civil parish within Aylesbury Valedistrict. Parish matters are currently administered via a parish meeting. There is one public house, The Plough and Anchor, and a derelict Village Hall blown down in the strong gale of 1987. Media in category "Kingswood, Buckinghamshire" This category contains only the following file.
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File:Boissonade - Critique littéraire, t. 1, 1863, éd. Colincamp.djvu From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Jump to: navigation, search Go to page Original file(1,275 × 1,650 pixels, file size: 19.94 MB, MIME type: image/vnd.djvu, 634 pages) Author s:fr:Auteur:Jean-François Boissonade (Reusing this file) File history current13:08, 14 March 2012Thumbnail for version as of 13:08, 14 March 20121,275 × 1,650, 634 pages (19.94 MB)Maltaper (talk | contribs){{Information |Description=Critique_littéraire,_t._1 |Source= |Date=1863 |Author=s:fr:Auteur:Jean-François Boissonade |Permission={{PD-old}} |other_versions= }} [[Category:DjVu files in Fren... • You cannot overwrite this file. There are no pages that link to this file. File usage on other wikis The following other wikis use this file:
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I'm ecstatic!!!! Discussion in 'NFL Zone' started by miamicowboy21, Jan 6, 2013. 1. Dallas Dallas Old bulletproof tiger 11,515 Messages 1 Likes Received I'm serious about sticking to calling the game as it happens threads, btw. HUGE FAN ;) 2. bigE79 bigE79 Active Member 2,414 Messages 0 Likes Received And where did it get them...**** the redstinks and I'm so happy booby g choked the game away. 3. miamicowboy21 miamicowboy21 Active Member 2,836 Messages 24 Likes Received Blah, blah, go put on an RG3 jersey loser. No matter how bad the cowboys stink ill never get tired of seeing our main rival lose no matter what the circumstances. All your deadskins and rg3 lovers I'm sure extreme skins has a membership waiting for you. 4. sbark sbark Well-Known Member Zone Supporter 3,462 Messages 125 Likes Received ........this thread is a perfect mirror of our entire society 5. gmb85 gmb85 Active Member 1,486 Messages 3 Likes Received Glad the deadskins lost but I'm not ecstatic. I'm pissed the cowboys didn't make playoffs. 6. zrinkill zrinkill Diamond surrounded by trash 32,531 Messages 284 Likes Received Feel bad for cowboysfansince88 and clove That bandwagon barely got going. 7. skinsscalper skinsscalper Well-Known Member 5,086 Messages 106 Likes Received 8. rynochop rynochop Well-Known Member 2,199 Messages 103 Likes Received Nice..a lot of hand wringing in that camp..lol 9. BlueStar3398 BlueStar3398 Active Member 1,542 Messages 0 Likes Received I agree!! Take a seat Redskins!!! :laugh2: 10. Stryker44 Stryker44 Member 708 Messages 22 Likes Received Really? At least last year you could say you lost to the SB champions. We folded worse than you did last week. Which speaks volumes about how far you have to go as well. 11. Stryker44 Stryker44 Member 708 Messages 22 Likes Received Choked? Dude was playing on 1 leg last 3 quarters. 12. CowboyChris CowboyChris Benched 2,653 Messages 19 Likes Received want some good advice?? take a few days off from this board, go spend sometime with a girlfriend or something. let the dust settle. 13. Stryker44 Stryker44 Member 708 Messages 22 Likes Received That actually does sound like good advice...I'm just infuriated we lost to a team that looked baffled trying to come back against Arizona in week 1. 14. CowboyChris CowboyChris Benched 2,653 Messages 19 Likes Received i get the sense you think Seattle isnt all that, Dont be suprised if they wind up in the SB. they are pretty good, if they werent they wouldve folded up being down 14-0 on the road. 15. Pessimist_cowboy Pessimist_cowboy Well-Known Member 1,242 Messages 260 Likes Received dude seriously get lost... your not a real cowboy fan . go read all your own threads Share This Page
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Off-Season Priority #1: Find A Running Game 1. bracey bracey Active Member 926 Messages 30 Likes Received We have a running game. A decent one. It just doesn't work on short yardage and that requires an offensive line that can get a push. 2. BruceLee5450 BruceLee5450 Well-Known Member 2,101 Messages 34 Likes Received lol the stats don't lie man... 31st in rushing with a 3.6 YPA . Don't ignore the facts man. It's not just short yardage, they get killed on 1st & 2nd down 3. Venger Venger Well-Known Member 2,342 Messages 184 Likes Received We have a decent running BACK. We have a very substandard running game... 4. AdamJT13 AdamJT13 Salary Cap Analyst 14,930 Messages 298 Likes Received We were one of the best short-yardage running teams in the league this season. We actually led the league in first-down conversions on running plays on second or third downs and 2 yard or less to go. We ran the ball 44 times in those situations and picked up the first down 33 times -- 75 percent, tied with the Jets for No. 1 in the league. The worst rushing team in those situations? Minnesota, which converted on only 16 of 32 runs. Also below the NFL average of 66.8 percent were teams such as Houston (65.6 percent), San Francisco (62.9) and Washington (62.8). If you include fourth downs, we finished second at 74.5 percent, barely behind Denver (74.6). Minnesota (51.4) jumps to 31st, barely ahead of Atlanta (51.2). "Finding a running game" should not be our No. 1 offseason priority. It should not even be among our top 10 priorities. 5. Yoshimitsu Yoshimitsu Lurch 1,988 Messages 12 Likes Received Number one priority needs to be defensive line. New DE's and NT's. guys like Spears, Coleman, and Ratliff ain't gonna cut it anymore. 6. dogberry dogberry Well-Known Member 2,332 Messages 29 Likes Received Is Levitre the best pass blocking fa guard, and how much will he cost? 7. zack zack Well-Known Member 1,962 Messages 165 Likes Received Agree with you brother! See what I had to say about it. A good running game would do wonders for the entire team. But it starts up front and we need a lot of help on the oline. Not many QB's can get away without a running game. 8. BruceLee5450 BruceLee5450 Well-Known Member 2,101 Messages 34 Likes Received It shouldn't be #1 I agree, but you do have to improve this offensive line & try your best to balance the run/pass.. We all saw the Giants win their rings by having a great defensive line that could get to the QB.. Maybe, just maybe we should try to develop the same kind of plan & build a young core of guys on the d-line who can bring havoc on qb's 9. Venger Venger Well-Known Member 2,342 Messages 184 Likes Received Adam - can you toss some red zone short yardage stats at us? I need to see why your stat doesn't jive with general observation, and perhaps we are keying heavily on red zone situations... or is it 4th down? I want to make sure we haven't done a little specification searching with those numbers... 10. CaptainMorgan CaptainMorgan Well-Known Member 2,000 Messages 484 Likes Received Perhaps Garrett just needs to call a more balanced game. 11. BruceLee5450 BruceLee5450 Well-Known Member 2,101 Messages 34 Likes Received What would help the most is making your defense strong on the other side, so you can continue to stick to the offensive gameplan without worrying about playing in catch up mode. You have your CB's/LB core, now it's time to find some gems at the DE/NT position & plug in a serviceable safety for now 12. 17yearsandcounting 17yearsandcounting Well-Known Member 2,225 Messages 1,439 Likes Received Exactly, Demarco was averaging over 4 yards a pop and Tecmo was still playing videogames out there. As long as Garretts here we will be a bottom 1/3rd running team. Deal with it. 13. AdamJT13 AdamJT13 Salary Cap Analyst 14,930 Messages 298 Likes Received We finished sixth in TD/first down percentage on all rushing plays in the red zone. If you go only by runs inside the 10, we finished ninth in first down/TD percentage. Inside the 3, we tied for 17th -- but keep reading. One reason why people might think we struggled on short yardage was a few times when we were near the goal line and failed to punch it in on first or second down -- we were 2 of 7 on runs inside the 3 on first or second down. But we went 2-for-2 on third-down runs and 1-for-1 on fourth-down runs, so we eventually did punch it in each time. We scored a TD every time we got inside the 3 this season, because our only third-down incomplete pass was followed by a TD run on fourth down. 14. Zman5 Zman5 Well-Known Member 4,714 Messages 461 Likes Received 1 Seattle Seahawks 2 New England Patriots 3 Washington Redskins 4 Houston Texans 5 Kansas City Chiefs 6 New York Jets 7 San Francisco 49ers 8 Minnesota Vikings 9 Denver Broncos 10 Chicago Bears 11 Carolina Panthers 12 Baltimore Ravens 13 Buffalo Bills 14 Indianapolis Colts 14 Miami Dolphins 16 Green Bay Packers 17 Cincinnati Bengals This is the ranking for run attempts. Most of the playoff teams are on that list. Coincidence? I don't think so. Not all the teams on that list run well yardage wise but they still attempt to run. 15. AdamJT13 AdamJT13 Salary Cap Analyst 14,930 Messages 298 Likes Received Congratulations, you just proved that teams run the ball more when they're ahead in the fourth quarter and trying to run out the clock instead of having to pass to catch up. 16. percyhoward percyhoward Research Tool 7,597 Messages 1,048 Likes Received Where are all these teams who are relying heavily on the pass and winning? These were the only QB who had as many as 5 different games with over 40 attempts. None of them had a winning record in those games. Games of >40 att/Rating 13 Stafford 82.3 W3 L10 10 Brees 86.4 W2 L8 7 Romo 84.6 W3 L4 7 Luck 72.0 W3 L4 6 Palmer 84.9 W1 L5 6 Brady 82.2 W2 L4 5 Ryan 81.6 W2 L3 17. ghst187 ghst187 Well-Known Member 5,312 Messages 57 Likes Received ummm for sure. In addition we need a pounding RB. Murray is awesome but can we count on him for 16+ games in a season? We need either a FA or higher draft pick that is starting caliber. 18. Omegasupreme Omegasupreme Member 248 Messages 1 Likes Received Congratulations, you now have to sort through a great deal of play by play stats to back up that claim. You just jumped the shark. 19. DWhite Fan DWhite Fan It ain't over 'til it's over 4,628 Messages 206 Likes Received Dallas has the running back in Murray. Just need to fix the O-Line he is running behind ;) 20. RastaRocket RastaRocket Sanka, Ya Dead Mon? Ya Mon. 5,411 Messages 209 Likes Received Guarantee Murray and Felix get the job done with a better OL. Share This Page
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Abonnér Danish søg på et hvilket som helst ord, for eksempel tittybong: A Spanish robot that often can be found in large cities dealing crack cocaine to the masses. Holy crap did you just see Staphanoe cruze by on his army of Stephabots. af Kyle O'Neil 18. april 2008 5 8 Words related to stephabot: bot cocaine crack fonz stephanoe
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Clinton Portis Adds Some Fresh Perspective On This Whole Ines Sainz ThingS The always entertaining Clinton Portis chimes in on Sainz's Jets locker room dust-up in the way you would probably expect Clinton Portis to chime in on it. I see a special guest editing day at Jezebel in his future. Here's the audio, the good bits start around the 17:25 mark: [DC Sports Bog]
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Archived:Cannot edit text fields on a Web page in tabbed mode (Known Issue) From Nokia Developer Wiki Jump to: navigation, search Article Metadata Tested with Devices(s): Nokia E51 FW 100.34.20 Nokia N82 FW 10.0.046 Nokia N95 FW 21.0.001 Nokia E90 Communicator FW Nokia N81 FW Platform(s): S60 3rd Edition FP1 S60 3rd Edition FP1 Created: mgroeber9110 (09 Jan 2008) Last edited: hamishwillee (15 Jun 2012) When navigating a Web page in tabbed mode (no mouse cursor) and placing the focus on a text field, pressing "Select" or selecting "Edit" from the Options menu does not place the edit cursor into the field on some phone models but submits the form. This known issue has been verified by Nokia Developer. Tabbed mode is equivalent to the setNavigationEnabled() feature in the Widget Runtime, but it can also be enabled using the <META NAME="navigation" CONTENT="tabbed"> header field on a page. How to reproduce Open this Web page in the browser: <a href="http://www.nokia.com">Nokia&lt;/A> <FORM action="http://www.google.com/search"><INPUT name=q></FORM> and place the focus onto the text field. Pressing "Select" on affected devices opens the Google search page (submitting an empty search) and does not let you edit the text field. This issue has been fixed in the latest software builds, for example Nokia E90 Communicator 210.34.75 (12-04-2008) and Nokia N95 20.0.016 (28-02-2008). This page was last modified on 15 June 2012, at 08:57. 38 page views in the last 30 days.
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noun Psychiatry. the obsessive use of scatological language. copro- + -lalia coprolaliac [kop-ruh-ley-lee-ak] , adjective Unabridged Cite This Source Link To coprolalia World English Dictionary coprolalia (ˌkɒprəˈleɪlɪə) obsessive use of obscene or foul language Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition Cite This Source Word Origin & History 1886, from Fr. coprolalie, coined by de la Tourette, 1885, from copro- "dung, filth" + Gk. lalia lalia "talk, prattle, a speaking," from lalein "to speak, prattle," of echoic origin. The obsessive use of obscene language, either through mental illness or perversion. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Source American Heritage Medical Dictionary coprolalia cop·ro·la·li·a (kŏp'rə-lā'lē-ə) The uncontrolled or involuntary use of obscene or scatological language that may accompany certain mental disorders, such as schizophrenia or tourette's syndrome. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Cite This Source Encyclopedia Britannica Learn more about coprolalia with a free trial on Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Cite This Source Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved. • Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
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dry beer beer brewed to have a higher alcohol content and a less bitter aftertaste than normal. Dictionary.com Unabridged Cite This Source Link To dry-beer Explore Dictionary.com Previous Definition: dry-beat Next Definition: dry-bone ore Words Near: dry-beer More from Thesaurus.com Synonyms and Antonyms for dry-beer More from Reference.com Search for articles containing dry-beer More from Dictionary.com Translator Dictionary.com Word FAQs Copyright © 2014 Dictionary.com, LLC. All rights reserved. • Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
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exploded view Dictionary.com Unabridged Cite This Source Link To exploded view World English Dictionary exploded view Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition Cite This Source Example sentences Exploded view of two-degree-of-freedom robot module. Exploded view of the endoskeleton foot to show the lie and direction of the plantar tire cords. In the exploded view, the bottom element is the bottom separator plate. Copyright © 2014 Dictionary.com, LLC. All rights reserved. • Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26312
grigori rasputin [ra-spyoo-tin, -tn; Russian ruh-spoo-tyin] Grigori Efimovich [gri-gawr-ee i-fee-muh-vich; Russian gryi-gaw-ryee yi-fyee-muh-vyich] , 1871–1916, Siberian peasant monk who was very influential at the court of Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra. any person who exercises great but insidious influence. Unabridged Cite This Source Link To grigori rasputin World English Dictionary Rasputin (ræˈspjuːtɪn, Russian rasˈputin) Grigori Efimovich (ɡriˈɡɔrij jɪˈfiməvitʃ). ?1871--1916, Siberian peasant monk, notorious for his debauchery, who wielded great influence over Tsarina Alexandra. He was assassinated by a group of Russian noblemen Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition Cite This Source Word Origin & History acquired name (Rus., lit. "debauchee") of Grigory Yefimovich Novykh (c.1872-1916), mystic and faith healer who held sway over court of Nicholas II of Russia. His nickname is from his doctrine of "rebirth through sin," that true holy communion must be proceeded by immersion in sin. His name used figuratively in Eng. from 1937 for anyone felt to have an insidious and corrupting influence. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Source Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved. • Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
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stem turn noun Skiing. a turn in which a skier stems one ski in the direction to be turned and brings the other ski around so that both skis are parallel. 1930–35 Unabridged Cite This Source Link To stem-turn World English Dictionary stem turn skiing Also called: stem a turn in which the heel of one ski is stemmed and the other ski is brought parallel Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition Cite This Source Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved. • Please Login or Sign Up to use the Recent Searches feature
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XML Reference: Siebel Enterprise Application Integration > XML Representation of Siebel Integration Object Instances > Elements Within a Siebel Integration Object Document > SiebelMessage Element When integration object documents are sent to an external system, they might be encapsulated within a SiebelMessage element. This element identifies the document as a Siebel message and indicates that the document includes integration object instances. It can also provide metadata, such as the integration object type and a message ID. The SiebelMessage element can contain a number of attributes, which are known as the Message Header attributes. In addition, you can add arbitrary attributes to the SiebelMessage element. An XSD or DTD for the document can be dynamically generated inline to include all present attributes. The following standard attributes have well-defined meanings. Child Elements
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]> <emph>Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in 1828:</emph> Electronic Edition. Truth, Sojourner, d. 1883 Gilbert, Olive Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities supported the electronic publication of this title. Text scanned (OCR) by Andrew Smith Images scanned by Andrew Smith Text encoded by Lee Ann Morawski and Natalia Smith First edition, 2000 ca. 300K Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000. Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in 1828. Narrative of Sojourner Truth Truth, Sojourner, d. 1883 Gilbert, Olive 144 p., ill. Boston J. B. Yerrinton and Son, Printers 1850 Call number 326.92 T874N (Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University Libraries) All footnotes are inserted at the point of reference within paragraphs. All em dashes are encoded as — Indentation in lines has not been preserved. Running titles have not been preserved. Library of Congress Subject Headings, 21st edition, 1998 English Truth, Sojourner, d. 1883. African Americans -- Biography. African American women -- Biography. African American abolitionists -- Biography. Abolitionists -- United States -- Biography. Social reformers -- United States -- Biography. Slaves -- New York (State) -- Ulster County -- Biography. Slavery -- New York (State) -- Ulster County -- History -- 19th century. 2000-10-26, Celine Noel and Wanda Gunther revised TEIHeader and created catalog record for the electronic edition. 2000-10-23, Natalia Smith, project manager, finished TEI-conformant encoding and final proofing. 2000-10-19, Lee Ann Morawski finished TEI/SGML encoding 2000-10-09, Andrew Smith finished scanning (OCR) and proofing. [Cover Image] SOJOURNER TRUTH.[Frontispiece Image] [Title Page Image] [Title Page Verso Image] NARRATIVE OF SOJOURNER TRUTH, A NORTHERN SLAVE, EMANCIPATED FROM BODILY SERVITUDE BY THE STATE OF NEW YORK, IN 1828. WITH A PORTRAIT. “SWEET is the virgin honey, though the wild bee store it in a reed; And bright the jewelled band that circleth an Ethiop's arm; Pure are the grains of gold in the turbid stream of the Ganges; And fair the living flowers that spring from the dull cold sod. Wherefore, thou gentle student, bend thine ear to my speech, For I also am as thou art; our hearts can commune together: To meanest matters will I stoop, for mean is the lot of mortal; I will rise to noblest themes, for the soul hath a heritage of glory.” BOSTON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 1850. J. B. YERRINTON AND SON, PRINTERS, 21 CORNHILL, BOSTON. PREFACE. THE following is the unpretending narrative of the life of a remarkable and meritorious woman—a life which has been checkered by strange vicissitudes, severe hardships, and singular adventures. Born a slave, and held in that brutal condition until the entire abolition of slavery in the State of New York in 1827, she has known what it is to drink to the dregs the bitterest cup of human degradation. That one thus placed on a level with cattle and swine, and for so many years subjected to the most demoralizing influences, should have retained her moral integrity to such an extent, and cherished so successfully the religious sentiment in her soul, shows a mind of no common order, while it heightens the detestation that is felt in every humane bosom, of that system of oppression which seeks to cripple the intellect, impair the understanding, and deprave the hearts of its victims—a system which has subjected to its own foul purposes, in the United States, all that is wealthy, talented, influential, and reputedly pious, in an overwhelming measure! O the ‘fantastic tricks’ which the American people are ‘playing before high Heaven!’ O their profane use of the sacred name of Liberty! O their impious appeal to the God of the oppressed, for his divine benediction while they are making merchandise of his image! Do they not blush? Nay, they glory in their shame! Once a year they take special pains to exhibit themselves to the world in all their republican deformity and Christian barbarity, insanely supposing that they thus excite the envy, admiration and applause of mankind. The nations are looking at the dreadful spectacle with disgust and amazement. However sunken and degraded they may be, they are too elevated, too virtuous, too humane to be guilty of such conduct. Their voice is heard, saying—‘Americans! we hear your boasts of liberty, your shouts of independence, your declarations of hostility to every form of tyranny, your assertions that all men are created free and equal, and endowed by their Creator with an inalienable right to liberty, the merry peal of your bells, and the deafening roar of your artillery; but, mingling with all these, and rising above them all, we also hear the clanking of chains! the shrieks and wailings of millions of your own countrymen, whom you wickedly hold in a state of slavery as much more frightful than the oppression which your fathers resisted unto blood, as the tortures of the Inquisition surpass the stings of an insect! We see your banner floating proudly in the breeze from every flag-staff and mast-head in the land; but its blood-red stripes are emblematical of your own slave-driving cruelty, as you apply the lash to the flesh of your guiltless victim, even the flesh of a wife and mother, shrieking for the restoration of the babe of her bosom, sold to the remorseless slave speculator! We catch the gleam of your illuminated hills, everywhere blazing with bonfires; we mark your gay processions; we note the number of your orators; we listen to the recital of your revolutionary achievements; we see you kneeling at the shrine of Freedom, as her best, her truest, her sincerest worshippers! Hypocrites! liars! adulterers! tyrants! men-stealers! atheists! Professing to believe in the natural equality of the human race—yet dooming a sixth portion of your immense population to beastly servitude, and ranking them among your goods and chattels! Professing to believe in the existence of a God—yet trading in his image, and selling those in the shambles for whose redemption the Son of God laid down his life! Professing to be Christians—yet withholding the Bible, the means of religious instruction, even the knowledge of the alphabet, from a benighted multitude, under terrible penalties! Boasting of your democracy—yet determining the rights of men by the texture of their hair and the color of their skin! Assuming to be ‘the land of the free and the home of the brave,—yet keeping in chains more slaves than any other nation, not excepting slave-cursed Brazil! Prating of your morality and honesty—yet denying the rites of marriage to three millions of human beings, and plundering them of all their hard earnings! Affecting to be horror-struck in view of the foreign slave-trade—yet eagerly pursuing a domestic traffic equally cruel and unnatural, and reducing to slavery not less than seventy thousand new victims annually! Vaunting of your freedom of speech and of the press—your matchless Constitution and your glorious Union—yet denouncing as traitors, and treating as outlaws, those who have the courage and fidelity to plead for immediate, untrammelled, universal emancipation! Monsters that ye are! how can ye expect to escape the scorn of the world, and the wrath of Heaven? Emancipate your slaves, if you would redeem your tarnished character—if you would obtain forgiveness here, and salvation hereafter! Until you do so, “there will be a stain upon your national escutcheon, which all the waters of the Atlantic cannot wash out!” ’ It is thus that, as a people, we are justly subjected to the reproach, the execration, the derision of mankind, and are made a proverb and a hissing among the nations. We cannot plead not guilty; every accusation that is registered against us is true; the act of violence is in our hands; the stolen property is in our possession; our fingers are stained with blood; the cup of our iniquity is full. ‘Just God! and shall we calmly rest, The Christian's scorn—the Heathen's mirth— Content to live the lingering jest And by-word of a mocking earth? Shall our own glorious land retain That curse which Europe scorns to bear? Shall our own brethren drag the chain, Which not even Russia's menials wear?’ It is useless, it is dreadful, it is impious for this nation longer to contend with the Almighty. All his attributes are against us, and on the side of the oppressed. Is it not a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God? Who may abide the day of his coming, and who shall stand when he appeareth as ‘a swift witness against the adulterers, and against false swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages, the widow, and the fatherless, and that turn aside the stranger from his right?’ Wo to this bloody land! it is all full of lies and robbery—the prey departeth not, and the sound of a whip is heard continually. ‘Judgment is turned away backward, and justice standeth afar off: for truth is fallen in the street, and equity cannot enter. Yea, truth faileth; and he that departeth from evil, maketh himself a prey. The Lord sees it, and is displeased that there is no judgment; and he hath put on the garments of vengeance for clothing, and is clad with zeal as a cloak,—and, unless we repent by immediately undoing the heavy burdens and letting the oppressed go free, according to our deeds, accordingly he will repay, fury to his adversaries, recompense to his enemies. ‘The Lord executeth righteousness and judgment for all that are oppressed.’ ‘O give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good: for his mercy endureth for ever. To him that smote Egypt in their first-born: for his mercy endureth for ever. And overthrew Pharaoh and his hosts in the Red sea: for his mercy endureth for ever.’ ‘Sing unto the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters.’ ‘Even so, Lord God Almighty, for so it seemeth good in thy sight.’ ‘Who is like unto thee, O Lord, among the gods? who is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders?’ In this great contest of Right against Wrong, of Liberty against Slavery, who are the wicked, if they be not those, who, like vultures and vampyres, are gorging themselves with human blood? if they be not the plunderers of the poor, the spoilers of the defenceless, the traffickers in ‘slaves and the souls of men?’ Who are the cowards, if not those who shrink from manly argumentation, the light of truth, the concussion of mind, and a fair field? if not those whose prowess, stimulated by whiskey potations, or the spirit of murder, grows rampant as the darkness of night approaches; whose shouts and yells are savage and fiend-like; who furiously exclaim, ‘Down with free discussion! down with the liberty of the press! down with the right of petition! down with constitutional law!’—who rifle mail-bags, throw types and printing-presses into the river, burn public halls dedicated to ‘Virtue, Liberty and Independence’ and assassinate the defenders of inalienable human rights? And who are the righteous, in this case, if they be not those who will ‘have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them;’ who maintain that the laborer is worthy of his hire, that the marriage institution is sacred, that slavery is a system accursed of God, that tyrants are the enemies of mankind, and that immediate emancipation should be given to all who are pining in bondage! Who are the truly brave, if not those who demand for truth and error alike, free speech, a free press, in open arena, the right of petition, AND NO QUARTERS? if not those, who, instead of skulking from the light, stand forth in the noon-tide blaze of day, and challenge their opponents to emerge from their wolf-like dens, that, by a rigid examination, it may be seen who has stolen the wedge of gold, in whose pocket are the thirty pieces of silver, and whose garments are stained with the blood of innocence? IT is due to the lady by whom the following Narrative was kindly written, to state, that she has not been able to see a single proof-sheet of it; consequently, it is very possible that divers errors in printing may have occurred, (though it is hoped none materially affecting the sense,) especially in regard to the names of individuals referred to therein. The name of Van Wagener should read Van Wagenen. THE subject of this biography, SOJOURNER TRUTH, as she now calls herself—but whose name, originally, was lsabella—was born, as near as she can now calculate, between the years 1797 and 1800. She was the daughter of James and Betsey, slaves of one Colonel Ardinburgh, Hurley, Ulster County, New York. Colonel Ardinburgh belonged to that class of people called Low Dutch. Among Isabella's earliest recollections was the removal of her master, Charles Ardinburgh, into his new house, which he had built for a hotel, soon after the decease of his father. A cellar, under this hotel, was assigned to his slaves, as their sleeping apartment—all the slaves he possessed of both sexes, sleeping (as is quite common in a state of slavery) in the same room. She carries in her mind, to this day, a vivid picture of this dismal chamber; its only lights consisting of a few panes of glass, through which she thinks the sun never shone, but with thrice reflected rays; and the space between the loose boards of the floor, and the uneven earth below, was often filled with mud and water, the uncomfortable splashings of which were as annoying as its noxious vapors must have been chilling and fatal to health. She shudders, even now, as she goes back in memory and revisits this cellar, and sees its inmates, of both sexes and all ages, sleeping on those damp boards, like the horse, with a little straw and a blanket; and she wonders not at the rheumatisms, and fever-sores, and palsies, that distorted the limbs and racked the bodies of those fellow-slaves in after-life. Still, she does not attribute this cruelty—for cruelty it certainly is, to be so unmindful of the health and comfort of any being, leaving entirely out of sight his more important part, his everlasting interests,—so much to any innate or constitutional cruelty of the master as to that gigantic inconsistency, that inherited habit among slaveholders, of expecting a willing and intelligent obedience from the slave, because he is a MAN—at the same time every thing belonging to the soul-harrowing system does its best to crush the last vestige of a man within him; and when it is crushed, and often before, he is denied the comforts of life, on the plea that he knows neither the want nor the use of them, and because he is considered to be little more or little less than a beast. Of the two that immediately preceded her in age, a boy of five years, and a girl of three, who were sold when she was an infant, she heard much; and she wishes that all who would fain believe that slave parents have not natural affection for their offspring could have listened as she did, while Bomefree and Mau-mau Bett,—their dark cellar lighted by a blazing pine-knot,—would sit for hours, recalling and recounting every endearing, as well as harrowing circumstance that taxed memory could supply, from the histories of those dear departed ones, of whom they had been robbed, and for whom their hearts still bled. Among the rest, they would relate how the little boy, on the last morning he was with them, arose with the birds, kindled a fire, calling for his Mau-mau to ‘come, for all was now ready for her’—little dreaming of the dreadful separation which was so near at hand, but of which his parents had an uncertain, but all the more cruel foreboding. There was snow on the ground, at the time of which we are speaking; and a large old-fashioned sleigh was seen to drive up to the door of the late Col. Ardinburgh. This event was noticed with childish pleasure by the unsuspicious boy; but when he was taken and put into the sleigh, and saw his little sister actually shut and locked into the sleigh box, his eyes were at once opened to their intentions; and, like a frightened deer, he sprang from the sleigh, and running into the house, concealed himself under a bed. But this availed him little. He was re-conveyed to the sleigh, and separated for ever from those whom God had constituted his natural guardians and protectors, and who should have found him, in return, a stay and a staff to them in their declining years. But I make no comments on facts like these, knowing that the heart of every slave parent will make its own comment, involuntarily and correctly, as soon as each heart shall make the case its own. Those who are not parents will draw their conclusions from the promptings of humanity and philanthropy:—these, enlightened by reason and revelation, are also unerring. At length, the never-to be-forgotten day of the terrible auction arrived, when the ‘slaves, horses, and other cattle’ of Charles Ardinburgh, deceased, were to be put under the hammer, and again change masters. Not only Isabella and Peter, but their mother, was now destined to the auction block, and would have been struck off with the rest to the highest bidder, but for the following circumstance: A question arose among the heirs, ‘Who shall be burthened with Bomefree, when we have sent away his faithful Mau-mau Bett?’ He was becoming weak and infirm; his limbs were painfully rheumatic and distorted—more from exposure and hardship than from old age, though he was several years older than Mau-mau Bett; he was no longer considered of value, but must soon be a burthen and a care to some one. After some contention on the point at issue, none being willing to be burthened with him it was finally agreed, as most expedient for the heirs, that the price of Mau-mau Bett should be sacrificed, and she receive her freedom, on condition that she take care of and support her faithful James,—faithful, not only to her as a husband, but proverbially faithful as a slave, to those who would not willingly sacrifice a dollar for his comfort, now that he had commenced his descent into the dark vale of decrepitude and suffering. This important decision was received as joyful news indeed to our ancient couple, who were the objects of it, and who were trying to prepare their hearts for a severe struggle, and one altogether new to them, as they had never before been separated; for, though ignorant, helpless, crushed in spirit, and weighed down with hardship and cruel bereavement, they were still human and their human hearts beat within them with as true an affection as ever caused a human heart to beat. And their anticipated separation now, in the decline of life, after the last child had been torn from them, must have been truly appalling. Another privilege was granted them—that of remaining occupants of the same dark, humid cellar I have before described: otherwise, they were to support themselves as they best could. And as her mother was still able to do considerable work, and her father a little, they got on for some time very comfortably. The strangers who rented the house were humane people and very kind to them; they were not rich, and owned no slaves. How long this state of things continued, we are unable to say, as Isabella had not then sufficiently cultivated her organ of time to calculate years, or even weeks or hours. But she thinks her mother must have lived several years after the death of Master Charles. She remembers going to visit her parents some three or four times before the death of her mother, and a good deal of time seemed to her to intervene between each visit. One morning in early autumn, (from the reason above mentioned, we cannot tell what year,) Mau-mau Bett told James she would make him a loaf of rye-bread and get Mrs. Simmons, their kind neighbor, to bake it for them, as she would bake that forenoon. James told her he had engaged to rake after the cart for his neighbors that morning; but before he commenced, he would pole off some apples from a tree near, which they were allowed to gather; and if she could get some of them baked with the bread, it would give it a nice relish for their dinner. He beat off the apples, and soon after, saw Mau-mau Bett come out and gather them up. They owned a large farm, but left it wholly unimproved; attending mainly to their vocations of fishing and inn-keeping. Isabella declares she can ill describe the life she led with them. It was a wild, out-of-door kind of life. She was expected to carry fish, to hoe corn, to bring roots and herbs from the wood for beers, go to the Strand for a gallon of molasses or liquor as the case might require, and ‘browse around,’ as she expresses it. It was a life that suited her well for the time—being as devoid of hardship or terror as it was of improvement; a need which had not yet become a want. Instead of improving at this place, morally, she retrograded, as their example taught her to curse; and it was here that she took her first oath. After living with them about a year and a half, she was sold to one John J. Dumont, for the sum of seventy pounds. This was in 1810. Mr. Dumont lived in the same county as her former masters, in the town of New Paltz, and she remained with him till a short time previous to her emancipation by the State, in 1828. *Yet no official notice was taken of this more than brutal murder. But to return from our digression. After leaving her mistress, she called on Mrs. Gedney, mother of him who had sold her boy; who, after listening to her lamentations, her grief being mingled with indignation at the sale of her son, and her declaration that she would have him again—said, ‘Dear me! What a disturbance to make about your child! What, is your child, better than my child? My child is gone out there, and yours is gone to live with her, to have enough of every thing, and to be treated like a gentleman!’ And here she laughed at Isabel's absurd fears, as she would represent them to be. ‘Yes,’ said Isabel, ‘your child has gone there, but she is married, and my boy has gone as a slave! and he is too little to go so far from his mother. Oh, I must have my child.’ And here the continued laugh of Mrs. G. seemed to Isabel, in this time of anguish and distress, almost demoniacal. And well it was for Mrs. Gedney, that, at that time, she could not even dream of the awful fate awaiting her own beloved daughter, at the hands of him whom she had chosen as worthy the wealth of her love and confidence, and in whose society her young heart had calculated on a happiness, purer and more elevated than was ever conferred by a kingly crown. But alas! she was doomed to disappointment, as we shall relate by and by. At this point, Isabella earnestly begged of God that he would show those about her that he was her helper; and she adds in narrating, ‘And he did; or, if he did not show them, he did me.’ By a little inquiry, she found which was the building she sought, went into the door, and taking the first man she saw of imposing appearance for the grand jury, she commenced her complaint. But he very civilly informed her there was no grand jury there; she must go up stairs. When she had with some difficulty ascended the flight through the crowd that filled them, she again turned to the ‘grandest’ looking man she could select, telling him she had come to enter a complaint to the grand jury. For his own amusement, he inquired what her complaint was; but, when he saw it was a serious matter, he said to her, ‘This is no place to enter a complaint—go in there,’ pointing in a particular direction. But while the constable, through mistake, served the writ on a brother of the real culprit, Solomon Gedney slipped into a boat and was nearly across the North River, on whose banks they were standing, before the dull Dutch constable was aware of his mistake. Solomon Gedney, meanwhile, consulted a lawyer, who advised him to go to Alabama and bring back the boy, otherwise it might cost him fourteen years' imprisonment and a thousand dollars in cash. By this time, it is hoped he began to feel that selling slaves unlawfully was not so good a business as he had wished to find it. He secreted himself till preparations could be made, and soon set sail for Alabama. Steamboats and railroads had not then annihilated distance to the extent they now have, and although he left in the fall of the year, spring came ere he returned, bringing the boy with him—but holding on to him as his property. It had ever been Isabella's prayer, not only that her son might be returned, but that he should be delivered from bondage, and into her own hands, lest he should be punished out of mere spite to her, who was so greatly annoying and irritating to her oppressors; and if her suit was gained, her very triumph would add vastly to their irritation. When Isabella inquired, ‘What did Miss Eliza* *Meaning Mrs. Eliza Fowler. ‘Your only son, ‘PETER VAN WAGENER.’ When Isabella had obtained the freedom of her son, she remained in Kingston, where she had been drawn by the judicial process, about a year, during which time she became a member of the Methodist Church there; and when she went to New York, she took a letter missive from that church to the Methodist Church in John street. Afterwards, she withdrew her connection with that church, and joined Zion's Church, in Church street, composed entirely of colored people. With the latter church she remained until she went to reside with Mr. Pierson, after which, she was gradually drawn into the ‘kingdom’ set up by the prophet Matthias, in the name of God the Father; for he said the spirit of God the Father dwelt in him. We now come to an eventful period in the life of Isabella, as identified with one of the most extraordinary religious impostures of modern times; but the limits prescribed for the present work forbid a minute narration of all the occurrences that transpired in relation to it. ‘ “John the Baptist,” (addressing Mr. Pierson,) read the tenth chapter of Revelations.’ After the reading of the chapter, the prophet resumed speaking, as follows:— She left the city on the morning of the 1st of June, 1843, crossing over to Brooklyn, L.I.; and taking the rising sun for her only compass and guide, she ‘remembered Lot's wife,’ and hoping to avoid her fate, she resolved not to look back till she felt sure the wicked city from which she was fleeing was left too far behind to be visible in the distance; and when she first ventured to look back, she could just discern the blue cloud of smoke that hung over it, and she thanked the Lord that she was thus far removed from what seemed to her a second Sodom. As she drew near the centre of the Island, she commenced, one evening at nightfall, to solicit the favor of a night's lodging. She had repeated her request a great many, it seemed to her some twenty times, and as many times she received a negative answer. She walked on, the stars and the tiny horns of the new-moon shed but a dim light on her lonely way, when she was familiarly accosted by two Indians, who took her for an acquaintance. She told them they were mistaken in the person; she was a stranger there, and asked them the direction to a tavern. They informed her it was yet a long way—some two miles or so; and inquired if she were alone. Not wishing for their protection, or knowing what might be the character of their kindness, she answered, ‘No, not exactly,’ and passed on. At the end of a weary way, she came to the tavern,—or, rather, to a large building, which was occupied as court-house, tavern, and jail,—and on asking for a night's lodging, was informed she could stay, if she would consent to be locked in. This to her mind was an insuperable objection. To have a key turned on her was a thing not to be thought of, at least not to be endured, and she again took up her line of march, preferring to walk beneath the open sky, to being locked up by a stranger in such a place. She had not walked far, before she heard the voice of a woman under an open shed; she ventured to accost her, and inquired if she knew where she could get in for the night. The woman answered, that she did not, unless she went home with them; and turning to her ‘good man,’ asked him if the stranger could not share their home for the night, to which he cheerfully assented. Sojourner thought it evident he had been taking a drop too much, but as he was civil and good-natured, and she did not feel inclined to spend the night alone in the open air, she felt driven to the necessity of accepting their hospitality, whatever it might prove to be. The woman soon informed her that there was a ball in the place, at which they would like to drop in a while, before they went to their home. ‘Send her to brother—, brother—, and where she can do the most good. ‘From your brother, H. L. B.’ ‘She remained with us till far into winter, when we introduced her at the Northampton Association.’ . . . . . ‘She wrote to me from thence, that she had found the quiet resting place she had so long desired. And she has remained there ever since.’ THIRTY HUNDRED THOUSAND PERSONS in this country, men, women and children, are in SLAVERY. Is slavery, as a condition for human beings, good, bad, or indifferent? We submit the question without argument. You have common sense, and conscience, and a human heart;—pronounce upon it. You have a wife, or a husband, a child, a father, a mother, a brother or a sister—make the case your own, make it theirs, and bring in your verdict. The case of Human Rights against Slavery has been adjudicated in the court of conscience times innumerable. The same verdict has always been rendered—‘Guilty;’ the same sentence has always been pronounced ‘Let it be accursed!’ and human nature, with her million echoes, has rung it round the world in every language under heaven, ‘Let it be accursed! Let it be accursed!’ His heart is false to human nature, who will not say ‘Amen.’ There is not a man on earth who does not believe that slavery is a curse. Human beings may be inconsistent, but human nature is true to herself. She has uttered her testimony against slavery with a shriek ever since the monster was begotten; and till it perishes amidst the execrations of the universe, she will traverse the world on its track, dealing her bolts upon its head, and dashing against it her condemning brand. We repeat it, every man knows that slavery is a curse. Whoever denies this, his lips libel his heart. Try him; clank the chains in his ears, and tell him they are for him; give him an hour to prepare his wife and children for a life of slavery; bid him make haste and get ready their necks for the yoke, and their wrists for the coffle chains, then look at his pale lips and trembling knees, and you have nature's testimony against slavery. At least thirty hundred thousand persons in these States are in this condition. They were made slaves and are held such by force, and by being put in fear, and this for no crime! Reader, what have you to say of such treatment? Is it right, just, benevolent? Suppose I should seize you, rob you of your liberty, drive you into the field, and make you work without pay as long as you live, would that be justice and kindness, or monstrous injustice and cruelty? Now, every body knows that the slaveholders do these things to the slaves every day, and yet it is stoutly affirmed that they treat them well and kindly, and that their tender regard for their slaves restrains their masters from inflicting cruelties upon them. We shall go into no metaphysics to show the absurdity of this pretence. The man who robs you every day, is, forsooth, quite too tender-hearted ever to cuff or kick you! True, he can snatch your money, but he does it gently, lest he should hurt you. He can empty your pockets without qualms, but if your stomach is empty, it cuts him to the quick. He can make you work a life-time without pay, but loves you too well to let you go hungry. He fleeces you of your rights with a relish, but is shocked if you work bareheaded in summer, or in winter without warm stockings. He can make you go without your liberty, but never without a shirt. He can crush, in you, all hope of bettering your condition, by vowing that you shall die his slave, but though he can coolly torture your feelings, he is too compassionate to lacerate your back—he can break your heart, but he is very tender of your skin. He can strip you of all protection and thus expose you to all outrages, but if you are exposed to the weather, half clad and half sheltered, how yearn his tender bowels! What! slaveholders talk of treating men well, and yet not only rob them of all they get, and as fast as they get it, but rob them of themselves, also; their very hands and feet, all their muscles, and limbs, and senses, their bodies and minds, their time and liberty and earnings, their free speech and rights of conscience, their right to acquire knowledge, and property, and reputation;—and yet they, who plunder them of all these, would fain make us believe that their soft hearts ooze out so lovingly toward their slaves, that they always keep them well housed and well clad, never push them too hard in the field, never make their dear backs smart, nor let their dear stomachs get empty. But there is no end to these absurdities. Are slaveholders dunces, or do they take all the rest of the world to be, that they think to bandage our eyes with such thin gauzes? Protesting their kind regard for those whom they hourly plunder of all they have and all they get! What! when they have seized their victims, and annihilated all their rights, still claim to be the special guardians of their happiness? Plunderers of their liberty, yet the careful suppliers of their wants? Robbers of their earnings, yet watchful sentinels round their interests, and kind providers for their comfort? Filching all their time, yet granting generous donations for rest and sleep? Stealing the use of their muscles, yet thoughtful of their ease? Putting them under drivers, yet careful that they are not hard-pushed? Too humane, forsooth, to stint the stomachs of their slaves, yet force their minds to starve, and brandish over them pains and penalties, if they dare reach forth for the smallest crumb of knowledge, even a letter of the alphabet! It is no marvel that slaveholders are always talking of their kind treatment of their slaves. The only marvel is, that men of sense can be gulled by such professions. Despots always insist that they are merciful. The greatest tyrants that ever dripped with blood have assumed the titles of ‘most gracious,’ ‘most clement,’ ‘most merciful,’ &c., and have ordered their crouching vassals to accost them thus. When did not vice lay claim to those virtues which are the opposites of its habitual crimes! The guilty, according to their own showing, are always innocent, and cowards brave, and drunkards sober, and harlots chaste, and pickpockets honest to a fault. Every body understands this. When a man's tongue grows thick, and he begins to hiccough and walk cross-legged, we expect him, as a matter of course, to protest that he is not drunk; so when a man is always singing the praises of his own honesty, we instinctively watch his movements and look out for our pocket-books. Whoever is simple enough to be hoaxed by such professions, should never be trusted in the streets without somebody to take care of him. Human nature works out in slaveholders just as it does in other men, and in American slaveholders just as in English, French, Turkish, Algerine, Roman and Grecian. The Spartans boasted of their kindness to their slaves, while they whipped them to death by thousands at the altars of their gods. The Romans lauded their own mild treatment of their bondsmen, while they branded their names on their flesh with hot irons, and when old, threw them into their fish-ponds, or like Cato ‘the Just,’ starved them to death. It is the boast of the Turks, that they treat their slaves as though they were their children, yet their common name for them is ‘dogs,’ and for the merest trifles, their feet are bastinadoed to a jelly, or their heads clipped off with a scimetar. The Portuguese pride themselves on their gentle bearing towards their slaves, yet the streets of Rio Janeiro are filled with naked men and women yoked in pairs to carts and wagons, and whipped by drivers like beasts of burden. Slaveholders, the world over, have sung the praises of their tender mercies towards their slaves. Even the wretches that plied the African slave-trade tried to rebut Clarkson's proofs of their cruelties, by speeches, affidavits, and published pamphlets, setting forth the accommodations of the ‘middle passage,’ and their kind attentions to the comfort of those whom they had stolen from their homes, and kept stowed away under hatches, during a voyage of four thousand miles. So, according to the testimony of the autocrat of the Russias, he exercises great clemency towards the Poles, though he exiles them by thousands to the snows of Siberia, and tramples them down by millions at home. Who discredits the atrocities perpetrated by Ovando in Hispaniola, Pizarro in Peru, and Cortez in Mexico,—because they filled the ears of the Spanish Court with protestations of their benignant rule? While they were yoking the enslaved natives like beasts to the draught, working them to death by thousands in their mines, hunting them with bloodhounds, torturing them on racks, and broiling them on beds of coals, their representations to the mother country teemed with eulogies of their parental sway! The bloody atrocities of Philip II., in the expulsion of his Moorish subjects, are matters of imperishable history. Who disbelieves or doubts them? And yet his courtiers magnified his virtues and chanted his clemency and his mercy, while the wail of a million victims, smitten down by a tempest of fire and slaughter let loose at his bidding, rose above the Te Deums that thundered from all Spain's cathedrals. When Louis XIV. revoked the edict of Nantes, and proclaimed two millions of his subjects free plunder for persecution,—when from the English channel to the Pyrennees the mangled bodies of the Protestants were dragged on reeking hurdles by a shouting populace,—he claimed to be ‘the father of his people,’ and wrote himself ‘His most Christian Majesty.’ That slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; that they are over-worked, under-fed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep; that they are often made to wear round their necks iron collars armed with prongs, to drag heavy chains and weights at their feet while working in the field, and to wear yokes and bells and iron horns; that they are often kept confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together, made to wear gags in their mouths for hours or days, have some of their front teeth torn out or broken off, that they may be easily detected when they run away; that they are frequently flogged with terrible severity, have red pepper rubbed into their lacerated flesh, and hot brine, spirits of turpentine, &c., poured over the gashes to increase the torture; that they are often stripped naked, their backs and limbs cut with knives, bruised and mangled by scores and hundreds of blows with the paddle, and terribly torn by the claws of cats, drawn over them by their tormentors; that they are often hunted with bloodhounds and shot down like beasts, or torn in pieces by dogs; that they are often suspended by the arms and whipped and beaten till they faint, and when revived by restoratives, beaten again till they faint, and sometimes till they die; that their ears are often cut off, their eyes knocked out, their bones broken, their flesh branded with red hot irons; that they are maimed, mutilated, and burned to death over slow fires; are undeniable facts. The enormities inflicted by slaveholders upon their slaves will never be discredited, except by those who overlook the simple fact, that he who holds human beings as his bona fide property, regards them as property, and not as persons; this is his permanent state of mind towards them. He does not contemplate slaves as human beings, consequently does not treat them as such; and with entire indifference sees them suffer privations and writhe under blows, which, if inflicted upon whites, would fill him with horror and indignation. He regards that as good treatment of slaves, which would seem to him insufferable abuse, if practised upon others; and would denounce that as a monstrous outrage and horrible cruelty, if perpetrated upon white men and women, which he sees every day meted out to black slaves, without perhaps ever thinking it cruel. Accustomed all his life to regard them rather as domestic animals, to hear them stormed at, and to see them cuffed and caned; and being himself in constant habit of treating them thus, such practices have become to him a mere matter of course and make no impression on his mind. True, it is incredible that men should treat as chattels those whom they truly regard as human beings, but that they should treat as chattels and working animals those whom they regard as such, is no marvel. The common treatment of dogs, when they are in the way, is to kick them out of it; we see them every day kicked off of sidewalks, and on Sabbaths out of churches—yet, as they are but dogs, these do not strike us as outrages; yet if we were to see men, women, and children—our neighbors and friends—kicked out of stores by merchants, or out of churches by the deacons and sexton, we should call the perpetrators inhuman wretches. We have said that slaveholders regard their slaves not as human beings, but as mere working animals; or merchandise. The whole vocabulary of slaveholders, their laws, their usages, and their entire treatment of their slaves fully establish this. The same terms are applied to slaves that are given to cattle. They are called ‘stock.’ So, when the children of slaves are spoken of prospectively, they are called their ‘increase;’ the same term that is applied to flocks and herds. So the female slaves that are mothers are called ‘breeders,’ till past child-bearing; and often the same terms are applied to the different sexes that are applied to the males and females among cattle. Those who compel the labor of slaves and cattle have the same appellation, ‘drivers;’ the names which they call them are the same, and similar to those given to their horses and oxen. The laws of slave States make them property, equally with goats and swine; they are levied upon for debt in the same way; they are included in the same advertisements of public sales with cattle, swine and asses; when moved from one part of the country to another, they are herded in droves like cattle, and like them urged on by drivers; their labor is compelled in the same way. They are bought and sold, and separated like cattle; when exposed for sale, their good qualities are described as jockeys show off the good points of their horses; their strength, activity, skill, power of endurance, &c., are lauded, and those who bid upon them examine their persons, just as purchasers inspect horses and oxen; they open their mouths to see if their teeth are sound; strip their backs to see if they are badly scarred, and handle their limbs and muscles to see if they are firmly knit. Like horses they are warranted to be ‘sound,’ or to be returned to the owner if ‘unsound.’ A father gives his son a horse and slave; by his will he distributes among them his racehorses, hounds, game-cocks, and slaves. We leave the reader to carry out the parallel which we have only begun. Its details would cover many pages. That slaveholders do not practically regard slaves as human beings is abundantly shown by their own voluntary testimony. In a recent work entitled, ‘The South Vindicated from the Treason and Fanaticism of Northern Abolitionists,’ which was written, we are informed, by Colonel Dayton, late member of Congress from South Carolina, the writer, speaking of the awe with which the slaves regard the whites, says— ‘The Northerner looks upon a band of negroes as upon so many men, but the planter or Southerner views them in a very different light!’ Extract from a speech of Mr. SUMMERS, of Virginia, in the Legislature of that State, January 26, 1832. See the Richmond Whig:— ‘When, in the sublime lessons of Christianity, he (the slaveholder) is taught to “do unto others as he would have others do unto him,” HE NEVER DREAMS THAT THE DEGRADED NEGRO IS WITHIN THE PALE OF THAT HOLY CANON.’ PRESIDENT JEFFERSON, in his letter to GOVERNOR COLES, of Illinois, dated August 25, 1814, asserts that slaveholders regard their slaves as brutes, in the following remarkable language:— ‘Nursed and educated in the daily habit of seeing the degraded condition, both bodily and mental, of these unfortunate beings, [the slaves,] FEW MINDS HAVE YET DOUBTED BUT THAT THEY WERE AS LEGITIMATE SUBJECTS OF PROPERTY AS THEIR HORSES OR CATTLE.’ Having shown that slaveholders regard their slaves as mere working animals and cattle, we now proceed to show that their actual treatment of them is worse than it would be if they were brutes. We repeat it, SLAVEHOLDERS TREAT THEIR SLAVES WORSE THAN THEY DO THEIR BRUTES. Whoever heard of cows or sheep being deliberately tied up and beaten and lacerated till they died? or horses coolly tortured by the hour, till covered with mangled flesh? or of swine having their legs tied and being suspended from a tree and lacerated with thongs for hours? or of hounds stretched and made fast at full length, flayed with whips, red pepper rubbed into their bleeding gashes, and hot brine dashed on to aggravate the torture? Yet, just such forms and degrees of torture are daily perpetrated upon the slaves. Now, no man that knows human nature will marvel at this. Though great cruelties have always been inflicted by men upon brutes, yet incomparably the most horrid ever perpetrated have been those of men upon their own species. Any leaf of history turned over at random has proof enough of this. Every reflecting mind perceives that when men hold human beings as property, they must, from the nature of the case, treat them worse than they treat their horses and oxen. It is impossible for cattle to excite in men such tempests of fury as men excite in each other. Men are often provoked if their horses or hounds refuse to do, or their pigs refuse to go where they wish to drive them, but the feeling is rarely intense and never permanent. It is vexation and impatience, rather than settled rage, malignity, or revenge. If horses and dogs were intelligent beings, and still held as property, their opposition to the wishes of their owners would exasperate them immeasurably more than it would be possible for them to do, with the minds of brutes. None but little children and idiots get angry at sticks and stones that lie in their way or hurt them; but put into sticks and stones intelligence, and will, and power of feeling and motion, while they remain as now, articles of property, and what a towering rage would men be in, if bushes whipped them in the face when they walked among them, or stones rolled over their toes when they climbed hills! and what exemplary vengeance would be inflicted upon door-steps and hearth-stones, if they were to move out of their places, instead of lying still where they were put for their owners to tread upon! The greatest provocation to human nature is opposition to its will. If a man's will be resisted by one far below him, the provocation is vastly greater than when it is resisted by an acknowledged superior. In the former case, it inflames strong passions, which in the latter lie dormant. The rage of proud Haman knew no bounds against the poor Jew who would not do as he wished, and so he built a gallows for him. If the person opposing the will of another be so far below him as to be on a level with chattels, and be actually held and used as an article of property, pride, scorn, lust of power, rage and revenge explode together upon the hapless victim. The idea of property having a will, and that too in opposition to the will of its owner, and counteracting it, is a stimulant of terrible power to the most relentless human passions; and from the nature of slavery, and the constitution of the human mind, this fierce stimulant must, with various degrees of strength, act upon slaveholders almost without ceasing. The slave, however abject and crushed, is an intelligent being: he has a will, and that will cannot be annihilated, it will show itself; if for a moment it is smothered, like pent up fires, when vent is found, it flames the fiercer. Make intelligence property, and its manager will have his match; he is met at every turn by an opposing will, not in the form of downright rebellion and defiance, but yet, visibly, an ever-opposing will. He sees it in the dissatisfied look, and reluctant air, and unwilling movement; the constrained strokes of labor, the drawling tones, the slow hearing, the feigned stupidity, the sham pains and sickness, the short memory; and he feels it every hour, in innumerable forms, frustrating his designs by a ceaseless, though perhaps invisible countermining. This unceasing opposition to the will of its ‘owner,’ on the part of his rational ‘property,’ is to the slaveholder as the hot iron to the nerve. He raves under it, and storms, gnashes, and smites; but the more he smites, the hotter it gets, and the more it burns him. Further, this opposition of the slave's will to his owner's, not only excites him to severity, that he may gratify his rage, but makes it necessary for him to use violence in breaking down this resistance—thus subjecting the slave to additional tortures. There is another inducement to cruel inflictions upon the slave, and a necessity for it, which does not exist in the case of brutes. Offenders must be made an example to others, to strike them with terror. If a slave runs away and is caught, his master flogs him with terrible severity, not merely to gratify his resentment, and to keep him from running away again, but as a warning to others. So in every case of disobedience, neglect, stubbornness, unfaithfulness, indolence, insolence, theft, feigned sickness, when his directions are forgotten, or slighted, or supposed to be, or his wishes crossed, or his property injured, or left exposed, or his work ill-executed, the master is tempted to inflict cruelties not merely to wreak his own vengeance upon him, and to make the slave more circumspect in future, but to sustain his authority over the other slaves, to restrain them from like practices, and to preserve his own property. A multitude of facts, illustrating the position that slaveholders treat their slaves worse than they do their cattle, will occur to all who are familiar with slavery. When cattle break through their owners' inclosures and escape, if found, they are driven back and fastened in again; and even slaveholders would execrate as a wretch, the man who should tie them up, and bruise and lacerate them for straying away; but when slaves that have escaped are caught, they are flogged with the most terrible severity. When herds of cattle are driven to market, they are suffered to go in the easiest way, each by himself; but when slaves are driven to market, they are fastened together with handcuffs, galled by iron collars and chains, and thus forced to travel on foot hundreds of miles, sleeping at night in their chains. Sheep, and sometimes horned cattle, are marked with their owners' initials—but this is generally done with paint, and of course produces no pain. Slaves, too, are often marked with their owners' initials, but the letters are stamped into their flesh with a hot iron. Cattle are suffered to graze their pastures without stint; but the slaves are restrained in their food to a fixed allowance. The slaveholders' horses are notoriously far better fed, more moderately worked, have fewer hours of labor, and longer intervals of rest, than their slaves; and their valuable horses are far more comfortably housed and lodged, and their stables more effectually defended from the weather than the slaves' huts. These objectors can really believe the fact, that in the city of New York, less than a hundred years since, thirteen persons were publicly burned to death, over a slow fire; and that the legislature of the same State took under its paternal care the African slave-trade, and declared that ‘all encouragement should be given to the direct importation of slaves; that all smuggling of slaves should be condemned, as an eminent discouragement to the fair trader.’ They do not call in question the fact that the African slave-trade was carried on from the ports of the free States till within thirty years; that even members of the Society of Friends were actively engaged in it, shortly before the revolutionary war;* * See Life and Travels of John Woolman, page 92. that as late as 1807, no less than fifty-nine of the vessels engaged in that trade were sent out from the little State of Rhode Island, which had then only about seventy thousand inhabitants; that among those most largely engaged in those foul crimes, are the men whom the people of Rhode Island delight to honor: that the man who dipped most deeply in that trade of blood, (James de Wolf,) and amassed a most princely fortune by it, was not long since their Senator in Congress; and another, who was captain of one of his vessels, was recently Lieutenant Governor of the State. They can believe, too, all the horrors of the middle passage, the chains, suffocation, maimings, stranglings, starvation, and cold-blooded murders, atrocities perpetrated on board these slave-ships by their own citizens, perhaps by their own townsmen and neighbors—possibly by their own fathers: but, O! they ‘can't believe that the slaveholders can be so hard-hearted towards their slaves as to treat them with great cruelty.’ They can believe that His Holiness the Pope, with his cardinals, bishops and priests, have tortured, broken on the wheel, and burned to death thousands of Protestants—that eighty thousand of the Anabaptists were slaughtered in Germany—that hundreds of thousands of the blameless Waldenses, Huguenots and Lollards, were torn in pieces by the most titled dignitaries of church and state, and that almost every professedly Christian sect has, at some period of its history, persecuted unto blood those who dissented from their creed. They can believe also, that in Boston, New York, Utica, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Alton, and scores of other cities and villages of the free States, ‘gentlemen of property and standing,’ led on by civil officers, by members of State legislatures, and of Congress, by judges and attorneys-general, by editors of newspapers, and by professed ministers of the gospel, have organized mobs, broken up lawful meetings of peaceable citizens, committed assault and battery upon their persons, knocked them down with stones, led them about with ropes, dragged them from their beds at midnight, gagged and forced them into vehicles, and driven them into unfrequented places, and there tormented and disfigured them—that they have rifled their houses, made bonfires of their furniture in the streets, burned to the ground, or torn in pieces the halls or churches in which they were assembled—attacked them with deadly weapons, stabbed some, shot others, and killed one. They can believe all this—and further, that a majority of the citizens in the places where these outrages have been committed, connived at them; and by refusing to indict the perpetrators, or, if they were indicted, by combining to secure their acquittal, and rejoicing in it, have publicly adopted these felonies as their own. All these things they can believe without hesitation, and that they have even been done by their own acquaintances, neighbors, relatives; perhaps those with whom they interchange courtesies, those for whom they vote, or to whose salaries they contribute—but yet, O! they can never believe that slaveholders inflict cruelties upon their slaves! They can give full credence to the kidnapping, imprisonment, and deliberate murder of WILLIAM MORGAN and that by men of high standing in society; they can believe that this deed was aided and abetted, and the murderers screened from justice, by a large number of influential persons, who were virtually accomplices, either before or after the fact; and that this combination was so effectual, as successfully to defy and triumph over the combined powers of the government; yet that those who constantly rob men of their time, liberty and wages, and all their rights, should rob them of bits of flesh, and occasionally of a tooth, make their backs bleed, and put fetters on their legs, is too monstrous to be credited! Further, these same persons, who ‘can't believe’ that slaveholders are so iron-hearted as to ill-treat their slaves, believe that the very elite of these slaveholders, those most highly esteemed and honored among them, are continually daring each other to mortal conflict, and in the presence of mutual friends, taking deadly aim at each other's hearts, with settled purpose to kill, if possible. That among the most distinguished Governors of slave States, among their most celebrated judges, senators, and representatives in Congress, there is hardly one who has not either killed, or tried to kill, or aided and abetted his friends in trying to kill, one or more individuals. That pistols, dirks, bowie-knives, or other instruments of death, are generally carried throughout the slave States—and that deadly affrays with them, in the streets of their cities and villages, are matters of daily occurrence; that the sons of slaveholders in southern colleges bully, threaten, and fire upon their teachers, and their teachers upon them; that, during the last summer in the most celebrated seat of science and literature in the South, the University of Virginia, the professors were attacked by more than seventy armed students, and in the words of a Virginia paper, were obliged ‘to conceal themselves from their fury;’ also, that almost all the riots and violence that occur in northern colleges are produced by the turbulence and lawless passions of southern students. That such are the furious passions of slaveholders, no considerations of personal respect, none for the proprieties of life, none for the honor of our national legislature, none for the character of our country abroad, can restrain the slaveholding members of Congress from the most disgraceful personal encounters on the floor of our nation's legislature—smiting their fists in each other's faces, throttling, and even kicking and trying to gouge each other; that, during the session of the Congress just closed, no less than six slaveholders, taking fire at words spoken in debate, have either rushed at each other's throats, or kicked, or struck, or attempted to knock each other down; and that in all these instances, they would doubtless have killed each other, if their friends had not separated them. Further, they know full well, these were not insignificant, vulgar blackguards, elected because they were the head bullies and bottle-holders in a boxing ring, or because their constituents went drunk to the ballot-box; but they were some of the most conspicuous members of the House—one of them a former Speaker. Our newspapers are full of these and similar daily occurrences among slaveholders, copied verbatim from their own accounts of them in their own papers, and all this we fully credit; no man is simpleton enough to cry out, ‘O, I can't believe that slaveholders do such things,’—and yet, when we turn to the treatment which these men mete out to their slaves, and show that they are in the habitual practice of striking, kicking, knocking down and shooting them as well as each other—the look of blank incredulity that comes over northern dough-faces is a study for a painter: and then the sentimental outcry, with eyes and hands uplifted, ‘Oh, indeed, I can't believe the slaveholders are so cruel to their slaves.’ Most amiable and touching charity! Arbitrary power is to the mind what alcohol is to the body; it intoxicates. Man loves power. It is perhaps the strongest human passion; and the more absolute the power, the stronger the desire for it; and the more it is desired, the more its exercise is enjoyed: this enjoyment is to human nature a fearful temptation,—generally an over-match for it. Hence it is true, with hardly an exception, that arbitrary power is abused in proportion as it is desired. The fact that a person intensely desires power over others, without restraint, shows the absolute necessity of restraint. What woman would marry a man who made it a condition that he should have the power to divorce her whenever he pleased? Oh! he might never wish to exercise it, but the power he would have! No woman, not stark mad, would trust her happiness in such hands. Would a father apprentice his son to a master, who insisted that his power over the lad should be absolute? The master might, perhaps, never wish to commit a battery upon the boy, but if he should, he insists upon having full swing! He who would leave his son in the clutches of such a wretch, would be bled and blistered for a lunatic as soon as his friends could get their hands upon him. The possession of power, even when greatly restrained, is such a fiery stimulant, that its lodgment in human hands is always perilous. Give men the handling of immense sums of money, and all the eyes of Argus and the hands of Briareus can hardly prevent embezzlement. That American slaveholders possess a power over their slaves which is virtually absolute, none will deny.* * The following extracts from the laws of slave States are proofs sufficient:— ‘The slave is ENTIRELY subject to the WILL of his master.—Louisiana Civil Code, Art. 273. ‘Slaves shall be deemed, sold, taken, reputed, and adjudged in law to be chattels personal, in the hands of their owners and possessors, and their executors, administrators and assigns, TO ALL INTENTS, CONSTRUCTIONS, AND PURPOSES, WHATSOEVER.’—Laws of South Carolina, 2 Brev. Dig. 229, Prince's Digest, 446, &c. That they desire this absolute power, is shown from the fact of their holding and exercising it, and making laws to confirm and enlarge it. That the desire to possess this power, every tittle of it, is intense, is proved by the fact, that slaveholders cling to it with such obstinate tenacity, as well as by all their doings and sayings, their threats, cursings and gnashings against all who denounce the exercise of such power as usurpation and outrage, and counsel its immediate abrogation. From the nature of the case, from the laws of mind, such power, so intensely desired, griped with such a death-clutch, and with such fierce spurnings of all curtailment or restraint, cannot but be abused. Privations and inflictions must be its natural, habitual products, with ever and anon, terror, torture and despair, let loose to do their worst upon their helpless victims. Slaveholders organize themselves into a tribunal to adjudicate upon their own conduct, and give us, in their decisions, their estimate of their own character; informing us with characteristic modesty, that they have a high opinion of themselves; that in their own judgment, they are very mild, kind, and merciful gentlemen! In these conceptions of their own merits, and of the eminent propriety of their bearing towards their slaves,—slaveholders remind us of the Spaniard, who always took off his hat whenever he spoke of himself, and of the Governor of Schiraz, who, from a sense of justice to his own character, added to his other titles those of ‘Flower of Courtesy,’ ‘Nutmeg of Consolation,’ and ‘Rose of Delight.’ When men speak of the treatment of others as being either good or bad, their declarations are not generally to be taken as testimony to matters of fact, so much as expressions of their own feelings towards those persons or classes who are the subjects of such treatment. If those persons are their fellow citizens; if they are in the same class of society with themselves; of the same language, creed, and color; similar in their habits, pursuits, and sympathies; they will keenly feel any wrong done to them, and denounce it as base, outrageous treatment; but let the same wrongs be done to persons of a condition in all respects the reverse, persons whom they habitually despise, and regard only in the light of mere conveniences, to be used for their pleasure, and the idea that such treatment is barbarous will be laughed at as ridiculous. When we hear slaveholders say that their slaves are well treated, we have only to remember that they are not speaking of persons, but of property; not of men and women, but of chattels and things; not of friends and associates, but of vassals and victims; not of those whom they respect and honor, but of those whom they scorn and trample on; not of those with whom they sympathize, and co-operate, and interchange courtesies, but of those whom they regard with contempt and aversion, and disdainfully set with the dogs of their flock. Reader, keep this fact in your mind, and you will have a clue to the slaveholder's definition of ‘good treatment.’ This is to certify, that I am well acquainted with Isabella, this colored woman; I have been acquainted with her from her infancy; she has been in my employ for one year, and she was a faithful servant, honest and industrious; and have always known her to be in good report by all who employed her. NEW PALTZ, ULSTER Co., Oct. 13th, 1834. NORTHAMPTON, March, 1850. BOSTON, March, 1850. [Back Cover Image]
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Anders Retzius From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Anders Retzius, copy by Jean Haagen (1868-1938). Anders Retzius (Lund October 13, 1796 – Stockholm April 18, 1860), was a Swedish professor of anatomy and a supervisor at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. He enrolled at Lund University in 1812 where he studied medicine, and alternated with studies in Copenhagen, until he in 1818 became a licensed doctor of medicine. Through his friendship with Jöns Jakob Berzelius, he as early as 1824 was appointed temporary professor of anatomy at the Karolinska Institute, an institute to which he dedicated much of his strength for many years. In 1830 he was also appointed temporary supervisor there, and in 1840 he was appointed both permanent professor and supervisor. During the next decades he made many anatomical discoveries, for instance about the finer parts of the teeth, of the skull, of the muscles and of the nervous system. He was also an anthropologist, whose studies of the human cranium led to the classifications dolichocephalic and brachycephalic. He was considered to be very knowledgeable and was elected into many of the scientific academies at the time. He is credited with defining the cephalic index, which is the ratio of width to length of one's head. Retzius was a polygenist. Retzius studied many different skull types from different races, because the skulls were so different from each race he believed that the races had a separate origin.[1] The retropubic space of Retzius is named after him. The peritoneum lies deep to the posterior layer of transversalis fascia and is very adherent to it. Distally, this close contact remains in the area lateral to the epigastrics. Medially, however, the peritoneum reflects on the roof of the bladder and runs sharply dorsally, away from the deep layer of transversalis fascia. The separation of transversalis fascia and peritoneum contains loose fatty tissue allowing for the filling of the bladder. This space is called the retropubic space of Retzius (from the Clinic of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital St-Pierre, Brussels). Retzius also engaged himself in the battle against the Swedish drinking habits – which at this time had a significant impact on the Swedish society – with works on the harmful effects liquor has on the body. In 1826, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was the father of Gustaf Retzius. See also[edit] 1. ^ Peter Rowley-Conwy, From Genesis to Prehistory: The Archaeological Three Age System and its Contested Reception in Denmark, Britain, and Ireland, 2007, p. 120
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Andrew Aguecheek From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Andrew Aguecheek Sir Andrew, at right in the red stockings, during the third act Creator William Shakespeare Play Twelfth Night, or What You Will Sir Andrew Aguecheek (also spelled Ague-cheek) is a comic character in William Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night, or What You Will. Sir Andrew is a stereotypical fool, who is goaded into unwisely duelling with Cesario and who is slowly having his money pilfered by Sir Toby Belch. His role in the play not only provides comedy through his pathetic situation and his slow speech, but also by his distinct, long-faced appearance and garish dress sense. Background and character[edit] Sir Andrew Aguecheek first appears in the third scene of Act I, as the so-called friend of Sir Toby Belch. Sir Andrew is a guest at the home of Sir Toby's niece Lady Olivia, where Sir Toby, a drunkard and glutton, resides. Although we are not made aware of Sir Andrew's family or connections, it is said that his annual income is 3,000 ducats,[1] a significant amount and roughly equal to that of a skilled craftsman of the period,[2] leading us to assume that he is a gentleman of some leisure. Ineptly, Sir Andrew attempts to court Olivia, and her rejection of him, in favour of dashing Cesario, prompts Sir Andrew to challenge Cesario to a duel. His slow-witted nature allows Sir Toby perfect opportunity to take advantage of him, even openly admitting that by playing to Sir Andrew's generosity and gullibility, he has milked him for approximately two-thirds of his stated income.[3] Sir Andrew fancies himself a great dancer and swordsman,[4][5] and the scenes where he ineptly engages in these activities are points of physical comedy in the play.[6] Sir Andrew's age is not made clear, but it is assumed that he is a number of years younger than Sir Toby.[7] Sir Andrew and Malvolio are probably the only characters whose situation at the end of the play is not as favourable as in the beginning. Amongst three happy couples and a humiliated Malvolio in the final scene, Sir Andrew has already made his closing exit, following Sir Toby's open insults toward him.[8] Friendless and deep in debt, this ending echoes one of Sir Andrew's better known lines, from the third scene of the second act: "I was adored once too." The negative outcome for Sir Andrew, combined with his having been the subject of jokes and Sir Toby's greed, is a strain of melancholy in an otherwise comical play. As one of the central supporting roles in Twelfth Night, Sir Andrew's character speaks a total of 152 lines and appears in seven of the eighteen scenes.[9] Famous performances[edit] The Elizabethan actor John Sinklo has been associated with the role of Sir Andrew.[10] Actors who have distinguished themselves in the role of Sir Andrew include Alec Guinness, Paul Scofield, Juan Garibay, and Christopher Plummer. Richard E. Grant played the part in Trevor Nunn's movie adaptation of Twelfth Night, dancing dreadfully in front of Mel Smith's Sir Toby, getting his sword caught in a branch of a tree and being kicked in the groin during his duel with "Cesario" (Imogen Stubbs). When Maria (Imelda Staunton) tricks Malvolio (Nigel Hawthorne) into wearing yellow stockings, she reveals to her fellow conspirators that "'tis a colour [my lady Olivia] abhors". They then turn to Sir Andrew who is wearing a yellow waistcoat, tie and stockings. Like the others, however, he is allowed some dignity by kissing the hand of Olivia (Helena Bonham Carter) before leaving her estate, his head held high. • but I am a great eater of beef, and I believe that does harm to my wit.' (1.3.85) Sir Andrew explains himself.[11] • Nay, let me alone for swearing (3.4.183) Sir Andrew's boast that he is an expert at cursing. • He does it with a better grace, but I do it more natural (2.3.83) Sir Andrew Aguecheek compares his fooling with that of Sir Toby Belch. • I was adored once too (2.3.171) The reference of this quote is unclear, but indicates sadness underneath his carefree and idiotic nature. Cultural influence[edit] 'Sir Andrew Aguecheek' is the first part of Hans Werner Henze's Second Sonata on Shakespearean Characters for guitar, known as Royal Winter Music. 1. ^ Shakespeare. Twelfth Night. A1s3. "Sir Toby: Why, he has three thousand ducats a year."  2. ^ Albert A. Nofi, James F. Dunnigan (1997). "Medieval Life & The Hundred Years War: Money, Income, and Expenses". Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-14.  3. ^ Shakespeare. Twelfth Night. A3s2. "Sir Toby: I have been dear to him, lad, some two thousand strong or so."  4. ^ Shakespeare. Twelfth Night. A1s3. "Sir Andrew: ...I would I had bestowed that time in the tongues that I have in fencing, dancing, and bear-baiting. O, had I but followed the arts."  5. ^ Shakespeare. Twelfth Night. A1s3. "Sir Andrew: Faith, I can cut a caper."  6. ^ Elam 2008, pp. 179, 180 7. ^ Elam 2008, p. 178 8. ^ Shakespeare. Twelfth Night. A5s1. "Sir Toby: Will you help? An ass-head and a coxcomb and a knave, a thin-faced knave, a gull?"  9. ^ Elam 2008, p. 382 10. ^ "Wells, Stanley (2006). Shakespeare & Co. London: Penguin. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-14-101713-6.  11. ^ See Robert Appelbaum, Aguecheek's Beef, Belch's Hiccup, and Other Gastronomic Interjections (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
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County of Barcelona From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search County of Barcelona Comtat de Barcelona The county of Barcelona (red) in the context of peninsular expansion of the Crown of Aragon. Capital Barcelona Languages Catalan Religion Roman Catholic Government Feudal monarchy Count of Barcelona  -  801–820 Berà  -  1131–1162 Ramon Berenguer IV Historical era Middle Ages  -  Established 801  -  Disestablished 1162 Today part of  Spain The County of Barcelona was originally a frontier region under the rule of the Carolingian dynasty. By the end of the 10th century, the Counts of Barcelona were de facto independent, hereditary rulers in constant warfare with the Islamic caliphate of Córdoba and its successor states. The counts, through marriage alliances and treaties, acquired the other Catalan counties and extended their influence along Occitania. Barcelona formed then nucleus of the emergent Principality of Catalonia.[1] In 1164, the count of Barcelona, Alfons I, inherited the Kingdom of Aragon (as Alfonso II). Thenceforward, the history of the county of Barcelona is subsumed within that of the Crown of Aragon, but the city of Barcelona remained preeminent within it. Its origins date back to the early 8th century, when Muslims took control of the northern territories of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania and modern-day northeastern Spain and southern France. After turning back deep Muslim incursions into the Frankish Empire, under the Carolingian monarchs, created the Marchs of Gothia and Hispania progressively. This was achieved by taking over the territories of Septimania that the Moors invaded in the 8th century and from these, those territories surrounding the Pyrenees and specially the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. These eastern Iberian territories were repopulated with people from the March of Gothia. This resulted in the formation of an effective buffer zone between the Muslim Iberian peninsula and, the Duchy of Aquitaine and Provence.[1] Frankish rule[edit] The area was dominated by the Franks after the conquest of Girona (785) and especially when, in 801, the city of Barcelona was conquered by King Louis the Pious of Aquitaine, and was incorporated into the Frankish kingdom. The county of Barcelona was established there, reporting to the Frankish king. The first Count of Barcelona was Bera (801-820).[2] Initially, authority for the county rested on the local aristocracy. However, the policies Bera adopted in an effort to maintain peace with Muslim ruled Al-Andalus,[3] resulted in him being accused of treason before the King. After losing a duel, according to the Visigothic legislation, Bera was deposed and exiled, and the government of the county went to Frankish nobles,[4] such as Rampón or Bernardo of Septimania. However, the Visigothic nobility regained the king's confidence with the appointment of Sunifred I of Urgel-Cerdanya as Count of Barcelona in 844. Autonomy and unification[edit] Nevertheless, the ties of the Catalan counties to the Frankish monarchy had weakened. Autonomy was strengthened when the county families began to affirm their inheritance rights. This move was accompanied by a unification process among counties to form larger political entities. Count Wilfred el Velloso, son of Sunifred and the last count appointed by the Frankish king, oversaw this movement. He united a number of counties under his command and passed them on as an inheritance to his children. Wilfred later died at the hands of Muslims.[5] Although he divided his counties among his children, the core formed by the counties of Barcelona, Girona and Osona remained undivided (although some historians, such as Ramon Martí, question whether Girona was kept initially under the domain of the children of Wilfred, and suggests that the County of Empúries dominated the county until the year of 908).[6] During the 10th century, the Counts of Barcelona strengthened their political authority and further distanced themselves from Frankish influence. In 985 Barcelona, then ruled by Borrell II, was attacked and burned by Muslims, led by Almanzor. The count took refuge in the Montserrat mountains, awaiting help from the Frankish king, which never arrived, resulting in resentment.[7] In 988, the reign of the Carolingian dynasty ended and was replaced by the Capetian dynasty. Borrell II was required to swear allegiance to the new Frankish king, but there is no evidence that the count acceded to the call, as the Frankish king had to go north to resolve a conflict. This has been interpreted as the starting point of de facto independence of the county. Full independence was obtained by James I, King of Aragon, in the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).[7] Subsequently, the county of Barcelona grew in importance and expanded its territory with successive counts. It took over other Hispanic counties and expanded slowly towards the south as a result of battles against al-Andalus and the repopulation of areas such as Tarragona and the surrounding countryside.[8] Borrell II's reign was followed by that of his son Ramon Berenguer I.[5] His mother was the forceful Ermesenda of Carcassonne. Ramón Berenguer I reinforced the county's power by subjecting the rebellious Penedes nobles, partnering with the counts of Urgell and Pallars, acquiring the counties of Carcassonne and Rasez, charging pariahs from the Zaragoza and Lleida kingdoms, and renewing the legalislative framework of the county to allow for the introduction of the Barcelona Usatges.[7] These were a set of rules and customs that would increase in subsequent years. In his will he decided not to divide the territories again, but he transferred unified rule to his twin sons, Ramon Berenguer II and Berenguer Ramon II.[9][10] After a crisis provoked by the murder of Ramón Berenguer II and accusations of fratricide against his brother, who died in the First Crusade, his son and heir, Ramón Berenguer III, was able to consolidate and expand the boundaries of the county.[5] He conquered part of the county of Ampurias and, leading a wide coalition, also attempted to conquer Mallorca, but had to abandon it because of the advance of the Almoravids troops on the peninsula.[5] He also received, by inheritance, the Besalú and Sardinia counties, gradually forming a territory very similar to what was once Old Catalonia. He also moved towards Lleida and repopulated border areas such as the city of Tarragona, effectively restoring it as the episcopal see. He also extended his trans-Pyrenean reign by incorporating Provence county through his marriage to Countess Dolça in 1112.[10] Birth of the Kingdom of Aragon[edit] However another marriage, that of Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon, resulted in a union of dynasties - the counts of Barcelona and the royal house of Aragon. Ramon Berenguer IV was, until his death, Count of Barcelona and Prince of Aragon. Their son, Alfonso II, was the first king of Aragon who, in turn was the Count of Barcelona, titles all the kings of the Crown of Aragon inherited from then on.[8] Each territory that formed the union would maintain their traditions, customs, currency and, in time, would develop local government institutions. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the county would still be ruled by the Counts of Barcelona as kings of Aragon, but as a result of the Caspe Agreement, ownership passed to the Trastámara dynasty, native of Castile, when Ferdinand I of Aragon married Isabella of Castile and was crowned king. Subsequently, the dynastic union between the crowns of Castile and Aragon would involve the progressive inclusion of the county as one of the different Iberian territories ruled by the Habsburgs.[8] Abandonment of Countship[edit] Despite the uniting of the county to the Spanish monarchy, the Barcelona County law itself remained in force until it was abolished in 1714 with the Nueva Planta Decrees after the Spanish War of Succession. Since then the county stopped being a sovereign political entity and the policy arena of the current Catalonia would only be defined as such by the Statutes of Autonomy of 1932, 1979 and 2006.[2] Moreover, the title of Count of Barcelona is now merged with the Spanish crown. Juan Carlos I granted it to his father Juan de Borbón, reverting, on his death, to the titles of the Spanish Crown as a royal title. 1. ^ a b Ramos, Luis G-G (2002). Las Invasiones Barbaras en Hispania y la Creacion del Reino Visigodo. Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 3–30. ISBN 978-84-344-6668-5.  2. ^ a b Enciclopedia de Historia de España, Vol. 4, pág. 123. 3. ^ Peréz, Juan Abellán (2002). La Pérdida de Hispania y la formación de Al-Andalus. Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 59–77. ISBN 978-84-344-6668-5.  4. ^ Josep Mª Salrach, Catalunya a la fi del primer mil·leni, Pagès Editors, Lérida, 2004, pág. 122. 5. ^ a b c d Viñamata, J.R. Juliá (1992). "La situazione politica nel Mediterraneo Occidentale all’epoca di Raimondo Berengario III: La spedizione a Maiorca del 1113-1115". situazione politica nel Mediterraneo Occidentale all’epoca di Raimondo Berengario III: la spedizione a Maiorca del 1113-1115 16: 41–84.  6. ^ Salrach, op.cit., pág. 136. 8. ^ a b c Busch, Silvia Orvietani (2001). "Medieval Mediterranean Ports: The Catalan and Tuscan Coasts, 1100 To 1235". The medieval Mediterranean (Leiden: Brill) 2. ISSN 0928-5520.  9. ^ Rivero, Isabel (1982). Compendio de historia medieval española. Madrid: Akal. pp. 148–150. ISBN 84-7090-125-7.  10. ^ a b Sobrequés i Vidal, Santiago (1985). "Sobrequés, Ramón Berenger el gran (1086-1131)". Els grans comtes de Barcelona (4th ed.). Barcelona: Vicens-Vives. pp. 137–187. ISBN 9788431618056.
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Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria) Jump to: navigation, search Crown Prince of Bavaria Prince Rupprecht and his second wife, Princess Antonia of Luxembourg Spouse Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria Princess Antonia of Luxembourg Luitpold, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria Princess Irmingard Maria of Bavaria Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria Prince Rudolf of Bavaria Prince Heinrich of Bavaria Princess Irmingard of Bavaria Princess Editha, Mrs. Schmert Princess Hildegard, Mrs. de Loayza Princess Gabrielle, Duchess of Croÿ Princess Sophie, Duchess of Arenberg Father King Ludwig III Mother Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria-Este Born (1869-05-18)18 May 1869 Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria Died 2 August 1955(1955-08-02) (aged 86) Schloß Leutstetten, Starnberg, Bavaria, Federal Republic of Germany Burial Theatine Church, Munich Rupprecht or Rupert, Crown Prince of Bavaria (German: Kronprinz Rupprecht von Bayern) (18 May 1869 – 2 August 1955) was the last Bavarian Crown Prince. Royal Monogram Pre-First World War[edit] In 1900 he became the 1,128th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria. Rupprecht in uniform prior to World War I First World War[edit] He commanded the German Sixth Army at the outbreak of World War I in Lorraine. While part of the German army was participating in the Schlieffen plan, the Crown Prince led his troops on to the Battle of Lorraine. The appointment to command of the Sixth Army was as a result of his royalty, but the level of study he had performed before he took command was a factor behind his successful direction of the Sixth Army, and he proved to be a highly able commander.[1] Rupprecht's army gave way to the French attack in August 1914, in the Battle of Lorraine, and then launched a counteroffensive on the 20th.[1] Rupprecht failed to break through the French lines. He was later in command of the 6th Army in Northern France and remained on the Western Front during the stalemate that would last until the end of the war. Links to military aviation[edit] Max Immelmann, one of the most famous of the German 1st World War Flying Aces, referred in a letter written on 25 June 1915 to a visit by Rupprecht to an airfield to inspect the new Fokker Eindecker aircraft. Interwar years[edit] Rupprecht lost his chance to rule Bavaria when it became a republic in the revolutions that followed the war. Although some royalists still referred to him as the King of Bavaria, the 738 years of Wittelsbach rule ended in 1918. Rupprecht escaped to Tyrol in fear of reprisals from the brief communist regime in Bavaria under Kurt Eisner but returned in September 1919. While away from Bavaria, he succeeded his mother, Maria Theresia of Austria-Este, the last Queen of Bavaria, as the Jacobite heir. This occurred upon her death on 3 February 1919. As such, under his anglicized name he would be King Robert I (or Rupert) (King of England) and IV (King of Scotland), although he never claimed these crowns and "strongly discouraged" anyone from claiming them on his behalf.[8] He was styled "Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay" because of his mother's claim.[9][not in citation given][dubious ] The changed political situation however allowed him finally to marry Princess Antoinette of Luxembourg on 7 April 1921. The ceremony was carried out by the nuncio to Bavaria, Eugenio Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII. He was never enticed to join the far right in Germany, despite Hitler's attempts to win him over through Ernst Röhm and promises of royal restoration.[11] Hitler confided in private to a personal dislike of the Crown Prince. The Crown Prince in turn confessed to King George V at a lunch in London in the summer of 1934 that he considered Hitler to be insane.[12] Second World War[edit] In October 1944, when Germany occupied Hungary, Rupprecht's wife and children were captured, while he, still in Italy, evaded arrest. They were first imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp at Oranienburg, Brandenburg. In April 1945 they were moved to the Dachau concentration camp, where they were liberated by the United States Army. Crown Princess Antoinette never recovered completely from the captivity, and died a few years later in Switzerland, having vowed never to return to Germany after her ordeal. She was buried in Rome but her heart was, complying with Wittelsbach tradition, enshrined in the Gnadenkapelle (Chapel of the Miraculous Image) at Altötting. Towards the end of the war, a US Army officer, Col. Albert Caswell Metts Jr., assisted Rupprecht's five daughters in returning to Luxemburg. On May 16 he drove them to Schloss Hohenschwangau, then to Schloss Berg, and then to Schloss Leutstetten. Late at night they knocked on the door of the Samerhof, a house owned by the Royal Family across the street from the castle. At the door of the Samerhof the princesses were met by their uncle Franz with his sons Ludwig and Rasso; they had managed to escape from Hungary and to bring with them some of the royal family's famous Sárvár horses. Later the princesses were driven to Augsburg from where they flew to Luxemburg.[13] Post war[edit] It is estimated that he had the support of 60 to 70% of the Bavarian population in his goal to restore the monarchy in the post-war years.[citation needed] Of the 170 members of the Bavarian parliament, 70 declared themselves to be monarchists in September 1954, a clear sign of support for the Crown Prince.[14] Upon his death in 1955 at Schloss Leutstetten at the age of 86, he was treated like a deceased monarch, receiving a state funeral. He is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich near his grandfather Prince Luitpold and great-great-grandfather King Maximilian I, between his first wife Duchess Maria Gabrielle and his oldest son Prince Luitpold. Rupprecht married twice and had a total of eleven children: • Luitpold Maximilian Ludwig Karl, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria (8 May 1901 – 27 August 1914). Luitpold died of polio. • Princess Irmingard Maria Therese José Cäcilia Adelheid Michaela Antonia Adelgunde of Bavaria (21 September 1902 – 21 April 1903). Irmingard died of diphtheria. • Stillborn daughter (1906) • Prince Rudolf Friedrich Rupprecht of Bavaria (30 May 1909 – 26 June 1912). Rudolf died of diabetes. • Prince Heinrich Franz Wilhelm of Bavaria (28 March 1922 – 14 February 1958). Married Anne Marie de Lustrac (1927–1999). No issue. Heinrich was killed in an auto accident in Argentina.[15] His wife Anne was killed in a similar accident in Milan forty years later.[16] • Princess Sophie Marie Therese of Bavaria (b. 20 June 1935). Married Jean-Engelbert, Prince and 12th Duke of Arenberg (1921–2011) and has issue. Decorations and honors[edit] Among others, Rupprecht received the following Medals and Orders: Kingdom of Prussia Other German states Other countries Military ranks[edit] 5. ^ The National Archives, UK 8. ^ 9. ^ Postcards of Rupert, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, c.1910 10. ^ The New York Times, 4 January 1922 15. ^[dead link] 16. ^ Idem. 17. ^ Peerage News • Mein Kriegstagebuch. München: Deutscher National Verlag, 1929. Further reading[edit] External links[edit] Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Born: 18 May 1869 Died: 2 August 1955 Titles in pretence Preceded by King Ludwig III King of Bavaria 18 October 1921 – 2 August 1955 Reason for succession failure: Kingdom abolished in 1918 Succeeded by Duke Albrecht Preceded by Mary Theresa of Austria-Este Jacobite succession 3 February 1919 – 2 August 1955 Military offices Preceded by Formed from IV Army Inspectorate (IV. Armee-Inspektion) Commander, 6th Army 2 August 1914 – 28 August 1916 Succeeded by Generaloberst Ludwig von Falkenhausen
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Far North Queensland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Far North Queensland Queensland far north map.PNG Map of Far North Queensland Population 275,058 (2010)  • Density 1.0069940/km2 (2.608103/sq mi) Area 273,147.6 km2 (105,462.9 sq mi) LGA(s) Aurukun, Cairns, Cassowary Coast, Cook, Hopevale, Kowanyama, Lockhart River, Mapoon, Napranum, Northern Peninsula Area, Pormpuraaw, Tablelands, Torres, Torres Strait Island, Weipa, Wujal Wujal, Yarrabah State electorate(s) Electoral district of Cook, Electoral district of Cairns, Electoral district of Barron River, Electoral district of Mulgrave Federal Division(s) Division of Kennedy, Division of Leichhardt Far North Queensland, or FNQ, is the northernmost part of the state of Queensland, Australia. The region, which contains a large section of the Tropical North Queensland area, stretches from the city of Cairns north to the Torres Strait. To the west lies the Gulf Country and North Queensland is the region to the south. The region has more than 70 national parks and supports a significant agricultural sector. Various Government Departments and agencies have different definitions for the region. The Queensland Government Planning Department's Population Growth - The Far North Queensland Region 2005 document defines the region as an area comprising the Cairns Region, Tablelands Region and two Aboriginal Councils (Wujal Wujal and Yarrabah).[1] The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines the region as containing most of Cape York Peninsula (excluding the south western quarter, half way up the Gulf of Carpentaria coast) and the Torres Strait Islands and extending as far south as Hinchinbrook Island and the town of Cardwell, but excluding the city of Townsville. This larger definition is also used by other State Government agencies[2][3][4][5] and also encompasses the local government areas of Aurukun, Cook, Croydon, Etheridge, and Lockhart River, as well as the Northern Peninsula Area Region and Torres Strait Island Region. It has a total area of 273147.6 km².[6] The main population and administrative centre of the region is Cairns. Other key population centres include Cooktown, the Atherton Tableland, Weipa, Innisfail and the Torres Strait Islands. The region also consists of many Aboriginal and farming groups. The Bruce Highway links southern coastal parts of the region with the rest of the state. Significant industries include tourism, cattle grazing, agriculture and mining of both sand and bauxite. Agricultural products generate between $600 and $700 million a year.[7] Sugar cane, tropical fruits including bananas, mangoes, papaya, lychees and coffee are grown in Far North Queensland. Over the past few years, Far North Queensland has become increasingly known for its artistic and creative offerings, with experimental and contemporary projects happening through the work of The Upholstery, Merchants of Fine Objects, Cupcake Studio, KickArts, On Edge Festival, New Move Dance Network, Cairns Indigenous Art Fair, and Cairns Festival. As the major urban centre in Far North Queensland, Cairns is home to cultural influences from Cape York Peninsula and the Torres Strait Islands, to inland communities and the Gulf of Carpentaria and South Pacific islands. Active arts organisation include End Credits Film Club, Tanks Arts Centre, Cairns Civic Theatre, UMI Arts, JUTE Theatre, Centre of Contemporary Arts, Rondo Theatre, The Clink Theatre, Port Douglas, Reggaetown, and Cairns Regional Gallery. The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates the region's population at 275,058 in 2010.[6] The region contains 25.6% of the state's Indigenous population, or 28,909 people, making up 11.8% of the region's population.[8] South Sea Islander workers on the Lower Herbert around 1890 The region suffered Queensland's worst maritime disaster on 4 March 1899 when the Mahina Cyclone destroyed all 100 ships moored in Princess Charlotte Bay. The entire North Queensland pearling fleet was in the bay at the time of the cyclone. Approximately 100 Aboriginals assisting survivors and 307 men from the pearling fleet were drowned.[9] Far North Queensland is the location of the first amber fossils to be found in Australia. The 4 million-year-old fossils were found on a beach in Cape York Peninsula but were probably washed ashore after drifting with the currents for about 200 km.[10] See also[edit] 1. ^ Population Growth - Far North Queensland Region. Department of Local Government and Planning. 2004. p4. 2. ^ Queensland police Far Northern region. 3. ^ Department of Education map 4. ^ Queensland State Library map 5. ^ Queensland Fire and Rescue map. 6. ^ a b National Regional Profile: Far North (Statistical Division). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved on 27 January 2012. 7. ^ Sam Davis (2 August 2012). "Queensland roads holding back nation's fresh fruit". ABC Far North Queensland (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 21 September 2012.  8. ^ Office of economic and statistical research 9. ^ Shilton, Peter (2005). Natural areas of Queensland. Mount Gravatt, Queensland: Goldpress. pp. 16, 17, 29, 32. ISBN 0-9758275-0-2.  10. ^ Anna Salleh (29 November 2006). "Amber fossils a first for Australia". ABC Science Online (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 27 January 2012.  External links[edit]
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Inspiration Mars Foundation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Inspiration Mars) Jump to: navigation, search Inspiration Mars Foundation Inspiration Mars Banner Graphic jpeg.jpg "Send Two People, Take Everyone" Type 501(c)(3) (pending, as of April 2013)[1] Founded January 25, 2013 (2013-01-25)[1] Founder(s) Dennis Tito Key people Dennis Tito Jane Poynter Taber MacCallum Joe Rothenberg Miles O'Brien Jonathan Clark Thomas Squire Area served Earth/Mars/Venus Mission 2018 Manned Mars Flyby, or alternatively a 2021 Venus flyby followed by a Mars flyby Motto "Now is the Time" Inspiration Mars Foundation is an American non-profit organization founded by Dennis Tito which aims to launch a manned mission to flyby Mars in January 2018,[2][3][4][5][6] or, if the 2018 date is missed, 2021.[7] The foundation claims that space exploration provides a catalyst for growth, national prosperity, knowledge and global leadership. By taking advantage of this window of opportunity, the Inspiration Mars Foundation intends to revitalize interest in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. Some time before the press conference to publicly announce the venture on 27 February 2013, a number of space industry insiders and journalists were given access to some information about the IEEE research paper that would be presented in early March to provide technical details on the feasibility study behind a human crewed free-return mission of 501 days duration in the Mars transfer window of 2018.[3][4][5][6] On 27 February 2013, the Inspiration Mars Foundation held a press conference in the National Press Club to announce the plan of the foundation to procure space hardware, buy launch vehicle services, select a two-person crew of a married couple[8] (explicitly one man and one woman to represent all of humanity and inspire young persons of both sexes to dream big and pursue science and technology in their schooling), and then attempt to raise the rest of the funding necessary to actually launch a mission in 2018. Dennis Tito is going to fund the foundation on the order of $100 million for its first couple of years of operation.[9] In comments in November 2013, however, Dennis Tito and others involved with Mars Inspiration indicated that their plan was essentially impossible without significant investment from NASA as well as use of NASA spacecraft.[10] The original mission plan was for the mission to be funded entirely through the non-profit foundation that Inspiration Mars has in the United States. Dennis Tito planned to fund the foundation's cost for the first "two years from his own deep pockets"[11] The total cost of the mission was projected to be between US$1 and US$2 billion,[12] less than the US$2.5 billion that NASA is spending on the Mars Science Laboratory robotic rover mission to Mars, including the two years of surface operations via Earth-control of the Curiosity rover. The foundation planned to "raise funds from industry, individuals and others willing to make philanthropic donations".[11] However, in testimony before congress in November 2013, Dennis Tito indicated that he expected private donors to be only able to provide around $300 million in funding, leaving a requirement for an additional investment of $700 million from the US government if the mission was to be feasible. In response NASA stated that whilst they were willing to share technical and programmatic expertise with Inspiration Mars, they are unable to commit to sharing expenses with them.[13] Tito has also indicated that he is unwilling to solicit donations until the mission is in place, saying that "We can't raise money from other donors, and I wouldn't even crowdfund – even from small donors — until we can legitimately say there is a mission on the books . . . And there isn't a mission on the books. We're trying to make that happen."[14] Approximate Inspiration Mars Trajectory (not to scale) Artist's Concept of Inspiration Mars Capsule and Hab. Inspiration Mars Periapsis. The planned mission[9] is a 501-day free-return mission which would allow the spacecraft to use the smallest possible amount of fuel to get it to Mars and back to Earth. "If anything goes wrong, the spacecraft should make its own way back to Earth—but with no possibility of any short-cuts home."[15] In 2018, the planets will align, offering a rare orbit opportunity to travel to Mars and back to Earth in only 501 days. Inspiration Mars intends to send a two-person American crew—a man and a woman—on a journey to within 100 miles of Mars and return them to Earth safely.[11] The mission's first target launch date is 5 January 2018. This quick, free-return orbit opportunity occurs twice every 15 years. After 2018, the next opportunity for such a direct trip will not occur again until 2031. By using state-of-the-art technologies derived from NASA and the International Space Station, Inspiration Mars intends to use this opportunity as a unique platform for science, engineering and STEM education. The science objectives of the mission focus on human endurance and psychology where the mission would set new precedents in human space exploration.[15] An alternate plan, called "Plan B" by Tito, involves a mission 88 days longer beginning in 2021, would require a fly-by of Venus as well as a fly-by of Mars. This flight would take the craft to within 800 kilometres of the surface of Venus, using the planet in a gravitational slingshot to speed the onward travel to Mars.[16] In comments before congress, Tito described this plan as a "unique trajectory", that would "gives us more time to build the system, and would pass by two planets, Mars and Venus, rather than one".[16] However, Tito also noted that by 2021 other countries may have over-taken the US in the race to get to Mars first.[7] The 2018 Mars flyby architecture lowers risk, with few critical propulsive maneuvers, and no entry into the Mars atmosphere. It also represents the shortest duration roundtrip mission to Mars. The 2018 launch opportunity coincides with the 11-year solar minimum providing the lowest solar radiation exposure. The next launch opportunity for a direct mission (2031) will not have the advantage of being at the solar minimum, and the 2021 "Plan B" mission would also miss the solar minimum. Mission technical details[edit] According to a peer-reviewed paper prepared by Dennis Tito and a group of coauthors for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), "the mission would require no maneuvers except small course corrections after a trans-Martian injection burn, [and] would allow no aborts. ... [It will] use low-Earth-orbit launch and human-spacecraft technology, outfitted for the long duration of a flight to Mars. The 10-ton crew vehicle—a capsule to best handle the reentry heat and an inflatable or rigid habitat—would contain all of the [life support system or ECLSS] and other gear the crew would need to stay alive. That would include 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) of dehydrated food, exercise equipment to mitigate the effects of long-term weightlessness, and compact equipment derived from International Space Station gear to recycle water and maintain the atmosphere. There would be no spacesuits or airlock, and the crew would have to endure the travel in about 600 cubic feet (17 m3) of volume."[11] As part of the safety requirements of the mission, and the lack of any space-craft capable of taking everything into orbit in one go,[16] the cargo vessel and crew would be launched into Earth orbit separately, and rendezvous in orbit before continuing on to Mars.[17] According to Inspiration Mars' chief technology officer, Taber Mcallum, since no commercial rocket is capable of lifting the required mass into orbit in only two launches, this means that use of NASA's Space Launch System is required. However, the SLS is unlikely to be ready for the 2017 launch date.[16] Student design competition[edit] During the 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention, the Mars Society announced the launch of an international engineering competition for student teams to propose design concepts for the architecture of the Inspiration Mars mission. The contest is open to university engineering student teams from anywhere in the world. "Inspiration Mars is looking for the most creative ideas from engineers all over the world," according to Tito. "Furthermore, we want to engage the explorers of tomorrow with a real and exciting mission, and demonstrate what a powerful force space exploration can be in inspiring young people to develop their talent. This contest will accomplish both of those objectives."[18] Crew selection[edit] The foundation is expecting a large number of applications to be the crew for the mission. The mission would likely be record-setting in terms of traveling farther into space than any human has before, and remain in space longer than anyone before. The married couple who is selected will need to "be resilient, even-keel, and able to maintain a happy attitude in the face of adversity", as well as face some health challenges. The year and a half of microgravity will weaken their bodies, and there will be a strong dose of radiation which is not expected to add more than three percent additional risk for fatal cancer, a risk individuals would have to voluntarily accept.[8] As of April 2013, hundreds of "couples who have qualifications that would put them in the running" have offered their services for the mission.[19] Much of the initial development work in the early months of the project will be "going to experts in space medicine, life support and thermal protection systems as the team defines the mission. The process includes devising medical, crew-selection and crew-training protocols." The formal call for crew applicants will go out no earlier than 2014.[19] A spokesman for NASA has stated that “Inspiration Mars’s proposed schedule is a significant challenge due to life support systems, space radiation response, habitats and the human psychology of being in a small spacecraft for over 500 days”, but that "we remain open to further collaboration as their proposal and plans for a later mission develop.”[20] John Logsdon, professor emeritus at George Washington University’s Space Policy Institute, has criticised the short time-frame for preparation of the mission, saying that it is "totally implausible" for a mission to be launched in 2017, although the later "Plan B" mission might be possible "if the stars align".[17] Foundation management team[edit] • Jonathan Clark, chief medical officer[21] • Taber MacCallum, chief technical officer[21] • Jane Poynter, developer of the crew and life-support systems[21] • Joe Rothenberg, chairman of the advisory and review boards[21] • John Carrico, Jr., flight dynamics and trajectory design.[21] See also[edit] 1. ^ a b c Inspiration Mars Wants To Use ISS, NASAwatch, 15 April 2013 2. ^ Borenstein, Seth (27 February 2013). "Tycoon wants to send married couple on Mars flyby". Excite. Associated Press. Retrieved 3 March 2013.  3. ^ a b Boucher, Marc (20 February 2013). "The First Human Mission to Mars in 2018 (Updated)". SpaceRef. Retrieved 28 February 2013.  4. ^ a b Boyle, Alan. "How a millionaire spaceflier intends to send astronauts past Mars in 2018". Cosmic Log ( Retrieved 28 February 2013.  5. ^ a b Mann, Adam (20 February 2013). "Space Tourist to Announce Daring Manned Mars Voyage for 2018". Wired. Retrieved 28 February 2013.  6. ^ a b Sonnenberg, Max (23 February 2013). "Millionaire space tourist planning ‘historic journey’ to Mars in 2018". The Space Reporter. Retrieved 28 February 2013.  7. ^ a b "Dennis Tito’s Prepared Remarks Before Congress on Human Mars Mission at Parabolic Arc". 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  8. ^ a b Moskowitz, Clara (28 February 2013). "Private Mission to Mars in 2018: Who Should Go?". Retrieved 2 March 2013.  9. ^ a b Belfiore, Michael (27 February 2013). "The Crazy Plan to Fly Two Humans to Mars in 2018". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 28 February 2013.  10. ^ "Ambitious Mars joy-ride cannot succeed without NASA - space - 21 November 2013". New Scientist. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  11. ^ a b c d Morring, Frank, Jr. (2013-03-04). "Serious Intent About 2018 Human Mars Mission". Aviation Week and Space Technology. Retrieved 2013-03-07.  12. ^ Koebler, Jason (2013-03-01). "Expert: Dennis Tito's Mars Flyby Has '1-in-3' Chance of Succeeding". US News. Retrieved 2013-03-07. "At a news conference in Washington, D.C., Tito said he's tired of waiting for NASA to send humans to Mars, and that he'd help finance the between $1 and $2 billion needed to complete the mission."  13. ^ "Dennis Tito: It will take "less than $1 billion" to make Mars mission happen". 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  14. ^ "Clock Ticking for 2018 Private Manned Mars Mission". 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  15. ^ a b Connor, Steve (26 February 2013). "The millionaire Dennis Tito and his mission to Mars". The Independent. Retrieved 28 February 2013.  16. ^ a b c d "Ambitious Mars joy-ride cannot succeed without NASA - space - 21 November 2013". New Scientist. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  17. ^ a b "Going to Mars: Billionaire Dennis Tito plans manned mission with possible 2017 launch". The Washington Post. 2013-06-20. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  18. ^ "Rules". The Mars Society. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  19. ^ a b Morring, Frank (2013-04-12). "Volunteers Line Up For Tito's Mars Flyaround". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2013-04-15.  20. ^ Joel Achenbach (2011-02-24). "Going to Mars: Billionaire Dennis Tito plans manned mission with possible 2017 launch". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-12-07.  21. ^ a b c d e Kaufman, Marc (27 February 2013). "Manned Mars Mission Announced by Dennis Tito Group". National Geographic News. Retrieved 28 February 2013.  External links[edit]
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Jean-Bédel Bokassa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Jean-Bedel Bokassa) Jump to: navigation, search Jean-Bédel Bokassa/Bokassa I Bokassa colored.png Jean-Bédel Bokassa during his July 1970 state visit to Romania Emperor of Central Africa Reign 4 December 1976 – 20 September 1979 Coronation 4 December 1977 2nd President of the Central African Republic Term 1 January 1966 – 4 December 1976 Predecessor David Dacko Successor David Dacko Spouse Catherine Denguiadé Prince Jean-Serge Crown Prince Jean-Bédel House House of Bokassa Father Mindogon Mgboundoulou Mother Marie Yokowo Born (1921-02-22)22 February 1921 Bobangui, Ubangi-Shari, French Equatorial Africa (now Central African Republic) Died 3 November 1996(1996-11-03) (aged 75) Bangui, Central African Republic Religion Catholicism, Islam briefly between September 1976 and December 1976 Jean-Bédel Bokassa (French pronunciation: ​[ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa]; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I of Central Africa and Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa, was a military officer and the head of state of the Central African Republic and its successor state, the Central African Empire, from his coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until 20 September 1979. Of this period, he served almost eleven years (1 January 1966 – 4 December 1976) as president (president for life in 1972–1976), and for almost three years he reigned as self-proclaimed emperor (4 December 1976 – 20 September 1979). Following his overthrow, the Central African Republic was restored. Bokassa's imperial title did not achieve international diplomatic recognition. Born in French Equatorial Africa, the son of a village chief, Jean-Bédel Bokassa was orphaned at age 12. Educated in mission schools, he joined the French colonial army in 1939 as a private. He distinguished himself in the war in Indochina, winning medals and rising to the rank of captain. When French Equatorial Africa gained its independence as the Central African Republic in 1960, the new president David Dacko, who was his distant cousin, invited Bokassa to head the armed forces.[1] In 1966, Bokassa used his position to oust Dacko and declared himself president. He then began a reign of terror, taking all important government posts for himself.[2] He personally supervised judicial beatings and introduced a rule that thieves would have an ear cut off for the first two offenses and a hand for the third. In 1977, in emulation of his hero Napoleon, he crowned himself emperor of the Central African Empire in a ceremony costing $20 million, practically bankrupting the country. His diamond-encrusted crown alone cost $5 million.[2] In 1979 he had hundreds of schoolchildren arrested for refusing to wear uniforms made in a factory he owned, and was reported to have personally supervised the massacre of 100 of the schoolchildren by his Imperial Guard. On 20 September 1979, French paratroopers deposed him and re-installed Dacko as president. Bokassa went into exile in France where he had a chateau and other property bought with the money he had embezzled.[2] After his overthrow in 1979, Central Africa reverted to its former name and status as the Central African Republic. In his absence, he was tried and sentenced to death. He returned to the Central African Republic in 1986 and was put on trial for treason and murder. In 1987, he was cleared of charges of cannibalism, but found guilty of the murder of schoolchildren and other crimes. The death sentence was later commuted to life in solitary confinement, but just six years later, in 1993, he was freed. He lived a private life in his former capital, Bangui, and died in November 1996. Early life[edit] Bokassa was born on 22 February 1921 as one of 12 children to Mindogon Mgboundoulou, a village chief, and his wife Marie Yokowo in Bobangui, a large M'Baka village in the Lobaye basin located at the edge of the equatorial forest, then a part of colonial French Equatorial Africa, some 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Bangui.[3] Mgboundoulou was forced to organise the rosters of his village people to work for the French Forestière company. After hearing about the efforts of a prophet named Karnu to resist French rule and forced labour,[4] Mgboundoulou decided that he would no longer follow French orders. He released some of his fellow villagers who were being held hostage by the Forestière. The company considered this to be a rebellious act, so they detained Mgboundoulou, and took him away bound in chains to Mbaïki.[3] On 13 November 1927, he was beaten to death in the town square just outside the prefecture office. A week later, Bokassa's mother, Marie Yokowo, unable to bear the grief of losing her husband, committed suicide.[3][5][6] Bokassa's extended family decided that it would be best if he received a French-language education at the École Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc, a Christian mission school in Mbaïki.[7] As a child, he was frequently taunted by his classmates about his orphanhood. He was short in stature and physically strong. In his studies, he became especially fond of a French grammar book by an author named Jean Bédel. His teachers noticed his attachment, and started calling him "Jean-Bédel".[7] During his teenage years, Bokassa studied at École Saint-Louis in Bangui, under Father Grüner. Grüner educated Bokassa with the intention of making him a priest, but realized that his student did not have the aptitude for study or the piety required for this occupation. He then studied at Father Compte's school in Brazzaville, where he developed his abilities as a cook. After graduating in 1939, Bokassa took the advice offered to him by his grandfather, M'Balanga, and Father Grüner, by joining the French colonial troops as a tirailleur (rifleman) on 19 May 1939.[7] Military career[edit] While serving in the Second bataillon de marche, Bokassa became a corporal in July 1940 and a sergeant major in November 1941.[8] After the occupation of France by Nazi Germany, Bokassa served with an African unit of the Free French Forces and took part in the capture of the Vichy government's capital at Brazzaville. On 15 August 1944, he participated in the Allied Forces’ landing in Provence, France, in Operation Dragoon and fought in southern France and in Germany in early 1945 before Nazi Germany was toppled. He remained in the French Army after the war, studying radio transmissions at an army camp in the French coastal town of Fréjus.[8] Afterwards, he attended officer training school in Saint-Louis, Senegal. On 7 September 1950, Bokassa headed to Indochina as the transmissions expert for the battalion of Saigon-Cholon.[9] Bokassa saw some combat during the First Indochina War before his tour of duty ended in March 1953. For his exploits in battle, he was honored with membership of the Légion d'honneur, and was decorated with Croix de guerre.[10] During his stay in Indochina, he married a 17-year-old Vietnamese girl named Nguyen Thi Hué. After Hué bore him a daughter, Bokassa had the child registered as a French national. Bokassa left Indochina without his wife and child, as he believed he would return for another tour of duty in the near future.[11] Upon his return to France, Bokassa was stationed at Fréjus, where he taught radio transmissions to African recruits. In 1956, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant and two years later to Lieutenant.[12] Bokassa was then stationed as a military technical assistant in December 1958 in Brazzaville, and in 1959 after a twenty year absence he was posted back to his homeland in Bangui. He was promoted to the rank of Captain on 1 July 1961.[12] The French colony of Ubangi-Chari (Oubangui-Chari in French), part of French Equatorial Africa, had become a semi-autonomous territory of the French Community in 1958 and then an independent nation as the Central African Republic on 13 August 1960. On 1 January 1962, Bokassa left the French Army and joined the military forces of the CAR with the rank of battalion commandant.[13] As a cousin of the CAR President David Dacko and nephew of Dacko's predecessor Barthélémy Boganda, Bokassa was given the task of creating the new country's military. Over a year later, Bokassa became commander-in-chief of the 500 soldiers in the Central African Army. Due to his relationship to Dacko and experience abroad in the French military, Bokassa was able to quickly rise through the ranks of the new national army, becoming the Central African Army's first colonel on 1 December 1964.[14] Bokassa sought recognition for his status as leader of the army. He frequently appeared in public wearing all his military decorations, and in ceremonies, he often sat next to President Dacko to display his importance in the government.[15] Bokassa frequently got into heated arguments with Jean-Paul Douate, the government's chief of protocol, who admonished him for not following the correct order of seating at presidential tables. At first, Dacko found his cousin's antics amusing.[15] Despite the number of recent military coups in Africa, Dacko publicly dismissed the likelihood that Bokassa would try to take control of the country. At an official dinner, he said, "Colonel Bokassa only wants to collect medals and he is too stupid to pull off a coup d'état".[16] Other members of Dacko's cabinet believed that Bokassa was a genuine threat to the regime. Jean-Arthur Bandio, the minister of interior, suggested Dacko name Bokassa to the Cabinet, which he hoped would both break the colonel's close connections with the CAR army and satisfy the colonel's desire for recognition.[15] To combat the chance that Bokassa would stage a coup, Dacko created the gendarmerie, an armed police force of 500 and a 120-member presidential security guard, led by Jean Izamo and Prosper Mounoumbaye, respectively.[15] Rising tensions between Dacko and Bokassa[edit] Dacko's government faced a number of problems during 1964 and 1965: the economy experienced stagnation, the bureaucracy started to fall apart, and the country's boundaries were constantly breached by Lumumbists from the south and the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army from the east.[17] Under pressure from political radicals in the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique noire (Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa or MESAN) and in an attempt to cultivate alternative sources of support and display his ability to make foreign policy without the help of the French government, Dacko established diplomatic relations with Mao Zedong's People's Republic of China (PRC) in September 1964.[17] A delegation led by Meng Yieng and agents of the Chinese government toured the country, showing communist propaganda films. Soon after, the PRC gave the CAR an interest-free loan of one billion CFA francs (20 million French francs[18]); however, the aid failed to subdue the prospect of a financial collapse for the country.[17] Widespread corruption by government officials and politicians added to the country's list of problems.[19] Bokassa felt that he needed to take over the CAR government to solve all the country's problems—most importantly, to rid the country from the influence of communism. According to Samuel Decalo, a scholar on African government, Bokassa's personal ambitions played the most important role in his decision to launch a coup against Dacko.[20] Dacko sent Bokassa to Paris as part of the country's delegation for the Bastille Day celebrations in July 1965. After attending the celebrations and a 23 July ceremony to mark the closing of a military officer training school he had attended decades earlier, Bokassa decided to return to the CAR. However, Dacko forbade his return,[17] and the infuriated Bokassa spent the next few months trying to obtain supporters from the French and Central African armed forces, who he hoped would force Dacko to reconsider his decision. Dacko eventually yielded to pressure and allowed Bokassa back in October 1965. Bokassa claimed that Dacko finally gave up after French President Charles de Gaulle had personally told Dacko that "Bokassa must be immediately returned to his post. I cannot tolerate the mistreatment of my companion-in-arms".[21] Tensions between Dacko and Bokassa continued to escalate in the coming months. In December, Dacko approved an increase in the budget for Izamo's gendarmerie, but rejected the budget proposal Bokassa had made for the army.[22] At this point, Bokassa told friends he was annoyed by Dacko's mistreatment and was "going for a coup d'état".[16] Dacko planned to replace Bokassa with Izamo as his personal military adviser, and wanted to promote army officers loyal to the government, while demoting Bokassa and his close associates.[22] Dacko did not conceal his plans; he hinted at his intentions to elders of the Bobangui village, who in turn informed Bokassa of the plot. Bokassa realized he had to act against Dacko quickly, and worried that his 500-man army would be no match for the gendarmerie and the presidential guard.[22] He was also overwrought over the possibility that the French would come to Dacko's aid after the coup d'état, as had occurred after one in Gabon against President Léon M'ba in February 1964. After receiving word of the coup from the country's vice president, officials in Paris sent paratroopers to Gabon in a matter of hours and M'Ba was quickly restored to power.[22] Bokassa received substantive support from his co-conspirator, Captain Alexandre Banza, who commanded the Camp Kassaï military base in northeast Bangui, and, like Bokassa, had been stationed with the French army around the world. Banza was an intelligent, ambitious and capable man who played a major role in the planning of the coup.[22] By December, many people began to anticipate the political turmoil that would soon engulf the country. Dacko's personal advisers alerted him that Bokassa "showed signs of mental instability" and needed to be arrested before he sought to bring down the government,[22] but Dacko did not heed these warnings. Coup d'état[edit] Map of the Central African Empire Dacko left the Palais de la Renaissance early in the evening of 31 December 1965 to visit one of his ministers' plantations southwest of Bangui.[22] An hour and a half before midnight, Captain Banza gave orders to his officers to begin the coup.[23] Bokassa called Izamo at his headquarters and asked him to come to Camp de Roux to sign some documents that needed his immediate attention. Izamo, who was at a New Year's Eve celebration with friends, reluctantly agreed and travelled to the camp. Upon arrival, he was confronted by Banza and Bokassa, who informed him of the coup in progress. After declaring his opposition to the coup, Izamo was taken by the coup plotters to an underground cellar.[23] Around midnight, Bokassa, Banza and their supporters left Camp de Roux to take over the capital.[23] After seizing the capital in a matter of hours, Bokassa and Banza rushed to the Palais de la Renaissance in order to arrest Dacko. However, Dacko was nowhere to be found. Bokassa panicked, believing the president had been warned of the coup in advance, and immediately ordered his soldiers to search for Dacko in the countryside until he was found.[23] Dacko was arrested by soldiers patrolling Pétévo Junction, on the western border of the capital. He was taken back to the presidential palace, where Bokassa hugged the president and told him, "I tried to warn you—but now it's too late". President Dacko was taken to Ngaragba Prison in east Bangui at around 02:00 WAT (01:00 UTC). In a move that he thought would boost his popularity in the country, Bokassa ordered prison director Otto Sacher to release all prisoners in the jail. Bokassa then took Dacko to Camp Kassaï, where he forced the president to resign. Later, Bokassa's officers announced on Radio-Bangui that the Dacko government had been toppled and Bokassa had taken over control.[24] In the morning, Bokassa addressed the public via Radio-Bangui: Centrafricains! Centrafricains! C'est le colonel Bokassa qui vous parle. Depuis 3h00 ce matin, votre armée a pris le contrôle du gouvernement. Le gouvernement Dacko a démissionné. L'heure de la justice est à portée de main. La bourgeoisie est abolie. Une nouvelle ère de l'égalité entre tous a commencé. Centrafricains, où que vous soyez, soyez assuré que l'armée va vous défendre et de vos biens... Vive la République centrafricaine! Translation: Central Africans! Central Africans! This is Colonel Bokassa speaking to you. At 3:00 a.m. this morning, your army took control of the government. The Dacko government has resigned. The hour of justice is at hand. The bourgeoisie is abolished. A new era of equality among all has begun. Central Africans, wherever you may be, be assured that the army will defend you and your property ... Long live the Central African Republic![24] Early years of regime[edit] In the early days of his regime, Bokassa engaged in self-promotion before the local media, showing his countrymen his French army medals, and displaying his strength, fearlessness and masculinity.[25] He formed a new government called the Revolutionary Council, invalidated the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly.[26] He called it "a lifeless organ no longer representing the people".[25] In his address to the nation, Bokassa claimed that the government would hold elections in the future, a new assembly would be formed, and a new constitution would be written. He also told his countrymen that he would give up his power after the communist threat had been eliminated, the economy stabilized, and corruption rooted out.[27] President Bokassa allowed MESAN to continue functioning, but barred all other political organizations from the country. In the coming months, Bokassa imposed a number of new rules and regulations: men and women between the ages of 18 and 55 had to provide proof that they had jobs, or else they would be fined or imprisoned;[28] begging was banned; tom-tom playing was allowed only during the nights and weekends; and a "morality brigade" was formed in the capital to monitor bars and dance halls. Polygamy, dowries and female circumcision were all abolished. Bokassa also opened a public transport system in Bangui made up of three interconnected bus lines through the capital city as well as a ferry service on the Ubangi river, and subsidized the creation of two national orchestras.[28] Threat to power[edit] Bokassa and Banza had a major argument over the country's budget, as Banza adamantly opposed the president's extravagant spending. Bokassa moved to Camp de Roux, where he felt he could safely run the government without having to worry about Banza's thirst for power.[31] In the meantime, Banza tried to obtain a support base within the army, spending much of his time in the company of soldiers. Bokassa recognized what his minister was doing, so he sent military units most sympathetic to Banza to the country's border and brought his own army supporters as close to the capital as possible. In September 1967, he took a special trip to Paris, where he asked for protection from French troops. Two months later, the government deployed 80 paratroopers to Bangui.[31] On 13 April 1968, in another one of his frequent cabinet reshuffles, Bokassa demoted Banza to minister of health, but let him remain in his position as minister of state. Cognizant of the president's intentions, Banza increased his vocalization of dissenting political views.[32] A year later, after Banza made a number of remarks highly critical of Bokassa and his management of the economy, the president, perceiving an immediate threat to his power, removed him as his minister of state.[32] Banza revealed his intention to stage a coup to Lieutenant Jean-Claude Mandaba, the commanding officer of Camp Kassaï, who he looked to for support. Mandaba went along with the plan, but his allegiance remained with Bokassa.[32] When Banza contacted his co-conspirators on 8 April 1969, informing them that they would execute the coup the following day, Mandaba immediately phoned Bokassa and informed him of the plan. When Banza entered Camp Kassaï on 9 April 1969, he was ambushed by Mandaba and his soldiers. The men had to break Banza's arms before they could overpower and throw him into the trunk of a Mercedes and take him directly to Bokassa.[32] At his house in Berengo, Bokassa nearly beat Banza to death before Mandaba suggested that Banza be put on trial for appearance's sake.[33] On 12 April, Banza presented his case before a military tribunal at Camp de Roux, where he admitted to his plan, but stated that he had not planned to kill Bokassa.[34] He was sentenced to death by firing squad, taken to an open field behind Camp Kassaï, executed and buried in an unmarked grave.[33] The circumstances of Banza's death have been disputed. The American newsmagazine, Time, reported that Banza "was dragged before a Cabinet meeting where Bokassa slashed him with a razor. Guards then beat Banza until his back was broken, dragged him through the streets of Bangui and finally shot him."[35] The French daily evening newspaper Le Monde reported that Banza was killed in circumstances "so revolting that it still makes one's flesh creep": Rule during the 1970s[edit] In 1971, Bokassa promoted himself to full general, and on 4 March 1972 declared himself president for life.[37] He survived another coup attempt in December 1974. The following month, on 2 January, he relinquished the position of prime minister to Elisabeth Domitien. His domestic and foreign policies became increasingly unpredictable, leading to another assassination attempt at Bangui M'Poko International Airport in February 1976.[38] Foreign support[edit] Muammar al-Gaddafi aided Bokassa.[39] France also lent support. In 1975, the French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing declared himself a "friend and family member" of Bokassa. By that time France supplied its former colony's regime with financial and military backing. In exchange, Bokassa frequently took d'Estaing on hunting trips in Central Africa and supplied France with uranium, which was vital for France's nuclear energy and weapons program in the Cold War era. The "friendly and fraternal" cooperation with France—according to Bokassa's own terms—reached its peak with the imperial coronation ceremony of Bokassa I on 4 December 1977.[40] The French Defence Minister sent a battalion to secure the ceremony; he also lent 17 aircraft to the new Central African Empire's government, and even assigned French Navy personnel to support the orchestra.[41] The coronation ceremony lasted for two days and cost 10 million GBP, more than the annual budget of the Central African Republic.[42] The ceremony was organized by French artist Jean-Pierre Dupont. Parisian jeweller Claude Bertrand made his crown, which included diamonds. Bokassa sat on a two-ton throne modeled in the shape of a large eagle made from solid gold.[43] On 10 October 1979, the French Canard Enchaîné satirical newspaper reported that President Bokassa had offered the then Minister of Finance Valéry Giscard d'Estaing two diamonds in 1973.[44][45] This soon became a major political scandal known as the Diamonds Affair, which contributed significantly to Giscard d'Estaing's losing his reelection bid. The Franco-Central African relationship drastically changed when France's Renseignements Généraux intelligence service learned of Bokassa's willingness to become a partner of Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya. After a meeting with Gaddafi in September 1976, Bokassa converted to Islam and changed his name to Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa, but in December 1976 he converted back to Catholicism. It is presumed that his conversion to Islam was a ploy calculated to ensure ongoing Libyan financial aid.[46][47] When no funds promised by Gaddafi were forthcoming, Bokassa abandoned his new faith—which was also incompatible with his plans to be crowned emperor in the Catholic cathedral in Bangui. Proclamation of the Empire[edit] Imperial Standard of Bokassa I. In September 1976, Bokassa dissolved the government and replaced it with the Conseil de la Révolution Centrafricaine (Central African Revolutionary Council). On 4 December 1976, at the MESAN congress, Bokassa instituted a new constitution and declared the republic a monarchy, the Central African Empire. The following year, he issued an imperial constitution, announced his conversion back to Catholicism and had himself crowned "S.M.I. Bokassa 1er ", with S.M.I. standing for Sa Majesté Impériale: "His Imperial Majesty", in a formal coronation ceremony on 4 December 1977. Bokassa's full title was Empereur de Centrafrique par la volonté du peuple Centrafricain, uni au sein du parti politique national, le MESAN ("Emperor of Central Africa by the Will of the Central African People, United within the National Political Party, the MESAN"). His regalia, lavish coronation ceremony and regime of the newly formed Central African Empire were largely inspired by Napoleon I of France, who had converted the French Revolutionary Republic of which he was First Consul into the First French Empire. The coronation ceremony was estimated to cost his country roughly 20 million US dollars.[38] Bokassa attempted to justify his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa "stand out" from the rest of the continent, and earn the world's respect. The 1977 coronation ceremony consumed one third of the CAE's (Central African Empire) annual budget and all of France's aid money for that year, but despite generous invitations, no foreign leaders attended the event. By this time, many people in the CAE and in the rest of the world thought Bokassa was insane, and the Western press, mostly in France, the UK, and USA, often compared his eccentric behavior and egotistical extravagance with that of Africa's other well-known eccentric dictator, Idi Amin of Uganda. Tenacious rumors that he occasionally consumed human flesh were found unproven during his eventual trial. Although Bokassa claimed that the new empire would be a constitutional monarchy, in practice it remained a military dictatorship as before, and suppression of dissenters remained widespread. Torture was said to be especially rampant, with allegations that even Bokassa himself occasionally participated in beatings and executions. By January 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after food riots in Bangui led to a massacre of civilians.[48] But the final straw came when between 17 April and 19 April, a large number of elementary school students in Bangui and elsewhere in the country were arrested after they had protested against paying for and wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms with Bokassa's image on them. Around 100 children were killed.[49] Bokassa allegedly participated in the massacre, beating some of the children to death with his cane; however, the initial reports received by Amnesty International indicated only that the 100 or more school students who died actually suffocated or were beaten to death while being forced into a small jail cell following their arrest. The massive worldwide press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops (in "Opération Barracuda") invade the Central African Empire and restored former president David Dacko to power while Bokassa fled into exile by airplane to the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) on 20 September 1979. Operation Barracuda[edit] Bokassa's overthrow by the French government was called "France's last colonial expedition" ("la dernière expédition coloniale française") by veteran French diplomat Jacques Foccart. Operation Barracuda began on the evening of 20 September and ended early the next morning. An undercover commando squad from the French intelligence agency SDECE (now DGSE), joined by Special Forces' 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment, or 1er RPIMa, led by Colonel Brancion-Rouge, landed by Transall and managed to secure the Bangui M'Poko International Airport with little resistance. Upon arrival of two more French military transport aircraft, containing over 300 French troops, a message was sent by Colonel Brancion-Rouge to Colonel Degenne to come in with his Barracudas (codename for eight Puma helicopters and Transall aircraft), which took off from N'Djamena military airport in neighbouring Chad.[50] Fall of the empire[edit] By 12:30 p.m. on 21 September, the pro-French Dacko proclaimed the fall of the Central African Empire and the restoration of the Central African Republic under his presidency. David Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on 1 September 1981 by André Kolingba. Bokassa, who was visiting Libya on a state visit at the time, fled to Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) where he spent four years living in Abidjan. He then moved to France where he was allowed to settle in his Chateau d'Hardricourt in the suburb of Paris. France gave him political asylum because of the French Foreign Legion obligations.[38] During Bokassa's seven years of exile, he wrote his memoirs after complaining that his French military pension was insufficient. But the French courts ordered that all 8,000 copies of the book be confiscated and destroyed after his publisher claimed that Bokassa said that he shared women with President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, who has been a frequent guest in the Central African Republic. Bokassa also claimed to have given Giscard a gift of diamonds worth around a quarter of a million dollars in 1973 while the French president was serving as finance minister. Giscard's next presidential reelection campaign failed in the wake of the scandal. Bokassa's presence in France proved embarrassing to many government ministers who supported him during his entire rule. Trial and death[edit] Bokassa had been sentenced to death in absentia in December 1980 for the murder of numerous political rivals.[51] However, he returned from exile in France on 24 October 1986. Bokassa was immediately arrested by the Central African authorities as soon as he stepped off the plane and was tried for 14 different charges, including treason, murder, cannibalism, illegal use of property, assault and battery, and embezzlement. Now that Bokassa was unexpectedly in the hands of the Central African Republic government, they were required by law to try him in person, granting him the benefit of defence counsel. The trial began on 15 December 1986, taking place in the hot and humid, non-air-conditioned chambers of the Palais de Justice in Bangui. Bokassa hired two French lawyers, François Gilbault and Francis Szpiner, who faced a panel modelled on the French legal system, composed of six jurors and three judges, presided over by High Court Judge Edouard Franck. The trial by jury of a former head of state was unprecedented in the history of post-colonial Africa, where former dictators had previously been tried and executed following show trials. In another regional innovation, access to the trial was granted to the public; this meant that the courtroom was constantly filled with standing-room-only spectators. There were live French-language broadcasts by Radio Bangui and local TV news crews broadcast all over the country, as well as neighbouring French-speaking African countries. The trial was listened to and watched by many in the Central African Republic and in neighbouring countries who had access to any type of radio or TV set.[52] The prosecutor was Gabriel-Faustin M'Boudou, the Chief Prosecutor of the CAR, who called various witnesses to testify against Bokassa, which included remembering victims ranging from political enemies to a newborn son of a palace guard commander who had been executed for attempting to kill Bokassa in 1978 when he was the self-proclaimed emperor. A hospital nurse testified that Bokassa was said to have killed the delivered child with an injection of poison. Next, testimony came from 27 teenagers and young adults who were former school children who testified to being the only survivors of the 180 children who were arrested and died in April 1979 after they threw rocks at Bokassa's passing Rolls-Royce during the students protest over wearing the costly school uniforms which they were forced to purchase from a factory owned by one of his wives. Several of them testified that on their first night in jail, Bokassa visited the prison and screamed at the children for their insolence. He was said to have ordered the prison guards to club the children to death, and Bokassa indeed participated, smashing the skulls of at least five children with his ebony walking stick. Throughout the entire trial, Bokassa denied all the charges against him. He attempted to shift the blame away from himself to wayward members of his former cabinet and the army for any misdeeds that might have occurred during his reign as both president and emperor. Testifying in his own defence, Bokassa stated: "I'm not a saint. I'm just a man like everyone else." As testimony against him mounted, he gave away at several times his legendary short temper. Bokassa once stood up and raged at chief prosecutor M'Boudou: "The aggravating thing about all this is that it's all about Bokassa, Bokassa, Bokassa! I have enough crimes levelled against me without you blaming me for all the murders of the last 21 years!" One of the most lurid allegations against Bokassa was the charge of cannibalism, which was technically superfluous. In the Central African Republic, statutes forbidding cannibalism classified any crime of eating human remains as a misdemeanour. Upon seizing power from David Dacko in 1981, the current President André Kolingba had declared amnesty for all misdemeanours committed during the tenure of his predecessors. Bokassa could not be punished for the crime, even if he was found guilty. The cannibalism charges against him were brought from old indictments in 1980 that resulted in his conviction in absentia, a year before Kolingba's amnesty, so the anthropophagy charge remained listed among Bokassa's crimes. Former president Dacko was called to the witness stand to testify that he had seen photographs of butchered bodies hanging in the dark cold-storage rooms of Bokassa's palace immediately after the 1979 coup. When the defence put up a reasonable doubt during the cross-examination of Dacko that he could not be positively sure if the photographs he had seen were of dead bodies to be used for consumption, Bokassa's former security chief of the palace was called to testify that he had cooked human flesh stored in the walk-in freezers and served it to Bokassa on an occasional basis. The prosecution did not examine the rumours that Bokassa had served the flesh of his victims to French President Giscard d'Estaing and other visiting dignitaries. The government prosecutors hired Bernard Jouanneau, a French lawyer to investigate as well as recover some of the millions of CAR francs that Bokassa had diverted from the national treasury and from both social and charity funds for his own personal use in the embezzlement charges. Late in the trial, Bokassa's lawyers tried to bar Jouanneau from testifying. In light of the other heinous crimes Bokassa was charged with, the embezzlement indictment seemed almost insignificant, particularly since Bokassa had clearly already spent most of the money that was stolen. On 12 June 1987, Bokassa was found guilty of all but the cannibalism charges. The court acknowledged that many individual allegations of murder had been levelled at Bokassa but found that the evidence was unimpeachable in only about 20 cases. Bokassa was said to have wept silently as Judge Franck sentenced him to death. Szpiner and Gibault appealed the verdict for a retrial on the grounds that the Central African Republic's constitution allowed a former head of state to be charged only with treason. The CAR supreme court rejected the appeal.[53] On 29 February 1988, President Kolingba demonstrated his opposition to capital punishment by voiding the death penalty against Bokassa and commuted his sentence to life in prison in solitary confinement, and the following year reduced the sentence to 20 years.[54][55] With the return of democracy to the Central African Republic in 1993, Kolingba declared a general amnesty for all prisoners as one of his final acts as President, and Bokassa was released on 1 August 1993. Bokassa remained in the CAR for the rest of his life. In 1996, as his health declined, he proclaimed himself the 13th Apostle and claimed to have secret meetings with the Pope. Bokassa died of a heart attack on 3 November 1996 in Bangui, at the age of 75. He had 17 wives and a reported 50 children. Many people in the Central African Republic, and most of the rest of the world, regard Bokassa as a typical kleptocrat or describe him as either an egotistical madman or a bloodthirsty dictator. In 2010, President François Bozizé issued a decree rehabilitating Bokassa and calling him "a son of the nation recognised by all as a great builder".[56] The decree went on to hold that "This rehabilitation of rights erases penal condemnations, particularly fines and legal costs, and stops any future incapacities that result from them".[56] In the lead-up to this official rehabilitation, Bokassa has been praised by CAR politicians for his patriotism and for the periods of stability that he brought the country.[56] Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit] Monarchical styles of Bokassa I of Central Africa Imperial Coat of arms of Central Africa (1976–1979).svg Reference style His Imperial Majesty Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty Alternative style Sire Titles and styles[edit] • 4 December 1976 – 21 September 1979: His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Central Africa Full title as Emperor[edit] His Imperial Majesty Bokassa I, Emperor of Central Africa by the will of the Central African people, united within the national political party, the MESAN. 1. ^ Titley 1997, p. 15. 2. ^ a b c Nigel Cawthorne. Tyrants: History's 100 Most Evil Despots and Dictators. [page needed] 3. ^ a b c Titley 1997, p. 7. 4. ^ Titley 1997, p. 6. 5. ^ Appiah & Gates 1999, p. 278. 6. ^ Howard Waring French (5 November 1996). "Jean-Bedel Bokassa, Self-Crowned Emperor Of the Central African Republic, Dies at 75". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-30.  7. ^ a b c Titley 1997, p. 8. 8. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 9. 9. ^ Delpey 1981, pp. 166–167. 10. ^ Lloyd Garrison (7 January 1966). "Coups, Dahomey Style". New York Times. p. 2.  11. ^ Titley 1997, pp. 9–10. 12. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 10. 13. ^ Titley 1997, p. 23, a rank equivalent to major. 14. ^ Bokassa 1985, p. 21. 15. ^ a b c d Titley 1997, p. 24. 16. ^ a b Péan 1977, p. 15. 17. ^ a b c d Titley 1997, p. 25. 18. ^ van de Walle, Nicholas (July 1991), "The Decline of the Franc Zone: Monetary Politics in Francophone Africa", African Affairs (Oxford University Press) 90 (360): 383–405, JSTOR 722938 . 19. ^ Lee 1969, p. 100. 20. ^ Decalo 1973, p. 220. 21. ^ Bokassa 1985, p. 24. 22. ^ a b c d e f g Titley 1997, p. 26. 23. ^ a b c d Titley 1997, p. 27. 24. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 28. 25. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 33 26. ^ "Army Chief of Staff Seizes Power in Upper Volta. Deposed President Asserts He 'Rejoices' at Coup Curfew Is Continued". Associated Press in the New York Times. 5 January 1966. p. 6. "The army Chief of Staff, Lieut. Col. Sangoule Lamizana, seized control of Upper Volta today in the fourth military take-over among the central African countries in the last two months."  27. ^ Titley 1997, p. 34. 28. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 35. 29. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 29. 30. ^ a b c Titley 1997, p. 30. 31. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 41. 32. ^ a b c d Titley 1997, p. 42. 33. ^ a b Titley 1997, p. 43. 34. ^ "Central Africans Execute Official. Republic's Health Minister Accused of Plotting Coup". Reuters in the New York Times. 14 April 1969. p. 20. Retrieved 2008-08-05. "The Bangui radio announced today that Health Minister Alexandre Banza, 36 years old, had been executed for having plotted to assassinate the President, Col. Jean Bedel Bokassa."  35. ^ "Lord High Everything". Time. 4 May 1974. Retrieved 2008-08-04. . 36. ^ Powers, Jonathan (2001), Like Water on Stone: The Story of Amnesty International, Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press, p. 88, ISBN 1-55553-487-2, OCLC 45845483 . 37. ^ Kalck 2005, p. xxxiii 38. ^ a b c Lentz 1994. 39. ^ Brian Lee Davis (1990), Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya, p. 16  40. ^ Kalck 2005, p. xxxv. 41. ^ Bokassa's video interview with Lionel Chomarat & Jean-Claude Chuzeville. 42. ^ Shaw 2005, 55. 43. ^ Shaw 2005, 50. 44. ^ Hoyle, Russ (30 March 1981), "A Campaign Catches Fire", Time, retrieved 2008-03-10 . 45. ^ Fuller, Thomas (28 February 2002). "But ex-president's past looms large: Giscard's new role at heart of Europe". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-10.  46. ^ Jacqueline Cassandra Woodfork (2006). Culture and Customs of the Central African Republic. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xviii (Chronology). ISBN 0313332037. Retrieved 20 January 2014. "October 20, 1976: Bokassa announces his conversion to Islam ... December 4, 1976: ... Bokassa renounces Islam"  47. ^ Brian Titley (2002). Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 79. ISBN 0773524185. Retrieved 20 January 2014. "The ace up Gadhaffi's sleeve was his oil money. ... Bokassa, of course, was rewarded more than all the others, collecting a cheque for one million U.S. dollars."  48. ^ Martin Meredith, The Fate of Africa, p. 230. 49. ^ Papa in the Dock Time Magazine 50. ^ Les diamants de la trahison, Jean-Barthélémy Bokassa, Pharos/Laffont, 2006 51. ^ 52. ^ "Trying the Butcher of Bangui", Newsweek (29 December 1986): p. 27 53. ^ "Great World Trials": The Jean-Bédel Bokassa Trial 1986–87; p=437-440. 54. ^ Christenson 1991, p. 37. 55. ^ 56. ^ a b c "Ex-President Jean-Bedel Bokassa rehabilitated by CAR" BBC News 1 December 2010 External links[edit] Jean-Bédel Bokassa Born: 22 February 1921 Died: 3 November 1996 Political offices Preceded by David Dacko President of the Central African Republic 1 January 1966 – 4 December 1976 became Emperor Title next held by David Dacko Regnal titles New title Empire declared Emperor of Central Africa 4 December 1976 – 20 September 1979 Monarchy abolished Titles in pretence New title — TITULAR — Emperor of Central Africa 20 September 1979 – 3 November 1996 Succeeded by Bokassa II
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The ferry landing of Kınalıada Satellite photo of the Princes' Islands (Kınalıada is the first one at top left) Kınalıada (Greek: Πρώτη, Proti 'first') is an island in the Sea of Marmara; it is the closest of the Princes' Islands to Istanbul, Turkey, about 12 kilometres (7 mi) south. Administratively, it is a neighbourhood in the Adalar district of Istanbul. Kınalıada means "Henna Island" in Turkish, as the land has a reddish colour from the iron and copper that has been mined here. This is one of the least forested of the Princes' Islands. Proti was the island most used as a place of exile under the Byzantine Empire. The most notable exile was emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, who remained in the Monastery of the Transfiguration on Hristo Peak of the island. Services from the mainland[edit] The islands are reachable by ferry services that depart from Kabataş on the European side. The voyage takes about 25 minutes by fast ferry (deniz otobus) and 40 minutes by regular ferry (vapur). Notable residents[edit] • Kınalıada at Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality website External links[edit] Coordinates: 40°54′47″N 29°03′00″E / 40.91306°N 29.05000°E / 40.91306; 29.05000
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Peter Aykroyd From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Peter Jonathan Aykroyd is a Canadian actor. Born to Lorraine and Peter Aykroyd in Canada, he is the younger brother of comedian Dan Aykroyd.[1] Along with his older brother he was in the Second City comedy troupe in Toronto. The two were also on Saturday Night Live. He was a cast member and writer in the fifth season, 1979-80. He and Dan Aykroyd wrote the movie Nothing but Trouble in the early nineties, Peter writing the story and Dan the screenplay. In 1996, Peter Aykroyd co-created the Canadian sci-fi show Psi Factor with Christopher Chacon and Peter Ventrella; the show was hosted by his brother Dan.[citation needed] In 1997, Peter Aykroyd and James Belushi provided the voices of Elwood Blues and Jake Blues for the cartoon The Blues Brothers: Animated Series, reprising the roles made famous by their respective brothers Dan and John. Peter Aykroyd has appeared in such films as Doctor Detroit, Dragnet, Nothing but Trouble and Coneheads.[citation needed] Year Title Role Notes 1979 Java Junkie Joe 1981 Gas Ed Marshal 1983 Doctor Detroit Mr. Frankman The Funny Farm Stephen Croft 1984 Nothing Lasts Forever Musician 1987 Dragnet Phoney Cop #2 1991 Nothing but Trouble Mike the Doorman Also writer Nominated 1992 Razzie Award for Worst Screenplay (with Dan Aykroyd) 1993 Coneheads Highmaster Mentot 1997 Kids of the Round Table Mr. Cole, Alex's Father Year Title Role First Episode Notes 1978 Second City TV Saloon Patron "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" 1 episode 1979–1980 Saturday Night Live Various "Bea Arthur/The Roches" 16 episodes, also writer Nominated 1980 Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program 1985 From Here to Maternity Jack TV Movie 1986 Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills Bunky "Unaccustomed as I Am To Public Speaking" 2 episodes 1996–2000 Psi Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal "John Doe" Writer, creator, executive producer 1999 Justice George Norton TV Movie External links[edit]
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Amelanchier alnifolia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Saskatoon berry) Jump to: navigation, search Amelanchier alnifolia A. a. var. semiintegrifolia; Skagit Bay, Washington Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Genus: Amelanchier Species: A. alnifolia Binomial name Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. Natural range of Amelanchier alnifolia • A. florida Lindl. • A. pumila (Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt. ex M. Roem. • Aronia alnifolia Nutt. Amelanchier alnifolia, the saskatoon, Pacific serviceberry, western serviceberry, alder-leaf shadbush, dwarf shadbush, chuckley pear, or western juneberry,[1] is a shrub with edible berry-like fruit, native to North America from Alaska across most of western Canada and in the western and north central United States. Historically it was also called "pigeon berry".[2] It grows from sea level in the north of the range, up to 2,600 m (8,530 ft) elevation in California and 3,400 m (11,200 ft) in the Rocky Mountains,[1][3][4] and is a common shrub in the forest understory.[5] The name "saskatoon" derives from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina (misâskwatômin NI sg saskatoonberry, misâskwatômina NI pl saskatoonberries).[6] The city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan is named after the berry. It is a deciduous shrub or small tree that can grow to 1–8 m (3–26 ft) (rarely to 10 m or 33 ft) in height. Its growth form spans from suckering and forming colonies to clumped. The leaves are oval to nearly circular, 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) long and 1–4.5 cm (0.4–1.8 in) broad, on a 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) leaf stem, margins toothed mostly above the middle. As with all species in the genus Amelanchier, the flowers are white, with 5 quite separate petals. In A. alnifolia, they are about 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) across, and appear on short racemes of 3–20 somewhat crowded together, in spring while the new leaves are still expanding. The fruit is a small purple pome 5–15 mm (0.2–0.6 in) in diameter, ripening in early summer in the coastal areas and late summer further inland.[3][4] There are three varieties:[4][7] • Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia. Northeastern part of the species' range.[8] • Amelanchier alnifolia var. pumila (Nutt.) A.Nelson. Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada.[9][10] • Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L.Hitchc. Pacific coastal regions, Alaska to northwestern California.[11][12] Cultivation and uses[edit] Seedlings are planted with 13–20 feet (4.0–6.1 m) between rows and 1.5–3 feet (0.46–0.91 m) between plants. An individual bush may bear fruit 30 or more years.[13] Saskatoons are adaptable to most soil types with exception of poorly drained or heavy clay soils lacking organic matter. Shallow soils should be avoided, especially if there is a high or erratic water table. Winter hardiness is exceptional but frost can damage blooms as late as May. Large amounts of sunshine are needed for fruit ripening.[13][14] With a sweet nutty taste, the fruits have long been eaten by Canada's Aboriginal people, fresh or dried. They are well known as an ingredient in pemmican, a preparation of dried meat to which saskatoon berries are added as flavour and preservative. They are also often used in pies, jam, wines, cider, beers and sugar-infused berries similar to dried cranberries used for cereals, trail mix and snack foods.[15][16][17][18] In 2004, the British Food Standards Agency suspended saskatoon berries from retail sales[19] pending safety testing, a ban that was eventually lifted after pressure from the European Union. Canadian growers are currently moving to position saskatoon berries as a superfruit, following the vogue for such fruits as wild blueberries, cranberries, pomegranates, and açaí.[20] Diseases and pests[edit] Amelanchier alnifolia is susceptible to cedar-apple rust.[21] Nutrients and potential health benefits[edit] The 5–15 mm diameter pomes ripen in early summer. Resembling blueberries, the fruit has a waxy bloom. Nutrients in raw saskatoon berries[15] Nutrient Value per 100 grams  % Daily Value Energy 85 kcal Total dietary fiber 5.9 g 20% Sugars, total 11.4 g 8% Calcium, Ca 42 mg 4% Magnesium, Mg 24 mg 6% Iron, Fe 1 mg 12% Manganese, Mn 1.4 mg 70% Potassium, K 162 mg 3% Sodium, Na 0.5 mg 0% Vitamin C 3.6 mg 4% Vitamin A, IU 11 IU 1% Vitamin E 1.1 mg 7% Folate 4.6 µg 1% Riboflavin 3.5 mg > 100% Panthothenic acid 0.3 mg 6% Pyridoxine 0.03 mg 2% Biotin 20 µg 67% Saskatoon berries contain significant Daily Value amounts of total dietary fibre, vitamins B2 (riboflavin) and biotin, and the essential minerals, iron and manganese, a nutrient profile similar to the content of blueberries.[15] Notable for polyphenol antioxidants also similar in composition to blueberries,[15] saskatoons have total phenolics of 452 mg per 100 g (average of Smoky and Northline cultivars), flavonols (61 mg) and anthocyanins (178 mg),[15] although others have found the phenolic values to be either lower in the Smoky cultivar[22] or higher.[23] Quercetin, cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin were polyphenols present in saskatoon berries.[15][24] Particularly for saskatoon phenolics, inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase enzymes involved in mechanisms of inflammation and pain have been demonstrated in vitro.[25] 1. ^ a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network: Amelanchier alnifolia 2. ^ Schorger, A.W. 1955. The Passenger Pigeon; its natural history and extinction. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 3. ^ a b Plants of British Columbia: Amelanchier alnifolia 4. ^ a b c Jepson Flora: Amelanchier alnifolia 5. ^ Dyrness, C. T. and Acker, S. A. (2010). "Ecology of Common Understory Plants in Northwestern Oregon and Southwestern Washington Forests". H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011.  6. ^ "saskatoon". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.  7. ^ University of Maine: Amelanchier list of taxa 8. ^ University of Maine: Amelanchier alnifolia var. alnifolia 9. ^ Jepson Flora: Amelanchier alnifolia var. pumila 10. ^ University of Maine: Amelanchier alnifolia var. pumila 11. ^ Jepson Flora: Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia 12. ^ University of Maine: Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia 13. ^ a b Introduction to Saskatoons 14. ^ St-Pierre, R. G. Growing Saskatoons - A Manual For Orchardists 15. ^ a b c d e f Mazza, G. (2005). "Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry". International Journal of Fruit Science 5 (3): 101–120. doi:10.1300/J492v05n03_10. ISSN 1553-8362.  16. ^ Mazza G, Davidson CG. Saskatoon berry: A fruit crop for the prairies. p. 516-519. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York, 1993. 17. ^ Government of Manitoba - Ministry of Agriculture: Saskatoon Berries 18. ^ St-Pierre RG. Growing saskatoons - a manual for orchardists 19. ^ Anon. Britain plucks saskatoon berries from store shelves. CBC News 2004-06-07. 20. ^ Leeder, Jessica. Saskatchewan couple betting the farm on the Saskatoon berry's super powers. The Globe and Mail. 16 September 2011. 21. ^ Ron Smith. "Juneberries". Retrieved 2010-06-21. "Q: I have a question about Juneberry shrub trees. When the Juneberries start to ripen, they get red in color and then something starts to grow on them, almost like a fungus. What could it be and what can be done? A: It is a fungus, most likely cedar-apple rust. Juneberry is in the same family as the apple (rose), so it is subject to some of the same diseases. The easiest way to control this is to find the offending juniper and remove it or pick off and destroy the orange, golf ball-sized fruit that is present before sporogenesis has a chance to begin."  22. ^ Ozga (2007). "Characterization of cyanidin- and quercetin-derived flavonoids and other phenolics in mature saskatoon fruits (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55 (25): 10414–24. doi:10.1021/jf072949b. PMID 17994693.  23. ^ Hosseinian (2007). "Saskatoon and wild blueberries have higher anthocyanin contents than other Manitoba berries". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55 (26): 10832–8. doi:10.1021/jf072529m. PMID 18052240.  24. ^ Bakowska-barczak (2007). "Survey of bioactive components in Western Canadian berries". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 85 (11): 1139–52. doi:10.1139/y07-102. PMID 18066116.  25. ^ Adhikari (2005). "Quantification and characterisation of cyclo-oxygenase and lipid peroxidation inhibitory anthocyanins in fruits of Amelanchier". Phytochemical analysis 16 (3): 175–80. PMID 15997850.
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Searchlight (magazine) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Editor Gerry Gable Categories Politics Frequency Monthly Publisher Gerry Gable First issue 1975; 39 years ago (1975) Country United Kingdom Language English Searchlight is a British magazine, founded in 1975 by Gerry Gable, which publishes exposés about racism, antisemitism and fascism in the UK and elsewhere. Searchlight's main focus is on the British National Party (BNP), Combat 18, the English Defence League (EDL) and other sections of the Far right in the United Kingdom, as well as covering similar entities in other countries. The magazine is published and edited by Gerry Gable. Early history[edit] The current Searchlight magazine was preceded in the early 1960s by a newspaper of the same name, edited by left-wing Labour Party Members of Parliament Reg Freeson and Joan Lestor with Gerry Gable as "research director". It ceased publication in 1967, but Gable, Maurice Ludmer and others stayed together as Searchlight Associates before re-launching a regular journal. The pilot issue of the new Searchlight appeared in February 1975, with Maurice Ludmer as its editor.[1] Ludmer and Gable were also amongst the first sponsors of the Anti-Nazi League, with Ludmer sitting on its first steering group.[2] In the Ludmer years, Searchlight had a close relationship with CARF, the Campaign Against Racism and Fascism, whose magazine was published as an insert from 1979. After Ludmer's early death in 1981, British academic Vron Ware briefly took over the editorial role until 1983.[3] State links[edit] Publisher Gerry Gable is known to have links with MI5. His leaked 1977 London Weekend Television memo stated that he had "given names I have acquired to be checked out by British/French security services".[4] A 1987 profile referred to Gable's "wide range of contacts, including people in the secret services".[5] Since Searchlight split with HOPE not hate in September 2011, Searchlight has opposed co-operation with the state.[6] At the insistence of the British National Party, Searchlight and the associated Searchlight Educational Trust were investigated by the Charity Commission of England and Wales as a result of a complaint that claimed that the Educational Trust had been engaging in political activity incompatible with its charitable status. The Commission's report stated that, in its opinion, the Searchlight Educational Trust had gone beyond the Commission's guidelines on political activities, and found there was a need for a greater distinction between the public activities of Searchlight magazine and the educational trust. The charity agreed to follow the Commission's recommendations, so action was taken.[7] Searchlight was, consequently, divided into three main bodies: Searchlight magazine, the monthly anti-fascist and anti-racist magazine; Searchlight Information Services (SIS), a research and investigatory body which briefs governments, politicians, journalists, and the police; and, finally, Searchlight Educational Trust (SET), a charity devoted to teaching the negative aspects of racism and fascism.[8] SIS and SET later joined the HOPE not hate campaign and are no longer associated with Searchlight magazine. Dr. Larry O'Hara, editor of Notes from the Borderland, and Left-wing critic of Searchlight, said in 1992 that "Without doubt there are matters on which Searchlight is usually reliable—election results, court-cases, as well as the occasional publication of primary source documents. Outline sketches of individual careers are of rather more mixed reliability. And When it comes to actual interpretation of the significance of events on the far Right, Searchlight is often very questionable indeed."[9] In his history of Anti-Fascist Action (AFA), author Sean Birchall includes several instances of unreliability and questionable tactics by Searchlight.[10] In the 1990s, Direct Action Movement, which worked with the AFA, was among the first to criticise Searchlight's motives and tactics. Elsewhere, O'Hara also argued that Searchlight manufactured or exaggerated stories about anti-Semitism in order to secure funding from Jewish sources[11] while also playing "dirty tricks" against other groups on the Left, such as the anarchist group Class War.[12] Relations with other anti-fascist groups[edit] The magazine has hostile relations with some other anti-fascist groups in Britain. The magazine group was original part of the steering committee of Unite Against Fascism, but resigned their position after differences over tactics.[15] Recently, Sonia Gable has written critical articles on her blog[16] about Searchlight's former creation, HOPE not hate, a highly visible civil rights campaign from whom it split in late 2011.[17] Despite this however, Searchlight magazine maintains friendly relationships with other groups, such as Australia's FightDemBack and some other groups. Searchlight relies for its material on those involved in the far-right. This includes a range of infiltrators, defectors and casual informers. Its most famous defectors were Ray Hill,[18] and Matthew Collins,[19] now of the HOPE not hate campaign. Most of its material, however, comes from informers, such as Alan Harvey, who do so because of feuds with their fellow right-wingers and not from any conviction of Searchlight's cause.[citation needed] In 2013 it was revealed that BNP member Duncan Robertson[20] had been a Searchlight informer,[21] in particular of the New Right group.[22] Commenting on the matter, anarchist Larry O'Hara queried whether Gerry Gable was a beneficiary of Robertson's will.[23] In the early years of the 21st century, Searchlight launched two interlinked anti-BNP and anti-racism campaigns, Stop the BNP and HOPE not hate. HOPE not hate has received endorsement and national publicity from the Daily Mirror newspaper, and revolves around an annual two week bus tour in the run-up to local elections.[24] In the 2010 general election campaign, SIS spent in excess of £319,000, primarily targeting the BNP.[25] Since Searchlight split from HOPE not hate, it has concentrated on publishing the results of its investigation, research and intelligence gathering and supporting direct action against fascist demonstrations, such as those of the English Defence League in Walthamstow on 1 September 2012 and Chelmsford on 18 August 2012.[26] As well as articles exposing the BNP, EDL and the moves towards the formation of a new party spearheaded by the former BNP MEP and veteran fascist Andrew Brons, Searchlight has focussed on the areas where the far right and Conservative ultra right meet, such as the Traditional Britain Group, and the New Right, the powerhouse of far-right ideological development.[27][28][29] See also[edit] Further reading[edit] • White Noise by Nick Lowles, 96 pages (November 13, 1998), Publisher: Searchlight Magazine Ltd. ISBN 0-9522038-3-9. • Searchlight for Beginners by Larry O'Hara, 30 pages (June 1996), Publisher: Phoenix Press. ISBN 0-948984-33-3. • From Cable Street to Oldham-70 Years of Community Resistance edited by Nick Lowles, 165 pages (October 2007), Publisher: Searchlight Magazine Ltd. ISBN 0-9522038-7-1. • Notes From the Borderland no 10, pp34–80, by Larry O'Hara and Heidi Svenson, Publisher: Larry O'Hara. ISBN 0-9537434-8-9, which explains in detail the split between Searchlight Magazine and HOPE not hate. 1. ^ Searchlight and the State 2. ^ David Renton, “The Anti-Nazi League as social movement” Paper at the New Socialist Approaches to History seminar at the Institute of Historical Research, 6 June 2005 3. ^ Arcadia Books 4. ^ First published in the New Statesman 15 February 1980, reproduced in Lobster magazine, issue 24 December 1992 5. ^ Jewish Chronicle 23 October 1987 6. ^ Gable, Sonia. "No money no hope: BNP accounts reveal financial disaster zone". Searchlight. Retrieved 2 November 2012.  7. ^ [1] 8. ^ 9. ^ Paul Mercer, Directory of British political organisations 1994. Longman, 1994, p. 299. 10. ^ Sean Birchall, Beating the Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action (London: Freedom Press, 2010) 11. ^ Searchlight for Beginners by Larry O'Hara, 30 pages (June 1996) p. 27 12. ^ Searchlight for Beginners by Larry O'Hara, 30 pages (June 1996) p. 16. 13. ^ Searchlight, No.130, April 1986, p2 15. ^ Silver, Steve (July 2005). "Letter of resignation to UAF". Searchlight. Retrieved 12 December 2008.  16. ^ See:Gable, Sonia. "Glasshouses, stones and the thought police". Searchlight. Retrieved 5 November 2012.  Gable, Sonia. "A meagre dish served lukewarm". Searchlight. Retrieved 22 October 2012.  Gable, Sonia. "A cause for embarrassment?". Searchlight. Retrieved 22 October 2012.  Gable, Sonia. "Hate something, change something". Searchlight. Retrieved 22 October 2012.  17. ^ Bright, Martin (9 August 2012). "Tragedy of a serious split between anti-fascists". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 22 October 2012.  19. ^ Collins, Matthew Hate: My Life in the British Far Right, Biteback Ltd 2011 20. ^ BNP website 21. ^ Paul Scott, A Strange Kind of Glory: Life Undercover 22. ^ Searchlight May 2013 23. ^ Notes From The Borderland June 2013 24. ^ Ross Wynne-Jones (30 April 2008). "Our two-week grand tour to beat racism". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 4 July 2008.  Nick Lowles (17 April 2008). "Hope not Hate bus tour 2008: The day before". Searchlight. Retrieved 4 July 2008. [dead link] 25. ^ The Electoral Commission (2011). "Controlled expenditure by registered third parties at the 2010 UK Parliament election". Retrieved 15 February 2011.  26. ^ "Stop the EDL in Walthamstow and Chelmsford". Searchlight. Retrieved 2 November 2012.  27. ^ Gable, Gerry. "Editorial: investigating, analysing and campaigning". Searchlight. Retrieved 2 November 2012.  28. ^ Carter, Adam. "Familiar obsessions". Searchlight. Retrieved 2 November 2012.  29. ^ Gable, Sonia. "Where next for the far right?". Searchlight. Retrieved 2 November 2012.  External links[edit] Public statements[edit] Anti-fascist criticism of Searchlight[edit]
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St. Nicholas of Sofia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search St. Nicholas of Sofia (The New) (Bulgarian: Свети Николай Софийски Нови) is a Christian saint who lived in the 16th century in Sofia, Bulgaria and is considered a martyr in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. At that time, Bulgaria was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, which compelled some locals to convert to Islam. On May 17, 1555, some local authorities brought Nicholas before a judge or qadi (Turkish kadı).[1] Although he was freed by the qadi, Nicholas was attacked by a mob of townspeople and killed. In 1900, a large church named St. Nicholas of Sofia (Свети Николай Софийски) was constructed on Pirotska Street in downtown Sofia.[2] 1. ^ 2. ^ External links[edit]
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That's Where It's At (song) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "That's Where It's At" That's Where It's At 7" Single by Sam Cooke B-side "Cousin of Mine" Released September 16, 1964 (1964-09-16) Format 7" Recorded August 20, 1963 (1963-08-20) RCA Studios (Los Angeles, California) Genre Soul, R&B Length 2:35 Label RCA 8426 Writer(s) Sam Cooke, J. W. Alexander Producer(s) Al Schmitt Sam Cooke singles chronology "Good Times" "That's Where It's At" "That's Where It's At" is a song written by Sam Cooke and J.W. Alexander.[1] Recorded by Cooke, it was released as single in September 1964. The song was recorded in 32 takes on August 20, 1963 at the RCA studio in Los Angeles, although not released until over a year later.[2] The backing band on the single consisted of trumpeter John Anderson, bassist Harper Cosby, trombonist John "Streamline" Ewing, drummer June Gardner, saxophonist Jewell Grant, violinist Darel Terwilliger, and guitarists René Hall and Bobby Womack.[1] It was not initially much of a commercial success, charting no higher than 93 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] By Cooke's personal standards it was similarly low, especially when compared to his previous and following singles ("Good Times" and "Shake", respectively), both of which were comfortably in the Top 20. However, the song has garnered a respectable amount of critical acclaim in the decades since. It is ranked 876th in American music critic Dave Marsh's 1989 list, The Heart of Rock and Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made. [3] "That's Where It's At" has been covered by such artists as Van Morrison, Ray Charles and Bobby Womack, among others. Chart (1964) Peak Billboard Hot 100 93 1. ^ a b c "That's Where It's At|". Retrieved 2010-11-23.  2. ^ "Sam Cooke in the Studio|". Retrieved 2010-11-23.  3. ^ "The 1001 Greatest Singles, by Number|". Retrieved 2010-11-23.
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Toshiko Tamura From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Toshiko Tamura Tamura Toshiko.jpg Tamura Toshiko Born (1884-04-25)25 April 1884 Tokyo Japan Died 16 April 1945(1945-04-16) (aged 60) Shanghai, China Occupation Writer Genres Novels Toshiko Tamura (田村 俊子 Tamura Toshiko?, 25 April 1884—16 April 1945) was the pen-name of an early modern feminist novelist in Showa period Japan. Her real name was Toshi Satō (佐藤 とし Satō Toshi?). Tamura was born in the plebeian Asakusa district of Tokyo, where her father was a rice broker. At the age of seventeen she entered the literature faculty of Nihon Joshi Daigaku Japan Women's University. However, the long commute by foot, from her home affected her health and forced her to withdraw after only a single term. She began her writing career as a disciple of Kōda Rohan, but later turned to Okamoto Kido for advice, and briefly flirted with a career as a stage actress. Her novel Akirame ("Resignation", 1911) won the Osaka Asahi Shimbun literary prize. She followed this with Miira no kuchibeni ("Lip Rouge on a Mummy", 1913), and Onna Sakusha ("Woman Writer", 1913). She became a best-selling writer, and contributed numerous works to such mainstream literary magazines as Chūō Kōrōn and Shincho. In 1918, she left her husband Tamura Shogyo to follow her lover, Asahi Shimbun journalist Suzuki Etsu, to Vancouver, in Canada, where she lived until 1936. On her return to Japan, she had an affair with leftist Kubokawa Tsurujiro. In 1942, she moved to Shanghai, China, then under Japanese occupation, where she edited a Chinese literary magazine Nu-Sheng. She died of a brain hemorrhage in Shanghai in 1945, and her grave is at the temple of Tokei-ji in Kamakura. After her death, her royalties were used to establish a literary prize for women writers. External links[edit] • Setouchi, Harumi. Tamura Toshiko. Kodansha. (1993). ISBN 4-06-196252-3. (Japanese) • Fowler, Edward. "Tamura Toshiko". The Modern Murasaki" Ed. Rebecca Copeland and Melek Ortabasi. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. 339-347.
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eso0633 — Science Release Long-lasting but Dim Brethren of Cosmic Flashes Unusual Gamma-Ray Burst Studied in Detail 31 August 2006 Astronomers, using ESO's Very Large Telescope, have for the first time made the link between an X-ray flash and a supernova. Such flashes are the little siblings of gamma-ray bursts (GRB) and this discovery suggests the existence of a population of events less luminous than 'classical' GRBs, but possibly much more numerous. "This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin," said Elena Pian, (INAF, Italy), lead-author of one of the four papers related to this event appearing in the 31 August issue of Nature. The event began on 18 February 2006: the NASA/PPARC/ASI Swift satellite detected an unusual gamma-ray burst, about 25 times closer and 100 times longer than the typical gamma-ray burst. GRBs release in a few seconds more energy than that of the Sun during its entire lifetime of more than 10,000 million years. The GRBs are thus the most powerful events since the Big Bang known in the Universe. The explosion, called GRB 060218 after the date it was discovered, originated in a star-forming galaxy about 440 million light-years away toward the constellation Aries. This is the second-closest gamma-ray burst ever detected. Moreover, the burst of gamma rays lasted for nearly 2,000 seconds; most bursts last a few milliseconds to tens of seconds. The explosion was surprisingly dim, however. A team of astronomers has found hints of a budding supernova. Using, among others, ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, the scientists have watched the afterglow of this burst grow brighter in optical light. This brightening, along with other telltale spectral characteristics in the light, strongly suggests that a supernova was unfolding. Within days, the supernova became apparent. The observations with the VLT started on 21 February 2006, just three days after the discovery. Spectroscopy was then performed nearly daily for seventeen days, providing the astronomers with a large data set to document this new class of events. The group led by Elena Pian indeed confirmed that the event was tied to a supernova called SN 2006aj a few days later. Remarkable details about the chemical composition of the star debris continue to be analysed. The newly discovered supernova is dimmer than hypernovae associated with normal long gamma-ray bursts by about a factor of two, but it is still a factor of 2-3 more luminous than regular core-collapse supernovae. All together, these facts point to a substantial diversity between supernovae associated with GRBs and supernovae associated with X-ray flashes. This diversity may be related to the masses of the exploding stars. Whereas gamma-ray bursts probably mark the birth of a black hole, X-ray flashes appear to signal the type of star explosion that leaves behind a neutron star. Based on the VLT data, a team led by Paolo Mazzali of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching, Germany, postulate that the 18 February event might have led to a highly magnetic type of neutron star called a magnetar. Mazzali and his team find indeed that the star that exploded had an initial mass of 'only' 20 times the mass of the Sun. This is smaller, by about a factor two at least, than those estimated for the typical GRB-supernovae. "The properties of GRB 060218 suggest the existence of a population of events less luminous than 'classical' GRBs, but possibly much more numerous", said Mazzali. "Indeed, these events may be the most abundant form of X- or gamma-ray bursts in the Universe, but instrumental limits allow us to detect them only locally." The astronomers find that the number of such events could be about 100 times more numerous than typical gamma-ray bursts. Elena Pian INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste Trieste, Italy Tel: +39-040-3199219 Email: [email protected] Paolo Mazzali Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics Garching, Germany Tel: +49-89-30000-2221 Email: [email protected] Bookmark and Share About the Release Release No.:eso0633 Legacy ID:PR 33/06 Name:Gamma-ray burst Facility:Very Large Telescope Science data:2006Natur.442.1018M The Field around SN2006aj The Field around SN2006aj Also see our
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From FedoraProject < Distribution Revision as of 18:03, 12 August 2009 by Pfrields (Talk | contribs) Jump to: navigation, search Downloading Fedora This page describes the steps you need to follow to download and install Fedora. Stop (medium size).png Please read through our export regulations and the following instructions before you begin downloading. Fedora 19 Torrent (preferred) Mirrors i386 ISOs x86_64 ISOs PPC ISOs Fedora 20 Torrent (preferred) Mirrors i386 ISOs x86_64 ISOs PPC ISOs Understanding What You Are Doing You are downloading an entire operating system (including software applications), and in most cases, you are then going to install the operating system on your computer. If you already have another operating system on your computer, it may be overwritten during the installation process. See the next section for more on this. If you are connected to the Internet via a slow connection, like a dial-up modem, then downloading Fedora will be an extremely time-consuming process. The time it takes to download the installation files for Fedora depends greatly upon your connection speed to the Internet. For example, if you are downloading the installation disk images (called ISOs), then each image file will weigh in at just under 650 MB. This means that with a 56K modem connection it will take approximately 27 hours to complete the download of just one disk, and most installations require more than one. For other ways to get and install Fedora, look at the options on the Distribution page. Make Room on Your System If you intend to transform your existing single-boot system into a dual-boot system, you need to make room for Fedora. You can do this by adding a new hard drive or by modifying the existing partitions on the hard drive already in the system. The Fedora installation program allows you to shrink the space used by your existing operating system to make room for a Fedora system on the same hard drive. Refer to this section of the Installation Quick Start Guide for more information. Download the Files You Need To install Fedora, download the ISO installation images of either the DVD or Live images, even if you are planning to perform installation directly from a hard disk using the Hard drive installation method. Download FAQ Downloading the ISO Images Download Locations BitTorrent is the recommended method of download Fedora ISO images. You can go straight to our Bittorrent Tracker . For the best possible service, please consider downloading using BitTorrent or one of our Mirrors . The ISO images are located at the following URLs: i386 (32-bit AMD, Intel Pentium, Intel Core Duo) x86_64 (64-bit AMD64, EM64T, Intel Xeon, Intel Core 2 Duo) PowerPC (32-bit and 64-bit classic Mac, 64-bit pSeries) Download FAQ Installable Live Images It is recommended to use Live images to install on a system with a CD-ROM only. It is also possible to use a boot.iso, a rescue.iso (which fit on a CD) or a boot.img that fits on a USB, zip or super disk, and can be used to start a network or a harddrive install. Regular Installation Images The regular installation images are DVD size and is a good upgrade from previous users of Fedora releases. If you are using HTTP or FTP to download, some download clients (and file systems) cannot handle the DVD image because it is larger than 2 GiB. Please refer to the documentation of your download client and operating system for details. ISO images containing the source RPMs (SRPMs) are also located in the same directory as the ISO images containing the binaries; however, they are not required to install Fedora. Validating the ISO images Detailed instructions are available at http://fedoraproject.org/verify Mounting ISO Images If you are already running Linux, you can save an ISO image to a directory on your machine or another machine on the network. You may then mount the ISO image to look at or copy files. To mount an ISO image, use the following command: su -c 'mount -o loop -t iso9660 <isofilename> <mountpoint>' In the above command replace <isofilename> and <mountpoint> with the correct file name and mount point respectively. The directory given as the mount point must exist. Write the Files to Media Warning (medium size).png ISO images are not written to CDs/DVDs the same way as other files. If you are already running Fedora refer to CD-Rs and CD-RWs (Red Hat Linux 9 Getting Started Guide) for instructions on using cdrecord to burn the ISOs to CD. If you are using another operating system, refer to the documentation for your burning software. Be sure to label the DVDs/CDs after burning them. Boot From the DVD or CD and Run the Installation Program You will have to make sure that your computer can boot from the DVD or first CD. Refer to your system's documentation for details. On PCs, this usually involves BIOS settings. On Mac systems, this is usually accomplished by holding down the C key while the system starts. Some newer systems allow booting a single time from the optical drive by pressing a special key as the system starts. The ISOs have a checksum embedded in them. It is strongly recommended you verify the checksum on any Fedora CDs or DVD you create. This will ensure that the disk was burned correctly and prevent installation failures related to bad media. To test the checksum integrity of the DVD/CDs, boot off the DVD or first CD, and type the following command at the boot: prompt: linux mediacheck The mediacheck operation can be performed on CD's in any order. To start the installation program, boot from the DVD, the first CD, or the boot CD made from the boot.iso image and follow the on-screen instructions. Check for Updates You can use yum to update your system with the latest packages released for Fedora. For more information, see the guide: Managing Software with yum . Update Notification Fedora includes PackageKit which provides an 'Updates Available' popup when updates are published on internet. If you would like to receive regular notifications via email when new updates become available, you can join the [email protected] mailing list. For a list of Fedora Security Advisories, visit FSA Automatic Updates You can set your system to update itself automatically. This is highly recommended for home users. Business users should evaluate this option carefully. In order to enable these automatic updates, refer to AutoUpdates Get Help If You Need It If you need help installing, configuring, or using Fedora, refer to the Installation Guide, Documentation, FAQ, and Help and Feedback sections.
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26392
From FedoraProject < Features Revision as of 06:58, 4 June 2012 by Akozumpl (Talk | contribs) Jump to: navigation, search Hawkey, a new Package Management API Hawkey is a package management library built on top of libsolv. Current status • Targeted release: Fedora 18 • Last updated: 2012-06-04 • Percentage of completion: 40% Detailed Description hawkey is a library allowing clients to query and resolve dependnecies of RPM packages based on the current state of RPMDB and yum repositories. While a superset of the functionality itself is available in yum, the new API promises to bring unification, fewer restrictions on clients' implementation language (yum API is in Python) and eventually performance improvements. Benefit to Fedora • easier bindings to other languages than Python • concise, clear package management API • better performance (through utilizing libsolv) The potential API consumer: • dnf (the next generation yum) • release engineering tools • PackageKit • graphical package management tools • Anaconda Including libsolv in Fedora hawkey package Including documentation for the API. How To Test Unit tests for both C and Python bindings are included. User Experience None visible (hawkey is a new library). Hawkey is a new library and will be only depnded on by DNF (the new package manger based off yum). Contingency Plan None necessary, yum and it's API will still be available. Release Notes Comments and Discussion
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26393
File:Artwork EchoCursors bluecurve-list.txt From FedoraProject Jump to: navigation, search Artwork_EchoCursors_bluecurve-list.txt(file size: 864 B, MIME type: text/plain) Migrated from previous wiki File history current04:26, 25 May 2008 (864 B)Admin (Talk | contribs)Migrated from previous wiki There are no pages that link to this file.
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26417
AnimeSuki Forums Go Back   AnimeSuki Forum > AnimeSuki & Technology > Tech Support Thread Tools Old 2009-10-31, 19:40   Link #1 Senior Member Join Date: Oct 2007 Location: Philippines Age: 37 Angry Man, getting pretty stumped here -- PC shuts down without warning All right, I've been in the IT business for more than 10 years and yet this problem is beating my ass -- my brother-in-law's PC shuts down without warning and leaves off a blinking power light. For some detail, the PC is loaded up with the following: MSI K9N6PGM2-V with MCP61 AMD Athlon 64 X2 4000 with 1mb of cache/OEM fan 1GB DDR2 800 x 2 Sparkle nVidia 8400GS with 512MB/PCI-E Seagate Barracuda 80GB IDE Windows XPSP2 and AVG Free 8.5 Plugged into the USB ports are: a generic card reader an A4Tech PK-635MK webcam an external HD (Seagate Barracuda 80GB IDE) a generic USB optical mouse (from CDR King -- the discount PC accessories shop chain) As far as the story on this rig is concerned, back when I arrived in January it was using a Logitech cordless mouse that often ran out of batteries, and in April was replaced by a PS/2 optical mouse my sister bought from CDRKing. In May I vacuum-blasted the innards. By September, my brother-in-law thought that mouse was screwing up and he had it replaced by the current USB optical mouse from the same chain dealer. Last week, I discovered that the GPU heatsink fan on the previous nVidia 7200GT (Sparkle, 256MB, PCI-E) plugged onto this machine no longer spun and the in-law bought a new 8400GS. Now, apart from the aforementioned shutdown symptom, the mouse pointer would sometimes stop for about 20-30 seconds before moving again. I was thinking that previously we didn't had this problem before we plugged in the new USB mouse, and I suspect that this mouse is probably causing the problem, so I think I might have the older PS/2 mouse plugged in as a test to see if the same error could happen. sa547 is offline   Reply With Quote Old 2009-10-31, 19:47   Link #2 Obey the Darkly Cute ... Join Date: Dec 2005 Age: 56 Do you have a temperature monitor package running? My first impulse is a mobo or cpu overheat issue? (cpu heatsink not seated well, etc). Wouldn't hurt to do the "remove new hardware" test but a bogus USB device doesn't seem like a shutdown culprit. I had a similar problem a month ago.... and ended up doing the "change everything one piece at a time" .... ended up being a mobo problem. Vexx is offline   Reply With Quote Old 2009-10-31, 19:53   Link #3 Senior Member Join Date: Oct 2007 Location: Philippines Age: 37 I would love to put Speedfan to check it out, but this machine has a fully-ventilated casing, she's still clean, and even an electric fan pointed at it. :lol: I'm considering this possibility that turning off power management on the USBs might work. Update 1 (9:18am/+8GMT): had power management for USB devices turned off completely. No sign of strange symptoms so far. Update 2 (4:33pm/+8GMT): damned thing was shutting down too much. Probably had to do with the CPU, the heatsink and thermal grease. Cleaned them up and put on some new grease, and now I'm giving a check this time. Last edited by sa547; 2009-11-01 at 03:34. sa547 is offline   Reply With Quote Old 2009-11-01, 04:51   Link #4 Exitus Acta Probat *Graphic Designer Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Permanent retirement from raws-hunting Age: 28 Sounds indeed like the CPU area and I'm no stranger to this annoyance - I once made the mistake of replacing the heat sink on my previous computer (the fan got damaged and since it was a 60x60 model that wasn't easy to find and thus replace, I had to change the entire block to install a larger and more powerful 80x80 cooler) without replenishing the layer of thermal paste and anything CPU-heavy such as playing media, ordering virus scans and the like caused sudden shutdowns, forcing me to cycle the PSU itself before pressing the power button. I hope the power down thing isn't too serious on your rig, SA - in my case the brutal shutdowns managed to wear down the PSU until one morning it stopped working altogether. Something shorted or plain melted inside the casing and I had to go back to the comp shop for a new unit. But then again, that was a couple years ago, and the PSU was meant for old PATA machines. << -- Click to enter my GFX thread. -- Permanently retired from the raw-hunting business -- Last edited by Renegade334; 2009-11-01 at 05:08. Renegade334 is offline   Reply With Quote Old 2009-11-01, 09:02   Link #5 Join Date: Nov 2007 Age: 25 Sounds alot like overheating or insufficient current to me. What is the PSU? Blinking power light often points towards a hardware problem, probably the mobo/processor or PSU. If it is a peripherals (GPU, RAM) problem the PC should still run but make funny noises like a kid high on sugar. My suggestion is to change out the PSU. Get something with at least 500W or more (600 preferably) because your processor runs like an engine of an M1 Abrams (one reason I never liked AMD processors). SaintessHeart is online now   Reply With Quote Old 2009-11-01, 11:08   Link #6 Senior Member Join Date: Oct 2007 Location: Philippines Age: 37 Well, I should've included the PSU in the specs. It's a three-year-old Dynamo 500w with a single large fan on the bottom, and it was a leftover from my brother-in-law's previous dual-core (and heat-prone) Pentium 4 machine before he had this PSU transferred to the current machine. Turned out that as I opened up the machine and checked the CPU, the stock thermal paste had dried out completely, and so I gave a new daub of fresh grease (fortunately I managed to keep this in a mobo box three years ago). So far, I'm seeing if this machine would be doing fine again, along with some power-management and cooling adjustments in the BIOS, as my sister's family has an intense love for Facebook's games from 7 in the morning till 12 midnight, more than my love of MMOGs (shakes head). sa547 is offline   Reply With Quote Thread Tools Posting Rules You may not post new threads You may not post replies You may not post attachments You may not edit your posts BB code is On Smilies are On [IMG] code is On HTML code is Off Forum Jump Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.6 Copyright ©2000 - 2014, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. We use Silk.
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Posts: 12 Registered: ‎08-31-2011 Message 1 of 3 (177 Views) I'm having problems creating the element in DBTEXT BackgroundWorker in VB! HELP? 177 Views, 2 Replies 06-01-2012 10:21 AM I'm having problems creating the element in DBTEXT BackgroundWorker in VB! Develop a function to create the element dbtext in the current document, when I use this function within <Autodesk.AutoCAD.Runtime.CommandMethod("")> it works perfectly, but when it is used within BackgroundWorker raises the point of different alignment indicated. And the problem is solved when you run the AUDIT command in the project, then the alignment points are corrected. The same problem is occurring for the blocks that have attributes, in this case the alignment points are also displaced the attributes of the standard indicated. Public Function NewDBText(ByVal InsertPoint As Point3d, ByVal Rotation As Double, ByVal LayerName As String, ByVal ForceColor As String, ByVal AttacPoint As AttachmentPoint, ByVal TextValue As String, ByVal Height As Double) As ObjectId Dim DBTextBase As New DBText DBTextBase.Rotation = Rotation DBTextBase.Layer = LayerName DBTextBase.Height = Height DBTextBase.TextString = TextValue DBTextBase.Annotative = AnnotativeStates.False If (ForceColor <> "ByLayer") Then DBTextBase.ColorIndex = ForceColor End If DBTextBase.Position = InsertPoint DBTextBase.Justify = AttacPoint DBTextBase.AlignmentPoint = InsertPoint Dim WorkDataBase As Database = HostApplicationServices.WorkingDatabase() Dim WTransaction As Transaction = WorkDataBase.TransactionManager.StartTransaction() Dim BlockTab As BlockTable = WTransaction.GetObject(WorkDataBase.BlockTableId, OpenMode.ForRead) Dim ObjectIdBlockTabRec As ObjectId = BlockTab.Item(BlockTableRecord.ModelSpace) Dim BlockTabRec As BlockTableRecord = WTransaction.GetObject(ObjectIdBlockTabRec, OpenMode.ForWrite) WTransaction.AddNewlyCreatedDBObject(DBTextBase, True) Return DBTextBase.ObjectId() Catch ex As System.Exception My.Application.Log.DefaultFileLogWriter.CustomLocation = My.Application.Info.DirectoryPath & "\Logs" My.Application.Log.DefaultFileLogWriter.BaseFileName = "SgmPlusCode" My.Application.Log.WriteEntry("Class (AcadGeometricManager) " & DateAndTime.DateString & " " & DateAndTime.TimeString) My.Application.Log.WriteException(ex, TraceEventType.Error, "Method (NewDBText)") Return Nothing End Try End Function Please use plain text. Distinguished Contributor Posts: 104 Registered: ‎04-21-2011 Message 2 of 3 (147 Views) Re: I'm having problems creating the element in DBTEXT BackgroundWorker in VB! H 06-02-2012 10:08 PM in reply to: prmgame I assume when you mention BackgroundWorker that you are talking about multi-threading. Multi-threading with the API is limited because AutoCAD runs on a single thread. I suggest you watch the Autodesk University online class titled "Parallel Programming in an AutoCAD Application" for some background and possible workarounds on this: http://au.autodesk.com/?nd=class&session_id=8975 Please use plain text. Posts: 12 Registered: ‎08-31-2011 Message 3 of 3 (130 Views) 06-03-2012 02:13 PM in reply to: Artvegas Yes I mean Multithreading, the strange thing is that with the other objects everything works perfectly, (MTEXT, POLYLINE, LINE, CIRCLE), these problems do not present but the element is DBTEXT with the alignment point wrong.  I study the oversized video for you and see if I get a solution, because without the job done in AutoCAD Multithreading no longer responds, and indicates (NOTRESPONDING). Please use plain text. You are not logged in. Need installation help? Ask the Community
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Hi, I'm new to Java programming and I am still learning the basics. I have been asked to make a hexagon grid for an assignment at school. I managed to create the grid, and the hexagons are aware of their neighbors. Now I am trying to put a picture of a door,arrow, and light bulb inside some of the hexagons but not all of them. When I click on the light bulb I want some of the surrounding hexagons to turn yellow and when I click on the bulb again I want the surrounding hexagons to turn back to white(the default color). The door and arrow functions will not serve any purpose yet so Im not concern with them. So the question is, how do I do all this?
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26447
Take the 2-minute tour × Anyone know of another source (preferably free) for these 50k Mexico Topo Maps other than www.omnimap and www.eastview? There is a free WMS that has them but only for UTM 15 and 16 here: http://antroposig.ciesas.edu.mx:8399/arcgis/services/MapotecaDigitalCIESAS01/MapServer/WMSServer The areas we need are in UTM 12,13,and 14. Carta topográfica 1: 50 000 share|improve this question add comment 3 Answers Carta topográfica escala 1:50 000 Three major scales are available: 1:1,000,000; 1:250,000 and 1:50,000. The DRG maps in the scale of 1:50,000 are being issued and as of today (August 2008) about 85% of the country is available.. They have the same format characteristics as the 1:250,000 ones. The 1:50,000 maps have shading to help in the terrain contour interpretation. enter image description here There are vector versions of these maps on both the 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 scales. For the 1:50,000 they are available for 60% of the country and for the 1:250,000 the whole territory is available. The vertical divisions numbered 11 to 16 are the UTM zones in which Mexico lies. share|improve this answer thanks, i found those links as well but could not find anything with downloading or ordering information. –  sirgeo Aug 3 '11 at 20:44 add comment You may find that the data for many of the World's developing countries are not the greatest. However, I've found fairly decent data at VDS Technologies the odd time. I've never downloaded anything for Mexico, so let me know if the data are of decent quality. Good luck EDIT -- Hi again. I had a quick peek at that link I sent you. It appears there may not be much data available at VDS beyond administrative boundaries & transportation networks (which I assume will include rail). Another option to get the rest of your data for free is The Geocommunity site. If you follow the link I sent, the process to get your data is very straightforward. A heads-up, the data are rather coarse (read up before you use it ok). You will however, find that there are more categories of data here. You will have to sign up for an account, and you will get the data in an E00.zip format. This is an old ArcInfo coverage file format, and you can use your conversion tools in ArcCatalog to convert it to a coverage. If you've not done this before, follow the instructions at this link Addition RE: GeoCommunity They actually do have Mexico data there. enter image description here share|improve this answer had not seen VDS yet, i added it to my resources for hard-to-find vector data –  sirgeo Aug 3 '11 at 20:49 @ Sirgeo - I added some info to my answer. Please give me some feedback regarding the data at VDS (as I'm curious) and you can get other categories of data at the other link I posted (although not the greatest of data!). –  Dano Aug 4 '11 at 15:35 Thanks Dano, sorry for the delayed response. We use GeoCom for many US data downloads, didn't see any Mexico data there. VDS is a bit rough but definitely has some hard to find data. We went ahead and ordered the paper 50k Mexico topos from EastView for our project. We will scan and rubber sheet them as we have done in the past. –  sirgeo Aug 10 '11 at 13:26 They do have Mexico data, but "nation-wide only" (see printscreen in original answer). I must apologise. I did not read carefully enough before posting my answer. It appears you were looking for print ready maps, not Vector data sources. I'll post the printscreen regardless. Cheers –  Dano Aug 10 '11 at 13:34 add comment An excellent source for DRGs and more for Mexico: mexicomaps.com share|improve this answer add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26448
Take the 2-minute tour × I've got a Google Earth .kmz file opened in my copy of Google Earth running on Mac OS X 10.6.7. There are about 5000 points/"places" in the file and they show up fine. What I would like to do is create folders in Google Earth for those points to categorise them. Unfortunately, I noticed that the Google Earth interface does not let me select more than one place at a time! Is there another solution for me to manage and categorise those 5000+ places in the .kmz file other than drag and dropping them individually into folders in Google Earth?! (I really don't want to have to do that!) Thanks. share|improve this question I'll post a more thorough answer later, but this should help get you started, code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/kmlreference.html#folder –  Andy W May 14 '11 at 1:33 @Andy W I see. Is there some GUI software solution that let's me do this? Looking forward to your answer/help. Thanks in advance. –  hpy May 14 '11 at 2:17 add comment 1 Answer up vote 2 down vote accepted If you have your placemarks in order in the kmz file, the task will be fairly simple (and can be accomplished in a text editor). Either save the placemarks as a kml file (right click and "Save place as"), or change the file extension of the kmz file to zip and extract the zip file (a kmz file is simply a zipped up kml file(s)). Here you can open up the kml file with any text editor. After figuring out what placemarks you want to be included in each folder, simply place the following text before the first placemark that you want to be included in the folder (here is the KML reference page); Then when you find the last placemark you want to be included in that same folder, place the closing folder tag; Then repeat until you have all your placemarks in folders as desired. Tedious, but if a one time job and you only need a few folders, it shouldn't take more than a few minutes copying and pasting into the appropriate spots. If your kmz file is not sorted appropriately, this won't work. If that is the case, you need to either sort the file before its creation, or utilize other software to read in the kmz file and sort it. If you have access to ArcGIS, you can use a tool to change the kml file to a shapefile, then sort the shapefile accordingly in ArcMap, and then export the KML file. ArcMap has built in functionality to do this, but this script has worked incredibly well for me in the past (Export to KML). If you don't have access to ESRI products, you will have to ask someone else besides me how to sort the placemarks in the KMZ file! share|improve this answer I'll try to soon and report back. Thanks! –  hpy May 14 '11 at 14:45 add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26449
Computer Learns Baby Talk, Pacifies Programmers Stanford researchers have developed a program that can, at a most basic level, learn language. In studying whether the brain is hard-wired with preset sounds or if it acquires the basics of speech dynamically, a computer program was designed to learn speech. After listening to hours of Japanese and English mother-to-baby talk, the computer was able to learn the basic vowel sounds just as a baby. The computer performed so well that its accuracy was measured between 80-90%, depending on the software architecture (and whether it was "nappie time"). Language acquisition has long been seen as a specialty of the brain—a strength of the species, if you will. To re-create one of our most distinct qualities in a lab setting is either impressive for computers or pitiful for humans. Then again, be comforted knowing that when computers do speak, they'll sound just like Arnold Schwarzenegger, anyway. [arstechnica]
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Acer's Aspire 5738PG 3D Laptop To Launch October 22, Come With Tacky… The Aspire 5738PG uses combination of software, hardware, coated glass, and ugly polarized glasses to give you awesome 3D games, porn that pops right out, and a rather sharp display. And while there's no party, it's launching alongside Windows 7. » 10/14/09 3:55pm 10/14/09 3:55pm Acer's "Blue" Ace: Aspire Gemstone Blue Notebook
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Take the 2-minute tour × I'm attempting to follow the below Photoshop tutorial, but steps 29 and 30 have me stumped. The larger of the two white rectangles in the below image was created on its own layer. Once I have that layer selected, it's actually impossible to carry out step 29, as the "Add to shape area" button is greyed out on the tool bar. I can only do this by first making the black rectangle on a new layer, then subtracting the inner white square from that... Relatedly, I have no idea how to do step 30. This is for a pencil icon to place within the square just created, but it does not specify what layer this should be made on. Is it possible I should have Paths selected rather than Shape Layers at the top? I've tried this, but it didn't seem to do the trick. Once I created a work path, I didn't know what to do with it in order for it to add or subtract from the below layer, nor how to add more paths and be able to manipulate each individually (in the case of the pencil icon...) Any help here would be greatly appreciated!! enter image description here enter image description here enter image description here share|improve this question I've managed to solve the issue with Add/Subtract/Intersect etc. being greyed out - I needed to click on the vector mask itself rather than the layer. Nevertheless, I now have the same problem as when I use Paths - making the shape simply creates a work path that I am not sure what to do with. Surely not convert to selection, as then how would I apply the add/subtract? It also doesn't mention this in the tut. –  zakgottlieb Jan 16 '13 at 17:40 I don't really follow this. What version of Photoshop are you using? Shapes are DRAMATICALLY different between CS6 and all other versions. –  Scott Jan 16 '13 at 21:08 Sorry, CS5... Is there something specifically you don't follow that I could try to clarify? –  zakgottlieb Jan 16 '13 at 23:31 add comment 1 Answer Okay if I follow things, based on the couple steps you've posted..... For Photoshop CS5: Select the Rectangle Tool. In the Control Bar you want Shapes and Create New Shape Layer selected: ctrl bar 1 Draw the rectangle (A new layer should be created). Now click the Subtract from Shape option in the Control Bar: control Bar 2 Draw a second, inner, rectangle. Now click the Exclude Overlapping Shape Areas option in the Control Bar: Control bar 3 Draw the rectangle for the pencil. Select the Polygon Tool, enter 3 for the number of sides in the Control bar (don't change anything else): Control Bar 4 And draw the point for the pencil. You can see all this in an animation here: (Purposely not posted inline to avoid large image load by default) The animation was done quick and without any real attention to placement. Traditionally I'd use Illustrator for this then copy/paste as a shape layer into Photoshop. Or at the very least, I'd be using guides and aligning things better if drawing this in Photoshop. share|improve this answer Hi Scott, thank you very much for helping me out here. I'm following your instructions, but seem to have fallen at the first hurdle! When creating the square, in the Layers panel I don't get the square "Fill" icon (with black inside and a slider graphic at the bottom) next to the vector mask - I simply get a plain black square. Consequently, the shape I draw does not fill with black :( Also, the first step in the instructions I posted advises "Path Mode: Add to Shape" for this first rectangle. Is this wrong, then? Thank you again. –  zakgottlieb Jan 17 '13 at 17:07 @Zak833 Make certain the shape tool is set to "shape layers" -- "Add to Shape" is only available when you already have a shape, the first path it shouldn't be available. At least it's not here. –  Scott Jan 17 '13 at 19:51 No, it is set to Shape Layers and it still just creates an empty outline/path when I draw the square. I've even reset the tool :( I'll keep trying to figure it out... –  zakgottlieb Jan 18 '13 at 8:46 Also, I do have a shape selected - the big white square underneath the other two - and yet Create New Shape Layer is the only option (vs. Add/Subtract etc.) that isn't greyed out! Starting to think there's something wrong with Photoshop. –  zakgottlieb Jan 18 '13 at 8:49 Sounds like you may need to reset the preferences. –  Scott Jan 18 '13 at 9:04 show 1 more comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26455
Take the 2-minute tour × I am looking for an oblique, slanted font that suggest motion/speed/sports but in a very subtle way. What I was thinking of is something like any font in italic mode but instead of the text leaning on the right side it should lean the opposite way. I hope you understand what I mean. Suggestions ? something like this only better :D : enter image description here share|improve this question do you know Photoshop or illustrator? you can make such speedy motion text with the help of them..PS and AI have lots of effects..... –  Jack Sep 21 '11 at 10:06 yes... im working on it... but for some reason it just doesn't look right... there's something odd about oblique text... I'm doing it in illustrator using the Transform panel and the Shear thingy there, its in degrees° and stuff... –  Flavius Frantz Sep 21 '11 at 10:21 Oblique fonts, at least professional ones, aren't just slanted. There are subtle changes to make it look right, particularly to do with line widths. I suspect if you start with a quality right-leaning oblique and shear it so it leans left, you'll have better results. –  e100 Sep 21 '11 at 16:29 add comment 2 Answers Here are some fonts who are tagged with the word speed: http://www.fontspace.com/category/speed I bet if you google a little you can find a lot that you like :) share|improve this answer Those don't seem to be very subtle. –  b01 Sep 21 '11 at 19:58 add comment German bicycle manufacturer Canyon has an unusual logo treatment along those lines. Note that the correct term for this and your sample is oblique (= slanted), not italic ( = cursive and slanted). Leaning to the left is sometimes called reverse-oblique. Canyon bicycle showing reverse oblique logo Another German bicycle manufacturer, Nicolai use might be termed a mirrored-reverse-oblique. enter image description here share|improve this answer interesting... ^ ^ –  Flavius Frantz Sep 21 '11 at 9:43 add comment Your Answer
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101 reputation bio website visits member for 1 year, 5 months seen Oct 16 '12 at 11:01 Stone word backfire with vengeance Hopeless divine intervention Leader, where's the peace you pursue Can't let any more follow you Teach to bleach the stains of your guilt Envy of moral free lives built Live with the torment that they live through Your sins will only rest on you
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Eureka explains why romance and methane don&#39;t mixS "Clash of the Titans" brings in special guest star Wallace Shawn, whom most of you young people probably remember as Wallace Shawn in My Dinner with Andre. (He's also Vizzini in The Princess Bride, Rex in the Toy Story movies, and DS9's Grand Nagus.) He's a lot of fun here - albeit in an intentionally annoying sort of way - as a Department of Defense bureaucrat sent to assess whether Jack and Allison's relationship is acceptable, or if it represents an untenable conflict of interest. As it happens, seemingly everyone else in Eureka is assessing their own relationships. Henry and Grace are preparing to renew their vows — in Henry's case, for the first time in this timeline — but Henry isn't totally sure Grace has let the old version of him go. Zane now has his pardon and, with it, the freedom to go anywhere he wants, and neither he nor Jo is willing to admit that they might want to stay with each other... so they delay his departure with a whole lot of sex. Speaking of which, Holly decides the best way to deal with the sexual tension she has with Fargo is to have sex with him, but Fargo isn't at all sure he wants to give up on the chance at an actual relationship with her. In the midst of all this, the robotic rover Tiny has returned from Titan, but it immediately exploded. Various gases - methane, ethane, ammonia, and nitrogen - are seeping through the town, and it can't be a coincidence that those are all found in high concentrations on Titan. Any of the gases by themselves could represent a danger, and all four combined threaten to destroy the town. "Clash of the Titans" is not a bad episode, by any means, but it's lacking that extra bit of focus or thematic coherence that could have really set it apart. The four relationships under the microscope are all — with one possible exception — perfectly interesting little stories, and they offer some insight into the various characters. But it seems like there's a real opportunity to knit these various stories together, to let each pairing comment on the strengths and weaknesses of the others, and we don't really get that here. To be sure, Jo's own hesitations about Zane push her into the position of impromptu (and unwanted) wedding planner for Henry and Grace, and there's maybe the sense that Zane uses the advice he gives to Fargo as a way to recognize what he really wants from his relationship with Jo. (This is undercut somewhat when he explicitly says he gave bad advice for Fargo, but what the hey.) But these aren't super strong connections, and it seems a bit weird to put all these relationships next to each other and then leave them largely independent. For instance, Holly's desire to skip straight to sex with Fargo might have some interesting parallels with Henry having to jump right into the middle of a marriage with a woman he barely knew. What's interesting is that the episode actually includes the setup for a scene where Henry and Fargo discuss their situations and perhaps reach some common understanding — it's when Fargo, Henry, and Carter are together trying to solve the Titan gases mystery, and Fargo is more interested in moping than saving the day. Of course, Carter makes it clear that there are more important things to worry about, and so we stick with the ostensible main plot, in which he has to find a way to figure out what's causing the massive leaks of deadly gases. The thing is, that whole mystery might objectively be more important, what with the whole life-threatening danger and all, but I'd argue it's not nearly as interesting as all the character stuff. (Honestly, I'm already having trouble remembering the exact nature of the threat, and I just watched the episode twenty minutes ago.) I'm not saying Eureka should have taken a page from the (absolutely incredible) TNG episode "Family" and just made the entire hour a danger-free exploration of the characters' relationships, but I would say this episode could have benefited from a somewhat reduced focus on the threat-of-the-week. The one thing that does intrigue me about all this is how this reflects back on Carter. Back in my "Omega Girls" recap, I suggested that the show's tendency to hit a bit of a reset button when it comes to the more serialized elements is, on some level, a reflection of the fact that Carter just isn't the sort of guy to hold a grudge. Over time, most shows are going to take on aspects of their central character, and it's worth remembering that for all Carter's heroism (not to mention how good Colin Ferguson is in the role), he still has some fairly clear limitations. The big one here, it seems, is an unwillingness to define what his relationship with Allison actually is. He's happy to just let it be whatever it will be, which seems like a decently mature approach until it becomes clear that Wallace Shawn's bureaucrat isn't going to take that for an answer, and he has it in his power to terminate their relationship. The episode raises the question a couple of times as to just what Allison and Carter are, and what future they could have together — and I'm not at all convinced there was any serious attempt made to answer those apparently legitimate questions. Carter is too good-natured — mellow, even — a guy to get into silly fights with Allison over just what they are. But it also seems like he's not really willing to fight properly for his right to be with her, at least not until it's seemingly too late. In that sense, some of the episode's lack of sharp focus makes more sense. If Carter clearly doesn't want to talk about it, perhaps it makes sense that the episode seemingly doesn't want to either. Now, make no mistake, what we actually got in this episode was generally pretty good. I thought the other relationship storylines were all well-handled, and even the Fargo/Holly story — which very easily could have descended into one overlong and rather juvenile sex joke — managed to carry some emotional resonance, thanks in part to another nice turn by Neil Grayston. But still, I can't help but think this episode could have had quite a bit more to say.
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The first episode from the much hyped Mortal Kombat web series Mortal Kombat: Legacy is now online. This Mortal Kombat reimagining first appeared as a viral short in summer 2010. The response was so good that Warner Bros. snapped it up for a web series. Directed by Kevin Tancharoen, Mortal Kombat: Legacy stars Jeri Ryan as Sonya Blade, 300's Darren Shahlavi as Kano and Michael Jai White as Jax. Mortal Kombat: Legacy is a series of nine live-action shorts that explore the motivations behind characters participating in the Mortal Kombat tournament. [Thanks Leo!]
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Black Friday Open Thread Still ensconced in a turkey coma, or are you just emptying your bags from this morning's Black Friday shopping run? Either way, here's the place to chat it up with your fellow readers. Brag about the deals you snagged or the extra sleep you got—then ask your tech questions, show off your productivity tricks, and help out your fellow 'hacker. To respond to a specific comment, hit the Reply button on the bottom right hand side of it. Now go! Photo by enmanuel.
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Re: Updated filters specification From: Dirk Schulze <[email protected]> Date: Wed, 20 Apr 2011 14:54:01 +0200 Cc: "Rik Cabanier" <[email protected]>, "Dean Jackson" <[email protected]>, [email protected], "Anthony Grasso" <[email protected]> Message-Id: <[email protected]> To: Erik Dahlstrom <[email protected]> Am 20.04.2011 um 09:41 schrieb Erik Dahlstrom: > As much as I like having backwards compatibility with SVG 1.1 this is one of the things I'm happy to drop from the spec. The reason for that is that few implementations support enable-background anyway, and there's very little content that depends on it. And as you said, it's possible to find workarounds. For example one can use feImage to pull in some subtree as the filter input image. I definitely support dropping 'enable-background' from Filter! Received on Wednesday, 20 April 2011 12:54:33 GMT This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0+W3C-0.50 : Wednesday, 20 April 2011 12:54:34 GMT
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From: Michel Suignard <[email protected]> Date: Fri, 14 May 2004 09:45:04 -0700 Message-ID: <84DD35E3DD87D5489AC42A59926DABE9073E281B@WIN-MSG-10.wingroup.windeploy.ntdev.microsoft.com> Cc: <[email protected]> > From: Martin Duerst [mailto:[email protected]] > I guess the reference to 10646 may also need updating, > can you give me the newest version? Martin in the normative reference section please update as follows: [ISO10646] ISO/IEC 10646:2003 International Organization for Standardization, "Information Technology - Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS), December 2003. Annex #9, March 2004, 4.01", March 2004, defined by: The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 as amended by Unicode 4.0.1 Unicode Standard Annex #15, April 2003, I updated the link to 10646 to the latest edition which was just published by ISO. Technically it is the same as before, but that edition merge the two parts. You should make sure that the normative reference to the Unicode webd sites are dated, one of your previous links [UNI9] went to the 'latest' one which is not proper for normative references. The HTML version of the IRI draft should also show explicitly the link values, which it doesn't as of now. Unicode 4.01 still use the same repertoire as 10646:2003, so we are good on that part. Received on Friday, 14 May 2004 12:49:23 GMT
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RE: Review of Direct Semantics (ACTION 314) From: Boris Motik <[email protected]> Date: Mon, 6 Apr 2009 14:13:06 +0100 To: "'Michael Schneider'" <[email protected]>, "'W3C OWL Working Group'" <[email protected]> Message-ID: <64024596A339480192C7ED077685BD14@wolf> Hello Michael, Thanks a lot for your review. Please find my answers inline. > Behalf Of Michael Schneider > Sent: 05 April 2009 23:45 > To: W3C OWL Working Group > Subject: Review of Direct Semantics (ACTION 314) > Hi! > This is my review of the Direct Semantics. This document has already been in a > good shape months ago, when I first reviewed it, and so it is now. I have only > found smaller things, none of them critical. > Note: I did not check against Thomas' review that arrived a bit earlier, so > there may be overlap. > * General: The definitions in the document, in particular those in §2.5, are > of the form "A if B". While this is a typical convention under mathematicians, > our documents are targeted to a broader audience. In order to avoid confusion, > I suggest to always say "if and only if" (or "iff", and say once that this > means "if and only if"). I've had extensive discussions about this with many people (notably Uli), and they insisted that the latter form is rather ugly. I'd prefer leaving things as they are. > * Abstract: Suggestion: Consider not talking about inference problems in the > abstract, but rather move that sentence into the Introduction. It is a pretty > technical topic, and I think the abstract should only give a concise and clear > hint about the /basic/ purpose of the document. I'm not sure about this: the purpose of an abstract is to summarize what the document does. In this case, it actually does define the inference problems, so I do not see why this shouldn't be mentioned in the abstract. > * §1, 1st par: There is a reference to the Document Overview. I think this is > redundant, since the Abstract already mentions it (in the part common to all > documents). Agreed -- I've thrown it out. > * §1, 2nd par: "Since OWL 2 is an extension of OWL DL, ..." Didn't we want to > turn away from this statement? But this actually is true: each OWL DL ontology is an OWL 2 DL ontology, and it is therefore an OWL 2 ontology. Hence, I don't really see a problem with this statement. > * §1, 3rd par: "The semantics is defined for an OWL 2 axioms and ontologies, > [...]". Something is grammatically wrong with this sentence. This was already addressed by Thomas's review. > * §1, 4th par: "OWL 2 allows for annotations of ontologies, [...], and other > annotations." The last part of the sentence sounds confusing (to me). I guess > you mean "annotations of annotations". If yes, then why not simply say so? I've rephrased this sentence as part of my answer to Thomas's review. Please let me know should you not be happy with this. > * §2.1, before the list concerning datatype maps: The sentence ends with "with > the following components.", i.e. with a ".". In other places, e.g. the > following list for "vocabularies", there is a ":" instead. Consider being > coherent. I've changed "." into ":". > * §2.1, list of items (and other places): I always wondered why the pairs, > such as "< F v >" and "< LV DT >" do not contain a comma, while other pairs > later in the document do have a comma? Consider being coherent. Fair enough -- I've added a comma everywhere. I've also updated the notation in the Syntax document. > * §2.1, datatype maps, last item: I find the name "facet value" somewhat > confusing, since (a) it is actually a set and (b) I rather would expect the > "v" in a pair "< F v >" to be called the "facet value". I wonder if there is a > better name for this, but have to admit that I do not really have an > alternative. If this is going to change, than other documents might need to be > changed, either. Fair enough. I've actually avoided giving this thing a name and have just said that the interpretation function assigns to < F v > a set (< F v >)^FS. I've also changed the Syntax document accordingly. (There, only the heading of Table 4 needed to change.) > * §2.1, vocabularies, 3rd item: Typo: "owl:bttomDataProperty" (missing "o"). > * §2.1, vocabularies, 4th item: Are you sure that V_I contains anonymous > individuals, which are existential variables? Yes. This is not a problem, however: we require the anonymous individuals in Ax to be standardized apart and we have appropriate restrictions in the definition of models. Introducing yet another syntactic construct would just complicate matters. > * §2.2.2: "An n-ary data range DR is interpreted as an n-ary relation (DR)^DT > over Δ_D." Please be more explicit what this means, just as you are more > explicit earlier in this paragraph on what "unary relation over DELTA_D" > means, namely "(DT)^DT subset DELTA_D". You probably mean "(DR)^DT subset > (DELTA_D)^n"? Thomas had a comment about this, and I've rephrased the paragraph in response to him. Please let me know should you find the new formulation insufficient. > * §2.5, "decidability": "Each class expression of type [...] can contain only > object property expressions that are simple [...]". I wonder why there is such > a detailed statement here, and why there isn't just a simple pointer to the > Structural Spec? Isn't this duplication of information? I'm afraid this is really needed. Note that we define simple properties w.r.t. a single ontology. Here, however, a property needs to be simple across *two* ontologies. That is, you could have a situation where an object property OP is simple in O and O' alone, but this is not the case if you look at O and O' together. For ontology entailment to be decidable, however, you need the latter condition to hold; for example, you should not use in O' a property in a number restriction if that property is transitive in O. Thus, this is something that cannot be checked by looking at a single ontology (which is what we do in the Syntax document); rather, it is a "local" property of ontology entailment. > * §3: I'm unclear whether this section is intended to be normative or not? I > would rather say that it is informative. Indeed. I've changed the heading to indicate this. > * References: The [OWL 2 Profiles] reference doesn't terminate with a ".". > Cheers, > Michael > -- > Dipl.-Inform. Michael Schneider > Research Scientist, Dept. Information Process Engineering (IPE) > Tel : +49-721-9654-726 > Fax : +49-721-9654-727 > Email: [email protected] > WWW : http://www.fzi.de/michael.schneider > FZI Forschungszentrum Informatik an der Universität Karlsruhe > Vorsitzender des Kuratoriums: Ministerialdirigent Günther Leßnerkraus Received on Monday, 6 April 2009 13:14:18 GMT This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0+W3C-0.50 : Monday, 6 April 2009 13:14:19 GMT
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RE: Sun Says No to XForms For Java Desktop Initiative From: Jason Bell <[email protected]> Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2004 09:01:57 +0100 To: <[email protected]> Message-ID: <[email protected]> I'm still struggling to find the word "bloat" in the article... To be honest I agree with Amy, it's not a short learning curve. And if Sun say they have time contraints on implementation that doesn't mean NO. There's a good chance they'll come back and implement it later. In my opinion there's a long way to go for XForms yet. My initial experimentations have been hell. Lots of good ideas but an extreme lack of well documented examples. The best I've seen has been on the FormsPlayer site. Unless anyone can point me in a better direction. Jase Bell -----Original Message----- Behalf Of Gerald Bauer Sent: 24 June 2004 00:23 To: [email protected] Subject: Sun Says No to XForms For Java Desktop Initiative Amy Fowler (Sun) explains in the Java Desktop Network Components (JDNC)whitepaper why W3C's XForms was ignored. Amy writes: What about XForms? When we implemented JDNC's basic form functionality, we looked at leveraging the XForms specification. While XForms is a well-designed specification that solves the numerous deficiencies in HTML forms, we were not convinced it would provide the ease-of-development and short learning curve we were after. Additionally, implementing XForms is a significant task which did not fit into our target schedule for going open source. That said, we intend to revisit this topic and are open to the opinions of the development community, as we know lots of brain power went into that spec. What's your take on it? Do you agree with Amy that XForms is too bloated? - Gerald Gerald Bauer XUL Alliance | http://xul.sourceforge.net United XAML | http://xaml.sourceforge.net The Thinlet World | http://thinlet.blog-city.com Post your free ad now! http://personals.yahoo.ca Received on Thursday, 24 June 2004 04:10:27 GMT
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RE: Pixels 'n points (CSS1 browser test) From: Chris Wilson (PSD) <[email protected]> Date: Fri, 27 Jun 1997 11:18:16 -0700 Message-ID: <41F7F4CE3CA2CF11BC5000805F14B2A901F171C2@RED-31-MSG.dns.microsoft.com> To: "'Douglas Rand'" <[email protected]>, EMeyer <[email protected]> Cc: [email protected] > Douglas Rand [SMTP:[email protected]] wrote: >> both browsers-- different things for each browser, of course-- but I >> *correct* support for float on all elements would be a huge step. >> Navigator at least supports float, but breaks when you start >builds the rendering structure checks for displayFLOAT for inline or >already does such things for IMG and TABLE replaced elements. True; but we can't alter the document structure like that, because we client in IE4.) >I have other complaints, like N4's lack of support for the anchor ? I was under the impression they supported the :link and :visited pseudoclasses. Mind you, I think they do skip :active... >I told a Netscape person (not to be named) about my >support for changing geometry on anchor activation and the person was >horrified, even though the spec. is *not* ambiguous over this. I had a similar experience with Netscape. You're right, the spec is not ambiguous - it says you don't have to implement this. Section 2.1, paragraph three: "A UA is not required to reformat a currently displayed document due to anchor pseudo-class transitions. E.g., a style sheet can legally specify that the 'font-size' of an 'active' link should be larger that [sic] a 'visited' link, but the UA is not required to dynamically reformat the document when the reader selects the 'visited' That said, IE4 does in fact support this - did in Platform Preview 1, if I recall properly. A VERY cool effect. Obviously, dynamic (and partial) reformats are no problem for us - they're the core of our Dynamic HTML technology, allowing us to dynamically (and interactively) change the content and presentation. Whoa, </MODE TYPE=MARKETING>. Sorry about that. >vertical-align applied to textual objects in paragraph flows really >which is not good, IMO. I agree whole-heartedly with you on this one. Chris Wilson Received on Friday, 27 June 1997 14:20:10 GMT
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RE: Path Coordinates From: Pawson, David <[email protected]> Date: Thu, 24 Feb 2000 07:26:30 -0000 Message-ID: <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Jon Ferraiolo wrote: >SVG's default coordinate system is screen pixels, but there are various >features that allow you to define user coordinate systems. >You can get fancier using CSS @media rules: Now thats a good approach! I think my problem is that there is just too much WD to read :-) Lovely solution Jon. Regards, DaveP Received on Thursday, 24 February 2000 02:27:42 GMT
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Re: SVG Masking under FXTF From: Rik Cabanier <[email protected]> Date: Tue, 31 Jul 2012 14:18:15 -0700 Message-ID: <CAGN7qDDmTj-CFrNxkoz7Yyf3Oj11BN9KpYPipqFe1fSHFOscsg@mail.gmail.com> To: Dirk Schulze <[email protected]> Hi Dirk, do you think this makes sense? It seems like the model are very different (painter's algorithm vs css box model) so the solution will most likely not be the same. Or is it your intention to describe masking generally and then say how it applies to SVG and HTML like we did for the compositing spec? I think's Tab's -element() syntax will be more compatible with masking than what SVG currently has. On Tue, Jul 31, 2012 at 1:47 PM, Dirk Schulze <[email protected]> wrote: > Hi SVG folks, > like we did for Filter Effects and CSS Transforms. The CSS WG is looking > into specifying masking as well. Because the last draft of SVG 2 does a lot > the time to discuss these changes with the CSS WG. I would like to avoid > repeating the same mistake on masking that was done on transforms initially. > I add Ted in the CC list, since he wanted to look in specifying masking > for the CSS WG. > Greetings, > Dirk Received on Tuesday, 31 July 2012 21:18:43 GMT
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One of the problems with pain Nobody really likes pain, with the slim exception of masochists. So when we're in pain, especially when we don't know the cause, most of us go to a doctor; or we go to a dentist if it's a tooth that's bothering us. Unfortunately, unlike voltage or velocity, it's difficult, maybe impossible -- to measure pain. It's too subjective. To get around this, healthcare staff routinely ask patients to rate their pain on scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being little or no pain, and 10 being unbearable pain. According to the Mayo Clinic, it should breakdown something like this : 0-1: No pain 2-3: Mild pain 4-5: Discomforting - moderate pain 6-7: Distressing - severe pain 8-9: Intense - very severe pain 10: Unbearable pain But when you're sitting on the examination table after enduring days of enough pain to render you bedridden, you're ready to call it an 11, maybe a 14, if that will get them to prescribe a powerful enough pain-killer or make your medical condition their top priority. When I find myself being asked that question, I always want an example for each level. Where does a bee sting fall? How much pain does slamming your finger in a car door rate? Biting your tongue? Eating ice cream with an expose dental nerve? And how could I be in the doctor's office if the pain was unbearable? How would I be bearing it? Can't they just take my word for it: It really hurts! Now make it better. Anyone out there with a better way to rate pain? Discuss this Blog Entry 0 Post new comment or to use your Machine Design ID What's A Skeptical Engineer? Stephen Mraz Steve serves as Senior Editor of Machine Design.  He has 23 years of service and has a B.S. Biomedical Engineering from Steve was a Flight officer in the U.S. Navy. He is currently responsible... Blog Archive Connect With Us
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Subject: Re: *why* /dev/rnd? To: None <[email protected]> From: Wolfgang Rupprecht <> List: current-users Date: 10/13/1997 10:42:50 (John F. Woods) writes: > [*] The password files under the anon-ftp directory are dummies, of course, > but (a) they do reveal a few user IDs, and (b) I just want to make life a > little more difficult for password fishers... It could work both ways. The /etc/password under ~ftp *could* be filled with "tripwire" names. Names that are watched for by the the login programs and flagged as frontal-attack attempts. I never did bother fully implementing the trip wire aspect. (I only ever saw breakin attempts to root, uucp, guest). A few years ago I did have fun generating a password file of approx. 100 or so "users" that has a nice message that one could read if one cracked the passwords and read the plaintext passwords in UID order. I figured that would keep the little kids amused for a while. ;-)
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Subject: SOFTDEP options To: None <> From: Chan Yiu Wah <> List: current-users Date: 11/18/1999 20:12:58 I followed the instructions from Frank to setup the my i386 system. When I restart my system, I got message like update ROOT daemon $update not set properly. What does it mean? Is my system already softupdated or not ? Please advise. Thanks.
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Subject: IIsi just for fun To: None <> From: Nicholas Mitchell <> List: macbsd-development Date: 01/04/1994 13:18:04 Hi, I had access to a IIsi for a few minutes and tried out the new ci kernel and got 4 gray-bars. (of course it has a Applied Engineering cache+fpu but I started up with extensions off; question: you say to enter in the RAM field the amount of RAM in bank A. however, don't all IIsi's have 1MB in bank a?
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Subject: Unable to start a Xen3 DOMU To: None <> From: Steven M. Bellovin <> List: port-xen Date: 10/08/2006 12:45:05 I have a Xen3 DOM0 kernel running on a fairly recent -current (I'm not certain of the exact date, but it's 4.99.3, from within the last week, I believe -- I'm trying to run an absolutely up-to-date one, but I haven't been able to build -current for the last day or so....) I'm trying to run a Xen3 DOMU now, but I can't get it to fire up. When I do 'xm create -c', I get Tracing vif-bridge shows this: + PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/pkg/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/pkg/sbin + export PATH + xpath=/local/domain/0/backend/vif/5/0 + xstatus=2 + xenstore-read /local/domain/0/backend/vif/5/0/bridge xenstore-read: couldn't read path /local/domain/0/backend/vif/5/0/bridge + xbridge= I have xend and xenbackendd running (via rc.d); I haven't yet started xendomains, since its purpose seems to be to start/stop DOMUs and I don't have any yet. (Btw, I've built a NetBSD DOMU image by manually untarring install sets in the VND disk and doing other useful things, such as creating its /dev, editing its rc.conf, etc -- that all seemed easier than running sysinst on --Steven M. Bellovin,
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Subject: Re: i386 booting, take 2 To: Charles M. Hannum <> From: Greg Hudson <> List: tech-install Date: 09/20/1998 17:38:38 > Given these changes, it should be possible for most users to do > completely turn-key installation. So, sorry if I'm harping here, but if the BIOS geometry has a large cylinder size, and that shows up in the disklabel, then newfs will fail (as run by sysinst). None of your changes appear to address this
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While searching for something on Google, I found a result from Stack Overflow. Answers from Trilogy sites seem to only contain snippets of text from the question and maybe from one of the answers. Would it add any value to have additional metadata on that search result (last modified date, last user to make a change in the post)? I've noticed that, when searching, I tend to look for more recent stuff; quite a few blogs, when searched, offer date of publishing as a search result: alt text For other sites, there's even more information available, offering even related search results from the same site: alt text Since Google is probably the biggest traffic provider for most Trilogy sites, playing nice and offering more information to users might be a way to differentiate such results and draw more people in. Is such a thing even possible or does Google ultimately decide what gets shown for each result? share|improve this question add comment 1 Answer up vote 2 down vote accepted You'll have to contact Google about that; we don't control what they display. share|improve this answer Thanks for the information. I was hoping that maybe there was a way to make the metadata available for Google to index and display. –  alex Jun 2 '10 at 20:31 @alex there is microformats but I don't think there's a public one we can use searchengineland.com/… per the article "This initial launch supports reviews (with sites such as Yelp) and people (with sites such as LinkedIn)" –  Jeff Atwood Jun 2 '10 at 21:56 @JeffAtwood But what about the custom search thing Google has? I don't know if it's related to OpenSearch, but I think check for a <rel> tag or something to format the results like for this search –  YatharthROCK Sep 11 '12 at 15:31 add comment You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26589
Possible Duplicate: What do icons on the tags mean? I noticed that Adobe-related, .NET-related and Android-related products tag names have a nice and neat logo attached. I like it because it makes visual filtering easier (even though the "intersting tags" and "ignored tags" are great features, they can't cover it all - most people are, like myself, lazy, and don't want to put every single tag they could in those lists). To my knowledge, C or C++, for instance, do not have a logo (though one could wonder why), so it's normal that the tag would not have one attached to it. But Java does have a logo, doesn't it ? The little coffee cup ? My question : why isn't that logo in the "Java" and other java-related tags ? (All right, this question is not really a big big problem, but it's been bugging me and I just want to know why things are the way they are :)). share|improve this question add comment marked as duplicate by Lance Roberts, Pops, Jeff Atwood Sep 29 '11 at 0:12 1 Answer up vote 2 down vote accepted The images on certain tags are because a company has paid to sponsor the tag. The logos aren't there to help filtering. share|improve this answer Thanks, I didn't know at all... perhaps this should be put in the FAQ or someplace where you can easily spot it. –  Raveline Sep 15 '10 at 9:05 @Raveline - They are already part of the FAQ. meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/30187/… –  Barry Sep 15 '10 at 9:09 Oh... right, I missed it, my bad. Thanks again. –  Raveline Sep 15 '10 at 9:17 add comment Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26590
I am sure some people might have come across this in the past. It is the Question that has many "Problematic Parts" and each answer solves a different one. In the end, the User who asked the question could not pick which one to choose, so he picked a random one out of the N answers. I do not know if anything similar has been discused in the past, and to be honest I did not find anything so I was wondering why we would have to narrow down accepted answers, to only one? Since we use The Green Mark for Accepting one answer, why shouldn't we as well have for example The Orange Mark, which would be used to accept at least 2 and at most 3 answers in a post. The reputation gained by each user would be +10 for an accepted answer (instead of +15), but for the Question User would still be +3 The Blue Mark, which would be used to accept at least 4 and at most 6 and would give each Answer post +7, and would also give the Question Guy +3. Orange Accept Blue Accept To try to avoid confusing new users, the option of selecting an Orange or a Blue mark would only be available after some reputation has been acquired (example 500). Obviously Only one of the Three could be used, and not combinations. Thanks for your Time. I hope the question is in line with the Rules. share|improve this question This discourages 'combined', full answers. –  muntoo Jan 2 '12 at 20:01 add comment 4 Answers up vote 6 down vote accepted I'm not particularly for this one. Whilst the reputation barrier would avoid confusion for new users giving out the different coloured checks, it doesn't help newcomers who see them used from being confused. Since a good proportion of the hits from SO come from Google and from newcomers I think this would cause more confusion than it solved. It'd also cause more effort in setting accepted answers, and there's the question of would people bother? Or if you're providing a reputation incentive so they do, why would they bother with just one accepted answer? I think if that were the case we'd see most questions with multiple accepted answers just for the sake of it. Most of the time I do find there's a best answer available, and if not (if it's a case between two good answers) then I don't see the problem with picking one arbitrarily. It shows visitors that that's an answer that helped you solve the problem, if other answers are also very good then they're usually upvoted by the community and therefore highly visible anyway. Don't forget that the accepted answer can always be changed should an edit improve one of the answers. And if we're talking opinions / questions with no one real answer, isn't that what the community wiki option is for? share|improve this answer add comment • I am fundamentally against giving the OP more points for accepting more answers: it's an invitation to having multiple acceptances on all questions. • You haven't addressed the matter of sorting order. • You haven't said why the OP would not have been better off asking multiple, focused question or how the site benefits from having unfocused questions that call for more than one accepted answer. On the whole you can put me down as against. share|improve this answer add comment I don't think this would be a good idea. If multiple answers share the same value the rule is that the fastest should be accepted. If they are different the upvotes lead to the best answer (by community acceptance). People are lazy, even with a reputation of 500 they sometimes don't accept or upvote a good answer, or they accept it and don't upvote it. Don't make it more complicated. Another point: In your scenario, why should I not just copy/paste with a little bit of an edit a very good answer and post it again. And also: Don't expect the OP to come back to the question, after the problem is solved, just to check if there might be a better answer the OP could accept too. Just my 2 cents ;) share|improve this answer add comment I would quite like the ability to mark multiple answers as correct. Not because of multi-part questions, but for the situation where two answers propose equally valid solutions that happen to be different (the case with a few of my questions). Sometimes it is a matter of aesthetics or personal preference which solution is the best for a given situation. Nor do I think it would need the extra complexity of requiring the questioner to specify how many answers they want to 'accept' in advance. Just let the questioner accept as many answers as they feel is appropriate. If you want to colour code the ticks, then just colour them according to the number of answers currently accepted. I don't particularly care how the rep is handled from this either for questioner or answerer, maybe just divide up rep amongst all accepted answerers. share|improve this answer add comment You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26591
I currently have a bounty on a question; and an answer in mind that I would like to award it to. However, there's still a few days left on the bounty and I don't want to jump the gun and award it now, in case a better and more deserving answer shows up before time. On the other hand, if I leave it too late and am otherwise occupied (read: sleeping) when the bounty expires, the system may not award it to anyone / award it to some other answer I feel is less deserving. What I would like to do is set up a standing, revocable instruction to award the bounty at expiry to an answer of my choice. If a better answer shows up that I happen to review, I should be able to change my mind (switch standing instruction / manually award it); otherwise the system should carry out the standing instruction on expiry. I'm sure other askers have faced a similar situation but have had to make a sub-optimal decision / the auto-award rules have not worked as they would have liked. (Note: This is different from this question, which is more about informing the user about how the system would work if things ran their course.) share|improve this question Asking questions comes with some responsibility! –  Arjan Feb 11 '11 at 15:03 @Arjan: I don't think any of the following show irresponsibility : a) the desire to award someone with something they deserve b) not wanting to exclude future deserving potential awardees because I made a rash decision c) having the 'cheek' to be busy when some arbitrary timer runs out. –  Ani Feb 11 '11 at 15:08 Somehow folks rarely miss a doctor's appointment ;-) –  Arjan Feb 11 '11 at 15:10 @Arjan: Asking questions comes with responsibility, but answering questions comes with... bacon? –  Powerlord Feb 11 '11 at 18:49 add comment You must log in to answer this question. Browse other questions tagged .
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26615
5,370pages on this wiki Back to page Revision as of 18:32, May 7, 2013 by (Talk) Ninja Academy Terms Report Cards Age for academy How old did someone have to be to enter the academy? 1. Sign your posts. Trivia Section Two Things graduation ... # of Academy Students They can graduate, but that doesn't mean they'll stay as ninja. Kakashi failed every team they had him examine before Team 7, so there must have been at least one team that was failed by their assigned jōnin leader, meaning they were sent back to the Academy. Omnibender - Talk - Contributions 23:58, April 3, 2013 (UTC) I know that. I think I said something like that in so many words. I'm just saying that there is an inaccuracy in the page as it mentions only 27 students being in the Academy but there being a Squad 10 and 3 People per squad (minus the Sensei as I know some people count them and stuff) means that there are 30 Students and not the aformentioned 27 as the page says. 3X10=30 or in a longer format 3 People X 10 Squads= 30 Students. so yeah. sorry for the confusion (although it happens a lot on here by the way people word things and understand/misunderstand whats being said to them. not meaning to be rude or call you out or anything but I'm pretty sure that you have noticed the same stuff happening all over the place here.) and just a question where did you get the thought of me saying "why are there Squads 7,8, and 10 what happened to the others?" (talk) 03:30, April 4, 2013 (UTC) sorry for the IP address Signature I forgot that I wasn't Signed in at the time but I'm just typing this so that you know its me and not some bot or something. Lordofninjas1 (talk) 03:32, April 4, 2013 (UTC) There was only 9 teams because if you remember team 9, Gai's team, was still active so that number was skipped. That means that there was 27 graduates and not 30. ( (talk) 18:32, May 7, 2013 (UTC)) Around Wikia's network Random Wiki
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26631
Yahoo, Google under pressure to make next move Third Chrome beta another notch faster Google began updating Chrome users with the new beta version, and my performance tests show the company has ratcheted the browser's speed up another notch. Google Chrome's latest version,, shows a 37 percent JavaScript performance improvement over the initial beta released two months ago. JavaScript is a programming language used to add some pizazz to innumerable Web pages, but more importantly from Google's perspective, to power sophisticated Web applications such as Google Docs, Google Calendar, and Gmail. JavaScript is also up against Adobe Systems' Flash and Flex, Microsoft's Silverlight, and HTML 5, … Read more Google jokesters ward off zombies Google, whose servers constantly crawl the Web, doesn't have anything against spiders. But zombies, well, that's another matter. Showing some timely techie humor, the search giant updated its robots.txt file for Halloween. For the uninitiated, search engines trying to index Web sites look for robots.txt files for instructions about whether they're permitted access to particular pages. The Google robots.txt file on Friday begins with the following exclusion: User-agent: zombies Disallow: /brains Most of the time when people do this sort of thing it's called an Easter egg. Is there such a thing as … Read more Google's JotSpot exposes user data Updated at 10 p.m. PT with comments from Google. Scanned documents Google If you've ever had trouble finding scanned documents on Google, it's probably because it was not indexing them. On Thursday, this all changed. Google has announced that it is now indexing scanned documents. Google is now able to perform optical character recognition (OCR) on any scanned document it finds stored in the PDF format. OCR technology is able to "read" a scanned document and covert it into words that can be searched and indexed. OCR technology has always impressed me, I mean deciphering between a "0" and "O" is hard enough for … Read more Google brings text-messaging to online chat Google on Thursday will begin expanding the instant-messaging feature built into Gmail so people can use it to send text messages to their contacts' phones. To use the feature, people can click on a chat window's settings to send a text message with SMS or type a contact's phone number in the chat contact search box, Gmail Product Manager Keith Coleman said in an interview. The feature is experimental, available only to those who opt to use it through the Gmail Labs settings, and Google will begin offering it Thursday. Gmail Labs has let Google offer a wide … Read more Study: Google runs more than 10 million Web sites There's no doubt Google is a vast power on the Internet, but because the company uses its own software to host Web sites, it's possible to see just how powerful. Specifically, Google operates about 10.5 million Web sites in October, a 411,000 increase from September, according to statistics released Thursday by Netcraft, which monitors what software is used to host Web sites. The figure comes from monitoring what Web server software is in use to deliver Web pages to people's browsers. The top two packages are Apache and Microsoft's Internet Information Services, but Google … Read more Google promises reliability for Docs, Calendar Customers paying Google for Gmail are guaranteed the e-mail service will be available 99.9 percent of the time or they get a refund. Now the company has extended the promise to Google Calendar, Google Docs, and all the other elements of its Google Apps service. "Today, we're announcing that we will extend the 99.9 percent service level agreement we offer Premier Edition customers on Gmail to Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Sites, and Google Talk," said Matthew Glotzbach, director of Google Enterprise product management, announced on the promised Google Apps reliability on its blog Wednesday. … Read more Buzz Out Loud 842: Forking Google Google has joined the OpenID crowd, but just like Microsoft and Yahoo, you can't use the OpenID on Google, but you can use Google credentials other places. Unlike Microsoft and Yahoo though, Google has decided to tweak the OpenID implementation a little to make it better. That means that it's nonstandard and won't work for all standards-compliant OpenID servers. Bullies. We also admire the new DRM-free music store from clothing retailer, Hot Topic. Really. Listen now: Download today's podcast Episode 842 TiVo to stream Netflix more First Look video: TuneWiki for Google Android Given that TuneWiki was one of the 10 top winners in Google's Android Challenge, it's no surprise we're taken by its originality and ambition. The free music application for Google Android not only plays your media, but it also helps build your library with songs and YouTube music videos. An additional search for streaming lyrics attempts to get you singing the right words at the right time. TuneWiki doesn't ace everything it sets out to do, but if you're willing to give it some leeway, you won't be disappointed. Check out the First Look … Read more
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26662
Skip to content, or skip to search. Skip to content, or skip to search. tablet-stained wretches The Daily Never Really Stood a Chance The future of news had another false start: The iPad-only newspaper The Daily will cease digital publication on December 15 as part of News Corporation's restructuring. "From its launch, The Daily was a bold experiment in digital publishing and an amazing vehicle for innovation," said big boss Rupert Murdoch in a statement. "Unfortunately, our experience was that we could not find a large enough audience quickly enough to convince us the business model was sustainable in the long-term." Even at its much-celebrated beginning, the odds didn't look good. The Daily joins a string of technology failures at News Corp., including the barely remembered and the $500 million MySpace bust. At the time of its 2010 launch, Chris Rovzar wrote "this isn't just a gamble on content, but on technology — and that's the kind of bet the aging mogul doesn't have a reputation for winning. If he does, he could finally earn the reputation as a digital-media innovator. But how likely is that?" It was a rhetorical question, but not really. "This is a newspaper business run by newspaper people who have never succeeded, by the way, in making a successful newspaper," said media critic Michael Wolff, author of the Murdoch biography The Man Who Owns the News, at the start. "[Daily editor-in-chief] Jesse Angelo has spent his entire career at a paper that has arguably lost more money than any other enterprise in the history of the media business." That's the New York Post — where Angelo, a Murdoch family friend and secure member of the inner circle, will land as publisher. (He started inching his way back in that direction earlier this year.) After The Daily's initial hype-cycle, which included a fancy debut with Apple at the Guggenheim, the numbers it needed to succeed seemed daunting, and so followed a pattern of outsider skepticism and public pep-talks from the outside. "Find me the oldest dog in America, or the richest man in South Dakota," Angelo wrote in a much-mocked memo to reporters. "Get in front of a story and make it ours — force the rest of the media to follow us." It never happened that way, and The Daily's lack of a proper website kept it largely out of the conversation online. The project needed about 500,000 subscribers to break even, and did not get a chance to come close, hovering around 120,000 weekly readers last year, while opting not to say how many people were actually paying subscribers. The paper lost about $10 million in its first quarter (with estimates around $30 million per year) and by summer, rumors of it being "on watch" were at a steady rumble, with an eye toward after the presidential election. Angelo fought back against "the latest misinformed, untrue rumors of our imminent demise" and urged staffers to ignore "the haters." Then 50 of its 170 full-time employees were laid off. "We have consistently remained one of the top-ranked paid news apps since our launch, we have steadily grown our subscriber base, and we have the world's largest media and publishing company behind us," said publisher Greg Clayman, looking on the bright side. But with News Corp. splitting in two, and the newspapers no longer shielded by huge television and film profits, The Daily's weaknesses were laid bare. With no momentum and no real niche in the news ecosystem, Murdoch ran out of patience and once again learned that a vehicle for information is not a vision. Photo: Spencer Platt/2011 Getty Images
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26681
Ticket #1159 (closed bug: fixed) Opened 2 years ago Last modified 2 years ago Fix AttributeWarning on n_intervals in EqualFreq. Reported by: miha Owned by: blaz Milestone: 2.5 Component: library Severity: minor Keywords: Cc: Blocking: Blocked By: /home/miha/work/orange/docs/reference/rst/code/discretization-table.py:4: AttributeWarning: 'n_intervals' is not a builtin attribute of 'Orange.feature.discretization.EqualFreq' Either use numberOfIntervals (I know it's deprecated but it works) or change the code to support n_intervals. The following test fails: Change History comment:1 Changed 2 years ago by miha • Status changed from new to closed • Resolution set to fixed Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26695
Saved Search    Search Tips    My Account    About the Archive About the Archive Basic Advanced Saved Help The Desert Sun archive contains articles dating back to 11/28/2002. The articles you retrieve are subject to copyright protection under applicable law. You may use the articles you retrieve only for your personal, non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved by The Desert Sun. Specifically, you may not reprint, republish or otherwise distribute the articles by any method. Reprint permission (subject to certain terms and conditions) may be granted by The Desert Sun in some circumstances. Also, please be aware that the information in any particular article may be outdated or superseded by additional information. The Desert Sun does not make any warranties or representations regarding the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or reliability of the information in the articles that you retrieve.
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26701
Psychology Wiki Eastern culture 34,114pages on this wiki This article is part of the series on Eastern culture Culture, Society, Philosophy, Medicine, Religion, Cinema Asian art, culture, Korea, China, Philippines, India, Japan, Vietnam Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Shintoism, Sikhism West/East distinction Eastern world, The Orient, Orientalism </font> The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various cultures, social structures and philosophical systems of "the East", namely Asia (including China, India, Japan, and surrounding regions). Concept of "the East"Edit The division between "East" and "West" is a product of European cultural history, and of the distinction between European Christendom and the alien cultures beyond it to the East. Before the discovery of the Americas and the exploration of Sub-Saharan Africa by the Europeans, only North Africa and other Islamic countries to the East were known in detail, though India and China were vaguely known of. The crusades established what became a border between "Eastern" and "Western" peoples. With the European colonization of the Americas the East/West distinction became global. The concept of an Eastern or "Oriental" sphere was emphasized by ideas of racial as well as religious and cultural differences. Such distinctions were articulated by Westerners in the scholarly tradition known as Orientalism. People from the East are known by certain regions in the West as "Oriental". During the Cold War, the term "Eastern world" often connotated the Soviet Union, China and their communist allies, while the term "Western world" often connotated the United States and its NATO allies such as Great Britain and France. Problems of the conceptEdit Currently terms such as Western, Near East (or Middle East) and Far East are commonly used to distinguish different cultural spheres, based on the standard two-dimensional layout of the world-map, which has the Americas at the far left (West), Europe and Africa in the middle, and Asia to the right (East). This arrangement is arbitrary because the Earth is round, rather than flat (however this model does ensure that land regions are concentrated in the centre without Eurasia being split in two); therefore, by going west, one will eventually arrive in the east, and when one goes east, one will eventually arrive in the west, provided one keeps going long enough. This is true no matter where one is on the globe's surface (except the Poles, where all directions are either north or south). Because of this, the concept has been criticized for being Eurocentric, however the notional 'central-point' between East and West would be to the east of Europe. Some countries, in particular Russia, do not fit neatly into this opposition. While Western Orientalist traditions included both Islamic and further Eastern cultures under the generic heading of "the East", the common Abrahamic traditions of Islam and Christianity mean that a case can be made that both Islam and Christianity together form a different cultural sphere from countries further to the East in which the concept of Dharma plays a far more important role than that of an authoritative God. In recent years the concept of "Eastern culture" has increasingly become restricted to East Asian traditions. However, the existence of Islam as a powerful force in countries such as Indonesia makes this usage problematic. See alsoEdit References & BibliographyEdit Key textsEdit Additional materialEdit External linksEdit Advertisement | Your ad here Around Wikia's network Random Wiki
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26704
Using your phone's internet browser go to: Click and drag this link to the Home icon in your browser. Ranbaxy to delist---news. How far will it be beneficial to the Indian shareholders? Your views? Asked by Good Citizen, 30 Mar '10 10:38 am   Invite a friend  |     Save  |    Earn 10 points for answering Answer this question  Earn 10 points for answering     4000 characters remaining   Keep me signed inNew User? Sign up Answers (2) It would be of benefit to the shareholders of the company but the value addition expected over the long term will be missed out due to this as it would have picked up soon after the healthcare bill in US. It would be comparatively more beneficial for Daiichi Sankyo the majority stakeholder which would have the complete control by merging Ranbaxy into itself!! Answered by dharamender nebhnani, 30 Mar '10 08:56 pm Report abuse Not Useful Your vote on this answer has already been received The share holders may get one time better price because once the wind of delisting starts blowing,the price of the share will move up n the holders may get a better bargain. Answered by Damodar Biswal, 30 Mar '10 04:34 pm Report abuse Not Useful Your vote on this answer has already been received Ask a Question Get answers from the community 600 characters remaining
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26711
Twin spin Before electronic looping of beats or “samples” or even turntable scratching existed, DJs had to repeat instrumental breaks from songs manually so that the same few bars would play uninterrupted. In the earliest days of hip-hop, DJ Hollywood and Grandmaster Flash figured out how to do so — and pioneered a house party DJ technique — by buying two vinyl copies of the same song so you could find the groove in one record while the other finished playing
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26712
from F. Scott Fitzgerald – GG Chapter 2 - AS Lyrics on Rap Genius Tom is cheating on Daisy,yet he doesn’t want Mrs.Wilson to mention Daisy in her conversations. To help improve the meaning of these lyrics, visit “GG Chapter 2 - AS” by F. Scott Fitzgerald Lyrics and leave a comment on the lyrics box
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26713
Erick Sermon – Relentless Lyrics Produced By: Erick Sermon You pyonged “Erick Sermon – Relentless” Save Note No Thanks Caution: You are now annotating this song as [Phone ringing, recording indistinct] [Erick Sermon] Yeah, all day yeah, uh Turn me up,'s serious Headphones turn me up {Recordings indistinct) This is somethin that you need to hear It's cool and capture I feel like Blondie caught in the rapture Rappers and those who try to offend me From false accusations they had heard from Wendy (Hello Erick) I'm in the game to play For those cats on the sideline callin me gay, huntin Don't be the broads cause niggas Mad cause I'm baggin chicks that look as bad as Jigga's (tell 'em) And make seven figures, a rap icon I'm the one kid in the biz to keep your eyes on Me, Superman, I fell from the window If I fly high, then why drive a benzo In drive a 'lac, in drive a hummer In drive is something brand-new this summer (tell 'em) The operator, I got your number Don't act like I don't flow like water, call the plumber (uh-huh) Something tryna stop the E from gettin large I feel like the Beastie Boys in Sabotage In all five boroughs, I pissed on trees I'm a dog (arroo), ask Rockwilder please There's some fake cats, they talk behind me A few A&R's sayin they won't sign me (uh-huh) Cause they see my face and think I'm done Meanwhile, I'm the black Neo, yes the one (one) While they sign they brother or friend or they man That's supposed to blow, he's a no-show And that's why the game is shutdown Every major player that's in it, been changed around (tell 'em) But I'm still standin and got something to say The boy is still here like LL and Dre I sat down with Russell and Def Jam team I sat down with Suge and Jimmy Ivine I sat down with Sylvia, sat down with Tommy Sat down with Clive Davis and no favors I got booked at dark And this might be my last huh-rah I'ma rock now until tomorrow Some ask about EPMD's prognosis But it won't happen til P get focused I won't be compared to Nas or Jada But I'mma punish the game for it's foul behavior And y'all got it backwards Those ain't real MC's, those is actors Cast of Fear Factor (tell 'em) I agree with Missy No creativity in the game no more It's the same old bore A few people in the biz know what's happenin The fans don't know, they think I'm platinum Cause they hear the record gettin played 4,000 times on every station But at the same time hate...disc jockeys If I'm over, explain how I do it In 2001 I shut it down with "Music" (hmmm) If I'm whack, why in 2002, yes it's true, I made cats react (uh-huh) Source might not quote this here It might not be nothin but I wrote this here Like Eminem said, you wanna be Erick Sermon (that's the truth) But you a generic version (let's go) Aight y'all, enough talk Welcome to Chilltown, New York Edit song description to add:
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26725
You are here Liquid Rescale where can I down load the Liquid Rescale with out a lot of add ons? If I wanted them I would not be here, all I need is where can one go to get gimp's down loads with having to fight off ll the other add ons. please help thank you. Searching Google with the terms 'liquid rescale gimp' seems to return only useful results, but I can't tell if any of those contain "the other add ons" you're trying to avoid. I wonder where you found LR only mixed with other add.on Even more i wonder what kind of internet browser you get that doesn't allow you to download wqhat you wish but only to download everything on the page or nothing at all never heard before of a similar problem not even from Windows users that use only the poor Internet Explorer Subscribe to Comments for "Liquid Rescale" Get Plugin Updates
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26738
Annotate this POD New  24 Open  19 Stalled  1 View/Report Bugs Net::SSH::Perl::Auth::PublicKey - Perform publickey authentication use Net::SSH::Perl::Auth; my $auth = Net::SSH::Perl::Auth->new('PublicKey', $ssh); Net::SSH::Perl::Auth::PublicKey performs publickey authentication with a remote sshd server. When you create a new PublicKey auth object, you give it an $ssh object, which should contain an open connection to an ssh daemon, as well as any data that the authentication module needs to proceed. In this case, for example, the $ssh object might contain a list of identity files (see the docs for Net::SSH::Perl). The authenticate method first tries to establish a connection to an authentication agent. If the attempt is successful, authenticate loops through each of the identities returned from the agent and tries each identity against the sshd, entering into a dialog with the server: the client sends the public portion of the key to determine whether the server will accept it; if the server accepts the key as authorization, the client then asks the agent to sign a piece of data using the key, which the client sends to the server. If the server accepts an identity/key, authentication is successful. If the agent connection attempt fails, or if none of the identities returned from the agent allow for successful authentication, authenticate then tries to load each of the user's private key identity files (specified in the Net::SSH::Perl constructor, or defaulted to $ENV{HOME}/.ssh/id_dsa). For each identity, authenticate enters into a dialog with the server. The client sends a message to the server, giving its public key, plus a signature of the key and the other data in the message (session ID, etc.). The signature is generated using the corresponding private key. The sshd receives the message and verifies the signature using the client's public key. If the verification is successful, the authentication succeeds. When loading each of the private key files, the client first tries to load the key using an empty passphrase. If this fails, the client either prompts the user for a passphrase (if the session is interactive) or skips the key altogether. syntax highlighting:
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26741
Tag Info New answers tagged Most credit card receipts will contain your name and the last 4 digits of your card number. I can think of several companies that either currently verify by last 4 digits or have in the past verified by last 4 digits. These are companies such as Apple, Godaddy, Paypal, etc... So while the chances are low, it's still possible that someone could perform some ... Top 50 recent answers are included
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26752
Take the 2-minute tour × We have a sizable SQL database (24 GB) on which our users run reports. Some of the reports are intensive, but have generally ran quickly - couple of minutes. We are seeing an issue in recent weeks where these same reports will take 20 minutes, which doesn't make sense - none of the report SQL has been changed. During my investigation, I find that there are hundreds (currently over 300) sleeping tasks in the activity monitor. We have around 30 users on workstations, and maybe a dozen web users (using a portal website that accesses this data). So 300 sleeping processes seems crazy to me. The other bit of random info is that if we restart the SQL server, the reports run like lightning. After a couple of hours though - crap. I'm trying to track this issue down, and I'm not sure how to, but I suppose the question at hand is this: could these sleeping processes that pile up be degrading performance enough to cause a slowdown like this? Thanks much. share|improve this question add comment 1 Answer up vote 2 down vote accepted Sleeping processes consume some memory (a few dozen k for each) but 300 isn't many. If the reports are lightening fast on restart, it's possible you have parameter sniffing. You can test for this for running sp_updatestats: this invalidates cached execution plans and should make the reports whizzy again. Parameter sniffing itself can be solved by masking or hints (plenty of info on StackOverflow) share|improve this answer I'll definitely give that a shot and report back. –  Ducain Feb 8 '11 at 16:33 Ok, marking this as the answer, because it is most definitely parameter sniffing - once I made changes to the queries in question and disabled this - runs like a dream. One other question for you if I could though - we have literally hundreds of stored procedures. Is it necessary for me to do these changes to them all, or is there a better global option for disabling the parameter sniffing? Thanks MUCH. –  Ducain Feb 8 '11 at 17:46 Sorry, don't know of a global way... –  gbn Feb 8 '11 at 17:54 10-4. Ouch. :-) –  Ducain Feb 8 '11 at 17:59 Just because I don't know does not mean there is no way. Ask on Stackoverflow...? –  gbn Feb 8 '11 at 18:06 show 1 more comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26753
Take the 2-minute tour × Possible Duplicate: Can you help me with my software licensing question? We have bought SQL Server Enterprise version. Can we install client tools on any number of computers to connect to the database? share|improve this question add comment migrated from stackoverflow.com Jun 8 '11 at 10:35 This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers. marked as duplicate by Iain Feb 2 '12 at 18:15 1 Answer up vote 2 down vote accepted Yes, if you have the per processor license for SQL Server. You'll need a CAL for each client if you bought server/CAL licenses though (either per device or per user). Edit about CALs: You do not need CALs for: 1. any of your servers licensed or and running instances of the server software, and 2. up to two devices or users to access your instances of the server software only to administer those instances.) . share|improve this answer add comment
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26754
Take the 2-minute tour × How do I use iptables to reject all traffic to localhost port 80 but allow the one that comes from local machine? Here is my current solution that doesn't seems to block the traffic. the ip, the the ip of the local machine. If I do not put the 2nd line, all the traffic is block, and with it enabled, all the traffic is accepted ?! iptables -F iptables -X iptables -t nat -F iptables -t nat -X iptables -t mangle -F iptables -t mangle -X iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j LOG --log-prefix "TCP LOGDROP: " Just to be sure: • is the ip of the web server, where I want to be able to access • I do want to reject any connections on port 80, others then the ones originated from localhost. share|improve this question how exactly are you trying to connect? what hostname/ip do you try to connect to? –  stew Jul 13 '12 at 15:12 I am trying to connect to using one of the DNS entries mapping to, nginx is listening to ports 80 and 443. 443 is configured to fallback to 80 and keep the hostname requested. I just want an iptables rule that I can run to prevent direct connection to port 80 to this machine. –  sorin Jul 13 '12 at 15:14 You do realise that localhost == don't you ? –  Iain Jul 13 '12 at 15:18 add comment 2 Answers iptables -I INPUT ! -i lo -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP When you the traffic goes from your machine to your machine, always has the input interface "lo". It doesn't matter the src or dst IP address. share|improve this answer I usually see iptables rules -A (appending) to a chain, is there a particular reason you use insert (-I)? –  Luc Aug 12 '13 at 14:02 Depends on your rule set. That command inserts the rule in the first place, but if you have the rules in a file, you should know where is the best place for it. And you must use -A there. –  diegows Aug 14 '13 at 14:33 add comment Could you please provide the entire contents of /etc/sysconfig/iptables if possible? (i'll update my answer if applicable once the information is made available) As I have to work on the assumption that there is no default DROP rule in place, as such you need: share|improve this answer The file does not exist at all and as you've seen, I am resetting iptables, just to be sure. From what I see the 4th line, added by you is doing almost the same as the 3rd one, the only difference being that mine is logging the dropped packages, which is good for debugging. –  sorin Jul 13 '12 at 17:15 add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26755
Take the 2-minute tour × What does the following error mean and how can I fix the problem? THis is on Fedora 9: Time: Wed Sep 30 10:07:18 2009 -0400 Account: haldaemon Resource: Process Time Exceeded: 461956 > 1800 (seconds) Executable: /usr/libexec/hald-addon-keyboard Command Line: hald-addon-keyboard: listening on /dev/input/event1 PID: 3112 Killed: No share|improve this question What is this output from? –  wzzrd Sep 30 '09 at 15:42 add comment 1 Answer up vote 2 down vote accepted This looks like the report from some process monitor. It was triggered because the length of time exceeded the threshold: 461956 > 1800. HAL is the Hardware Abstraction Layer. I believe the hald-addon-keyboard means that this is the process listening to the keyboard for key presses. I don't think this is a problem, this is some sort of exemption you need to add into your monitoring software, since it is a legit process to be running in the background. share|improve this answer Thanks - how can I find out what the monitoring software is that's being used? –  GeoffreyF67 Sep 30 '09 at 16:21 How are you receiving this error? –  Dave Drager Sep 30 '09 at 17:40 It's coming to me in an email. –  GeoffreyF67 Sep 30 '09 at 17:41 add comment Your Answer
global_01_local_0_shard_00000017_processed.jsonl/26756
Take the 2-minute tour × I need to know that electrical characteristics are necessary for a network of 20 computers. There are just 20 PCs in a room. There aren't servers and are connected in series. I just need the information to electrical calculations. share|improve this question Huh? Could you elaborate? Thanks. –  joeqwerty Dec 8 '09 at 14:59 More information is required. Like density/proximity of the computers. For instance are these in a rack in a small closet or spread out between 3 buildings with 1km distance between them? Also clarify what it is you need help with. Is it HVAC, power distribution, or networking? –  3dinfluence Dec 8 '09 at 15:13 Um...server room or just to run 20 computers? All in one room? You'd have to figure out how many circuits you have available and I suppose you could use a vamp clamp to figure out how much power each of your workstations are drawing and see if it exceeds the load you're putting on your circuit...or the old fashioned way where you turn everything on and if the circuit blows, you're drawing too much amperage. Do you mean in a server room instead? Cooling? Cost? –  Bart Silverstrim Dec 8 '09 at 15:49 add comment migrated from stackoverflow.com Dec 8 '09 at 14:55 This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers. 2 Answers You need to get readings on each type of server (hopefully you don't have 20 different types, but if you do you need readings on each.) You can get readings with a Kill-A-Watt or a Watts-Up meter (I like the International version (UO) of the Watts-up because it handles 120-240 input voltages and servers are more efficient with higher voltages.) If you trying to size a UPS you might want to read APC White Paper #15. share|improve this answer add comment Don't just sum up the wattage rating of the power supplies. Computers usually draw some fraction of their P/S rating. Like toppledwagon said, you need readings from something like a Kill-A-Watt. You need idle, light usage (web surfing/reading e-mail) and busy (running you most intensive application) readings from representative computers. That is, if you have 3 different kinds of computer configurations in your lab, you need 3 sets of 3 readings. Then, sum up 3 totals, all idle (lab during lunch break, all computers on), light usage and heavy usage for all 20 computers. Now, determine how many circuits you have in the room and what breakers they are on. This is easy. Get a US$10 circuit tester, plug it in and push the button. This will pop the circuit breaker on that circuit. Then, see how many outlets went dead. Repeat until you have identified all circuits in the room. Take note of the Amp rating of each tripped circuit breaker for each circuit. Add up ancillary equipment such as your network switchs, projector, etc. Add up auxiliary loads, stuff that doesn't need to be on UPS- stereo speakers, radios, fans (20 computer labs can get warm in Summer), toaster ovens, microwave ovens, TV's, under-desk foot warmers and anything else that plugs into the wall. Now. Decide what needs UPS, what needs mere protection, and what doesn't. Consider the power reliability in your area. If it is shaky, put all computers on UPS and everything else on Brick Walls or Tripp Lite Isobar's. If it is very good, put the most critical computers on UPS, the rest of computers on BW/TLI, and everything else on cheap power strips. Now that you have power under control, you need to consider cooling. Does the room have its own thermostat? Are you working in Toronto or San Jose? Are there windows that open? Are there return vents? Take your wattage sums to your Physical Plant or HVAC vendor and ask them if you have enough tons of cooling to cover the load. Ask them if you need to run the A/C in the Winter. If so, is there another way to distribute the heat? share|improve this answer add comment Your Answer