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Some genes are transcribed into RNA but are not translated into protein products-such RNA molecules are called non-coding RNA .	The basic idea is that DNA is transcribed into RNA , which is then translated into proteins .
These different , discrete versions of the same gene are called alleles .	These different versions are known as alleles of the gene .
In the case of pea , which is a diploid species , each individual plant has two copies of each gene , one copy inherited from each parent .	A living thing has two copies of each gene , one from its mother , and one from its father .
Located in northeast India , Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south , and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west , Myanmar in the east and the People 's Republic of China in the north .	Arunachal Pradesh is a state in the Republic of India .
Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against , PIM = Penalties in minutes Note : Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold Two expansion teams , Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks , are added .	Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against , PIM = Penalties in minutes Note : Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold
The East Division of the National Hockey League existed from 1967 until 1974 when the league realigned into two conferences of two divisions each .	The East Division of the National Hockey League existed from 1967 , when the NHL was made up of a single division , until 1974 when the league changed its format into two conferences of two divisions each .
Section 61 of the Constitution provides that ` The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' .	Section 61 of the Constitution says that ` The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' .
The ACT and the NT also elect two senators each .	The ACT and the NT elect two senators each .
Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they are also independently vested with many important powers by the Constitution .	Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they are also independently vested with many important constitutional powers by the Constitution .
While Australian citizens living in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory are represented in the Commonwealth Parliament , Norfolk Islanders are not represented federally .	While Australian citizens living in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory are represented in the Commonwealth Parliament , Norfolk Islanders are not .
The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate .	The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws if needed .
Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor-General shall represent the Queen in Australia .	Section 2 of the Australian Constitution says that a Governor-General shall represent the Queen in Australia .
Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor-General 's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers .	Under the Westminster system the Governor-General 's powers are almost always used on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers .
Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` preferential voting '' : see Australian electoral system ) , with half elected every three years .	Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` preferential voting '' , with half elected every three years .
The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in various other Australian state capitals , most frequently Sydney and Melbourne .	The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in other Australian state capitals , most often Sydney and Melbourne .
When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet .	When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson used the right to choose members of his Cabinet .
Instead , these territories are largely governed by Commonwealth law , with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands also having local governments .	Instead , these territories are governed by federal laws , with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands also having local governments .
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must , in most circumstances , be members .	The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must be members .
Australia 's other territories that are regularly inhabited ( Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) are not self-governing .	Australia 's other territories , ( Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) are not self-governing .
Further , each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can encroach on the functions of any other .	Each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can take over the powers of any other .
The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor-General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but subject to the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament .	The proposal would have removed the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor-General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but needing the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament .
When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios .	When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right decide his party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to work with the Prime Minister to give them their responsibilities .
The day-to-day business of the house is usually negotiated between a designated senior Minister , who holds the title Leader of the House , and an Opposition frontbencher known as the Manager of Opposition Business in the House .	The day-to-day business of the house is usually worked out between a senior Minister , who holds the title Leader of the House , and an Opposition frontbencher known as the Manager of Opposition Business .
Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has five .	So New South Wales has 50 members while Tasmania has only five .
In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus , and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios .	In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus .
Under the prevailing Westminster system , the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister .	In the Westminster system , the leader of the political party or group of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is asked to form a government and is named Prime Minister .
Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the Commonwealth government .	Section 51 of the Constitution sets out the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and gives certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the federal government .
The Australian Republican Movement continues to campaign for an end to the monarchy in Australia , opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League .	The Australian Republican Movement continues to call for an end to the monarchy in Australia , opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy .
When the non-Labor parties are in power , the Prime Minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion , although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments .	When the non-Labor parties have been in power , the Prime Minister has made all Cabinet and ministerial appointments .
The third level of government after Commonwealth and State\/Territory is Local government , in the form of shire , town or city .	The third level of government after Commonwealth and State\/Territory is Local government .
In addition to the state Senators , two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) , while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory ( which includes the Jervis Bay Territory for this purpose ) .	There are also two senators elected by voters from the Northern Territory ( and including the Indian Ocean Territories , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) .
Government is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government : The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government undertake their activities separate from each other : Until the passage of the Australia Act 1986 , and associated legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , some Australian cases could be referred to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal .	Government is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government : The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government do their activities separate from each other : Before the Australia Act 1986 , and matching legislation in the parliament of the United Kingdom , some Australian cases could be sent to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal .
The House of Representatives is elected on a basis which reflects the differing populations of the States .	The House of Representatives is elected on a basis which shows the different sized populations of the States .
The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution .	The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of long negotiations among the colonies .
In practice , the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people , the Queen of Australia and the Governor-General of Australia , who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia .	In practice , the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people , the Queen of Australia and the Governor-General of Australia .
But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States : all States elect 12 Senators , regardless of population .	But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States : all States have 12 Senators , regardless of population .
The Prime Minister has a discretion to advise the Governor-General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time , but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the Constitution .	The Prime Minister can advise the Governor-General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time , but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods set out in the Constitution .
The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed .	The possibility of the British Parliament making laws to overturn the Australian Constitution was also removed .
By the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 , the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia , and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith as well were removed , making her Queen of Australia .	With the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 , the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia .
There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital , with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street .	The Commonwealth Parliament Offices in Sydney are located in Phillip Street .