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ELI5: How does the QR code manages to not be the same with other QR code that has already been generated? | I was reading online and saw an option when I right clicked an image to create a QR Code. I know QR Codes are unique but how do they manage to avoid having the same pattern with the other QR Codes? Does it have a database where all QR codes are stored? I tried searching through this but can't find any similar queries aside from QR codes are unique. | 17 | If you generate two QR codes for the same piece of text or link, you'll get two identical QR codes. They're not randomised or generated out of thin air and then matched with a site or link or something. Rather the QR code itself encodes the information onto it. So as long as whatever you're encoding is unique, the QR code is unique to it.
The wikipedia page (section 'encoding') actually shows you how it functions. | 35 |
ELI5: Why do all the stars and planets look white when you're looking from earth? | thanks guys! totally understand it! | 57 | They don't all look white. To the naked eye, Mars is visibly red, Jupiter and Saturn are yellowish. Many stars are reddish or bluish as well.
The colors can be quite faith and hard to notice, because your color vision isn't very sensitive unless there is a lot of light. | 23 |
ELI5: What actually is Asbestos? | I keep hearing about it in different contexts but still am not too sure what it is why it was considered good and turned out to be bad. Anyone know? | 25 | Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral. People have been using it since antiquity because it is flame resistant. Even the Ancient Greeks knew about it. During the Industrial Revolution it was mined at large scale, and used in all sorts of products - insulation for homes, textiles, bricks...
The problem with asbestos is that when you cut it, you release tiny fibers into the air, and these tiny fibers are incredibly sharp. So you breathe in the tiny fibers, and they cause tiny holes in your lungs. Long-term this leads to scarring of the lungs, a condition referred to as asbestosis. You can also develop cancer in the lining of your lungs, which is referred to as mesothelioma. | 62 |
ELI5:What really happens when we unfocus our eyes ? | Like when you stare at something at everything is just blurry | 102 | Your eye has muscles that adjust the shape of the lens. This changes the focal point, optimally so that the light coming from part of an object converges on part of the retina, the image is 'in focus.' These muscles can essentially focus automatically, but you can control them. So if you are relaxing those muscles, they aren't focusing the light from a single point onto a single spot on your retina. You get a smear. | 37 |
[General] Are there any villains with a no-kill rule because they give their victims a "fate worse than death" ? | 35 | She might not see it that way, but Lady Lilith de Tempscire, aka Lily Weatherwax, from the Discworld novel Witches Abroad definitely fits this description.
She believes that she's the benevolent fairy godmother. Those who cross her, who fail to fit in to her fairytale view of reality, are... adjusted to fit. The wolf is forced to be big and bad; the frog is transformed into a handsome prince; the princess is kept under guard by serpentine sisters.
Oh, and she also sometimes has people killed, or turns them into bugs and steps on them, but only when all methods of correction have failed. | 41 |
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ELI5: How come we don't notice a difference (e.g. in centrifugal force) between standing at a geographical pole and standing at the equator? | 21 | The centrifugal force at the equator is about 0.3% of gravity. We could “feel” it, in the sense of being able to measure it with sensitive enough equipment, but it’s not enough for people to notice the difference. | 27 |
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[Marvel] Why doesn't everyone learn both science and magic like Doctor Doom? How does learning both benefit Doom, like what can he do with one that he can't do with the other? | 19 | the same reason you dont have a phd in medicine, art, history, chemistry and physics, both of them require a lot of dedication and knowledge, so there are very few that are capable of putting in that time and discipline for two widely different fields | 45 |
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In my understanding of existentialism, man is meant to live authentically and adhere to his own moral code. Therefore is it justified for a man to kill another or commit some sort of crime because it is what he thinks is right? | 105 | The main work of Existentialist ethics is de Beauvoir's *The Ethics of Ambiguity*. She suggests that, no, one ought not to go around being a shithead, which includes not murdering people, because the freedom of others provides the basis for a moral system which rules out (among other things) murder. Sartre (another key Existentialist) agreed with de Beauvoir. | 117 |
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CMV: Religion is man made and most likely entirely fictitious | The entire concept of a written book that god sent down to a human being to spread the word does not make sense to me. A being that has the ability to create the universe, has a son that’s major power is water to wine and walking on water, and was crucified by humans. How do we even know this man existed? Language is man made, and only understood by certain people so it’s an unfair advantage that some get to understand it and others don’t ... what about the people who are never exposed to religion in their lives? How can we live based on a book written thousands of years ago... that you have to actively try to understand and decode. I’d assume God’s message would be more understandable and direct to each being, not the local priest who’s essentially an expert at deflecting and making up explanations using the scripture.
I grew up in a religious Muslim family and being religious for 16 years made me a better person. I lived as if I was being watched and merited based on my good behaviours so I obviously actively did “good” things. I appreciate the person religion has made me but I’ve grown to believe it is completely fabricated - but it works so people go with it. The closest thing to a “god” I can think of is a collective human consciousness and the unity of all humankind... not a magic man that’s baiting you to sin and will torture you when you do. I mean the latter is more likely to prevent you from doing things that may harm you.. I would like to raise my kids in future the way I was raised but I don’t believe in it and I don’t want to lie and make them delusional.
I kind of wish I did believe but it’s all nonsensical to me, especially being a scientist now it seems pretty clear it’s all bs. Can anyone attempt to explain the legitimacy of the “supernatural” side of religion and the possibility that it is sent from a god... anything... I used to despise atheism and here I am now. I can’t even force it. | 14,899 | God actually didn't send the book(s) down or even have anything to do with it's compilation. It's not a secret that they were written by actual people. Just wanted to chip in and dispel a common(but mindboggling) misconception. | 1,500 |
ELI5: Why do insects fuck with humans? | Not literally
Shouldn't they instinctively know how dangerous it is for them?
And what do they get out of it other than an adrenaline rush?
Thinking mainly about flies, bees and wasps | 249 | They're not equipped with enough brains to consciously mess with humans or avoid them. There's not a lot of room for a sophisticated programme in there - so they just muddle along when they meet us.
Wasps sting animals not because it protects the individual wasp, but because it provides herd protection - once stung twice shy. Same with bees and many other organisms - nettles, holly etc.
Flies - they're just as dumb as shit, frankly. They ain't intentionally bothering you and there are so many that the occasional one you swat makes no difference to them as a group - though it's curtains for the individual. | 215 |
[Halo] What would the Flood do after they consume all life? | Advanced flood like the Gravemind are highly intelligent, but they still want to wipe out all life.
What would they spend all their time doing _after_ they killed off everyone else? Maybe they'd just wither away since there's nothing left to do? Or could the Flood like, I don't know, play chess with itself? | 37 | They wait dormant like they were after the rings were fired.
They may consume life but that does not stop life from evolving again from the elements
Some new single celled organisms would arise again on a random planet and grow to be complex organisms until they get attention of the flood and get wiped out again .
Repeat similarly to end of time until all life supporting planets are infected
Or one of the civilizations gets lucky enough to evade them long enough to do something about them | 48 |
[40k] Do the Ruinous Powers ever fight each other in realspace or are their eternal wars confined primarily to the warp? | Followup: Do worshippers of different chaos powers hate/fight each other at every opportunity? | 24 | Not at every opportunity, but they do regularly fight when there isn't a wider agenda to deal with.
It's not just feuds between the gods either. The leaders of individual warbands may have a beef with each other, they may be competing for resources, or they may just be bat shit crazy. | 23 |
[Star trek]would the prime directive apply to a group of humans that used to have warp, but have since reverted to a primitive state? | A star fleet ship (circa 2333) falls through a temporal anomaly and crash lands on a near by planet in AD 1222. when Another starfleet comes to explore they find the decedents of the surviving crew have build a bronze age civilization over the past 1111 years?
Does the PD apply or not? | 30 | If the civilization retains knowledge of their past they're just not in a position to actually build it, Star Fleet could intervene. If the civilization has lost understanding of warp tech and doesn't know they're the descendants of star-travelers, the Prime Directive would apply. | 38 |
[The Matrix] So is "The Matrix" a conspiracy theory in The Matrix universe? I mean Neo was tracking down Morpheous. He knew of something called The Matrix.. Whats the deal? | 280 | "Conspiracy theory" is correct, but they're on the wrong track- in hacker communities, there are whispers of the concept called "The Matrix" but it's not really understood what it is. Most hackers would probably believe that the rumored "Matrix" is more like a mass-surveillance network or Illuminati conspiracy or something. | 202 |
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[District 9] Why did none of the Prawns communicate to the humans what they were doing and how they ended up on Earth? | Were they exiles? Did they forget for some reason?
With the exception of Christopher Johnson none of them seem particularly intelligent. Seems strange they end up marooned on an alien planet in a ship with such advanced technology. | 47 | IIRC the leading theory was that the prawns that survived were from a serf caste. The leaders, the ones who actually controlled the ship, died. There is a good possibility that very few actually knew what they were doing and how they ended up on Earth. | 70 |
[LOTR] Are the Uruk Hai different from any other orcs? Are they the same species? | Just asking cause they look so much much larger and more uniform than the armies of Mordor. | 60 | There are many different regional variants of orc of varying size, strength, and resistance to sunlight. The term "uruk" (the "-hai" suffix just means "folk") is a blanket term for the highly elite types of orc which began appearing in the late Third Age and which excelled in each of these attributes, at least by orc standards. At first they were seen exclusively in the service of Sauron, though they never supplanted the ordinary orcs as the rank-and-file of Mordor. After his betrayal Saruman evidently managed to breed his own version of uruks with a slightly different appearance than the Mordor elites. | 52 |
[Subnautica: Below Zero] Sure is cold on this part of Planet 4546B. But why is it that the ocean's warm enough to swim in without getting hypothermia? | Is it because of all the geological activity, the physical properties of water, or what? | 43 | Wetsuit mechanics, mostly. You've got a very high quality futuristic wetsuit, but it's still a wetsuit - it can keep you warm in the water, but when you start to dry out, you will *freeze*.
See, wetsuits work by keeping warm water inside them. A thin layer, warmed by your skin, to insulate against the cold water around you. This is why the sizing of a wetsuit is so important. You lose heat *much* more slowly in a properly fitted wetsuit in the water. But there's a reason people don't use this technique on land, and it's the same reason you freeze on the arctic surface of 4546B. | 73 |
When people are listening to loud music through headphones, why do other people only hear the drums/beat of the music? | This happens every day when I’m on the bus, and it just annoys me throughout that 30 minutes of my day. I just thought it was interesting that I only heard the beat of the music, and not the melody. | 29 | A lot of it has to do with the Fletcher-Munson curve and how we perceive sounds.
Our ears are more-finely tuned to pick up midrange frequencies (400Hz-\~4kHz) and the quieter a source is, the more of those mid frequencies we hear over the lows and highs.
Now the thing about drums is that we really don't hear the fundamental frequencies all that well (snare is down \~200Hz, kick drum is down \~60Hz), but we DO hear the harmonics really well since those are generally in the midrange. In order to get those elements to sit better in a mix, we not only turn up those tracks, but we actually remove some of the mids in the melodic instruments (otherwise all of that midrange likes to build up and has a tendency of sounding like the song is in a cardboard box or through a telephone). So, since our ears pick up the mids the best at lower volumes, the drums are brought up to sit better in the mix, and the mids of the melody instruments are pulled back a bit, at lower volumes, you're gonna hear the midrange of that snare (and the overhead mics picking up the cymbals) and not much else.
source: Audio Engineering student. | 27 |
CMV: I'm fine living without friends | This was mostly on by a recent disagreement with my parents. They had wanted me to invite friends to a party and were mildly upset when I told them that I didn't have any. It has become a sore point for them as it was a loss of face to them.
The fact of the matter it's been almost 10 years now since I had a friends. But doesn't seem to have been detrimental, in truth it's been perfectly comfortable for me. And it has conferred some side benefits:
* I've been able to focus on my work without distraction of trying to juggle professional and personal lives.
* It affords a personal mobility since being alone in a new city doesn't bother me.
* Few if any will be bothered on an emotional level by a sudden absence.
* While there are benefits of having friends, I do not feel as if the advantages are significant enough for me to pursue.
While this is atypical for most people, I do not see any particularly compelling reason to change this at any point in my life. In fact I see reason not to have friends, as then they would have to deal with my parasitical presence in their life.
Edit: It's been mentioned that having friends is beneficial to one's own health. To be clear, I do not prioritize my health. | 34 | Nobody can disprove this because we can't read your mind.
That said, you sound to me like you're in denial, why even post here if you didn't harbor some doubts about this? There's no reason you shouldn't know the answer to this if you really believe you're happy. And there's no way any of can answer it for you. | 16 |
Why is theism not a good answer for the cause of the universe? | I've considered myself an atheist for roughly 7 years now. Only now have I started to seriously question whether a god would make sense or not.
The only point on the existence of god that I think has any grounding, is that something caused the universe. I don't automatically assume that this must be the Christian, Muslim, or Jewish god. For all I know the god died in the creation of the universe, or is indifferent to us, etc.
Why does god not fit argument to the best explanation for the start of the universe? | 32 | Saying that god did something isn't a good explanation because it doesn't actually explain anything - it doesn't describe the mechanics of how it was done, it rarely suggests why, and it offers no value for predicting future events. A universe with an intervening deity is one where anything can happen at any time for no reason, because god (in his inscrutable wisdom) willed it so. That isn't a universe where events are amenable to explanation, so invoking the supernatural seems somewhat self-defeating.
Further to that, why *should* we believe that such a being exists? God as normally described is, by any gauge, an impossible creature; an entity that has no precedent, nothing we know of that suggests it falls within the realms of the plausible. For all that the word is short and the concept commonplace, to say "God did this" is an enormously complex (and therefore improbable) answer, and there simply isn't the evidence to support the idea so long as there remains any tenuously possible natural answer. | 22 |
[Ex Machina] Isn't the fact Caleb knows Ava is an AI defeat the purpose of the turning test? | Wouldn't Exposing Caleb to the fact that the person he is speaking to is actually a computer actually create a sort of biased test? | 21 | If it were a proper Turing test, yes. But that wasn't exactly the real nature of the test.
The real test was whether Ava could interpret and understand human interaction and behavior enough to manipulate it. Caleb was not informed of this during the test. | 51 |
ELI5: How come Obama during his supermajority in both houses wasn't able to pass any legislation he wanted? | Just something I've pondered recently. For the record, I voted for Gary Johnson, but was ultimately hoping for Obama to become re-elected. I understand he only had the supermajority for a brief time, but I didn't think "parliamentary tricks" were effective against a supermajority. | 738 | 1) Senators are normally seated in January. The race between Al Franken and Norm Coleman was very close (~300 votes). This led to recounts, which led to lawsuits, which led to more recounts. Al Franken (who would've been #60) was not seated until July 7.
2) Ted Kennedy was dying and had not cast a vote since April 2009 or so. After he died in August 2009, he was replaced by Paul G. Kirk until a special election could be held. Due to more lawsuits, Paul G Kirk served from Sept 24 2009 to February 4 2010. Scott Brown (R) won that special election, bringing the Senate Democrats down to 59 votes, and unable to break a filibuster by themselves. Note that Sept 24-Feb 4 is about 20 working days, due to recess and holidays.
3) So, for about 20 working days, the Senate Democrats could have broken a filibuster if you could get every single one of them to agree on something. This is not an easy thing to do. Some of the members had ideological differences. Some of the members realized that being absolutely vital like this gave them leverage, and wanted to be sure that they got *their* legislative goals.
This did not go well. | 693 |
CMV: 2 Weetabix is the correct number of Weetabix to have in one bowl | [Look at these 70th anniversary bowls.](http://cerealoffers.com/Weetabix_Ltd/Weetabix/2000/70th_Anniversary/2002-Weetabix-70th-Anniversary-bowls--betr-.jpg) They fit exactly *two* Weetabix! Even Weetabix Limited know the correct number!
But let’s say that you want to ignore our cereal overlords like the demon you are and we’ll cover the other popular options.
Some people have 1 Weetabix in a bowl. Now this can be reasonable if you’ve already eaten something and are quite full, but just crave a small bit of wheaty goodness. For a normal meal however, 1 Weetabix is never enough to get close to filling you up. Having only 1 Weetabix can also make it look quite lonely and pathetic in the bowl, and it doesn’t have any friends to help it soak up the milk, often leading to a soggy ‘bix, the saddest of ‘bix.
Now, there is a special place in hell for people who attempt to put 3 Weetabix in a bowl. How do you put 3 in without two of them going up at an awkward angle at the sides of the bowl?! Not only does this mean that toppings can fall off, but it also means that they can’t get enough milk, leading to dry ‘bix, which are also the saddest of 'bix.
Edit: I'm getting upvotes but no one is willing to challenge the ***correct*** answer yet. [I'm getting more discussion about this on r/CasualUK than I am with you lot.](https://www.reddit.com/r/CasualUK/comments/816699/i_feel_like_im_the_only_one_starting_an_important/)
Edit: For those who don't know, Weetabix are basically shredded wheat biscuits that you have for breakfast.
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> *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 399 | I always have 3 in a bowl. 2 is not enough to satisfy any normal adult's breakfast needs.
The trick is to put them on their *sides*, drizzle with honey or agave, ensuring that it falls into the gaps between them. Then fill the bowl such that the bottom half of them is submerged. Put the milk and stuff away and take the bowl to the table. Now, by this point, the bottom half of the Weetabix will be at that perfect amount of moistness. This is the critical moment in mastering the 3 Weetabix technique. In one smooth movement, use your spoon to *flip* them, so that what was the top, still dry, halves, are now submerged in the milk. Now eat the halves that are now on top. By the time you get to the bottom, the bottom will now be at peak moistness.
Not only does this technique allow you to consume 3, it also ensures uniform consistency is the amount of moisture, avoiding the problem where you start off great but by the end of your breakfast everything is a soggy mess.
You're welcome. | 114 |
[Star Wars] Did the Empire claim the force was on their side? | We all know the Force works for good or evil, sith or jedi. But while the rebellion invokes the force often "May the force be with you" to X-wing pilots and by Admiral Ackbar.
So do Empire officers or even stormtroopers invoke the force before battle? | 21 | Most of the Galaxy was wary of Force users following the Jedi's rebellion and the Great Purge. The Empire in particular was looking to distance itself from Force use, preferring instead to rely on strength and efficiency to get the Galaxy working properly. Of course, Palpatine and Vader were Sith, but Palpatine kept his abilities hidden to all but the highest echelon of the Imperial ruling class, while Vader was seen as a relic, an old holdout from the past that was well past his prime and merely worked as Palpatine's lapdog. The Force was not held in very high regard by most people until after Palpatine died and much of the truth about him came out. | 25 |
How did DNA first form? | Also, was DNA the first form of genetic coding or was there something before DNA which handled genetic coding? | 22 | Google the RNA world hypothesis. With our increasing understanding of ribozymes (RNA enzymes) it is believed that early life used RNA for genetic information as well as catalyzing most if not all reactions. It is possible, if not likely, that the earliest form of "life" was a simple ribozyme capable of replicating itself.
The theory follows that these self replicating ribozymes eventually created a cell (perhaps by being trapped in an "artificial" lipid layer?) and somehow eventually started making proteins (this is supported by the ribosome being mostly composed of RNA and all of the main reactions being catalyzed by the RNA components). Also, at some point DNA was traded for RNA due to long term stability. This is also exemplified by RNA still being used for protein synthesis (why don't we just make proteins directly from DNA?) as well as the continued importance of ribozymes in many of the most basic of functions including the ribosome and the spliceosome. | 18 |
I believe "Resisting Arrest" should not be a crime. CMV | 'Resisting Arrest' is a charge often levied against arrested individuals This charge is also commonly associated with instances in which the arresting officer is somehow offend.
I believe it is a natural instinct and unalienable right to *resist* being being forcibly detained, manipulated, or bound against your will. It is most certainly an involuntary reaction to shrug off someone grabbing your wrist or elbow, regardless of whether that physical action is performed in right and justifiable circumstance of otherwise; be it a woman pulling back from an aggressive and unwanted grab at her wrist by a drunk man, or that very same drunk man pulling back his arm, when his sober friends try to intervene and take him home.
Legitimate charges of assault or battery can be pressed if the person being arrested is aggressive toward the arresting officer, but in all most all cases (that I am aware of...), the simple act of 'not cooperating' is grounds for being charged with 'resisting arrest', regardless of the emotion or circumstances of the situation.
IN most cases, people being arrested are pretty worked up and angry or scared anyway, and the very act of being arrest increased one's stress level.
Adding a trivial charge of 'resisting arrest' serves no purpose in a "just" criminal justice system, other than as a plea-bargaining chip, which should not be the point of **any** criminal charge. CMV | 22 | The way resisting arrest is enforced is definitely bull shit much of the time. As you say, its very often a part of an overcharge to get a plea, but it still needs to be a crime. Without it, people would have absolutely no reason not to flee from police, which presents a danger to the criminal, the officers, and everyone nearby, in addition to just making law enforcement more difficult and expensive. | 27 |
[Tales from the Crypt] Who was the Crypt Keeper in life, and why is he so fond of puns? | The more I think about it, the curioser it gets. | 19 | Maybe he wanted to be a comedian in Paris (yeah, he's french, check the tude). But then the black plague struck so he had to go into body disposal and tell his jokes to corpses. His puns were so bad heaven, hell, and purgatory kicked him out of their lines and he is doomed to stay on earth. But he learned a really great joke in line and it's the funniest thing ever especially since he's never going to tell it to anyone alive. It's why he's always laughing, he's thinking of the joke you're missing out on when you listen to the puns. | 16 |
ELI5: If humans and dolphins are the only mammals that procreate for fun, why does my dog hump my leg? | 145 | Dolphins don't procreate for fun. The "dolphins and people do it for fun" saying comes from the fact that we are the two animals that procreate outside of ovulation period when the mating will not result in a baby. Other animals may find sex enjoyable or pleasurable but don't participate in sex outside of the female's ovulation period. This is partially due to the fact that sex increases vulnerability and uses a lot of energy. | 65 |
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ELI5: Why do we only sneeze while we’re awake and never while we’re sleeping? | Is it involuntary, or is there a part of being conscious that tells us to sneeze because we are aware of what’s going to happen? | 25 | You know how REM sleep turns off your body so you don't flail about as you dream?
It also shuts off the neurons that process stimulation from your nose. This means smells and irritants dont typically wake you up, or make you sneeze. | 16 |
ELI5: Can someone explain to me what FOREX trading is? And why is it gaining a lot of popularity right now? | EDIT: I am seeing a lot of posts on Instagram and Facebook from people I got to university with. Apparently they are making money out of FOREX and there are a lot of people "recruiting" freshmen students to get into this. What is this exactly? , and is it worth getting into this? | 185 | It is trading currencies... FOREX stands for Foreign Exchange. Due to the drop in oil supplies and slowdown in China, currencies have been more volatile the past few months, which means more opportunity to make money from trading currencies (if you know what you're doing). But it's complex and there are many people who've been doing it exclusively for many years... it's not something you can just dabble in with no knowledge and expect to do well. | 76 |
ELI5: Why are all hotdogs sold pre cooked | So every package of hotdogs I’ve purchased says it’s “pre cooked”. There are other tubular meats which are not sold pre cooked like sausage or “brats”. I wasn’t able to find any answers for this from a google search just that you should cook them again to avoid food borne illness.
I’m curious why hotdogs specifically always come pre cooked! | 23 | Generally, hot dogs are made from the left over trimmings of meat production (lower-grade muscle trimmings, fatty tissues, head meat, animal feet, animal skin, blood, liver and other edible slaughter by-products). Pre-cooking the leftover trimmings helps to do a couple things; inhibit bacteria growth as there a various parts of an animal going into them, make the combined trimmings more manageable as it helps render down the fat and cartilage, and increases shelf life. | 48 |
[Halo] So, about the modeling of UNSC AIs, how varied in personality and appearance can they be? And are they commercially available to the public? | Here is a list of AI avatars, including the no-name ones (copied from Halopedia):
* [Aine](https://www.halopedia.org/Aine): A "thirty-something" yellow woman with variable clothing and a resigned expression.
* [Araqiel](https://www.halopedia.org/Araqiel): An elongated skull with curling, demon-like horns, fire-filled eyes and jagged teeth.[\[13\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-fs-13)
* [Auntie Dot](https://www.halopedia.org/Auntie_Dot): A grid of blue-glowing, constantly changing symmetrical patterns.
* [Beatrix](https://www.halopedia.org/Beatrix): A blue woman with short slicked-back hair wearing a [UNSC combat-ready uniform](https://www.halopedia.org/UNSC_Navy_working_uniform).[\[14\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-14)
* [Beowulf](https://www.halopedia.org/Beowulf): A man wearing a hooded cloak that obscures his facial features and most of his body.[\[15\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-15)
* [Black-Box](https://www.halopedia.org/Black-Box): A featureless blue cube.[\[16\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-16) Has been known to alter his avatar on occasion; he once appeared with a bright red bow tied around him in recognition of Captain Serin Osman's birthday. Uses a battered, worn version of his avatar to represent his "dumb" processes.
* [Captain Teach](https://www.halopedia.org/Captain_Teach): Appearance and mannerisms of an archetypal pirate captain, with gold teeth and black hair, carrying multiple pistols.[\[17\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-17)
* [Cortana](https://www.halopedia.org/Cortana): Tall and slender woman, nude but censored by scrolling calculations and symbols across her body, with short-cut hair, then longer hair following the [events](https://www.halopedia.org/Battle_of_Installation_04) at [Installation 04](https://www.halopedia.org/Installation_04). She strongly resembles her brain donor, [Doctor Catherine Halsey](https://www.halopedia.org/Catherine_Halsey). She glows bright blue.
* [Damon](https://www.halopedia.org/Damon): A hairless ghostly face with no distinguishable male or female features.[\[18\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-18)
* [Deep Winter](https://www.halopedia.org/Deep_Winter): An old man with a snowy cape, often accompanied by holographic ice and snow.[\[19\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-goo-19)
* [Déjà](https://www.halopedia.org/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0): The appearance of a Greek goddess: barefoot, wrapped in a toga, motes of light dancing about her hair and holding a clay tablet in her left hand.[\[5\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-for-5)
* [Doppler](https://www.halopedia.org/Doppler): A smartly dressed man wearing a jacket, bowtie, and a pair of scholarly round spectacles.[\[20\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-20)
* [Endless Summer](https://www.halopedia.org/Endless_Summer): A tall, red Cherokee Indian chief, bare-chested, wearing buckskins, and holding a feathered spear.[\[21\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-21)
* [FitzGibbon](https://www.halopedia.org/FitzGibbon): An elderly 18th century British Army officer with a teal glow.[\[7\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-genesis-7)
* [Iona](https://www.halopedia.org/Iona): One of several known AI with more than one appearance, her default appearance is that of a slender woman with short, curly hair with angular shapes across her body, reminiscent of a skin-tight suit. She also appears to wear boots and knee pads. She has an additional appearance resembling a child version of her default avatar for her more simplistic "ghost" interface to deceive remote scanners. She glows dark red.[\[22\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-22)
* [Isabel](https://www.halopedia.org/Isabel): A red pixie haired woman wearing a muscle top shirt tucked into cargo trousers and a bracelet on her right wrist. She illuminates with an orange glow.[\[23\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-23)
* [Jerrod](https://www.halopedia.org/Jerrod): A tiny spark of light with a formal butler voice.[\[24\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-24)
* [Leo](https://www.halopedia.org/Leo): A silver man in a neat-fitting suit and fedora hat[\[25\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-25)
* [Lorelei](https://www.halopedia.org/Lorelei): A woman wearing a toga, a sickle in her belt, and a wreath of wheat crowning her head.[\[26\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-26)
* [Lysithea](https://www.halopedia.org/Lysithea): A sweet feminine voice with a laugh that sounds like "fine bone china clinking together."[\[27\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-27)
* [Mack](https://www.halopedia.org/Mack): Appearance and mannerisms of an American cowboy from the 20th century.[\[28\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-28)
* [Mo Ye](https://www.halopedia.org/Mo_Ye): An elderly Asian woman in a pink gown. Her name is of either Chinese or Burmese nature, with the former being much more likely.[\[29\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-29)
* [Nora](https://www.halopedia.org/Nora): A blue woman attired in tribal clothing and jewelry.[\[30\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-30)
* [Rebecca](https://www.halopedia.org/Rebecca): She is one of the few known AI to have two appearances. Her first appearance is described as "half-Athena, half-Ares" with a feathered Greek headdress and armor. She can change her appearance to a flabby, middle-aged Mediterranean woman in a flower dress.[\[31\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-31)
* [Roland](https://www.halopedia.org/Roland_(AI)): A yellow man wearing an aviator outfit. More specifically the [WWII](https://www.halopedia.org/World_War_II) British fighter/test pilot [Roland Beamont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Beamont).
* [Sekmet](https://www.halopedia.org/Sekmet): Lion-headed woman dressed in Egyptian robes.[\[32\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-32)
* [Serina](https://www.halopedia.org/Serina): A tall and slender woman with long brown hair, wearing black boots, tight pants or leggings and a white shirt. She glows bright blue.[\[33\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-33)
* [Sif](https://www.halopedia.org/Sif): A slender woman with a long neck, elevated chin, and long blonde hair, wearing a multicolored, ankle-length sleeveless gown. [\[34\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-34)
* [Sloan](https://www.halopedia.org/Sloan): A blue humanoid man with a strong sculpted mesomorphic body. Parts of himself appear fragmented and lost.[\[35\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-35)
* [Superintendent](https://www.halopedia.org/Superintendent): A series of emotion icons.[\[36\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-36)
* [Watchmaker](https://www.halopedia.org/Watchmaker): An old man holding a large pocket watch with a dozen dials.[\[37\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-37)
* [Wellsley](https://www.halopedia.org/Wellsley): Stern-looking man with mildly long hair, prominent nose, and a collared coat; supposed to look like an 18th century British officer.[\[38\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-38) Is said to resemble his namesake, Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington.
* [Wendell](https://www.halopedia.org/Wendell): A weary-looking gentleman sporting a gray goatee and wearing a fedora hat.[\[39\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-39)
### Unidentified AIs
There were also at least three AIs at the [Damascus Testing Facility](https://www.halopedia.org/Damascus_Testing_Facility) on [Chi Ceti IV](https://www.halopedia.org/Chi_Ceti_IV) that were have not been specifically identified, with the avatars of a samurai, a mermaid, and a figure made entirely of bright light with comets trailing in her wake.[\[40\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-40) In addition, there were two unidentified AIs on the [UNSC *Point of No Return*](https://www.halopedia.org/UNSC_Point_of_No_Return), one of which was a wraith-like gray-robed figure without a body, and the other a collection of disembodied eyes, mouths, and gesturing hands, noted by [Kurt-051](https://www.halopedia.org/Kurt-051) as resembling [cubist art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism).[\[41\]](https://www.halopedia.org/Avatar#cite_note-41)
So, given the sheer variety of appearances, as well as the fact that they appear to be only available to the military/scientists, I'm curious to know:
\-Are AIs ever made to be sold to the public?
\-Are their appearances truly customizable and reprogrammable? Even their personalities?
\-Does this mean that we can make AIs like:
Animated/fictional characters:
\-Nemo/Marlin/Dory for aquatic-related AIs
\-Twilight/Celestia for library-related AIs
\-Skywalker for pilot AIs
\-Penny (from the Bolt movie) for an AI to take care of dogs
\-Mary Poppins for a babysitter/nanny AI
\-Captain Price for drill training AI
\-Solid Snake for espionage training AI
\-Any horror movie character for Haunted House AI guides
And so many more.
AIs modeled after historical people (eg. Nimitz for naval museums, MacArthur for Army, etc.)
And AIs modeled after mythological characters (eg. Thor for electricity-related fields)
Also, do their varied personalities mean we can make AIs like a trash-talking Cerberus avatar and a clown-esque Zeus AI?
Share me your answers and thoughts.
Edit: All serious talk and no ideas for own AIs? Bruh. | 35 | You are mixing up a lot in that list. Auntie dot and Superintendent sticks out the most, being a "dumb" AIs, so they don't learn like a person, and lack creativity.
AIs are expensive, not every UNSC ship in the Human-Covenant war had one despite the benefits.
"Smart" AIs are pretty much a digital person, but they lack most of the legal rights a human get.
However, they are consistently allowed to pick their own avatar.
So:
Don't mix up "smart" and "dumb" AIs. Superintendent ran an entire city, and Auntie Dot handled military intelligence. You don't need a smart AI for most stuff.
Related to this, i think the idea of programming an "smart" AI is extremely disturbing. It's like brainwashing a person. Picking how they look and act are one of the very few liberties a "smart" AI have. Robbing them of that is taking a dangerous step towards "AI slavery", away from "AI coworker" | 21 |
ELI5:Why does it matter if a country is in debt? It seems like nothing happens anyways seeing the US is $17 trillion in debt. | 1,208 | Debt for a country is very different than debt for a person. People expect to retire some day and live on savings, but governments can reasonably assume they will exist forever. If they ever stopped existing, after all, then the debt may just get ignored by whoever comes after. As long as a country is able to pay its interest, they can continue to be perfectly solvent, as interest is all its investors really want anyway. If your economy keeps growing in the long term, you can keep paying more in interest as your tax base keeps increasing, so it isn't really a long-term problem either. In addition, having a bunch of debt with other nations means that those nations don't want to see you fail, and may chip in during hard times. All taken, sovereign debt and personal debt are completely different things, and the frenzy being whipped up by the media over the big numbers is unjustified. | 877 |
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[Halo] Why was Cortana designed to resemble a naked lady? How did Sgt. Johnson survive the end of Halo CE? | Cortana is just an AI, so what’s the point of giving her a naked body, let alone a body? I know she’s based off of Dr. Halsey, but the two look quite different. | 233 | Cotana, like all smart AIs, chose her own Avatar during her creation. She looks the way she does because that's what she decided she wanted to look like, what she sees herself as. Her self image.
Once chosen a smart AI's Avatar can't be changed. Attempting to do so results in malfunctions, glitches, and even total crashes of the AI. Nobody's yet figured out why or how this happens. The AI can change minor details about their Avatar, though. So Cortana can -and did- change her hair style, colour, form of dress, etc but no matter what she will always look like a young woman who resembles a younger Doctor Halsey.
As to why AIs have Avatars to begin with, that's mainly for human interaction. Many people would feel uncomfortable interacting with essentially an omnipresent, disembodied voice that has the power to control all the technology around you. Giving them an Avatar gives people something to focus on. Eyes (in most cases) to look at when talking, facial expressions (in most cases) that they can read. An extreme form of a user friendly interface, basically. | 279 |
CMV: Supposed victims who detail the abuse online (twitter etc) should be supported at first glance but the other person shouldn't be defamed without true evidence | I feel like this is the most logical, but compassionate way to act **if** there isn't clear in-context evidence. If it's very ambiguous, then people should be fair to each side.
This way you are not slandering the other person incase they didn't do anything, but you still give moral support to the supposed victim incase it did happen.
Because a lot of people will say "I am so sorry this happened to you. X is truly a horrible person." or "I will spread the word that people need to avoid X" when only the first part of the first example is necessary.
When this is more private between friends instead of on public social media, and if you are a friend of both the people involved, you should also not turn on the accused, and instead ask them and get their side of the story, with as many receipts as they can give. Still support the friend who brought it all up, but don't go slandering the other right away.
Choosing to always support one side over the other means there will always be scenarios out there where one side is unfairly wronged. It should be as neutral as possible. Provide support only encouragement, then wait for enough evidence before defaming the other person and telling people to avoid them. | 24 | The problem with this is that it’s often functionally impossible. Most cases of abuse and/or sexual assault happen between people who know each other well, which means they’ll likely share a lot of people in their circles.
If one person accuses another, and they share friends/family, how exactly is everyone supposed to square that in a way that works for “both sides”?
There are a couple instances of you saying you should “give support” to the victim but we need to think about what that means in a practical sense. How can you meaningfully give support to a victim without acknowledging that their experience actually happened? | 12 |
ELi5: what makes a TV movie look like a TV movie and not a big budget production? | I know it’s something to do with the cameras used, but what makes a big movie look different than a low budget TV movie or sitcom? Is it something to do with FPS, resolution etc? | 144 | In addition to the other comments here there are a few others things:
* More close ups: Domestic TV screens were usually quite small compared with the movie experience. As a result directors tended to use more close ups. Faces, and the expressions they have are necessary to convey the story line and if shot in the same way as for movies, they would simply not have been visible enough for a domestic environment - so you get more faces and they are closer.
* One side effect of the above is that titles on made-for-TV movies tend to be bigger so they can be read. Typical movie credits are often too small. Similarly things with writing such a phone screens, monitors, books, signs, letters are all closer.
* Fewer longshots: Similarly, large panoramas, distant landscapes etc look great on a big screen but on a smaller domestic screen a lot of the detail and "atmosphere" is lost so these tend to be less frequent and also closer.
* Fewer "blacks": Movie theatres are generally darkened so you can have deep dark shadows on film and still see into them. Domestically, TVs are often watched in a more brightly lit room. Those dark scenes would be impenetrable so lighting tends to be turned up and less contrasty for a TV movie. | 111 |
ELI5: How does the technology in song-identifying apps like SoundHound and Shazam work? | 74 | I believe MP3 encoding algorithms convert sound waves to Fourier transforms. These are much easier to database and then Shazaam performs fourier transformation on the song you are "listening" to and compares to the database... or something of that sort. | 12 |
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Why is torque a vector? Right hand rule is a bit arbitrary isn't it? What does the direction of the torque vector signify? | 19 | Torque causes an object to rotate, and rotation in 3 dimensions is determined by an axis, the direction of rotation about that axis, and an angle. The torque vector direction determines the axis and the direction of rotation about that axis. (Since we are talking about continuous rotations, the angle part isn't really given by anything, but the magnitude of the torque is used to determine the rate of rotation.) If you point your right hand thumb along the direction of the torque vector, then your fingers will curl in the direction of the rotation induced by that torque. | 20 |
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Faculty: What would you think of a new TT hire who backed out of another school after signing their offer letter? | School A: dream job at high-caliber school in wonderful location. School B: mediocre school in yucky location. School B made me an early offer with a short deadline, and I signed their offer letter. Now School A has made me an offer.
The folks at r/Professors said to choose School A, but maybe I wasn't clear in [my post there](https://redd.it/5iskmc) that I have already signed School B's offer letter, so I thought I'd check with the wider community. **Could backing out on School B harm my reputation with School A (and the rest of my field)? Should I tell School A at any point that I signed the offer letter for School B?** I'm especially interested in POVs from mid/later-career professors, who are the majority at School A.
| 17 | School A. Is there a legal obligation associated with the letter you signed? If not, then you are free to do as you wish. If you are free to do as you wish, and you don't, do you really think that'll buy you some sort of standing with the school you originally signed with? Of course it won't. If this other school you prefer were to present itself a semester from now, would you take it? Two semesters? What passage of time matters here? Why does it matter? The school you signed the letter with will survive. Will they be happy you chose a better location? Of course not. Their happiness is not your concern. Yours is.
Edit: School A isn't going to care one bit, if you accept their offer. | 44 |
Eli5: why is baking soda oftenly used to clean stuff (especially stuff that is difficult to clean)? & what is it best used for? | Is there a kind of chemical reaction that makes the cleaning easier?
I feel like I‘m missing a life hack because we never have baking soda at home. | 47 | The two main reasons are that it has a high pH value, which means it's very basic (the opposite of acidic on the pH scale). This makes it very reactive with organic materials like kitchen grease and oily dirt left behind by dirty body parts.
It's also slightly abrasive, just enough so that particles of dirt can get rubbed off dirty surfaces but not so much that it will leave scratches. You can get much the same result on that score with toothpaste, by the by. | 49 |
ELI5: Why do tree trunks have a ring for every year the tree was alive? Why are those rings formed at all? | 39 | When a tree is growing, they tend to do so in patterns of fast growth in the spring/summer and slow growth in the fall/winter.
The fast growth isn’t as dense, and is a lighter color, while the slow growth is denser and darker.
There are exceptions to this rule though. Drought/flood/disease or other factors can disrupt the growth cycle. | 43 |
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ELI5: why does only empty space expand during cosmic inflationary expansion? Why are occupying objects unaffected from expansion ? | I remember reading a comment on this Subreddit where someone wrote that expansion should not be visualized as the boundary of the universe expanding but as the fundamental physical spacetime fabric itself expanding. When I rescale a picture or blow up a balloon, everything on the surface gets larger. So why is only empty space and distances being enlarged, why not physical objects too? | 16 | Because there are forces that pull in the opposite direction such as gravity, Nuclear Strongforce and electromagnetism. You actually need to get pretty far away before the expansion of the universe is significant enough to not be counter acted by some force. Even Galaxies that are close together like the Milky Way and other galaxies in the Virgo Super cluster are close enough to resist the expansion of the universe. | 14 |
How much would energy costs go up if the US got all its energy from renewables, using existing technology? | Let's say we have five years to build new infrastructure. How much would it cost to power the country at our current standard of living? Let's take into account issues not just of energy generation, but also of transport and storage. | 225 | First, bear in mind, the question is huge. To answer, we'd have to choose a plan for how to accomplish this. The main choices we'd have to make are:
* How to generate electricity for the grid.
* How to store non-baseload power.
* How to power vehicles.
* Whether to change how people commute. Cars? Scooters? Trains?
* Whether to redesign cities to make commuting less necessary.
These questions have multiple possible answers, and which answers you choose greatly affects the overall cost.
The second thing to keep in mind is: five years is nuts. You're talking about possibly replacing all our cars and power plants, you're talking about maybe replacing gas stations with electric stations, you're talking about building electricity storage reservoirs, and much more - this is just plain not going to happen in five years.
Indeed, the cost is mostly going to be proportional to how fast you try to do it. Fir example, if you allow a gradual transition to electric cars, then people can just buy the new cars as their old cars wear out. The cost is basically just the cost of replacement, which you'd be paying anyway. But if you want to do it in five years, you'd have to throw out a whole bunch of perfectly good gas cars.
| 73 |
Would a normal gun work in space? | Inspired by this : http://www.leasticoulddo.com/comic/20120607
At first i thought normal guns would be more effiecent in space, as there is no drag/gravity to slow it down after it was fired. But then i realised that there is no oxygen in space to create the explosion to fire it along in the first place. And then i confused myself. So what would happen? | 828 | Bullet charges contain their own oxidant, so they don't need air. So yes, you could use it (assuming the firing mechanism wasn't affected by low pressure/temperature). Recoil would be annoying though. | 687 |
Do we need the van Allen Belts as a protection from radiation? | I read that a potential space elevator would cancel the van Allen Belts by grounding them. Would that strip the Earth from radiation protection? And how would a space elevator do that cancel the belts? Also what do the sprites(lightning that goes up into space) have to do with them? Are they the reason for creating the gap between the belts? | 23 | Van Allen belts are more like low points in the magnetic field where radiation settles, its not the belts themselves that keep us safe, but they are a product of the magnetic field which does indeed protect us from harmful radiation | 22 |
ADA compliance officer isn’t complying | So I’m gonna make this as brief as possible. I’ve had issues with ADA compliance for a few semesters at this university. Last week we had an exam and my accommodation letter states I get double time on exams.
The exam last week, was online and at home. We had 60 minutes for 40 questions. Honestly I didn’t even notice the time that I was allotted until a warning popped up and to say I had 10 minutes left to submit and then panic mode set in. I finished the exam but I was frazzled due to the clock counting down.
I talked to some classmates and they also had 60 minutes (without accommodations) so I realized that the professor didn’t adjust my exam time to reflect my accommodations.
I emailed the testing center head (who is also the compliance officer) after the exam and was told that I could retake the exam because I did not get the accommodations I was supposed to but instead of double time like my letter states, I was only getting FIVE extra minutes....
I emailed back to let them know that 5 extra minutes was not double time and asked them to adjust the time to reflect my ADA accommodation letter.
They did not respond and my exam retake is due tonight...
I don’t know what to do. | 61 | >I don’t know what to do.
Contact your ombudsman and academic advisor (particularly if you have a closer relationship with them). The former will be able to initiate a formal process and navigate you through it; the latter will hopefully be able to advocate for you to those who would be able to intervene on your behalf. | 64 |
[Star Wars] Who is the chosen one? | Is it Luke or Anakin? Has this been made clear and I just missed something or is it left purposefully ambiguous?
As a side note, the Jedi fight for "balance" in the force, which apparently means an elimination of practitioners of the Dark Side, aka: the Sith. But wouldn't this mean they fight more for the Light Side than anything else? | 56 | Anakin Skywalker is the Chosen One as foretold by the ancient Jedi Prophecy.
It's a common misconception that "bringing balance to the Force" means having an equal number of Jedi and Sith. What it actually means is a return to the state that the Force exists in nature, which is what the Light Side practices. The Sith corrupt the Force's natural balance, which the Jedi see as their duty to restore. Anakin was the Chosen One and did fulfill The Prophecy because he destroyed the last of the Sith - Palpatine and himself.
| 93 |
Is there an operator that can have an associative property without a commutative property, or vice versa? | It seems that operators, whether they're pertaining to numbers, sets, propositional logic, vectors or whatever, will only have an associative property (ex. (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) ) when they also have a commutative property (ex. a+b = b+a).
I can't quite put my nose on what the two properties have in common with each other; is there an abstract proof (or disproof) that they're bi-conditional, or something along those lines? Sorry if my question's not clear I'm slightly drunk and frustrated because I can't figure it out on my own. | 107 | There are plenty of operators that are associative, but not commutative. And plenty that are the other way around. Just to give one example of each:
Function composition: we define the composition of two functions from R->R, f * g as f(g(x)). Checking associativity:
(f * g) * h = f(g(x)) * h = f(g(h(x)) = f * g(h(x)) = f * (g * h)
However, this operator is not commutative. Let f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = x^(2), then f * g = x^2 + 1, but g * f = (x + 1)^(2).
The other way around, consider the operator that takes 2 real numbers and returns the average. So a (+) b = (a + b) / 2. This operator is clearly commutative since addition is. But it is not associative. Take a = 0, b = 4, c = 2:
(a (+) b) (+) c = 2 (+) 2 = 2
a (+) (b (+) c) = 0 (+) 3 = 1.5
There are plenty of other examples that you can find for either direction, so in general it is definitely not the case that associativity and commutativity are interchangeable. | 74 |
What is the perfect political system and philosophy it is based on? | If you had absolute power to remake the architecture of civilization, including national and local government, what would it be and why?
What governing system best for the human race? What is ideal for the human race? Should there even be a governing system?
Tell us what
1) The structure and purpose of the government will be (if any)
2) How the government would tie into everything else
3) The philosophy that the government and political system is based on, and why it is superior.
Is Capitalism best? Socialism? Communism? Dictatorship? Tell us!
EDIT: My intentions are nothing more than curiosity. | 21 | An actual answer to this would be, like, a book or whatever, so let's just say Rawls' *A Theory of Justice* is the perfect political system.
1) Democracy and justice, respectively.
2) Its basic structure would be set up to ensure justice.
3) Justice as fairness, because this is what people would choose if they were unbiased, respectively. | 40 |
The Uncertainty Principle is About a Fundamental Inability to Know Position and Momentum, Not an Instrumental/Technology Limitation. But aren't those indistinguishable empirically? | Basically what the title said. I understand it's a common misconception that the Uncertainty Principle is about instrumentation rather than a fundamental aspect of the universe, but isn't it empirically impossible to verify that?
Meaning that a universe that has an Uncertainty Principle would be indistinguishable from a universe that has no UP, but instrumentation/measurement interference keeps you from measuring both to an arbitrary level of accuracy.
Any experiment would give identical results for both possibilities, right? How is this resolved?
Thank you in advance! | 19 | >but isn't it empirically impossible to verify that?
There are experiments in which the intrinsic "uncertainty" is larger than the resolution of the instruments being used (e.g. measurements of a particle's lifetime). It would be like if you were watching a super HD TV, but the picture was still fuzzy. That means the effect isn't from your TV, but something to do with the source. | 22 |
How does marijuana farming impact soil health in comparison to a standard crop such as corn? | 20 | Almost all growers that I've ever seen do some sort of warehouse farming. The quality of the crop is extremely dependent on light/temp/water nutrients. Ideal setup requires 18hrs of sunlight per day during growing and 12hrs during flowering. Temps need to be between 60-80F. Most places on the earth don't naturally meet those temp/light requirements. Users these days demand extremely high quality product and you just can't grow it outdoors to achieve that. | 21 |
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ELI5: This country's obsession with bacon. | I just don't get it. No one seems to favor pork over beef/chicken, unless its bacon. Bacon is always either too crispy where it essentially just becomes pork jerky and tough to chew, or its a little softer but then the flavor tends to over power the rest of the bite. And then when it does cool down it becomes hard anyway. I can enjoy truly fresh bacon from time to time if its homemade, but I will skip over the bacon entrees 10 out of 10 times from fast food places/casual restaurants. I don't think its awful, its just, I don't know, not something I really want to eat on a daily or even weekly basis. And this is completely ignoring the unhealthy factor.
Am I the only one who feels this way? | 55 | Bacon simultaneously appeals to all three flavors people crave-- sugar, salt, and fat. Event the scent of bacon is unique, thanks to the Maillard reaction (a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned foods their desirable flavor)
It's easy to prepare, reasonably priced, and readily available in the United States, so chefs started using it's properties as a "cheat" to enhance any dish. Want to make boring eggs and toast more appealing? Add bacon. Want to make a mediocre burger taste better? Add bacon. Want to make a dessert a little less sweet and more balance? Add bacon.
The salty-sweet-fat combination is irresistible to most people, not just necessarily Americans. It's just more accessible in a place like the US. | 94 |
[The Mask] Just how powerful is the mask? | So I'm watching the movie again and I remember it's based on a comic series. How powerful is the mask itself? Where does it come from and is there any villain or character who could really stand against someone wearing the mask?
Also how in control is the wearer generally? | 44 | Did you not see the beginning? It was imbued with the powers of Loki and Vikings left it here in a chest that eventually opened up, giving the mask to Stanley. And it's pretty freaking powerful, it gave him invincibility, reality warping, the ability to create objects out of nowhere, and really any other abilities that classic cartoon characters would have. But that's only Stanley. It affects other people differently.
> Also how in control is the wearer generally?
That's uncertain, because the bad guy seemed pretty in control when he put it on. But Stanley assumed his time as the mask was a dream. | 28 |
ELI5: Why is the urge to breathe based around CO2 and not oxygen? | When you hold your breath, it is rising levels of CO2 in the bloodstream that makes you feel the need to breathe again; your body is not aware of its oxygen levels. This makes it possible to breathe a gas like nitrogen and suffocate without ever noticing that you can't breathe. Additionally, if you lower your CO2 levels by hyperventilating, then hold your breath, it's possible to pass out without feeling the need to breathe, because your oxygen levels deplete before your CO2 levels rise to alarming levels.
Since oxygen levels are what we need to stay alive, why aren't our bodies' reflexes based around that? | 32 | > Since oxygen levels are what we need to stay alive, why aren't our bodies' reflexes based around that?
Because evolution simply finds a solution that works well enough to let you reproduce. Not always the best one.
| 44 |
ELI5: How does YouTube have the space to hold thousands and thousands of videos? Even then having some of those videos in 4k which would take up a ton if space on a traditional harddrive. | 16 | They use a ton of HDDs :D Basically they are held on a server farm. Which can hold petabytes of information. Though Youtube now has 100s of petabytes worth of info.. and youtube infrastructure is complicated!
As youtube uses a pretty complicated distribution method for its data. when a standard person uploads a video, it only gets stored in the most local data center. this is why when you watch a video with very little views, it often buffers a bunch and takes forever to load. As view count increases, copies of the data are distributed to relevant data centers around the world. this is why ads and extremely popular content loads extremely quickly. | 35 |
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Tell me about IBM's new molecule pictures. Is this what molecules actually "look" like? | Here's one article on it: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19584301
Basically, they're saying that these are actual images of molecules. It seems to say that they're running something very tiny over the surface of the molecule, and creating a picture from the very minute vibrations detected.
So is this resulting image what a molecule actually "looks" like? Or is this more of a doctored representation like a lot of the compound space photos we see? For instance, I'm guessing that the bonds in this image are actually the resistance felt by the instrument, rather than actual lines.
Anyway, anyone want to help me make sense of these images? | 980 | The short answer is that no, this is not what they "look" like, because "look" refers to _sight_, and no visible wavelength can resolve those molecules.
However, that's not to say it's not an accurate representation of the structure of the molecule. Atomic force microscopy is analogous to a blind man running his finger over an object to "feel" it's shape. While that may not correspond to what it "looks like", it is a way to detect its structure and shape. In this case, AFM detects electron density.
So like all other visual representations of phenomena we can't see - for example, electric fields or magnetic field lines - it isn't what it "looks like", but it reflects the structure and shape of what we're talking about. | 872 |
Why are so many energy equations of the form E=(1/2)xy^2? Kinetic, elastic, heat, capacitor and inductor energy all have this form. Even E=mc^2 is almost there. | So as I've gone further into physics I keep seeing this pattern pop up. Many equations for energy have the form E=(1/2)xy^2. That is half times a variable times another variable squared.
Is there a reason for this pattern or just coincidence? I would have thought different forms of energy would have very different equations for the most part. | 192 | This is because energy is defined as integral of force (dot) dx. ([ ; (\int F\cdot dx) ; ] if you have latex).
If we look at some forces, we can derive the energy equations ourselves. Force due to a spring is F=-kx, k is just a number put there by humans so that our numbers would line up nicely with things we have done before. If we integrate this, we find that our energy equation is (-) 1/2 kx^2. We actually get rid of the negative because we don't have negative energy (negative change of energy or work is different) *EDIT: See the comment left by /u/AsAChemicalEngineer for a correct explanation of why we don't have negative energy in this instance*. And you can see that the 1/2 and the x^2 are actually just resultants of the integration.
To take an example that doesn't have a 1/2 or x^2, let's look at the simplified form of force due to gravity, F=mg. We integrate this with respect to x and get E=mgx (or U=mgh). Since we didn't have a distance term in our original equation, we don't get the factor of integration.
(Side note, the actual formula for potential energy is -(G * m_1 * m_2) / r, but all of the extra bits that don't change that much are hidden in the "g" term.)
Hopefully this helps somewhat.
TL;DR: Energy is defined as an integral and the 1/2 and the x^2 are resultants of integration | 73 |
CMV: If a janitor leaves before his shift is over without permission, his boss has every right to reprimand him. | This is in reference to [this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4ulUoyV7RE&ab_channel=jonathanholley) video, currently on the front page.
The comments for this video are fully defending the janitor, and I don't fully understand why.
1. He came in early and allowed a 3rd party access to the building without management approval. This doesn't seem like a big deal, but if management hadn't approved it then he shouldn't be adjusting his schedule around it.
2. He left early without asking. This just goes without saying, at my job if I ever left early without asking I would get talked to, no question.
3. They needed him around 3:00, and he was unavailable. Your hours are scheduled a certain way for a reason. I don't know the school system very well, but if classes let out at 2:30 and students are roaming around until at least 3:00, it seems to me a janitor should be available to clean up messes, spills, etc. If the manager has to be called to get access to the cleaning supply closet, and someone else has to do his job for him, that's a problem.
4. This man has clearly had previous issues on his record at this job. They mention this in the video without going into specifics. I can only assume that this was not the *only* reason he was fired, but was on top of multiple writeups. If you've got a number of writeups on your plate already, pulling a stunt like this feels like blatant disrespect towards management.
5. He complains that other employees are also leaving early, and she's "picking him out of the bunch". I've had to talk to employees in the past who had similar responses, but in management you have to make it a point to have these discussions privately, so other employees don't know when you're being reprimanded. It should not be a public issue. He should have no idea if they're being written up or not.
Now, maybe this guy's been picked on unfairly by management. Maybe he's a slacker who can't ever do his job right. Maybe newer management is a bit more strict than older management and he's handling it poorly. Maybe she's just an evil woman. We really have no way of knowing from this video alone. Still, management has every right to write up an employee for leaving early without even discussing it with a manager.
Some people mentioned that she speaks to him condescendingly, and that may be true, but again, they have clearly had issues in the past. She's trying to make her point as clearly and concisely as possible, and to let him know he's in trouble. It's really hard to find a good way to do that when an employee is on such thin ice, and you're not on their side and know they might be fired, and you don't want to say something stupid (because maybe you're being surreptitiously recorded?) One line that was picked out was "Jonathan, stop talking". She's clearly had enough of him, and only says this because he's avoiding giving her direct answers to her questions. Yeah, she's being annoying, but so is he, honestly.
There's also the issue that he was kept 15 minutes late one day, but that's still ambiguous from the video. She claims she ended the meeting on time, which he does not contest. It's very likely that he took 15 minutes to exit the building, and called it at 3:15 because that's when he was out the door.
Disclaimer: I was homeschooled, so I don't know much about the school system or hours. I also spent a couple years in management, so I'm a bit biased, but I know how difficult it can be to deal with an employee like this when they consider this offense minor, while doing similar things on a daily basis. It seems to me that he did this specifically to get in trouble for the smallest thing possible, so that when he had to be reprimanded he could record it to show how cruel she was to him. It's even possible that (since it was so close to the end of his shift) he left as soon as he heard the walkie-talkie go off, as a middle-finger to "the man".
Comments are locked on the thread now, too, for some reason. [edit: apparently it's for witchhunting] | 20 | So first let's note that the title of the video holds the message the people in the comment are expected to have. And the comments below are quite toxic so it's really tempting to question the common view on this issue. Like you say we don't have a lot of information about each person so it's a bit strange to jump so easily to the conclusion.
So a lot of facts isnt taken into account when one reacts to the video, we only see words and tones. Both of those are harsh to hear for the employee and she could have an entire different approach, maybe first by listening to his explanation first, it seems like she only wants to reprimand him like he kind of claims.
We don't know what kind of worker he is but keep in mind that he's the one recording this dialogue as if he knew before hand how it was going to happen, in our hypothesis both of them are used to the other and your argumentation missed this point : he always seem to be reprimanded this way.
The way he is reprimanded is the subject of this video, even if you have a slacker, one can easily imagine a more diplomatic approach, renforced by the act of opening to the firemen (which really isn't any kind of potentially harmful third party in a school). And the fact that he answers rapidly and confidently to each issue the lady raises. He knows he's going to be reprimanded this way, unfairly in his opinion and records it to point out not why it's happening but how it's happening. | 10 |
ELI5: How can a company like UHaul allow me to drive their trucks halfway across the country and leave them at different UHaul centers? Wouldn't some centers lose more trucks than they take in and vice versa? | 87 | Yes, it happens just like you expect. Companies like U-haul and RV rental companies, etc. have programs to mitigate this - car transport, or RV companies will buy 1-way plane tickets for drivers to move their RVs for them. | 61 |
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ELI5: How do grass and trees survive prolonged sub-zero exposure? | I get that plant cells have huge vacuoles, but wouldn't the freezing of the cytoplasm overcome those volumes? What about nutrient transportation (like tree sap)? | 45 | Trees have the ability to not run water/nutrients close to the outside when its winter, this is somewhat to prevent freezing. This also creates age rings in the wood, since the water level and therefor color changes based on the temperature. | 38 |
ELI5: How does the fuel gauge work in a car? | 17 | Go to your toilet and lift the lid off of the water holder. Flush the toilet. See that little floaty thingy? Thats what in your fuel tank. The car takes a measurement of how high that float it floating (by using electronics it can measure how far on a stick that floater has floated up). Take a volume measurement with the float being the heigh and you get how much fuel you have. | 25 |
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CMV:Handgun Ownership is a terrible idea | This is me reposting under a corrected title. I misunderstood previously, and posted under an unclear and misleading title. Here's attempt #2.
Hi guys, fairly new to the sub. I live in Canada, and we don't allow handguns, except in very rare cases (http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/restr-eng.htm). I personally believe that the lack of handguns in Canada is a positive thing.
In terms of school shootings, Canada has only had 30 casualties in 10 Years from school shootings. This is about 0.0000008 school shooting casualties per capita over 10 years. In the States, where gun laws vary state-to-state, there has been 384 over the last 10 years, or .0000012 casualties/capita. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States)
I am aware of the whole "correlation=/=causation" argument, however I have not put in a ton of research to try and prove causation. I am simply curious as to why some people think it is a good idea.
EDIT: Realized that I miscalculated the values as I didn't specify between casualties and fatalities. After editing the numbers, they are closer together, and are not statistically significant, however I still believe in my above statement.
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 20 | School shootings are a red herring, they account for such an extremely small amount of the actual usage of guns (especially legally owned handguns) that bringing it up just distracts from the issue of gun ownership.
The issue of handguns is really about the competing interests between an individual's safety and society's desire for public safety.
In terms of individual safety, handguns act as a powerful equalizer against an attack. Whether it is a woman with a stalker, a scrawny man working in a neighborhood with frequent muggings, or a old man who owns a jewelry store, handguns allow them all to effectively defend themselves against attackers *without relying on the government*.
In other words, handguns give the average citizen the ability to effectively prepare their own defense.
On the other hand, society pays a price for this in the form of a drop in public safety. Murders, robberies, and other crimes are made more dangerous/common due to gun ownership. Frequent accidents are caused by misuse or improper storage.
Now your view might be that public safety is the most important thing, but by that argument, most individual rights can be taken away. It is safer for people not to have a right to privacy. It is safer to presume guilt unless proven innocent. It is safer to prevent free speech or free press. It is safer to allow the government to compel confessions through any means, including torture.
Now, the point of all this isn't to say that we should certainly let everyone have a handgun, but point out that putting individual rights over public safety is not a "terrible idea" as you have claimed. Handgun ownership should be considered a reasonable idea, just one you disagree with. | 32 |
[The mist 2007] why do the creatures stay in the mist? | 25 | Thats the environment they live in or maybe even evolved in.
It would be like a fish asking why humans tend to stick to the surface and only take short trips into the ocean.
Its not where we evolved to live even though we can hold our breath and swim for a short time. | 35 |
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[Halo] Why does the UNSC use 600+ year old cartridge designs? | 7.62x51 mm, 12.7x99 mm, 14.5x114 mm, etc. I know they do use some newly developed cartridge sizes, but so many of their mainline weapons utilize ancient standards such as these. How has nothing better been developed? | 21 | The UNSC never needed to develop anything better, at least from their point of view. Those cartridge designs work well for what the UNSC uses them for and so they've not had any reason to try and change them over the centuries. Keeping to the same types of ammunition lets it be more easily reused and recycled. Plus the infrastructure for those standards was already in place across UNSC space. Changing it every couple of years whenever somebody came up with something marginally better would be a lengthy and extremely costly endeavor for very little gain. | 30 |
ELI5: Why do many pop songs have so many different songwriters listed? | I see so many songs with 3-5 or more listed in the credits. I always thought sometimes one person wrote music, and another wrote lyrics. Why can it take around 5 people to write a song? | 118 | Studios that produce pop music typically have in-house songwriters. They might work collaboratively, they might reuse ideas from each others' work, they might even dig up unused lyrics written by someone else and add their own elements. When people say that pop music is produced in an assembly line, that's not an indictment, it's an observation. | 260 |
eli5 How do lasers clean surfaces and destroy things? | I've seen videos of lasers cleaning things and exploding stuff, but what's the science behind it? Aren't lasers just beams of light? | 21 | The videos you’ve seen are probably a specific sort of laser for removing rust without damaging the underlying material. It makes for quite a show, and the key is that the laser is a monochromatic light source of a single frequency. In this case it’s a frequency which is readily absorbed by rust, but not steel. There are other examples of this same idea at work, tattoo removal which uses a laser to target the ink itself, while sparing most of the surrounding tissue. All of this comes down to understanding the absorption spectrum of the target and then using a laser tuned to the correct frequency. | 17 |
ELI5: Why is it okay to drink alcohol from the liquor store, but not Listerine/mouth wash? | What’s the difference | 15 | The alchol that they use in mouthwash is generally not the same type of alchol that is safe for human consumption. Thymol, Eucalyptol Menthol are some of the types of alchol they use as substitute. Other things in mouthwash, like the large amounts of fluoride can cause gastric distress, nausea and other issues when consumed. The few people that do drink mouthwash as a substitute are usually recovering alcoholics trying to get a buzz.
Edit. Most mouthwashes still contain ethanol and thus can still have the alcholic effect. The Thymol, Eucalyptol, and menthol are also added. | 39 |
Teaching-only positions at colleges | I really love math and I would like to teach at college level. I'm not as keen on research though. I have a few questions.
1. Are teaching-only positions hard to come by? What are the opportunities like, especially for a foreigner?
2. What are the requirements? Would I have to get a phd?
3. What is the pay like?
I would be happy to receive tips and advice from everyone. Thank you :) | 20 | Community colleges are teaching-only positions, and for math they're pretty easy to come by, but fairly competetive. In most states, a master's is the minimum requirement, but a phd is helpful. The pay is alright; it's enough to have a decent middle-class lifestyle. | 26 |
[Thor Ragnarok] How powerful is Thor? Is Hela’s power the ability to make infinite amounts of swords from thin air? Why give Hulk weapons for the arena when he is the Hulk? | For Thor, I think his physical strength and power is inconsistent. Why hide from bullets and gunfire when he can survive punches from Hulk? The Hulk jumped hundreds of feet into the air and then crushed Thor, and he was fine, but Hela managed to cut off Thor’s eye. EDIT: Also, Thor was bouncing a ball and when it bounced off the wall it hit him and put him on the ground. WTF??!
I feel like giving Hulk melee weapons is dumb because his punches are more effective. Why give him weapons? To make him look more intimidating? | 25 | Spoiler warning in the body is a bit redundant when you put some spoilers in the title haha.
In regards to Thor’s strength, it’s inconsistent because that’s kind of a plot point, he subconsciously holds himself back as Odin explains.
Why does he hide from bullets? Just because they don’t harm him doesn’t mean that enough of them don’t sting a bit... why does Wonder Woman block bullet when she is bullet proof (comics not movie) because the one time they don’t hide or block or dodge is the one time someone has a super bullet that pierced right through them and kills them instantly.
And hulks strength can only be made more effective with the addition of weapons. They super space weapons obviously. That should be obvious as soon as the hammer doesn’t crumble in his hands or shatter against Thor. | 33 |
ELI5: Why are my mustache hairs straight, but my beard hairs look like pubes? | [EDIT] TIL that I should be using beard oil and conditioner. | 101 | What you do to your hair does not affect the shape with which it comes out of your skin. The shape of your pubic hair is not determined by the amount of sweat or oils on your skin. The shape of hair is determined by the kind of hair it is (vellus versus terminal) and your genetic predisposition to what kind of hair you grow where (curly, straight, and everything in between). You grow one type of hair on your head, another on your eyebrows, another on your moustache, sideburns, beard, legs etc. If you look closely, there are differences in the hair you grow on different parts of your body. It's genetics that gave you a bushy beard and straighter moustache hairs. That's kind of all it is. Someone else could hopefully better explain the reason the upper lip might develop straighter hair than the face from a biological standpoint.
| 30 |
[Star Trek] Hard suits | Why don’t they wear hard suits in Star Trek? They go into a lot of dangerous situations and places. This planet here is mostly toxic, this ship here is on fire, and then they beam right on in, in their regular clothes. | 18 | Because they can be beamed right out. It really depends on the situation. Sometimes they dress in more durable protective equipment particularly if there are environmental hazards but most often if things get too harry they can just be beamed out (provided we aren't talking about those relatively rare instances where the transporters aren't working that are vastly over-represented in the historical records). Their uniforms are designed to be fire/chemical resistant (which was a common practice in old earth navies going as far back as the 21st century). It's likely that the star fleet uniform provides a greater degree of protection than you're giving it credit for.
Hard suits are bulky and difficult to work in. Even soft suits designed for environmental control are difficult to get around in and extremely unpleasant. Unless you're facing off against hard vacuum, the added negatives associated with a hard suit are rarely justified in terms of the added protection which is generally unnecessary. Add onto this advanced medical technology (inoculations to most hazards including large levels of radiation) and the ships sensors which can accurately determine the environmental factors inside a ship prior to beaming and it's no wonder that this added precaution is rarely used. | 12 |
ELI5: Why do puppies always want to lick your face? | 7,572 | Licking to show affection is a functional behavior that puppies learn from their mother and littermates. Maternal licking and licking among littermates helps strengthen family bonds. A dog licking your face is expressing his affection for you and trying to strengthen the familial bond he has with you. | 6,296 |
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Explain the rules of Cricket to me please! | What are the core rules of gameplay?
What is the difference between Test Matches and the other, shorter matches?
| 35 | there are 11 players on each side, played on a big oval pitch (a field with grass on).
In the middle of the oval is a pale strip, where the bowler throws a cricket ball at a team of batsmen from the other side. He's trying to smash the three wooden poles called wickets, with the ball, but sometimes the bowler tries to make the batsmen hit it in the air so that the bowlers teammates can catch the ball. If they catch the ball while it's in the air, before it's hit the ground, the batsman is out.
The batsman tries to score runs. He hits the ball in different ways so that he and his teammate at the other end of the strip can run back and forward between the wickets and score runs. If he hits it off the pitch without it hitting the ground, he doesn't have to run because he gets 6 runs automatically, and no more. If he hits it off the pitch but it DOES hit the floor, he gets 4 runs automatically, but no more.
The bowler, and the fielders try to catch the ball and throw it back while the batsmen are out of their 'crease', which is a little safe zone they stand in next to the wicket. It's a line drawn in white.
If the batsmen gets put out by the other team, then one of the other 11 players takes up his place. In theory, they should go through all 11 players, and that brings an end to the 'innings'. Innings can end early because the batting side can say 'we've had enough', or because of bad weather.
The bowler is allowed to bowl 6 times. That's called an 'over'. Wide balls, and no-deliveries don't count. In some games, the number of 'overs' is limited to a set number to shorten the game and make it more exciting.
There are a few different kinds of bowling styles. Some people like to throw it really fast to hit the wickets. Some people like to spin the ball and make it go in different directions to get around the batsman or make him hit it badly. The bowler will do whatever he can to try and trick the batsman.
There are a few ways the batsman can go out.
-Hit the wickets with the ball
-The fielders catch a hit ball before it touches the floor
-Leg before wickets. The ball is definitely going to hit the wickets, but it hits the batsman's leg first.
-When the batters are scoring runs, and are out of their 'creases' (batters safe zone) the fielders hit the wickets with the ball
-The batsman hits his own wickets by accident
-The batsman hits the ball twice (rarely happens)
-Deliberately touches the ball
-After a batsman gets put out, if the next one doesn't arrive by 3 minutes, he's out too.
After everyone has batted, the teams swap, and whoever has scored the most runs, wins the game!!!
Hope this is a good basic guide.
edit: to include pitch explanation | 17 |
ELI5: What's happening in Thailand? | 710 | martial law. locals are not happy with the government. Protests planned for this Friday - Sunday. Ex Pats living in Bangkok don't seem too concerned - just staying away from major areas. Pizzas and DVD's for a few days. | 275 |
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[batman] Joker is captured and shipped off to a new asylum on the other side of the planet. How will he react without access to his BFF? | Com. Gordon manages to convince the judges that there's a new psychiatrist in Australia, a Dr. Jack Star shall we say. Joker now has no access to Gotham, Batty can't visit him frequently, how long before he dives further down the rabbit hole? | 29 | Joker will attempt to break free almost immediately, probably while being transported. Knowing him, he'd probably manage it too. Then he'd kill whichever judge tried to send him away from Old Batsy, to manke sure nobody else tried it again. | 39 |
CMV: If a job can be done more effectively and cheaply by a machine, then it's pointless to have a human do it | When a large organization lays off workers because their jobs are obsolete, labor unions and politicians always get really angry. They make pleas like "This hurts the middle class!" and "How are these people going to feed their families?"
It feels insensitive to say this, but these are emotional arguments rather than rational ones. They're arguments with which I sympathize, as someone who's seen friends and family struggle with long-term unemployment after getting laid off. But they're arguments that serve only to make people feel better: they make no difference in the overall trend toward automation.
Jobs exist because work needs to get done, not because employers want to feed people's families. If the work can be done cheaper by a machine than by a human, then it's foolish and ultimately futile for an organization to keep using human labor.
I'm a liberal. I'm in favor of legally-mandated unemployment benefits, legally-mandated retraining programs for laid-off workers, and collective bargaining by labor unions. The view I would like changed is simply that *fighting against the obsolescence of jobs is a waste of time and energy*. | 90 | >It feels insensitive to say this, but these are emotional arguments rather than rational ones.
Well, no they aren't. Insofar as it's true that "This hurts the middle class," and "these people aren't going to be able to feed their families," these are true and serious objections. In fact, it seems as though your emotional affinity for the idea of an automated economy are getting in the way of seeing these objections as legitimate issues. An economy that doesn't allow for it's citizens to earn a living is unsustainable. | 34 |
ELI5: What makes white things turn a dark yellow as they get older? | 15 | There are two main groups of things which go through this transformation for different reasons.
The first are things which have had a blue additive. This is commonly done in white paints, clothing, and plastics. It turns out that pure white doesn't actually look white to us when it is outside in the sun. To make things look white you want to make them be a little more blue, so the additive makes them look more white to our eyes. Overtime these additives breakdown and so the items return to true white, but this looks slightly yellow to us.
The other is paper products. Paper products are bleached to make them look white, but if not treated properly there is a major component in paper that breaks down overtime into acid. This acid eats the paper slightly changing its color. | 12 |
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ELI5:what is a libertarian? | 280 | A consequentialist libertarian is someone who thinks the government's functions should be limited to the activities that require force. Consequentialist libertarians think the government should:
1. Prevent body crimes like murder and rape
2. Prevent property crimes like theft and fraud
3. Adjudicate the terms of contracts when there is a dispute.
Some consequentialist libertarians would also include providing certain public goods (like lighthouses) that cannot be easily be provided by the free market as a legitimate government function.
Other libertarians, known as deontological libertarians, follow the Non-aggression principle which is the philosophy that it is immoral to initiate force or fraud against another person or their property. Everyone, including the government, must follow this philosophy in order to be moral, accoding to deontological libertarians.
All libertarians are united in wanting a very small, limited government. | 187 |
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CMV: the mouse nub that some laptops have in the middle of the keyboard is an obsolete anachronism - basically your laptop's appendix - and may as well not be included. | I recently got a laptop from work. It has the usual touch pad mouse but it also has the little mouse nub in the middle of the keyboard. It is way less sensitive than the track pad and I cannot imagine an application where it would easier to interface through that nub than with the tracker pad.
I realize that people use devices in different ways for different things so you can change my view by giving an at least somewhat common circumstance in which the mouse nub is better than the touch pad despite it's apparent awkwardness.
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> *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 25 | The eraser/clit is a favorite control mechanism of touch typers. If your workflow doesn’t involve moving the mouse much, you can easily send either index finger to the clit for easy manipulation while keeping your hands in home position.
Using a track pad forces you to move out of home position to do anything involving the mouse. | 24 |
[Sesame Street] If you were to be bitten by The Count, would you turn into a puppet? Puppet vampire? | 25 | Nothing would happen.
Believe it or not, according to internal Sesame Workshop documents (specifically the 2001 edition of *Sesame Street Muppets Drawing Guide*, the official reference for drawing Sesame Street characters for tie-in books and the like) the Count is not, in fact, a vampire. | 19 |
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Why Don't Multiple Indexes Blow Up The Database Size? | When reading a really basic book, I came across a section talking about using database indexes to search for entries with an *O(log(n))* time. The same book talked about how we can create multiple such indexes for the same database - so when we want to quickly search for an entry by its ID, or by its "date of birth", or some other property, we will still be able to do that in a log time. However, I don't understand how building multiple such indexes doesn't blow up the storage space (i.e. it looks like in the example below we will need to create a tree of IDs and pointers to the database entries, then a tree of dates of birth and pointers to the database entries, and then a tree of names and pointers to the database entries - thus having to duplicate lots of data). What am I getting wrong here?
https://preview.redd.it/pk22zi8bghl61.png?width=1338&format=png&auto=webp&s=f0d34ce04adaeb7d3ae95e4c03fef21cdf63cb9c | 26 | It absolutely blows up the database size. It trades increased space for decreased time. Part of the responsibility of owning and maintaining a database is figuring where it is useful (or not useful) to add these indices. This requires understanding what data you have, and what your access patterns are. | 36 |
ELI5: If a "female" identifies as a male would they be **legally** allowed to be topless on tv? | 705 | I doubt it. Trans women can be arrested for being topless (something only a woman can be arrested for) then tried and imprisoned as males, which has happened in the US, so the gender of the person displaying said boobs seems irrelevent in the eyes of the law right now. All they care about is that they see boobs that are classically "female" and decide it's illegal. | 503 |
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ELI5: why does the FBI need manned Cessna's and shell companies for surveillance when we have unmanned drones that would suffice? | I'm thinking we're all pissed but numb to American mass surveillance and they know that so they went with it. Logic tells me that they have technology such as satellites, drones, etc that would be much more efficient and effective. That's not even taking into the account the spying tools they have that we don't even know about. A guy circling the city in a fake company Cessna is unlikely doing surveillance. | 525 | FAA permission to operate drones over the US is highly restricted. Liability concerns for a crash caused by simple engine failure make it difficult to covertly do things without shell companies. Somebody has to buy the insurance and pay the premiums. | 149 |
CMV: High school students should not have to do "arts & crafts" projects. | I'm a father of two teen sons -- oldest is a freshman in college, youngest is a freshman in high school. Through the years I have helped them both with various arts & crafts (A&C) projects, from simple posters, to dioramas, to intricate 3D models made of a variety of materials. Such artistic projects can be fun and educational for younger students, but by high school, these kinds of projects should be replaced with more "Real World"-type projects/presentations -- especially using computer-based technology.
Both my sons were/are in a special IT-focused program in their high school, so they did/are learning and using computer technology for many projects. But they still had/have to create some "arts & crafts" projects.* And it seems that the A&C projects are still the common/norm for the standard (non-IT-focused) curriculum.
To change my view, explain how A&C projects actually help teach/learn a (high school-level) subject better than delivering a written report, or a slide presentation, or a video -- skills that will be more necessary after high school (in university or career).
*I am helping him with one right now. You know how difficult it is to build an [endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)](https://www.google.com/search?q=endoplasmic+reticulum&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS861US861&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjW-IaeievnAhVCJzQIHRKAAw4Q_AUoAXoECBIQAw&biw=1284&bih=1045) from A&C supplies? I'm absolutely serious -- we are building the two forms of reticulum with A&C supplies, for high school biology. | 15 | You know how they teach some football players how to do ballet? You might think that one doesn't need to know how to do ballet in order to play football. But the reality is that the muscle memory, flexibility, and coordination involved in doing ballet helps one be a better football player.
Education isn't merely about getting information into people's heads. It's about molding their brains in such a way that they can be more effective intellectually. It's one thing to learn X, Y, and Z; it's another things to learn or to gain experience in *how* to learn in the first place.
Well, artsy crafts and things can help the brain development of anybody at any age. Learning to draw, for example, helps you concentrate and is very beneficial for people who have a difficult time concentrating. Doing any kind of art or craft helps a person develop creativity. So, believe it or not, being a musician or an artist can help you write better software code. | 20 |
[harry potter] what happens if one person invents an original spell using an incantation, and a different person invents a different spell using the same incantation? | let's say someone creates a new spell that gives you cancer. the incantation they use for it is "fibbledink binkle-dee-borf". someone else who has never heard of the cancer spell, comes up with their own original spell that walks your dog for you, using the same words.
what happens if a third person learned both of those spells, that have the same incantation? if they could do both of them using the same words, then couldn't every spell all have the same words, and the only difference is your intentions? | 28 | You're making some assumptions about how spell invention works that are very likely wrong. Take a look at sectumesempre. Sectum means cut. Semper means always. So we have always cut, a spell that makes a person bleed until a counterspell is applied. So are spells invented, or are they discovered? In either case, you are unlikely to get spells with such widely different effects using the same incantation. | 34 |
[dc] how far into his career was batman when joker appeared | 21 | Across every major continuity, Joker shows up pretty quickly.
* Joker's debut in **Earth 1** was April 1940. For context, Batman debuted in May 1939.
* **The Long Halloween** shows Joker has been active since Batman's early days of crimefighting.
* **The Killing Joke** shows Batman encountering the would-be Joker in a version of his original costume (funky ears, purple gloves, etc.).
* **Burton / Schumacher** Batman implies this is the first super-criminal Batman put down.
* **Nolan**'s Joker is implied to have only become active shortly after Batman did, as part of the "escalation" Gordon talks about. | 41 |
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ELI5: Why can't someone just calm down when they are having a panic/anxiety attack? | I know that telling someone to calm down in such a situation is useless, and it usually will just make it worse, but why? Even if nobody tells them to do anything, why is it so seemingly impossible? I ask because I've never really had a problem with anxiety; when I'm stressed I typically just begin feeling tired, so anxiety as a whole is pretty foreign to me. | 27 | Panic attacks unnecessarily trigger your fight or flight response and send adrenaline all over your body. There is no danger, but your brain has erroneously perceived danger. You can't stop the adrenaline that's already been released in the same way you can't tell your brain to stop making your heart beat, essentially.
Since it takes time for the response to die down, any attempts to calm oneself that aren't quickly successful can make the situation seem more endless/hopeless. | 46 |
ELI5: What does it mean to float a country's currency? | Sri Lanka is going through the worst economic crisis in history after the government has essentially been stealing money in any way they can. We have no power, no fuel, no diesel, no gas to cook with and there's a shortage of 600 essential items in the country that we are now banning to import. Inflation has reached an all-time high and has shot up unnaturally over the last year, because we have uneducated fucks running the country who are printing over a billion rupees per day.
Yesterday, the central bank announced they would float the currency to manage the soaring inflation rates. Can anyone explain how this would stabilise the economy? (Or if this wouldn't?) | 6,186 | In general all currencies float. The market demand decides how many dollars you get for your euro, and so forth.
Most central banks attempt to stabilize this float by buying the currency when it is low and selling it when it is high. This buffering effect can keep the currency in a narrow trading range, if the central bank has enough money.
Some of the time, like your Sri Lanka case, the central bank doesn't have enough money to keep the currency in the trading range. At that time, they make an announcement that they are going to drop their support for the currency and let the market find it's own level. This is typically much lower, and so everybody who has the currency will see their account values drop dramatically relative to a baseline currency like the dollar or euro. That gets all the inflation out of the way, in one big painful event, rather than depressing everyone for months. | 3,608 |
[General] What is the difference between a Mage and a warlock? | 33 | A warlock is someone who got their magical powers from a demonic bargain or pact, compared to wizards, who get their powers by studying magic, and sorcerers, who are born with magical powers.
Or, in the eloquent words of 1d4chan: "a wizard gets "A"s in class by studying really hard, a sorcerer gets "A"s by having natural talent, and a warlock gets "A"s by giving the dean a blowjob in his office." | 97 |
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ELI5: What causes people to 'jump' when frightened? | 23 | It’s An instinct that causes your muscles to start tensing up as if you’re about to have to quickly move or fight something.
There’s a reason that people when startled often stand up and/or being their arms up closer to their chest/head, it gives the body and head some extra protection than if your arms were at your sides and when your arms are in your pretty much ready to start punching. | 14 |
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CMV: I believe in astrology. | I feel like y'all should have some fun with this one.
I believe in astrology. I am not talking about the sun-sign-only astrology that says "all Pisces are gonna have a [fill in the blank] day." I'm talking about the involved kind of astrology where you make a chart of where the planets were at your time of birth and analyze the aspects these planets make to each other. You can also analyze how two people interact based on their planet placements. If you familiarize yourself with the more complex type of astrology, it will help your argument against my views.
I know that there is no known scientific basis for astrology, so I shouldn't believe in it. However, so many of the things I have read in my charts and my romantic partners' charts have been dead-on accurate. I actually love learning about science and thinking critically about the world around me, so taking that angle would be appreciated. I do, however, have a strong belief that some things in the universe are too big and grand for human beings to comprehend and perceive.
The reason I discount confirmation bias is because I have used astrology to analyze relationships/ events both before AND after the fact, and have found the same level of truth.
I genuinely want to stop believing in astrology, because it has had a negative impact on my life. I tend to fixate on negative things. Astrology just really doesn't serve me and the way I want to live my life.
TL;DR: Please help me stop believing in astrology! I'm not talking about newspaper horoscopes.
Edit: I'm not trying to prove that astrology is a science. I'm pretty aware that it's a flaw in logic of mine, but I just can't shake it! I'm looking some different ways to think about this issue. Thanks to everyone who has respectfully answered me.
Edit 2: I knew I could count on Reddit to talk some sense into me. Thanks to all of you folks who did not treat me like an idiot and especially to u/masterrod for illuminating my reasons for deceiving myself and to u/loughmiller for giving me a quick and easy test. I'm off the crack. On to real life.
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than just downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 94 | Try this experiment: Pick a random birthday/time that is similar in age to you. Work really hard to pretend that you just found out that you were wrong about your original birthday, and this is your new birthday.
Go build all your charts, analyze the planets and all that. Get back to us on how accurate things are with this new birthday. | 183 |
[MCU] If Wakanda was never colonized, why do Wakandans speak English? | I know they also speak Xhosa, but why do T'Challa and Shuri speak English when they're alone, for example? | 17 | They might've learned it out of necessity, English is now classed as a global language spoken by over 2 billion of the planets populace. With many different varieties such as American English, South African English, Australian and New Zealand etc. So with English being such a common language they would have learnt it as a way to better communicate with the wider world. | 31 |
ELI5 : As an overweight male, why it's better for me to gain muscle via weights to lose weight than to do just cardio & reducing calorie intake | 21 | It isn't. You should do weights and cardio and reduce caloric intake. Better yet do some intermittent fasting, cut out all sugar, drop carbs to around 100-150 grams per day, and increase good fat intake. If you can restrict all consumption of anything but water to a 10 hour period every day you will be even more successful.
It's a synergistic effect. Larger muscles consume more energy which means less of your caloric intake gets stored as fat. | 17 |
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Hey thermodynamics experts, why do stringy things tangle? | Whenever I try to reason this out, I always come back to thinking that in the process of knotting or tangling a string (or headphones cord, or whatever), the number of possible configurations is being constrained, thus reducing the overall entropy of the system, which is illogical, given that things *always* tangle. Also, something something partition function.
What is actually going on?
I am looking for a thermodynamic or statistical explanation - not something relating to jones polynomials or persistence lengths.
I'm looking forward to a fun discussion! Thanks. | 26 | Actually, it's that there are very few ways where you can be untangled.
If you have two strings that start parallel and are in a confined space, you can only really call them untangled if they remain in that initial state or a state very similar to it (a low chance, as this is only a few states of many), or end up being located far enough from each other that they can't tangle with each other whatever they do (also a low chance in a confined space, depending on how small the space is). For any other configuration - twists, loops, knots, whatever you want - there are many more possible choices.
For example, you can add many more combinations to the initial parallel strings just by twisting them together, dependent on where the twists are, how many twists there are, and so on. Add more strings, and the amount of combinations where *all* of them stay untangled gets very low indeed! | 13 |
ELI5: Why does intense hunger sometimes cause nausea? That seems like the opposite of what should happen. | 71 | Because your body is trying to encourage you to eat! Here are the two possibilities I've read about:
According to when you eat, your body will release a hormone called Ghrelin which makes you feel like you're starving, possibly to the point of feeling nauseated. So if you normally eat every four hours and you missed a meal, your stomach starts to release ghrelin whether you need food or not because you've trained it on a schedule. Ghrelin normally stops being released after 30-60 minutes so it doesn't impact you actually getting food and that feeling of nausea will go away.
It could also be low blood sugar! Your body could be releasing the hormone, Glucagon, which can cause nausea. If your diet is higher in refined carbohydrates, you're not used to burning fat because you have more sugars in your diet. If those sugars run out, your body starts to burn fat and this might cause a dip in your energy levels, headaches and nausea. | 25 |
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ELI5: why are we set up to not eat healthy? | In America, there was an obesity scare in the 1970's-1980's that told Americans "fat is bad" and so they've removed the fat content from many foods. by doing that, they became less tasteful and so to replace that they added sugar.
But also, we've been told every day to eat our grains and oats. But the thing is, most of the bread that we consume is actually really bad for us, even the whole-grain breads. It isn't the same oats and grains are grandparents consumed.
Many companies too try really hard to make things seem healthy when they aren't.
So how is a person in this society supposed to be able to eat healthy? Do you have any tips and tricks to make it simple? Can you point us to sources we as consumers should be able to trust? | 33 | If by "set up" you mean biologically it's because some nutrients were much rarer then others and over time we became hardwired to seek those particular nutrients more so over others since obtaining those nutrients required more effort. Now in modern times those nutrients are quite abundant but we still retain that need to seek those once rare nutrients which causes problems due to excess. Also those rare nutrients: salts, sugars, fats, etc. are not unhealthy. | 19 |
How do we know how ancient languages sound? | Like the title suggests, how do people who study ancient languages like Latin or Ancient Greek know how the letters are pronounced? Do they just compare it to modern languages, or is there another way? | 28 | in part, they look at the offspring languages and study how they sound. they also look into the morphology of pronunciation and see how people change speech over time in general.
that being said, we don't actually know much, we have made a lot of educated guesses where each separately have have a medium-high degree of accuracy.
if you learned one of these languages and went back in time to one of these ancient cultures you'd probably sound something like a chinese student attempting to speak english after two months of study. that is to say you'd be nearly understandable and you'd not understand much of what is being spoken.
the exception is latin. if you study latin today with good instruction you'd do very well. we have too much information on how latin was pronounced excepting about 4 sounds (w vs v is one of the hotly contended pronunciations). similarly with greek though not as good.
the most interesting case is proto indo-european. | 26 |
CMV: a "good actor" has more to do with writing, directing and overall production than with a particular actor's skills. | Now I'm not saying that actors are not talented and that it is not difficult to act out difficult scenes. My qualm is with the separation of "good actors" and "average actors".
Matthew McConnahey is the obvious candidate who was thought of as nothing special until he had an opportunity to work with a good script, good production and good directing. Heath Ledger was another example. Robin Williams, too, would not have been thought as much more than a comedian until given the right opportunity. Or Will Smith. We may soon be saying the same for Jesse Eisenberg.
Given the quality of script, the careful directing, the number of takes and feedback and cues an actor may take to get a scene right, the music which can be an emotional trigger; it is hard to imagine any professional actor who could not be coaxed into giving stellar performances.
Obviously people will cite examples to the contrary, but to compare Gary Oldman who is widely regarded as a master actor, I've recently noticed the previously unremarkable aussie actor Joel Edgerton being cast as Rameses in the upcoming Exodus, and I think that it may not take much to make a competent actor "chameleonic".
Basically, I believe any competent or trained actor can be coaxed to give outstanding performances with the right directing and production. There is less variety in the capabilities of professional actors than the fandom of A-listers suggest.
Edit: to clarify my position: I think there is less validity to the claim "X is a brilliant actor and Y is a bad or average actor" than there is to "X got a good role, script and director whilst Y has been unable to find a role or script he can really shine in."
Edit2: okay guys, took a bit of discussion but you did change my view. A few guys highlighted the inverse of my position, good movies dragged down by bad acting (Keanu in Dracula is one I'll never forgive) and average movies saved by an outstanding performance (no one would be mentioning Good Morning Vietnam without Williams). But most importantly was the talk of theater, which removes all of my talk of takes, editing and music and lets it be the bare actors. I never considered that, but it is absolutely contrary to my position and changed my mind. Dishing out the deltas for the 3 who changed my view. | 431 | I think there is definitely a major impact on an actor's performance when given a good script and good direction, but there is also a skill to the actor themselves and they way in which they go about their work.
A good actor will try to understand the character and their motivations, and will give feedback to the writers and director about how a line feels and sounds in that context. Also, a huge thing about great actors for television and films is their ability to self-choreograph otherwise improvised motions. Something as simple as how they hold a prop like a cigarette or a drink, and the timing of when they take a sip in the dialogue, and making that consistent goes a long way to making the editor's life a hell of a lot easier when editing for continuity. A lot of novice actors will move around at random, just reading the lines and trying to act as it comes to them. When you take the footage back to edit, it can often be a mess trying to line up shots where the actor's arms or legs are in the same position at the same word in a dialogue, and you end up having to edit around them instead of editing around how it would feel best.
But of course, any production is a culmination of all its constituent parts. | 105 |
Why can't we land a probe on this supposed "alien asteroid" that has visited us from outside the solar system? Couldn't we use it to freeload, virtually fuel-free, to the outer reaches of our solar system? And beyond? | Let me add some context. One of SciShow Space's (from YouTube) recent [videos](https://youtu.be/gZgHeLXI8z8) was how an asteroid from outside our solar system has been flung away from its native solar system and has found its way into our own... for the time being.
Why can't we (carefully) land a probe on it to freeload on it to the outer reaches of our solar system and beyond?
Yes, I'm aware doing it would be extremely difficult, given its size and the theoretical planning that would be involved. But would it be theoretically possible to do it? And would we learn anything from being on it?
Thanks, r/askscience! | 15 | In order to land on it, without just smashing into the damn thing and blowing it a new crater, we'd have to get a spacecraft up to the same speed that the asteroid is traveling at.
And at that point, why do we need a free ride? We're already going at the same speed that it is. Just keep coasting. | 82 |
How is caffeine physically addictive and why does a person experience withdrawal? | What causes caffeine to be physically addictive, so that an addict experiences withdrawal when they do not get a dosage? | 24 | Caffeine acts as a competitive inhibitor for the neurotransmitter Adenosine. It does this by binding to adenosine receptors without activating them. During continuous use, the body works to counteract this effect by increasing the number of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system. Because of this adaptation, the body is then more sensitive to adenosine in the absence of caffeine. The body's heightened reaction to adenosine involves the unpleasant symptoms typically referred to as withdrawal. | 16 |
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