danghungithp/text_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

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scintillation proportional counters.
CASSINI - Saturn orbiter and Titan atmosphere probe. Cassini is a joint
NASA/ESA project designed to accomplish an exploration of the Saturnian
system with its Cassini Saturn Orbiter and Huygens Titan Probe. Cassini
is scheduled for launch aboard a Titan IV/Centaur in October of 1997.
After gravity assists of Venus, Earth and Jupiter in a VVEJGA
trajectory, the spacecraft will arrive at Saturn in June of 2004. Upon
arrival, the Cassini spacecraft performs several maneuvers to achieve an
orbit around Saturn. Near the end of this initial orbit, the Huygens
Probe separates from the Orbiter and descends through the atmosphere of
Titan. The Orbiter relays the Probe data to Earth for about 3 hours
while the Probe enters and traverses the cloudy atmosphere to the
surface. After the completion of the Probe mission, the Orbiter
continues touring the Saturnian system for three and a half years. Titan
synchronous orbit trajectories will allow about 35 flybys of Titan and
targeted flybys of Iapetus, Dione and Enceladus. The objectives of the
mission are threefold: conduct detailed studies of Saturn's atmosphere,
rings and magnetosphere; conduct close-up studies of Saturn's
satellites, and characterize Titan's atmosphere and surface.
One of the most intriguing aspects of Titan is the possibility that its
surface may be covered in part with lakes of liquid hydrocarbons that
result from photochemical processes in its upper atmosphere. These
hydrocarbons condense to form a global smog layer and eventually rain
down onto the surface. The Cassini orbiter will use onboard radar to
peer through Titan's clouds and determine if there is liquid on the
surface. Experiments aboard both the orbiter and the entry probe will
investigate the chemical processes that produce this unique atmosphere.
The Cassini mission is named for Jean Dominique Cassini (1625-1712), the
first director of the Paris Observatory, who discovered several of
Saturn's satellites and the major division in its rings. The Titan
atmospheric entry probe is named for the Dutch physicist Christiaan
Huygens (1629-1695), who discovered Titan and first described the true
nature of Saturn's rings.
Key Scheduled Dates for the Cassini Mission (VVEJGA Trajectory)
10/06/97 - Titan IV/Centaur Launch
04/21/98 - Venus 1 Gravity Assist
06/20/99 - Venus 2 Gravity Assist
08/16/99 - Earth Gravity Assist
12/30/00 - Jupiter Gravity Assist
06/25/04 - Saturn Arrival
01/09/05 - Titan Probe Release
01/30/05 - Titan Probe Entry
06/25/08 - End of Primary Mission
(Schedule last updated 7/22/92)
GALILEO - Jupiter orbiter and atmosphere probe, in transit. Has returned
the first resolved images of an asteroid, Gaspra, while in transit to
Jupiter. Efforts to unfurl the stuck High-Gain Antenna (HGA) have
essentially been abandoned. JPL has developed a backup plan using data
compression (JPEG-like for images, lossless compression for data from
the other instruments) which should allow the mission to achieve
approximately 70% of its original objectives.
Galileo Schedule
10/18/89 - Launch from Space Shuttle
02/09/90 - Venus Flyby
10/**/90 - Venus Data Playback
12/08/90 - 1st Earth Flyby
05/01/91 - High Gain Antenna Unfurled
07/91 - 06/92 - 1st Asteroid Belt Passage
10/29/91 - Asteroid Gaspra Flyby
12/08/92 - 2nd Earth Flyby
05/93 - 11/93 - 2nd Asteroid Belt Passage
08/28/93 - Asteroid Ida Flyby
07/02/95 - Probe Separation
07/09/95 - Orbiter Deflection Maneuver
12/95 - 10/97 - Orbital Tour of Jovian Moons
12/07/95 - Jupiter/Io Encounter
07/18/96 - Ganymede
09/28/96 - Ganymede
12/12/96 - Callisto
01/23/97 - Europa
02/28/97 - Ganymede
04/22/97 - Europa
05/31/97 - Europa
10/05/97 - Jupiter Magnetotail Exploration
HITEN - Japanese (ISAS) lunar probe launched 1/24/90. Has made
multiple lunar flybys. Released Hagoromo, a smaller satellite,
into lunar orbit. This mission made Japan the third nation to
orbit a satellite around the Moon.
MAGELLAN - Venus radar mapping mission. Has mapped almost the entire
surface at high resolution. Currently (4/93) collecting a global gravity
map.
MARS OBSERVER - Mars orbiter including 1.5 m/pixel resolution camera.
Launched 9/25/92 on a Titan III/TOS booster. MO is currently (4/93) in
transit to Mars, arriving on 8/24/93. Operations will start 11/93 for
one martian year (687 days).
TOPEX/Poseidon - Joint US/French Earth observing satellite, launched
8/10/92 on an Ariane 4 booster. The primary objective of the
TOPEX/POSEIDON project is to make precise and accurate global
observations of the sea level for several years, substantially
increasing understanding of global ocean dynamics. The satellite also
will increase understanding of how heat is transported in the ocean.
ULYSSES- European Space Agency probe to study the Sun from an orbit over
its poles. Launched in late 1990, it carries particles-and-fields
experiments (such as magnetometer, ion and electron collectors for
various energy ranges, plasma wave radio receivers, etc.) but no camera.
Since no human-built rocket is hefty enough to send Ulysses far out of
the ecliptic plane, it went to Jupiter instead, and stole energy from
that planet by sliding over Jupiter's north pole in a gravity-assist
manuver in February 1992. This bent its path into a solar orbit tilted
about 85 degrees to the ecliptic. It will pass over the Sun's south pole

scintillation proportional counters.

CASSINI - Saturn orbiter and Titan atmosphere probe. Cassini is a joint

NASA/ESA project designed to accomplish an exploration of the Saturnian

system with its Cassini Saturn Orbiter and Huygens Titan Probe. Cassini

is scheduled for launch aboard a Titan IV/Centaur in October of 1997.

After gravity assists of Venus, Earth and Jupiter in a VVEJGA

trajectory, the spacecraft will arrive at Saturn in June of 2004. Upon

arrival, the Cassini spacecraft performs several maneuvers to achieve an

orbit around Saturn. Near the end of this initial orbit, the Huygens

Probe separates from the Orbiter and descends through the atmosphere of

Titan. The Orbiter relays the Probe data to Earth for about 3 hours

while the Probe enters and traverses the cloudy atmosphere to the

surface. After the completion of the Probe mission, the Orbiter

continues touring the Saturnian system for three and a half years. Titan

synchronous orbit trajectories will allow about 35 flybys of Titan and

targeted flybys of Iapetus, Dione and Enceladus. The objectives of the

mission are threefold: conduct detailed studies of Saturn's atmosphere,

rings and magnetosphere; conduct close-up studies of Saturn's

satellites, and characterize Titan's atmosphere and surface.

One of the most intriguing aspects of Titan is the possibility that its

surface may be covered in part with lakes of liquid hydrocarbons that

result from photochemical processes in its upper atmosphere. These

hydrocarbons condense to form a global smog layer and eventually rain

down onto the surface. The Cassini orbiter will use onboard radar to

peer through Titan's clouds and determine if there is liquid on the

surface. Experiments aboard both the orbiter and the entry probe will

investigate the chemical processes that produce this unique atmosphere.

The Cassini mission is named for Jean Dominique Cassini (1625-1712), the

first director of the Paris Observatory, who discovered several of

Saturn's satellites and the major division in its rings. The Titan

atmospheric entry probe is named for the Dutch physicist Christiaan

Huygens (1629-1695), who discovered Titan and first described the true

nature of Saturn's rings.

Key Scheduled Dates for the Cassini Mission (VVEJGA Trajectory)

10/06/97 - Titan IV/Centaur Launch

04/21/98 - Venus 1 Gravity Assist

06/20/99 - Venus 2 Gravity Assist

08/16/99 - Earth Gravity Assist

12/30/00 - Jupiter Gravity Assist

06/25/04 - Saturn Arrival

01/09/05 - Titan Probe Release

01/30/05 - Titan Probe Entry

06/25/08 - End of Primary Mission

(Schedule last updated 7/22/92)

GALILEO - Jupiter orbiter and atmosphere probe, in transit. Has returned

the first resolved images of an asteroid, Gaspra, while in transit to

Jupiter. Efforts to unfurl the stuck High-Gain Antenna (HGA) have

essentially been abandoned. JPL has developed a backup plan using data

compression (JPEG-like for images, lossless compression for data from

the other instruments) which should allow the mission to achieve

approximately 70% of its original objectives.

Galileo Schedule

10/18/89 - Launch from Space Shuttle

02/09/90 - Venus Flyby

10/**/90 - Venus Data Playback

12/08/90 - 1st Earth Flyby

05/01/91 - High Gain Antenna Unfurled

07/91 - 06/92 - 1st Asteroid Belt Passage

10/29/91 - Asteroid Gaspra Flyby

12/08/92 - 2nd Earth Flyby

05/93 - 11/93 - 2nd Asteroid Belt Passage

08/28/93 - Asteroid Ida Flyby

07/02/95 - Probe Separation

07/09/95 - Orbiter Deflection Maneuver

12/95 - 10/97 - Orbital Tour of Jovian Moons

12/07/95 - Jupiter/Io Encounter

07/18/96 - Ganymede

09/28/96 - Ganymede

12/12/96 - Callisto

01/23/97 - Europa

02/28/97 - Ganymede

04/22/97 - Europa

05/31/97 - Europa

10/05/97 - Jupiter Magnetotail Exploration

HITEN - Japanese (ISAS) lunar probe launched 1/24/90. Has made

multiple lunar flybys. Released Hagoromo, a smaller satellite,

into lunar orbit. This mission made Japan the third nation to

orbit a satellite around the Moon.

MAGELLAN - Venus radar mapping mission. Has mapped almost the entire

surface at high resolution. Currently (4/93) collecting a global gravity

map.

MARS OBSERVER - Mars orbiter including 1.5 m/pixel resolution camera.

Launched 9/25/92 on a Titan III/TOS booster. MO is currently (4/93) in

transit to Mars, arriving on 8/24/93. Operations will start 11/93 for

one martian year (687 days).

TOPEX/Poseidon - Joint US/French Earth observing satellite, launched

8/10/92 on an Ariane 4 booster. The primary objective of the

TOPEX/POSEIDON project is to make precise and accurate global

observations of the sea level for several years, substantially

increasing understanding of global ocean dynamics. The satellite also

will increase understanding of how heat is transported in the ocean.

ULYSSES- European Space Agency probe to study the Sun from an orbit over

its poles. Launched in late 1990, it carries particles-and-fields

experiments (such as magnetometer, ion and electron collectors for

various energy ranges, plasma wave radio receivers, etc.) but no camera.

Since no human-built rocket is hefty enough to send Ulysses far out of

the ecliptic plane, it went to Jupiter instead, and stole energy from

that planet by sliding over Jupiter's north pole in a gravity-assist

manuver in February 1992. This bent its path into a solar orbit tilted

about 85 degrees to the ecliptic. It will pass over the Sun's south pole