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pattern_index = len(self.patterns) renamed_constraints = [c.with_renamed_vars(renaming) for c in pattern.local_constraints] constraint_indices = [self._add_constraint(c, pattern_index) for c in renamed_constraints] self.patterns.append((pattern, label, constraint_indices)) self.pattern_vars.append(renaming) pattern = rename_variables(pattern.expression, renaming) state = self.root patterns_stack = [deque([pattern])] self._process_pattern_stack(state, patterns_stack, renamed_constraints, pattern_index) return pattern_index
def _internal_add(self, pattern: Pattern, label, renaming) -> int
Add a new pattern to the matcher. Equivalent patterns are not added again. However, patterns that are structurally equivalent, but have different constraints or different variable names are distinguished by the matcher. Args: pattern: The pattern to add. Returns: The internal id for the pattern. This is mainly used by the :class:`CommutativeMatcher`.
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return _MatchIter(self, subject)
def match(self, subject: Expression) -> Iterator[Tuple[Expression, Substitution]]
Match the subject against all the matcher's patterns. Args: subject: The subject to match. Yields: For every match, a tuple of the matching pattern and the match substitution.
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if position is None: position = [0] if variables is None: variables = {} if getattr(expression, 'variable_name', False): if expression.variable_name not in variables: variables[expression.variable_name] = cls._get_name_for_position(position, variables.values()) position[-1] += 1 if isinstance(expression, Operation): if isinstance(expression, CommutativeOperation): for operand in op_iter(expression): position.append(0) cls._collect_variable_renaming(operand, position, variables) position.pop() else: for operand in op_iter(expression): cls._collect_variable_renaming(operand, position, variables) return variables
def _collect_variable_renaming( cls, expression: Expression, position: List[int]=None, variables: Dict[str, str]=None ) -> Dict[str, str]
Return renaming for the variables in the expression. The variable names are generated according to the position of the variable in the expression. The goal is to rename variables in structurally identical patterns so that the automaton contains less redundant states.
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self.matcher.add(rule.pattern, rule.replacement)
def add(self, rule: 'functions.ReplacementRule') -> None
Add a new rule to the replacer. Args: rule: The rule to add.
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replaced = True replace_count = 0 while replaced and replace_count < max_count: replaced = False for subexpr, pos in preorder_iter_with_position(expression): try: replacement, subst = next(iter(self.matcher.match(subexpr))) result = replacement(**subst) expression = functions.replace(expression, pos, result) replaced = True break except StopIteration: pass replace_count += 1 return expression
def replace(self, expression: Expression, max_count: int=math.inf) -> Union[Expression, Sequence[Expression]]
Replace all occurrences of the patterns according to the replacement rules. Args: expression: The expression to which the replacement rules are applied. max_count: If given, at most *max_count* applications of the rules are performed. Otherwise, the rules are applied until there is no more match. If the set of replacement rules is not confluent, the replacement might not terminate without a *max_count* set. Returns: The resulting expression after the application of the replacement rules. This can also be a sequence of expressions, if the root expression is replaced with a sequence of expressions by a rule.
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return self._replace_post_order(expression)[0]
def replace_post_order(self, expression: Expression) -> Union[Expression, Sequence[Expression]]
Replace all occurrences of the patterns according to the replacement rules. Replaces innermost expressions first. Args: expression: The expression to which the replacement rules are applied. max_count: If given, at most *max_count* applications of the rules are performed. Otherwise, the rules are applied until there is no more match. If the set of replacement rules is not confluent, the replacement might not terminate without a *max_count* set. Returns: The resulting expression after the application of the replacement rules. This can also be a sequence of expressions, if the root expression is replaced with a sequence of expressions by a rule.
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raise ImportError('The graphviz package is required to draw the graph.') graph = Graph() nodes_left = {} # type: Dict[TLeft, str] nodes_right = {} # type: Dict[TRight, str] node_id = 0 for (left, right), value in self.bipartite._edges.items(): if left not in nodes_left: name = 'node{:d}'.format(node_id) nodes_left[left] = name label = str(self.subjects_by_id[left]) graph.node(name, label=label) node_id += 1 if right not in nodes_right: name = 'node{:d}'.format(node_id) nodes_right[right] = name label = str(self.automaton.patterns[right][0]) graph.node(name, label=label) node_id += 1 edge_label = value is not True and str(value) or '' graph.edge(nodes_left[left], nodes_right[right], edge_label) return graph
def bipartite_as_graph(self) -> Graph: # pragma: no cover if Graph is None
Returns a :class:`graphviz.Graph` representation of this bipartite graph.
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raise ImportError('The graphviz package is required to draw the graph.') bipartite = self._build_bipartite(subjects, patterns) graph = Graph() nodes_left = {} # type: Dict[TLeft, str] nodes_right = {} # type: Dict[TRight, str] node_id = 0 for (left, right), value in bipartite._edges.items(): if left not in nodes_left: subject_id, i = left name = 'node{:d}'.format(node_id) nodes_left[left] = name label = '{}, {}'.format(i, self.subjects_by_id[subject_id]) graph.node(name, label=label) node_id += 1 if right not in nodes_right: pattern, i = right name = 'node{:d}'.format(node_id) nodes_right[right] = name label = '{}, {}'.format(i, self.automaton.patterns[pattern][0]) graph.node(name, label=label) node_id += 1 edge_label = value is not True and str(value) or '' graph.edge(nodes_left[left], nodes_right[right], edge_label) return graph
def concrete_bipartite_as_graph(self, subjects, patterns) -> Graph: # pragma: no cover if Graph is None
Returns a :class:`graphviz.Graph` representation of this bipartite graph.
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if self.variable_name is not None: variables.add(self.variable_name)
def collect_variables(self, variables: MultisetOfVariables) -> None
Recursively adds all variables occuring in the expression to the given multiset. This is used internally by `variables`. Needs to be overwritten by inheriting container expression classes. This method can be used when gathering the `variables` of multiple expressions, because only one multiset needs to be created and that is more efficient. Args: variables: Multiset of variables. All variables contained in the expression are recursively added to this multiset.
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if cls.associative: new_operands = [] # type: List[Expression] for operand in operands: if isinstance(operand, cls): new_operands.extend(operand.operands) # type: ignore else: new_operands.append(operand) operands.clear() operands.extend(new_operands) if cls.one_identity and len(operands) == 1: expr = operands[0] if not isinstance(expr, Wildcard) or (expr.min_count == 1 and expr.fixed_size): return True if cls.commutative: operands.sort() return False
def _simplify(cls, operands: List[Expression]) -> bool
Flatten/sort the operands of associative/commutative operations. Returns: True iff *one_identity* is True and the operation contains a single argument that is not a sequence wildcard.
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class_name = class_name or name if not class_name.isidentifier() or keyword.iskeyword(class_name): raise ValueError("Invalid identifier for new operator class.") return type( class_name, (Operation, ), { 'name': name, 'arity': arity, 'associative': associative, 'commutative': commutative, 'one_identity': one_identity, 'infix': infix } )
def new( name: str, arity: Arity, class_name: str=None, *, associative: bool=False, commutative: bool=False, one_identity: bool=False, infix: bool=False ) -> Type['Operation']
Utility method to create a new operation type. Example: >>> Times = Operation.new('*', Arity.polyadic, 'Times', associative=True, commutative=True, one_identity=True) >>> Times Times['*', Arity(min_count=2, fixed_size=False), associative, commutative, one_identity] >>> str(Times(Symbol('a'), Symbol('b'))) '*(a, b)' Args: name: Name or symbol for the operator. Will be used as name for the new class if `class_name` is not specified. arity: The arity of the operator as explained in the documentation of `Operation`. class_name: Name for the new operation class to be used instead of name. This argument is required if `name` is not a valid python identifier. Keyword Args: associative: See :attr:`~Operation.associative`. commutative: See :attr:`~Operation.commutative`. one_identity: See :attr:`~Operation.one_identity`. infix: See :attr:`~Operation.infix`. Raises: ValueError: if the class name of the operation is not a valid class identifier.
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return Wildcard(min_count=1, fixed_size=True, variable_name=name, optional=default)
def optional(name, default) -> 'Wildcard'
Create a `Wildcard` that matches a single argument with a default value. If the wildcard does not match, the substitution will contain the default value instead. Args: name: The name for the wildcard. default: The default value of the wildcard. Returns: A n optional wildcard.
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if isinstance(name, type) and issubclass(name, Symbol) and symbol_type is Symbol: return SymbolWildcard(name) return SymbolWildcard(symbol_type, variable_name=name)
def symbol(name: str=None, symbol_type: Type[Symbol]=Symbol) -> 'SymbolWildcard'
Create a `SymbolWildcard` that matches a single `Symbol` argument. Args: name: Optional variable name for the wildcard. symbol_type: An optional subclass of `Symbol` to further limit which kind of symbols are matched by the wildcard. Returns: A `SymbolWildcard` that matches the *symbol_type*.
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if method in self.ALLOWED_REQUESTS: # add request token header headers = headers or {} # test if Oauth token if self.token_type == 'legacy': headers.update( {'Token': self.api_key, 'User-Agent': 'optimizely-client-python/0.1.1'}) elif self.token_type == 'oauth': headers.update( {'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + self.api_key, 'User-Agent': 'optimizely-client-python/0.1.1'}) else: raise ValueError( '{} is not a valid token type.'.format(self.token_type)) # make request and return parsed response url = urlparse.urljoin( self.api_base, '/'.join([str(url_part) for url_part in url_parts]) ) return self.parse_response( getattr(requests, method)(url, headers=headers, data=data) ) else: raise error.BadRequestError( '%s is not a valid request type.' % method)
def request(self, method, url_parts, headers=None, data=None)
Method for making requests to the Optimizely API
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if resp.status_code in [200, 201, 202]: return resp.json() elif resp.status_code == 204: return None elif resp.status_code == 400: raise error.BadRequestError(resp.text) elif resp.status_code == 401: raise error.UnauthorizedError(resp.text) elif resp.status_code == 403: raise error.ForbiddenError(resp.text) elif resp.status_code == 404: raise error.NotFoundError(resp.text) elif resp.status_code == 429: raise error.TooManyRequestsError(resp.text) elif resp.status_code == 503: raise error.ServiceUnavailableError(resp.text) else: raise error.OptimizelyError(resp.text)
def parse_response(resp)
Method to parse response from the Optimizely API and return results as JSON. Errors are thrown for various errors that the API can throw.
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if o is None: return "NA" if isinstance(o, basestring): return o if hasattr(o, "r"): # bridge to @property r on GGStatement(s) return o.r elif isinstance(o, bool): return "TRUE" if o else "FALSE" elif isinstance(o, (list, tuple)): inner = ",".join([_to_r(x, True, level+1) for x in o]) return "c({})".format(inner) if as_data else inner elif isinstance(o, dict): inner = ",".join(["{}={}".format(k, _to_r(v, True, level+1)) for k, v in sorted(o.iteritems(), key=lambda x: x[0])]) return "list({})".format(inner) if as_data else inner return str(o)
def _to_r(o, as_data=False, level=0)
Helper function to convert python data structures to R equivalents TODO: a single model for transforming to r to handle * function args * lists as function args
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if not db: if sql: print "ERR: -db option must be set if using -sql" return "" cmd = return GGData(cmd % { 'db_name': db, 'query': sql })
def data_sql(db, sql)
Load file using RPostgreSQL Place to edit if want to add more database backend support
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if isinstance(o, basestring): fname = o else: if not is_pandas_df(o): # convert incoming data layout to pandas' DataFrame o = pandas.DataFrame(o) fname = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile().name o.to_csv(fname, sep=',', encoding='utf-8', index=False) kwargs["sep"] = esc(',') read_csv_stmt = GGStatement("read.csv", esc(fname), *args, **kwargs).r return GGData("data = {}".format(read_csv_stmt), fname=fname)
def data_py(o, *args, **kwargs)
converts python object into R Dataframe definition converts following data structures: row oriented list of dictionaries: [ { 'x': 0, 'y': 1, ...}, ... ] col oriented dictionary of lists { 'x': [0,1,2...], 'y': [...], ... } @param o python object to convert @param args argument list to pass to read.csv @param kwargs keyword args to pass to read.csv @return a tuple of the file containing the data and an expression to define data.frame object and set it to variable "data" data = read.csv(tmpfile, *args, **kwargs)
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# constants kwdefaults = { 'width': 10, 'height': 8, 'scale': 1 } keys_to_rm = ["prefix", "quiet", "postfix", 'libs'] varname = 'p' # process arguments prefix = kwargs.get('prefix', '') postfix = kwargs.get('postfix', '') libs = kwargs.get('libs', []) libs = '\n'.join(["library(%s)" % lib for lib in libs]) quiet = kwargs.get("quiet", False) kwargs = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.iteritems() if v is not None and k not in keys_to_rm} kwdefaults.update(kwargs) kwargs = kwdefaults # figure out how to load data in the R environment if data is None: data = plot.data if data is None: # Don't load anything, the data source is already present in R data_src = '' elif isinstance(data, basestring) and 'RPostgreSQL' in data: # Hack to allow through data_sql results data_src = data elif isinstance(data, GGData): data_src = str(data) else: # format the python data object data_src = str(data_py(data)) prog = "%(header)s\n%(libs)s\n%(prefix)s\n%(data)s\n%(postfix)s\n%(varname)s = %(prog)s" % { 'header': "library(ggplot2)", 'libs': libs, 'data': data_src, 'prefix': prefix, 'postfix': postfix, 'varname': varname, 'prog': plot.r } if name: stmt = GGStatement("ggsave", esc(name), varname, *args, **kwargs) prog = "%s\n%s" % (prog, stmt.r) if not quiet: print prog print if name: execute_r(prog, quiet) return prog
def ggsave(name, plot, data=None, *args, **kwargs)
Save a GGStatements object to destination name @param name output file name. if None, don't run R command @param kwargs keyword args to pass to ggsave. The following are special keywords for the python save method data: a python data object (list, dict, DataFrame) used to populate the `data` variable in R libs: list of library names to load in addition to ggplot2 prefix: string containing R code to run before any ggplot commands (including data loading) postfix: string containing R code to run after data is loaded (e.g., if you want to rename variable names) quiet: if Truthy, don't print out R program string
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try: import IPython.display tmp_image_filename = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.jpg').name # Quiet by default kwargs['quiet'] = kwargs.get('quiet', True) if width is None: raise ValueError("Width cannot be None") height = height or width w_in, h_in = size_r_img_inches(width, height) ggsave(name=tmp_image_filename, plot=plot, data=data, dpi=600, width=w_in, height=h_in, units=esc('in'), *args, **kwargs) return IPython.display.Image(filename=tmp_image_filename, width=width, height=height) except ImportError: print "Could't load IPython library; integration is disabled"
def gg_ipython(plot, data, width=IPYTHON_IMAGE_SIZE, height=None, *args, **kwargs)
Render pygg in an IPython notebook Allows one to say things like: import pygg p = pygg.ggplot('diamonds', pygg.aes(x='carat', y='price', color='clarity')) p += pygg.geom_point(alpha=0.5, size = 2) p += pygg.scale_x_log10(limits=[1, 2]) pygg.gg_ipython(p, data=None, quiet=True) directly in an IPython notebook and see the resulting ggplot2 image displayed inline. This function is print a warning if the IPython library cannot be imported. The ggplot2 image is rendered as a PNG and not as a vectorized graphics object right now. Note that by default gg_ipython sets the output height and width to IPYTHON_IMAGE_SIZE pixels as this is a reasonable default size for a browser-based notebook. Height is by default None, indicating that height should be set to the same value as width. It is possible to adjust the aspect ratio of the output by providing non-None values for both width and height
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# both width and height are given aspect_ratio = height / (1.0 * width) return R_IMAGE_SIZE, round(aspect_ratio * R_IMAGE_SIZE, 2)
def size_r_img_inches(width, height)
Compute the width and height for an R image for display in IPython Neight width nor height can be null but should be integer pixel values > 0. Returns a tuple of (width, height) that should be used by ggsave in R to produce an appropriately sized jpeg/png/pdf image with the right aspect ratio. The returned values are in inches.
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FNULL = open(os.devnull, 'w') if quiet else None try: input_proc = subprocess.Popen(["echo", prog], stdout=subprocess.PIPE) status = subprocess.call("R --no-save --quiet", stdin=input_proc.stdout, stdout=FNULL, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, shell=True) # warning, this is a security problem if status != 0: raise ValueError("ggplot2 bridge failed for program: {}." " Check for an error".format(prog)) finally: if FNULL is not None: FNULL.close()
def execute_r(prog, quiet)
Run the R code prog an R subprocess @raises ValueError if the subprocess exits with non-zero status
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exec "xfunc = scale_x_%s" % xsuffix exec "yfunc = scale_y_%s" % ysuffix return ( xfunc(name=esc(xtitle), **xkwargs) + yfunc(name=esc(ytitle), **ykwargs) )
def axis_labels(xtitle, ytitle, xsuffix="continuous", ysuffix="continuous", xkwargs={}, ykwargs={})
Helper function to create reasonable axis labels @param xtitle String for the title of the X axis. Automatically escaped @param ytitle String for the title of the Y axis. Automatically escaped @param xsuffix Suffix string appended to "scales_x_" to define the type of x axis Default: "continuous" @param ysuffix Suffix string appended to "scales_y_" to define the type of y axis Default: "continuous" @param xkwargs keyword arguments to pass to scales_x_* function @param xkwargs keyword arguments to pass to scales_x_* function @return GGStatements For example: p = ggplot(...) p += axis_labels("Dataset Size (MB)", "Latency (sec)", "log10", xkwargs=dict(breaks=[0, 10, 100, 5000]))
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ggplot = make_ggplot2_binding("ggplot") def _ggplot(data, *args, **kwargs): data_var = data if not isinstance(data, basestring): data_var = "data" else: data = None stmt = ggplot(data_var, *args, **kwargs) stmt.data = data return stmt return _ggplot
def make_master_binding()
wrap around ggplot() call to handle passed in data objects
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r_args = [_to_r(self.args), _to_r(self.kwargs)] # remove empty strings from the call args r_args = ",".join([x for x in r_args if x != ""]) return "{}({})".format(self.name, r_args)
def r(self)
Convert this GGStatement into its R equivalent expression
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if not c: print "no command. exiting" return kwargs = { 'width': w, 'height': h, 'scale': scale, 'prefix': '\n'.join(filter(bool, [prefix])) } if csv: kwargs['data'] = csv else: kwargs['data'] = data_sql(db, sql) c = "plot = %s" % c if o: exec c plot.save(o, **kwargs) else: print c
def main(c, prefix, csv, db, sql, o, w, h, scale)
ggplot2 syntax in Python. Run pygg command from command line python pygg -c "ggplot('diamonds', aes('carat', 'price')) + geom_point()" Import into your python program to use ggplot \b from pygg import * p = ggplot('diamonds', aes('carat', y='price')) + geom_point() p = p + facet_wrap(None, "color") \b # prefix argument is a string to execute before running ggplot and ggsave commands prefix = \"\"\"diamonds = ...R code to load data... \"\"\" ggsave("test.pdf", p, prefix=prefix) # the following is a shorthand p.save("test.pdf", prefix=prefix) Use convenience, ggsave() takes a data=... keyword argument for common data objects \b # load from database query ggsave(..., data = data_sql('DBNAME', 'SELECT * FROM T')) \b # load from CSV file. Takse same arguments as R's read.csv ggsave(..., data = "FILENAME.csv") # or, to control the seperator : ggsave(..., prefix = data_csv("FILENAME", sep=',')) \b # load column or row oriented python object. Run help(data_py) for more details ggsave(..., data = {'x': [0,1,2], 'y': [9,8,7]}) ggsave(..., data = [{'x': 0, 'y': 1}, {'x': 2, 'y': 3}]) \b df = ...pandas DataFrame object... ggsave(..., data = df) Example commands \b python runpygg -db database -sql "SELECT 1 as x, 2 as y" -c "ggplot('data', aes('x', 'y')) + geom_point()" -o test.pdf python runpygg -csv mydata.csv -c "ggplot('data', aes(x='attr1', y='attr2')) + geom_point()" Caveats: Does not copy and import data between python and R, so pygg only works for SQL or CSV file inputs
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logger = logging.getLogger('geobuf') stdin = click.get_text_stream('stdin') sink = click.get_binary_stream('stdout') try: data = json.load(stdin) pbf = geobuf.encode( data, precision if precision >= 0 else 6, 3 if with_z else 2) sink.write(pbf) sys.exit(0) except Exception: logger.exception("Failed. Exception caught") sys.exit(1)
def encode(precision, with_z)
Given GeoJSON on stdin, writes a geobuf file to stdout.
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logger = logging.getLogger('geobuf') stdin = click.get_binary_stream('stdin') sink = click.get_text_stream('stdout') try: pbf = stdin.read() data = geobuf.decode(pbf) json.dump(data, sink) sys.exit(0) except Exception: logger.exception("Failed. Exception caught") sys.exit(1)
def decode()
Given a Geobuf byte string on stdin, write a GeoJSON feature collection to stdout.
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if code < 0: raise ValueError('Only positive ints are allowed!') if bits_per_char == 6: return _encode_int64(code) if bits_per_char == 4: return _encode_int16(code) if bits_per_char == 2: return _encode_int4(code) raise ValueError('`bits_per_char` must be in {6, 4, 2}')
def encode_int(code, bits_per_char=6)
Encode int into a string preserving order It is using 2, 4 or 6 bits per coding character (default 6). Parameters: code: int Positive integer. bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character. Returns: str: the encoded integer
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if bits_per_char == 6: return _decode_int64(tag) if bits_per_char == 4: return _decode_int16(tag) if bits_per_char == 2: return _decode_int4(tag) raise ValueError('`bits_per_char` must be in {6, 4, 2}')
def decode_int(tag, bits_per_char=6)
Decode string into int assuming encoding with `encode_int()` It is using 2, 4 or 6 bits per coding character (default 6). Parameters: tag: str Encoded integer. bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character. Returns: int: the decoded string
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assert _LNG_INTERVAL[0] <= lng <= _LNG_INTERVAL[1] assert _LAT_INTERVAL[0] <= lat <= _LAT_INTERVAL[1] assert precision > 0 assert bits_per_char in (2, 4, 6) bits = precision * bits_per_char level = bits >> 1 dim = 1 << level x, y = _coord2int(lng, lat, dim) if CYTHON_AVAILABLE and bits <= MAX_BITS: code = xy2hash_cython(x, y, dim) else: code = _xy2hash(x, y, dim) return encode_int(code, bits_per_char).rjust(precision, '0')
def encode(lng, lat, precision=10, bits_per_char=6)
Encode a lng/lat position as a geohash using a hilbert curve This function encodes a lng/lat coordinate to a geohash of length `precision` on a corresponding a hilbert curve. Each character encodes `bits_per_char` bits per character (allowed are 2, 4 and 6 bits [default 6]). Hence, the geohash encodes the lng/lat coordinate using `precision` * `bits_per_char` bits. The number of bits devided by 2 give the level of the used hilbert curve, e.g. precision=10, bits_per_char=6 (default values) use 60 bit and a level 30 hilbert curve to map the globe. Parameters: lng: float Longitude; between -180.0 and 180.0; WGS 84 lat: float Latitude; between -90.0 and 90.0; WGS 84 precision: int The number of characters in a geohash bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character Returns: str: geohash for lng/lat of length `precision`
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assert bits_per_char in (2, 4, 6) if len(code) == 0: return 0., 0. lng, lat, _lng_err, _lat_err = decode_exactly(code, bits_per_char) return lng, lat
def decode(code, bits_per_char=6)
Decode a geohash on a hilbert curve as a lng/lat position Decodes the geohash `code` as a lng/lat position. It assumes, that the length of `code` corresponds to the precision! And that each character in `code` encodes `bits_per_char` bits. Do not mix geohashes with different `bits_per_char`! Parameters: code: str The geohash to decode. bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character Returns: Tuple[float, float]: (lng, lat) coordinate for the geohash.
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assert bits_per_char in (2, 4, 6) if len(code) == 0: return 0., 0., _LNG_INTERVAL[1], _LAT_INTERVAL[1] bits = len(code) * bits_per_char level = bits >> 1 dim = 1 << level code_int = decode_int(code, bits_per_char) if CYTHON_AVAILABLE and bits <= MAX_BITS: x, y = hash2xy_cython(code_int, dim) else: x, y = _hash2xy(code_int, dim) lng, lat = _int2coord(x, y, dim) lng_err, lat_err = _lvl_error(level) # level of hilbert curve is bits / 2 return lng + lng_err, lat + lat_err, lng_err, lat_err
def decode_exactly(code, bits_per_char=6)
Decode a geohash on a hilbert curve as a lng/lat position with error-margins Decodes the geohash `code` as a lng/lat position with error-margins. It assumes, that the length of `code` corresponds to the precision! And that each character in `code` encodes `bits_per_char` bits. Do not mix geohashes with different `bits_per_char`! Parameters: code: str The geohash to decode. bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character Returns: Tuple[float, float, float, float]: (lng, lat, lng-error, lat-error) coordinate for the geohash.
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assert dim >= 1 lat_y = (lat + _LAT_INTERVAL[1]) / 180.0 * dim # [0 ... dim) lng_x = (lng + _LNG_INTERVAL[1]) / 360.0 * dim # [0 ... dim) return min(dim - 1, int(floor(lng_x))), min(dim - 1, int(floor(lat_y)))
def _coord2int(lng, lat, dim)
Convert lon, lat values into a dim x dim-grid coordinate system. Parameters: lng: float Longitude value of coordinate (-180.0, 180.0); corresponds to X axis lat: float Latitude value of coordinate (-90.0, 90.0); corresponds to Y axis dim: int Number of coding points each x, y value can take. Corresponds to 2^level of the hilbert curve. Returns: Tuple[int, int]: Lower left corner of corresponding dim x dim-grid box x x value of point [0, dim); corresponds to longitude y y value of point [0, dim); corresponds to latitude
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assert dim >= 1 assert x < dim assert y < dim lng = x / dim * 360 - 180 lat = y / dim * 180 - 90 return lng, lat
def _int2coord(x, y, dim)
Convert x, y values in dim x dim-grid coordinate system into lng, lat values. Parameters: x: int x value of point [0, dim); corresponds to longitude y: int y value of point [0, dim); corresponds to latitude dim: int Number of coding points each x, y value can take. Corresponds to 2^level of the hilbert curve. Returns: Tuple[float, float]: (lng, lat) lng longitude value of coordinate [-180.0, 180.0]; corresponds to X axis lat latitude value of coordinate [-90.0, 90.0]; corresponds to Y axis
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d = 0 lvl = dim >> 1 while (lvl > 0): rx = int((x & lvl) > 0) ry = int((y & lvl) > 0) d += lvl * lvl * ((3 * rx) ^ ry) x, y = _rotate(lvl, x, y, rx, ry) lvl >>= 1 return d
def _xy2hash(x, y, dim)
Convert (x, y) to hashcode. Based on the implementation here: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilbert_curve&oldid=797332503 Pure python implementation. Parameters: x: int x value of point [0, dim) in dim x dim coord system y: int y value of point [0, dim) in dim x dim coord system dim: int Number of coding points each x, y value can take. Corresponds to 2^level of the hilbert curve. Returns: int: hashcode ∈ [0, dim**2)
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assert(hashcode <= dim * dim - 1) x = y = 0 lvl = 1 while (lvl < dim): rx = 1 & (hashcode >> 1) ry = 1 & (hashcode ^ rx) x, y = _rotate(lvl, x, y, rx, ry) x += lvl * rx y += lvl * ry hashcode >>= 2 lvl <<= 1 return x, y
def _hash2xy(hashcode, dim)
Convert hashcode to (x, y). Based on the implementation here: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilbert_curve&oldid=797332503 Pure python implementation. Parameters: hashcode: int Hashcode to decode [0, dim**2) dim: int Number of coding points each x, y value can take. Corresponds to 2^level of the hilbert curve. Returns: Tuple[int, int]: (x, y) point in dim x dim-grid system
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if ry == 0: if rx == 1: x = n - 1 - x y = n - 1 - y return y, x return x, y
def _rotate(n, x, y, rx, ry)
Rotate and flip a quadrant appropriately Based on the implementation here: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilbert_curve&oldid=797332503
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lng, lat, lng_err, lat_err = decode_exactly(code, bits_per_char) precision = len(code) north = lat + 2 * lat_err south = lat - 2 * lat_err east = lng + 2 * lng_err if east > 180: east -= 360 west = lng - 2 * lng_err if west < -180: west += 360 neighbours_dict = { 'east': encode(east, lat, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 'west': encode(west, lat, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 } if north <= 90: # input cell not already at the north pole neighbours_dict.update({ 'north': encode(lng, north, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 'north-east': encode(east, north, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 'north-west': encode(west, north, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 }) if south >= -90: # input cell not already at the south pole neighbours_dict.update({ 'south': encode(lng, south, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 'south-east': encode(east, south, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 'south-west': encode(west, south, precision, bits_per_char), # noqa: E241 }) return neighbours_dict
def neighbours(code, bits_per_char=6)
Get the neighbouring geohashes for `code`. Look for the north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-west, west, north-west neighbours. If you are at the east/west edge of the grid (lng ∈ (-180, 180)), then it wraps around the globe and gets the corresponding neighbor. Parameters: code: str The geohash at the center. bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character. Returns: dict: geohashes in the neighborhood of `code`. Possible keys are 'north', 'north-east', 'east', 'south-east', 'south', 'south-west', 'west', 'north-west'. If the input code covers the north pole, then keys 'north', 'north-east', and 'north-west' are not present, and if the input code covers the south pole then keys 'south', 'south-west', and 'south-east' are not present.
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lng, lat, lng_err, lat_err = decode_exactly(code, bits_per_char) return { 'type': 'Feature', 'properties': { 'code': code, 'lng': lng, 'lat': lat, 'lng_err': lng_err, 'lat_err': lat_err, 'bits_per_char': bits_per_char, }, 'bbox': ( lng - lng_err, # bottom left lat - lat_err, lng + lng_err, # top right lat + lat_err, ), 'geometry': { 'type': 'Polygon', 'coordinates': [[ (lng - lng_err, lat - lat_err), (lng + lng_err, lat - lat_err), (lng + lng_err, lat + lat_err), (lng - lng_err, lat + lat_err), (lng - lng_err, lat - lat_err), ]], }, }
def rectangle(code, bits_per_char=6)
Builds a (geojson) rectangle from `code` The center of the rectangle decodes as the lng/lat for code and the rectangle corresponds to the error-margin, i.e. every lng/lat point within this rectangle will be encoded as `code`, given `precision == len(code)`. Parameters: code: str The geohash for which the rectangle should be build. bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character. Returns: dict: geojson `Feature` containing the rectangle as a `Polygon`.
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bits = precision * bits_per_char coords = [] for i in range(1 << bits): code = encode_int(i, bits_per_char).rjust(precision, '0') coords += [decode(code, bits_per_char)] return { 'type': 'Feature', 'properties': {}, 'geometry': { 'type': 'LineString', 'coordinates': coords, }, }
def hilbert_curve(precision, bits_per_char=6)
Build the (geojson) `LineString` of the used hilbert-curve Builds the `LineString` of the used hilbert-curve given the `precision` and the `bits_per_char`. The number of bits to encode the geohash is equal to `precision * bits_per_char`, and for each level, you need 2 bits, hence the number of bits has to be even. The more bits are used, the more precise (and long) will the hilbert curve be, e.g. for geohashes of length 3 (precision) and 6 bits per character, there will be 18 bits used and the curve will consist of 2^18 = 262144 points. Parameters: precision: int The number of characters in a geohash. bits_per_char: int The number of bits per coding character. Returns: dict: geojson `Feature` containing the hilbert curve as a `LineString`.
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if expected: if not received or expected != received: return False else: if received: return False return True
def isSignatureValid(expected, received)
Verifies that the received signature matches the expected value
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if self._disconnectCBs is None: self._disconnectCBs = [] self._disconnectCBs.append(callback)
def notifyOnDisconnect(self, callback)
Registers a callback that will be called when the DBus connection underlying the remote object is lost @type callback: Callable object accepting a L{RemoteDBusObject} and L{twisted.python.failure.Failure} @param callback: Function that will be called when the connection to the DBus session is lost. Arguments are the L{RemoteDBusObject} instance and reason for the disconnect (the same value passed to L{twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol.connectionLost})
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if self._disconnectCBs: for cb in self._disconnectCBs: cb(self, reason)
def connectionLost(self, reason)
Called by the L{DBusObjectHandler} when the connection is lost
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iface = None signal = None for i in self.interfaces: if interface and not i.name == interface: continue if signalName in i.signals: signal = i.signals[signalName] iface = i break def callback_caller(sig_msg): if isSignatureValid(signal.sig, sig_msg.signature): if sig_msg.body: callback(*sig_msg.body) else: callback() if iface is None: raise AttributeError( 'Requested signal "%s" is not a member of any of the ' 'supported interfaces' % (signalName,), ) d = self.objHandler.conn.addMatch( callback_caller, mtype='signal', path=self.objectPath, member=signalName, interface=iface.name, ) def on_ok(rule_id): if self._signalRules is None: self._signalRules = set() self._signalRules.add(rule_id) return rule_id d.addCallback(on_ok) return d
def notifyOnSignal(self, signalName, callback, interface=None)
Informs the DBus daemon of the process's interest in the specified signal and registers the callback function to be called when the signal arrives. Multiple callbacks may be registered. @type signalName: C{string} @param signalName: Name of the signal to register the callback for @type callback: Callable object @param callback: Callback to be called on signal arrival. The callback will be passed signals arguments as positional function arguments. @type interface: C{string} @param interface: Optional DBus interface emitting the signal. This is only needed if more than one interface shares a signal with the same name @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: a Deferred to an integer rule_id that may be passed to cancelSignalNotification to prevent the delivery of future signals to the callback
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if self._signalRules and rule_id in self._signalRules: self.objHandler.conn.delMatch(rule_id) self._signalRules.remove(rule_id)
def cancelSignalNotification(self, rule_id)
Cancels a callback previously registered with notifyOnSignal
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expectReply = kwargs.get('expectReply', True) autoStart = kwargs.get('autoStart', True) timeout = kwargs.get('timeout', None) interface = kwargs.get('interface', None) m = None for i in self.interfaces: if interface and not interface == i.name: continue m = i.methods.get(methodName, None) if m: break if m is None: raise AttributeError( 'Requested method "%s" is not a member of any of the ' 'supported interfaces' % (methodName,), ) if len(args) != m.nargs: raise TypeError( '%s.%s takes %d arguments (%d given)' % (i.name, methodName, m.nargs, len(args)), ) return self.objHandler.conn.callRemote( self.objectPath, methodName, interface=i.name, destination=self.busName, signature=m.sigIn, body=args, expectReply=expectReply, autoStart=autoStart, timeout=timeout, returnSignature=m.sigOut, )
def callRemote(self, methodName, *args, **kwargs)
Calls the remote method and returns a Deferred instance to the result. DBus does not support passing keyword arguments over the wire. The keyword arguments accepted by this method alter the behavior of the remote call as described in the kwargs prameter description. @type methodName: C{string} @param methodName: Name of the method to call @param args: Positional arguments to be passed to the remote method @param kwargs: Three keyword parameters may be passed to alter the behavior of the remote method call. If \"expectReply=False\" is supplied, the returned Deferred will be immediately called back with the value None. If \"autoStart=False\" is supplied the DBus daemon will not attempt to auto-start a service to fulfill the call if the service is not yet running (defaults to True). If \"timeout=VALUE\" is supplied, the returned Deferred will be errbacked with a L{error.TimeOut} instance if the remote call does not return before the timeout elapses. If \"interface\" is specified, the remote call use the method of the named interface. @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: a Deferred to the result of the remote call
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for wref in self._weakProxies.valuerefs(): p = wref() if p is not None: p.connectionLost(reason)
def connectionLost(self, reason)
Called by the DBus Connection object when the connection is lost. @type reason: L{twistd.python.failure.Failure} @param reason: The value passed to the associated connection's connectionLost method.
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o = IDBusObject(dbusObject) self.exports[o.getObjectPath()] = o o.setObjectHandler(self) i = {} for iface in o.getInterfaces(): i[iface.name] = o.getAllProperties(iface.name) msig = message.SignalMessage( o.getObjectPath(), 'InterfacesAdded', 'org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager', signature='sa{sa{sv}}', body=[o.getObjectPath(), i], ) self.conn.sendMessage(msig)
def exportObject(self, dbusObject)
Makes the specified object available over DBus @type dbusObject: an object implementing the L{IDBusObject} interface @param dbusObject: The object to export over DBus
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d = {} for p in sorted(self.exports.keys()): if not p.startswith(objectPath) or p == objectPath: continue o = self.exports[p] i = {} d[p] = i for iface in o.getInterfaces(): i[iface.name] = o.getAllProperties(iface.name) return d
def getManagedObjects(self, objectPath)
Returns a Python dictionary containing the reply content for org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.GetManagedObjects
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r = message.ErrorMessage( errName, msg.serial, body=[errMsg], signature='s', destination=msg.sender, ) self.conn.sendMessage(r)
def _send_err(self, msg, errName, errMsg)
Helper method for sending error messages
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if ( msg.interface == 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer' and msg.member == 'Ping' ): r = message.MethodReturnMessage( msg.serial, destination=msg.sender, ) self.conn.sendMessage(r) return if ( msg.interface == 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable' and msg.member == 'Introspect' ): xml = introspection.generateIntrospectionXML( msg.path, self.exports, ) if xml is not None: r = message.MethodReturnMessage( msg.serial, body=[xml], destination=msg.sender, signature='s', ) self.conn.sendMessage(r) return # Try to get object from complete object path o = self.exports.get(msg.path, None) if o is None: self._send_err( msg, 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownObject', '%s is not an object provided by this process.' % (msg.path), ) return if ( msg.interface == 'org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager' and msg.member == 'GetManagedObjects' ): i_and_p = self.getManagedObjects(o.getObjectPath()) r = message.MethodReturnMessage( msg.serial, body=[i_and_p], destination=msg.sender, signature='a{oa{sa{sv}}}', ) self.conn.sendMessage(r) return i = None for x in o.getInterfaces(): if msg.interface: if x.name == msg.interface: i = x break else: if msg.member in x.methods: i = x break m = None if i: m = i.methods.get(msg.member, None) if m is None: self._send_err( msg, 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownMethod', ( 'Method "%s" with signature "%s" on interface "%s" ' 'doesn\'t exist' ) % ( msg.member, msg.signature or '', msg.interface or '(null)', ), ) return msig = msg.signature if msg.signature is not None else '' esig = m.sigIn if m.sigIn is not None else '' if esig != msig: self._send_err( msg, 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.InvalidArgs', 'Call to %s has wrong args (%s, expected %s)' % (msg.member, msg.signature or '', m.sigIn or '') ) return d = defer.maybeDeferred( o.executeMethod, i, msg.member, msg.body, msg.sender, ) if msg.expectReply: def send_reply(return_values): if isinstance(return_values, (list, tuple)): if m.nret == 1: return_values = [return_values] else: return_values = [return_values] r = message.MethodReturnMessage( msg.serial, body=return_values, destination=msg.sender, signature=m.sigOut, ) self.conn.sendMessage(r) def send_error(err): e = err.value errMsg = err.getErrorMessage() name = None if hasattr(e, 'dbusErrorName'): name = e.dbusErrorName if name is None: name = 'org.txdbus.PythonException.' + e.__class__.__name__ try: marshal.validateErrorName(name) except error.MarshallingError: errMsg = ('!!(Invalid error name "%s")!! ' % name) + errMsg name = 'org.txdbus.InvalidErrorName' r = message.ErrorMessage(name, msg.serial, body=[errMsg], signature='s', destination=msg.sender) self.conn.sendMessage(r) d.addCallback(send_reply) d.addErrback(send_error)
def handleMethodCallMessage(self, msg)
Handles DBus MethodCall messages on behalf of the DBus Connection and dispatches them to the appropriate exported object
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weak_id = (busName, objectPath, interfaces) need_introspection = False required_interfaces = set() if interfaces is not None: ifl = [] if not isinstance(interfaces, list): interfaces = [interfaces] for i in interfaces: if isinstance(i, interface.DBusInterface): ifl.append(i) required_interfaces.add(i.name) else: required_interfaces.add(i) if i in interface.DBusInterface.knownInterfaces: ifl.append(interface.DBusInterface.knownInterfaces[i]) else: need_introspection = True if not need_introspection: return defer.succeed( RemoteDBusObject(self, busName, objectPath, ifl) ) d = self.conn.introspectRemoteObject( busName, objectPath, replaceKnownInterfaces, ) def ok(ifaces): missing = required_interfaces - {q.name for q in ifaces} if missing: raise error.IntrospectionFailed( 'Introspection failed to find interfaces: ' + ','.join(missing) ) prox = RemoteDBusObject(self, busName, objectPath, ifaces) self._weakProxies[weak_id] = prox return prox d.addCallback(ok) return d
def getRemoteObject(self, busName, objectPath, interfaces=None, replaceKnownInterfaces=False)
Creates a L{RemoteDBusObject} instance to represent the specified DBus object. If explicit interfaces are not supplied, DBus object introspection will be used to obtain them automatically. @type busName: C{string} @param busName: Name of the bus exporting the desired object @type objectPath: C{string} @param objectPath: DBus path of the desired object @type interfaces: None, C{string} or L{interface.DBusInterface} or a list of C{string}/L{interface.DBusInterface} @param interfaces: May be None, a single value, or a list of string interface names and/or instances of L{interface.DBusInterface}. If None or any of the specified interface names are unknown, full introspection will be attempted. If interfaces consists of solely of L{interface.DBusInterface} instances and/or known interfacep names, no introspection will be preformed. @type replaceKnownInterfaces: C{bool} @param replaceKnownInterfaces: If True (defaults to False), any interfaces discovered during the introspection process will override any previous, cached values. @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: A Deferred to the L{RemoteDBusObject} instance
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if m.nargs == -1: m.nargs = len([a for a in marshal.genCompleteTypes(m.sigIn)]) m.nret = len([a for a in marshal.genCompleteTypes(m.sigOut)]) self.methods[m.name] = m self._xml = None
def addMethod(self, m)
Adds a L{Method} to the interface
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if s.nargs == -1: s.nargs = len([a for a in marshal.genCompleteTypes(s.sig)]) self.signals[s.name] = s self._xml = None
def addSignal(self, s)
Adds a L{Signal} to the interface
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from txdbus import endpoints f = DBusClientFactory() d = f.getConnection() eplist = endpoints.getDBusEndpoints(reactor, busAddress) eplist.reverse() def try_next_ep(err): if eplist: eplist.pop().connect(f).addErrback(try_next_ep) else: d.errback( ConnectError( string=( 'Failed to connect to any bus address. Last error: ' + err.getErrorMessage() ) ) ) if eplist: try_next_ep(None) else: d.errback( ConnectError( string=( 'Failed to connect to any bus address. No valid bus ' 'addresses found' ) ) ) return d
def connect(reactor, busAddress='session')
Connects to the specified bus and returns a L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} to the fully-connected L{DBusClientConnection}. @param reactor: L{twisted.internet.interfaces.IReactor} implementor @param busAddress: 'session', 'system', or a valid bus address as defined by the DBus specification. If 'session' (the default) or 'system' is supplied, the contents of the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS or DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS environment variables will be used for the bus address, respectively. If DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS is not set, the well-known address unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket will be used. @type busAddress: C{string} @rtype: L{DBusClientConnection} @returns: Deferred to L{DBusClientConnection}
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self.router = router.MessageRouter() self.match_rules = {} self.objHandler = objects.DBusObjectHandler(self) # serial_number => (deferred, delayed_timeout_cb | None): self._pendingCalls = {} self._dcCallbacks = [] d = self.callRemote( '/Hello', 'Hello', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus', destination='org.freedesktop.DBus', ) d.addCallbacks( self._cbGotHello, lambda err: self.factory._failed(err), )
def connectionAuthenticated(self)
Called by L{protocol.BasicDBusProtocol} when the DBus authentication has completed successfully.
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self.busName = busName # print 'Connection Bus Name = ', self.busName self.factory._ok(self)
def _cbGotHello(self, busName)
Called in reply to the initial Hello remote method invocation
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if self.busName is None: return for cb in self._dcCallbacks: cb(self, reason) for d, timeout in self._pendingCalls.values(): if timeout: timeout.cancel() d.errback(reason) self._pendingCalls = {} self.objHandler.connectionLost(reason)
def connectionLost(self, reason)
Called when the transport loses connection to the bus
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return self.objHandler.getRemoteObject( busName, objectPath, interfaces, replaceKnownInterfaces, )
def getRemoteObject(self, busName, objectPath, interfaces=None, replaceKnownInterfaces=False)
Creates a L{objects.RemoteDBusObject} instance to represent the specified DBus object. If explicit interfaces are not supplied, DBus object introspection will be used to obtain them automatically. @param interfaces: May be None, a single value, or a list of string interface names and/or instances of L{interface.DBusInterface}. If None or any of the specified interface names are unknown, full introspection will be attempted. If interfaces consists of solely of L{interface.DBusInterface} instances and/or known interface names, no introspection will be preformed. @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: A deferred to a L{objects.RemoteDBusObject} instance representing the remote object
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rule = self.match_rules[rule_id] d = self.callRemote( '/org/freedesktop/DBus', 'RemoveMatch', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus', destination='org.freedesktop.DBus', body=[rule], signature='s', ) def ok(_): del self.match_rules[rule_id] self.router.delMatch(rule_id) d.addCallback(ok) return d
def delMatch(self, rule_id)
Removes a message matching rule previously registered with addMatch
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l = [] def add(k, v): if v is not None: l.append("%s='%s'" % (k, v)) add('type', mtype) add('sender', sender) add('interface', interface) add('member', member) add('path', path) add('path_namespace', path_namespace) add('destination', destination) if arg: for idx, v in arg: add('arg%d' % (idx,), v) if arg_path: for idx, v in arg_path: add('arg%dpath' % (idx,), v) add('arg0namespace', arg0namespace) rule = ','.join(l) d = self.callRemote( '/org/freedesktop/DBus', 'AddMatch', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus', destination='org.freedesktop.DBus', body=[rule], signature='s', ) def ok(_): rule_id = self.router.addMatch( callback, mtype, sender, interface, member, path, path_namespace, destination, arg, arg_path, arg0namespace, ) self.match_rules[rule_id] = rule return rule_id d.addCallbacks(ok) return d
def addMatch(self, callback, mtype=None, sender=None, interface=None, member=None, path=None, path_namespace=None, destination=None, arg=None, arg_path=None, arg0namespace=None)
Creates a message matching rule, associates it with the specified callback function, and sends the match rule to the DBus daemon. The arguments to this function are exactly follow the DBus specification. Refer to the \"Message Bus Message Routing\" section of the DBus specification for details. @rtype: C{int} @returns: a L{Deferred} to an integer id that may be used to unregister the match rule
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d = self.callRemote( '/org/freedesktop/DBus', 'GetNameOwner', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus', signature='s', body=[busName], destination='org.freedesktop.DBus', ) return d
def getNameOwner(self, busName)
Calls org.freedesktop.DBus.GetNameOwner @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: a Deferred to the unique connection name owning the bus name
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flags = 0 if allowReplacement: flags |= 0x1 if replaceExisting: flags |= 0x2 if doNotQueue: flags |= 0x4 d = self.callRemote( '/org/freedesktop/DBus', 'RequestName', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus', signature='su', body=[newName, flags], destination='org.freedesktop.DBus', ) def on_result(r): if errbackUnlessAcquired and not ( r == NAME_ACQUIRED or r == NAME_ALREADY_OWNER): raise error.FailedToAcquireName(newName, r) return r d.addCallback(on_result) return d
def requestBusName(self, newName, allowReplacement=False, replaceExisting=False, doNotQueue=True, errbackUnlessAcquired=True)
Calls org.freedesktop.DBus.RequestName to request that the specified bus name be associated with the connection. @type newName: C{string} @param newName: Bus name to acquire @type allowReplacement: C{bool} @param allowReplacement: If True (defaults to False) and another application later requests this same name, the new requester will be given the name and this connection will lose ownership. @type replaceExisting: C{bool} @param replaceExisting: If True (defaults to False) and another application owns the name but specified allowReplacement at the time of the name acquisition, this connection will assume ownership of the bus name. @type doNotQueue: C{bool} @param doNotQueue: If True (defaults to True) the name request will fail if the name is currently in use. If False, the request will cause this connection to be queued for ownership of the requested name @type errbackUnlessAcquired: C{bool} @param errbackUnlessAcquired: If True (defaults to True) an L{twisted.python.failure.Failure} will be returned if the name is not acquired. @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: a Deferred to
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d = self.callRemote( objectPath, 'Introspect', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable', destination=busName, ) def ok(xml_str): return introspection.getInterfacesFromXML( xml_str, replaceKnownInterfaces ) def err(e): raise error.IntrospectionFailed( 'Introspection Failed: ' + e.getErrorMessage() ) d.addCallbacks(ok, err) return d
def introspectRemoteObject(self, busName, objectPath, replaceKnownInterfaces=False)
Calls org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect @type busName: C{string} @param busName: Name of the bus containing the object @type objectPath: C{string} @param objectPath: Object Path to introspect @type replaceKnownInterfaces: C{bool} @param replaceKnownInterfaces: If True (defaults to False), the content of the introspected XML will override any pre-existing definitions of the contained interfaces. @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: a Deferred to a list of L{interface.DBusInterface} instances created from the content of the introspected XML description of the object's interface.
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if msg is None: return None if returnSignature != _NO_CHECK_RETURN: if not returnSignature: if msg.signature: raise error.RemoteError( 'Unexpected return value signature') else: if not msg.signature or msg.signature != returnSignature: msg = 'Expected "%s". Received "%s"' % ( str(returnSignature), str(msg.signature)) raise error.RemoteError( 'Unexpected return value signature: %s' % (msg,)) if msg.body is None or len(msg.body) == 0: return None # if not ( # isinstance(msg.body[0], six.string_types) and # msg.body[0].startswith('<!D') # ): # print('RET SIG', msg.signature, 'BODY:', msg.body) if len(msg.body) == 1 and not msg.signature[0] == '(': return msg.body[0] else: return msg.body
def _cbCvtReply(self, msg, returnSignature)
Converts a remote method call reply message into an appropriate callback value.
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try: mcall = message.MethodCallMessage( objectPath, methodName, interface=interface, destination=destination, signature=signature, body=body, expectReply=expectReply, autoStart=autoStart, oobFDs=self._toBeSentFDs, ) d = self.callRemoteMessage(mcall, timeout) d.addCallback(self._cbCvtReply, returnSignature) return d except Exception: return defer.fail()
def callRemote(self, objectPath, methodName, interface=None, destination=None, signature=None, body=None, expectReply=True, autoStart=True, timeout=None, returnSignature=_NO_CHECK_RETURN)
Calls a method on a remote DBus object and returns a deferred to the result. @type objectPath: C{string} @param objectPath: Path of the remote object @type methodName: C{string} @param methodName: Name of the method to call @type interface: None or C{string} @param interface: If specified, this specifies the interface containing the desired method @type destination: None or C{string} @param destination: If specified, this specifies the bus name containing the remote object @type signature: None or C{string} @param signature: If specified, this specifies the DBus signature of the body of the DBus MethodCall message. This string must be a valid Signature string as defined by the DBus specification. If arguments are supplied to the method call, this parameter must be provided. @type body: C{list} @param body: A C{list} of Python objects to encode. The list content must match the content of the signature parameter @type expectReply: C{bool} @param expectReply: If True (defaults to True) the returned deferred will be called back with the eventual result of the remote call. If False, the deferred will be immediately called back with None. @type autoStart: C{bool} @param autoStart: If True (defaults to True) DBus will attempt to automatically start a service to handle the method call if a service matching the target object is registered but not yet started. @type timeout: None or C{float} @param timeout: If specified and the remote call does not return a value before the timeout expires, the returned Deferred will be errbacked with a L{error.TimeOut} instance. @type returnSignature: C{string} @param returnSignature: If specified, the return values will be validated against the signature string. If the returned values do not mactch, the returned Deferred witl be errbacked with a L{error.RemoteError} instance. @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: a Deferred to the result. If expectReply is False, the deferred will be immediately called back with None.
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del self._pendingCalls[serial] d.errback(error.TimeOut('Method call timed out'))
def _onMethodTimeout(self, serial, d)
Called when a remote method invocation timeout occurs
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assert isinstance(mcall, message.MethodCallMessage) if mcall.expectReply: d = defer.Deferred() if timeout: timeout = reactor.callLater( timeout, self._onMethodTimeout, mcall.serial, d) self._pendingCalls[mcall.serial] = (d, timeout) self.sendMessage(mcall) return d else: self.sendMessage(mcall) return defer.succeed(None)
def callRemoteMessage(self, mcall, timeout=None)
Uses the specified L{message.MethodCallMessage} to call a remote method @rtype: L{twisted.internet.defer.Deferred} @returns: a Deferred to the result of the remote method call
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d, timeout = self._pendingCalls.get(mret.reply_serial, (None, None)) if timeout: timeout.cancel() if d: del self._pendingCalls[mret.reply_serial] d.callback(mret)
def methodReturnReceived(self, mret)
Called when a method return message is received
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d, timeout = self._pendingCalls.get(merr.reply_serial, (None, None)) if timeout: timeout.cancel() if d: del self._pendingCalls[merr.reply_serial] e = error.RemoteError(merr.error_name) e.message = '' e.values = [] if merr.body: if isinstance(merr.body[0], six.string_types): e.message = merr.body[0] e.values = merr.body d.errback(e)
def errorReceived(self, merr)
Called when an error message is received
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env = os.environ.get('DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS', None) if env is None: raise Exception('DBus Session environment variable not set') return getDBusEndpoints(reactor, env, client)
def getDBusEnvEndpoints(reactor, client=True)
Creates endpoints from the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable @rtype: C{list} of L{twisted.internet.interfaces.IStreamServerEndpoint} @returns: A list of endpoint instances
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if busAddress == 'session': addrString = os.environ.get('DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS', None) if addrString is None: raise Exception('DBus Session environment variable not set') elif busAddress == 'system': addrString = os.environ.get( 'DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS', 'unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket', ) else: addrString = busAddress # XXX Add documentation about extra key=value parameters in address string # such as nonce-tcp vs tcp which use same endpoint class epl = [] for ep_addr in addrString.split(';'): d = {} kind = None ep = None for c in ep_addr.split(','): if c.startswith('unix:'): kind = 'unix' c = c[5:] elif c.startswith('tcp:'): kind = 'tcp' c = c[4:] elif c.startswith('nonce-tcp:'): kind = 'tcp' c = c[10:] d['nonce-tcp'] = True elif c.startswith('launchd:'): kind = 'launchd' c = c[7:] if '=' in c: k, v = c.split('=') d[k] = v if kind == 'unix': if 'path' in d: path = d['path'] elif 'tmpdir' in d: path = d['tmpdir'] + '/dbus-' + str(os.getpid()) elif 'abstract' in d: path = '\0' + d['abstract'] if client: ep = UNIXClientEndpoint(reactor, path=path) else: ep = UNIXServerEndpoint(reactor, address=path) elif kind == 'tcp': if client: ep = TCP4ClientEndpoint(reactor, d['host'], int(d['port'])) else: ep = TCP4ServerEndpoint(reactor, int( d['port']), interface=d['host']) if ep: ep.dbus_args = d epl.append(ep) return epl
def getDBusEndpoints(reactor, busAddress, client=True)
Creates DBus endpoints. @param busAddress: 'session', 'system', or a valid bus address as defined by the DBus specification. If 'session' (the default) or 'system' is supplied, the contents of the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS or DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS environment variables will be used for the bus address, respectively. If DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS is not set, the well-known address unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket will be used. @type busAddress: C{string} @rtype: C{list} of L{twisted.internet.interfaces.IStreamServerEndpoint} @returns: A list of endpoint instances
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if not p.startswith('/'): raise MarshallingError('Object paths must begin with a "/"') if len(p) > 1 and p[-1] == '/': raise MarshallingError('Object paths may not end with "/"') if '//' in p: raise MarshallingError('"//" is not allowed in object paths"') if invalid_obj_path_re.search(p): raise MarshallingError('Invalid characters contained in object path')
def validateObjectPath(p)
Ensures that the provided object path conforms to the DBus standard. Throws a L{error.MarshallingError} if non-conformant @type p: C{string} @param p: A DBus object path
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try: if '.' not in n: raise Exception('At least two components required') if '..' in n: raise Exception('".." not allowed in interface names') if len(n) > 255: raise Exception('Name exceeds maximum length of 255') if n[0] == '.': raise Exception('Names may not begin with a "."') if n[0].isdigit(): raise Exception('Names may not begin with a digit') if if_re.search(n): raise Exception( 'Names contains a character outside the set [A-Za-z0-9_.]') if dot_digit_re.search(n): raise Exception( 'No components of an interface name may begin with a digit') except Exception as e: raise MarshallingError('Invalid interface name "%s": %s' % (n, str(e)))
def validateInterfaceName(n)
Verifies that the supplied name is a valid DBus Interface name. Throws an L{error.MarshallingError} if the format is invalid @type n: C{string} @param n: A DBus interface name
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try: if '.' not in n: raise Exception('At least two components required') if '..' in n: raise Exception('".." not allowed in bus names') if len(n) > 255: raise Exception('Name exceeds maximum length of 255') if n[0] == '.': raise Exception('Names may not begin with a "."') if n[0].isdigit(): raise Exception('Names may not begin with a digit') if bus_re.search(n): raise Exception( 'Names contains a character outside the set [A-Za-z0-9_.\\-:]') if not n[0] == ':' and dot_digit_re.search(n): raise Exception( 'No coponents of an interface name may begin with a digit') except Exception as e: raise MarshallingError('Invalid bus name "%s": %s' % (n, str(e)))
def validateBusName(n)
Verifies that the supplied name is a valid DBus Bus name. Throws an L{error.MarshallingError} if the format is invalid @type n: C{string} @param n: A DBus bus name
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try: if len(n) < 1: raise Exception('Name must be at least one byte in length') if len(n) > 255: raise Exception('Name exceeds maximum length of 255') if n[0].isdigit(): raise Exception('Names may not begin with a digit') if mbr_re.search(n): raise Exception( 'Names contains a character outside the set [A-Za-z0-9_]') except Exception as e: raise MarshallingError('Invalid member name "%s": %s' % (n, str(e)))
def validateMemberName(n)
Verifies that the supplied name is a valid DBus member name. Throws an L{error.MarshallingError} if the format is invalid @type n: C{string} @param n: A DBus member name
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f = os.fdopen(fd, 'rb') result = len(f.read()) f.close() return result
def dbus_lenFD(self, fd)
Returns the byte count after reading till EOF.
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f = os.fdopen(fd, 'rb') result = f.read(byte_count) f.close() return bytearray(result)
def dbus_readBytesFD(self, fd, byte_count)
Reads byte_count bytes from fd and returns them.
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result = bytearray() for fd in (fd1, fd2): f = os.fdopen(fd, 'rb') result.extend(f.read(byte_count)) f.close() return result
def dbus_readBytesTwoFDs(self, fd1, fd2, byte_count)
Reads byte_count from fd1 and fd2. Returns concatenation.
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l = [_dtd_decl] l.append('<node name="%s">' % (objectPath,)) obj = exportedObjects.get(objectPath, None) if obj is not None: for i in obj.getInterfaces(): l.append(i.introspectionXml) l.append(_intro) # make sure objectPath ends with '/' to only get partial matches based on # the full path, not a part of a subpath if not objectPath.endswith('/'): objectPath += '/' matches = [] for path in exportedObjects.keys(): if path.startswith(objectPath): path = path[len(objectPath):].partition('/')[0] if path not in matches: matches.append(path) if obj is None and not matches: return None for m in matches: l.append('<node name="%s"/>' % m) l.append('</node>') return '\n'.join(l)
def generateIntrospectionXML(objectPath, exportedObjects)
Generates the introspection XML for an object path or partial object path that matches exported objects. This allows for browsing the exported objects with tools such as d-feet. @rtype: C{string}
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handler = IntrospectionHandler(replaceKnownInterfaces) xmlStr = xmlStr.strip() if xmlStr.startswith('<!DOCTYPE'): xmlStr = xmlStr[xmlStr.find('>') + 1:] # xml.sax.parseString( xmlStr, handler ) p = xml.sax.make_parser() p.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_validation, False) p.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_external_ges, False) p.setContentHandler(handler) p.parse(cStringIO(xmlStr)) return handler.interfaces
def getInterfacesFromXML(xmlStr, replaceKnownInterfaces=False)
Parses the supplied Introspection XML string and returns a list of L{interface.DBusInerface} instances representing the XML interface definitions. @type replaceKnownInterfaces: C{bool} @param replaceKnownInterfaces: If true, pre-existing interface definitions will be replaced by the contents of the interfaces defined within the XML string @rtype: C{list} of L{interface.DBusInerface}
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proto.uniqueName = ':1.%d' % (self.next_id,) self.next_id += 1 self.clients[proto.uniqueName] = proto
def clientConnected(self, proto)
Called when a client connects to the bus. This method assigns the new connection a unique bus name.
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for rule_id in proto.matchRules: self.router.delMatch(rule_id) for busName in proto.busNames.keys(): self.dbus_ReleaseName(busName, proto.uniqueName) if proto.uniqueName: del self.clients[proto.uniqueName]
def clientDisconnected(self, proto)
Called when a client disconnects from the bus
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if msg._messageType in (1, 2): assert msg.destination, 'Failed to specify a message destination' if msg.destination is not None: if msg.destination[0] == ':': p = self.clients.get(msg.destination, None) else: p = self.busNames.get(msg.destination, None) if p: p = p[0] # print 'SND: ', msg._messageType, ' to ', p.uniqueName, 'serial', # msg.serial, if p: p.sendMessage(msg) else: log.msg( 'Invalid bus name in msg.destination: ' + msg.destination ) else: self.router.routeMessage(msg)
def sendMessage(self, msg)
Sends the supplied message to the correct destination. The @type msg: L{message.DBusMessage} @param msg: The 'destination' field of the message must be set for method calls and returns
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if not isinstance(body, (list, tuple)): body = [body] s = message.SignalMessage(path, member, interface, p.uniqueName, signature, body) p.sendMessage(s)
def sendSignal(self, p, member, signature=None, body=None, path='/org/freedesktop/DBus', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus')
Sends a signal to a specific connection @type p: L{BusProtocol} @param p: L{BusProtocol} instance to send a signal to @type member: C{string} @param member: Name of the signal to send @type path: C{string} @param path: Path of the object emitting the signal. Defaults to 'org/freedesktop/DBus' @type interface: C{string} @param interface: If specified, this specifies the interface containing the desired method. Defaults to 'org.freedesktop.DBus' @type body: None or C{list} @param body: If supplied, this is a list of signal arguments. The contents of the list must match the signature. @type signature: None or C{string} @param signature: If specified, this specifies the DBus signature of the body of the DBus Signal message. This string must be a valid Signature string as defined by the DBus specification. If the body argumnent is supplied, this parameter must be provided.
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if not isinstance(body, (list, tuple)): body = [body] s = message.SignalMessage(path, member, interface, None, signature, body) self.router.routeMessage(s)
def broadcastSignal(self, member, signature=None, body=None, path='/org/freedesktop/DBus', interface='org.freedesktop.DBus')
Sends a signal to all connections with registered interest @type member: C{string} @param member: Name of the signal to send @type path: C{string} @param path: Path of the object emitting the signal. Defaults to 'org/freedesktop/DBus' @type interface: C{string} @param interface: If specified, this specifies the interface containing the desired method. Defaults to 'org.freedesktop.DBus' @type body: None or C{list} @param body: If supplied, this is a list of signal arguments. The contents of the list must match the signature. @type signature: None or C{string} @param signature: If specified, this specifies the DBus signature of the body of the DBus Signal message. This string must be a valid Signature string as defined by the DBus specification. If the body argumnent is supplied , this parameter must be provided.
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lendian = rawMessage[0] == b'l'[0] nheader, hval = marshal.unmarshal( _headerFormat, rawMessage, 0, lendian, oobFDs, ) messageType = hval[1] if messageType not in _mtype: raise error.MarshallingError( 'Unknown Message Type: ' + str(messageType) ) m = object.__new__(_mtype[messageType]) m.rawHeader = rawMessage[:nheader] npad = nheader % 8 and (8 - nheader % 8) or 0 m.rawPadding = rawMessage[nheader: nheader + npad] m.rawBody = rawMessage[nheader + npad:] m.serial = hval[5] for code, v in hval[6]: try: setattr(m, _hcode[code], v) except KeyError: pass if m.signature: nbytes, m.body = marshal.unmarshal( m.signature, m.rawBody, lendian=lendian, oobFDs=oobFDs, ) return m
def parseMessage(rawMessage, oobFDs)
Parses the raw binary message and returns a L{DBusMessage} subclass. Unmarshalling DBUS 'h' (UNIX_FD) gets the FDs from the oobFDs list. @type rawMessage: C{str} @param rawMessage: Raw binary message to parse @rtype: L{DBusMessage} subclass @returns: The L{DBusMessage} subclass corresponding to the contained message
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flags = 0 if not self.expectReply: flags |= 0x1 if not self.autoStart: flags |= 0x2 # may be overriden below, depending on oobFDs _headerAttrs = self._headerAttrs # marshal body before headers to know if the 'unix_fd' header is needed if self.signature: binBody = b''.join( marshal.marshal( self.signature, self.body, oobFDs=oobFDs )[1] ) if oobFDs: # copy class based _headerAttrs to add a unix_fds header this # time _headerAttrs = list(self._headerAttrs) _headerAttrs.append(('unix_fds', 9, False)) self.unix_fds = len(oobFDs) else: binBody = b'' self.headers = [] for attr_name, code, _ in _headerAttrs: hval = getattr(self, attr_name, None) if hval is not None: if attr_name == 'path': hval = marshal.ObjectPath(hval) elif attr_name == 'signature': hval = marshal.Signature(hval) elif attr_name == 'unix_fds': hval = marshal.UInt32(hval) self.headers.append([code, hval]) self.bodyLength = len(binBody) if newSerial: self.serial = DBusMessage._nextSerial DBusMessage._nextSerial += 1 binHeader = b''.join(marshal.marshal( _headerFormat, [ self.endian, self._messageType, flags, self._protocolVersion, self.bodyLength, self.serial, self.headers ], lendian=self.endian == ord('l') )[1]) headerPadding = marshal.pad['header'](len(binHeader)) self.rawHeader = binHeader self.rawPadding = headerPadding self.rawBody = binBody self.rawMessage = b''.join([binHeader, headerPadding, binBody]) if len(self.rawMessage) > self._maxMsgLen: raise error.MarshallingError( 'Marshalled message exceeds maximum message size of %d' % (self._maxMsgLen,), )
def _marshal(self, newSerial=True, oobFDs=None)
Encodes the message into binary format. The resulting binary message is stored in C{self.rawMessage}
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if not isinstance(plaintext, int): raise ValueError('Plaintext must be an integer value') if not self.in_range.contains(plaintext): raise OutOfRangeError('Plaintext is not within the input range') return self.encrypt_recursive(plaintext, self.in_range, self.out_range)
def encrypt(self, plaintext)
Encrypt the given plaintext value
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if not isinstance(ciphertext, int): raise ValueError('Ciphertext must be an integer value') if not self.out_range.contains(ciphertext): raise OutOfRangeError('Ciphertext is not within the output range') return self.decrypt_recursive(ciphertext, self.in_range, self.out_range)
def decrypt(self, ciphertext)
Decrypt the given ciphertext value
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# FIXME data = str(data).encode() # Derive a key from data hmac_obj = hmac.HMAC(self.key, digestmod=hashlib.sha256) hmac_obj.update(data) assert hmac_obj.digest_size == 32 digest = hmac_obj.digest() # Use AES in the CTR mode to generate a pseudo-random bit string aes_algo = algorithms.AES(digest) aes_cipher = Cipher(aes_algo, mode=CTR(b'\x00' * 16), backend=default_backend()) encryptor = aes_cipher.encryptor() while True: encrypted_bytes = encryptor.update(b'\x00' * 16) # Convert the data to a list of bits bits = util.str_to_bitstring(encrypted_bytes) for bit in bits: yield bit
def tape_gen(self, data)
Return a bit string, generated from the given data string
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random_seq = os.urandom(block_size) random_key = base64.b64encode(random_seq) return random_key
def generate_key(block_size=32)
Generate random key for ope cipher. Parameters ---------- block_size : int, optional Length of random bytes. Returns ------- random_key : str A random key for encryption. Notes: ------ Implementation follows https://github.com/pyca/cryptography
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assert 0 <= byte <= 0xff bits = [int(x) for x in list(bin(byte + 0x100)[3:])] return bits
def byte_to_bitstring(byte)
Convert one byte to a list of bits
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assert isinstance(data, bytes), "Data must be an instance of bytes" byte_list = data_to_byte_list(data) bit_list = [bit for data_byte in byte_list for bit in byte_to_bitstring(data_byte)] return bit_list
def str_to_bitstring(data)
Convert a string to a list of bits
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in_size = in_range.size() out_size = out_range.size() assert in_size > 0 and out_size > 0 assert in_size <= out_size assert out_range.contains(nsample) # 1-based index of nsample in out_range nsample_index = nsample - out_range.start + 1 if in_size == out_size: # Input and output domains have equal size return in_range.start + nsample_index - 1 in_sample_num = HGD.rhyper(nsample_index, in_size, out_size - in_size, seed_coins) if in_sample_num == 0: return in_range.start else: in_sample = in_range.start + in_sample_num - 1 assert in_range.contains(in_sample) return in_sample
def sample_hgd(in_range, out_range, nsample, seed_coins)
Get a sample from the hypergeometric distribution, using the provided bit list as a source of randomness
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if isinstance(seed_coins, list): seed_coins.append(None) seed_coins = iter(seed_coins) cur_range = in_range.copy() assert cur_range.size() != 0 while cur_range.size() > 1: mid = (cur_range.start + cur_range.end) // 2 bit = next(seed_coins) if bit == 0: cur_range.end = mid elif bit == 1: cur_range.start = mid + 1 elif bit is None: raise NotEnoughCoinsError() else: raise InvalidCoinError() assert cur_range.size() == 1 return cur_range.start
def sample_uniform(in_range, seed_coins)
Uniformly select a number from the range using the bit list as a source of randomness
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# The Twisted API is weird: # 1) web.client.downloadPage() doesn't give us the HTTP headers # 2) there is no method that simply accepts a URL and gives you back # a HTTPDownloader object #TODO: convert getPage() usage to something similar, too downloader = factory(*args, **kwargs) if downloader.scheme == 'https': from twisted.internet import ssl contextFactory = ssl.ClientContextFactory() reactor.connectSSL(downloader.host, downloader.port, downloader, contextFactory) else: reactor.connectTCP(downloader.host, downloader.port, downloader) return downloader
def __downloadPage(factory, *args, **kwargs)
Start a HTTP download, returning a HTTPDownloader object
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boundary = mimetools.choose_boundary() crlf = '\r\n' l = [] for k, v in fields: l.append('--' + boundary) l.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % k) l.append('') l.append(v) for (k, f, v) in files: l.append('--' + boundary) l.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (k, f)) l.append('Content-Type: %s' % self.__getContentType(f)) l.append('') l.append(v) l.append('--' + boundary + '--') l.append('') body = crlf.join(l) return boundary, body
def __encodeMultipart(self, fields, files)
fields is a sequence of (name, value) elements for regular form fields. files is a sequence of (name, filename, value) elements for data to be uploaded as files Return (content_type, body) ready for httplib.HTTP instance
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def handle_headers(r): self.gotHeaders(c.response_headers) return r return c.deferred.addBoth(handle_headers)
def __clientDefer(self, c)
Return a deferred for a HTTP client, after handling incoming headers
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