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0192 | Subacute | RC | Here are a few common problems:
- Bunions – hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint
- Corns and calluses – thickened skin from friction or pressure
- Plantar warts – warts on the soles of your feet
- Fallen arches – also called flat feet
Ill-fitting shoes often cause these problems. Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. |
0162 | Med-Surg | RC | Here are a few common problems:
- Bunions – hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint
- Corns and calluses – thickened skin from friction or pressure
- Plantar warts – warts on the soles of your feet
- Fallen arches – also called flat feet
Ill-fitting shoes often cause these problems. Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. |
0172 | NURSERY - NEWBORN - LEVEL II | RC | Here are a few common problems:
- Bunions – hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint
- Corns and calluses – thickened skin from friction or pressure
- Plantar warts – warts on the soles of your feet
- Fallen arches – also called flat feet
Ill-fitting shoes often cause these problems. Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. |
0202 | ICU-Intermediate | RC | Here are a few common problems:
- Bunions – hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint
- Corns and calluses – thickened skin from friction or pressure
- Plantar warts – warts on the soles of your feet
- Fallen arches – also called flat feet
Ill-fitting shoes often cause these problems. Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. |
0212 | Other Inpatient | RC | Here are a few common problems:
- Bunions – hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint
- Corns and calluses – thickened skin from friction or pressure
- Plantar warts – warts on the soles of your feet
- Fallen arches – also called flat feet
Ill-fitting shoes often cause these problems. Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. |
0192 | Subacute | RC | Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Also Check: Dog In Pain When Touched
Who Family Of International Classifications
The World Health Organization maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data. |
0162 | Med-Surg | RC | Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Also Check: Dog In Pain When Touched
Who Family Of International Classifications
The World Health Organization maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data. |
0172 | NURSERY - NEWBORN - LEVEL II | RC | Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Also Check: Dog In Pain When Touched
Who Family Of International Classifications
The World Health Organization maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data. |
0202 | ICU-Intermediate | RC | Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Also Check: Dog In Pain When Touched
Who Family Of International Classifications
The World Health Organization maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data. |
0212 | Other Inpatient | RC | Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems. You May Like: Pain In Right Side When Urinating Female
Other Joint Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
- 20162017201820192020202120222023Non-Billable/Non-Specific Code
Type 2 Excludes
- Bilateral ankle joint pain
- Pain of joint of bilateral feet
- Pain of right ankle joint
- Right ankle joint pain
- Sinus tarsi syndrome of right ankle
- 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc
- 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc
M25.571 Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Reimbursement claims with a date of service on or after October 1, 2015 require the use of ICD-10-CM codes. Pain In Right Ankle And Joints Of Right Footm25571
Chapter 13 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue » Other joint disorders » Pain in right ankle and joints of right foot
Hierarchy Tree View
YOU AGREE THAT THE INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD-PARTY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR ANY OTHER THIRD-PARTY RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CREATORS OF THE WEBSITE OR WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE WEBSITE, THE USE OF THE WEBSITE, OR THIS AGREEMENT, WHETHER IN BREACH OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY IS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Also Check: Dog In Pain When Touched
Who Family Of International Classifications
The World Health Organization maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent data. |
00100 | ANESTH SALIVARY GLAND | CPT | What is the Difference Between Medical Insurance Coding and Medical Billing? A medical coder's job is to assign the proper codes to clinical statements. A medical coder will use a five-digit code known as Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®) to report all known types of medical services and procedures that includes nearly 10,000 unique codes. The Current Procedural Terminology codes is copyrighted by the AMA (American Medical Association) and was first published in 1966. The CPT® codes fall into three primary categories:
Category I is a five-digit code with descriptors corresponding to a specific service or procedures, ranging from 00100 – 99499. |
00100 | ANESTH SALIVARY GLAND | CPT | A medical coder will use a five-digit code known as Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®) to report all known types of medical services and procedures that includes nearly 10,000 unique codes. The Current Procedural Terminology codes is copyrighted by the AMA (American Medical Association) and was first published in 1966. The CPT® codes fall into three primary categories:
Category I is a five-digit code with descriptors corresponding to a specific service or procedures, ranging from 00100 – 99499. Category II is an alphanumeric code used for execution measurement. Category III is designated for provisional codes for new and/or emerging services and technology. |
77057 | Mammogram screening | HCPCS | In general, screening mammograms are not recommended for women under 40 years of age, in part because breast tissue tends to be more dense in younger women, making mammograms as a screening tool less effective. As there is such a low risk of developing breast cancer in younger women, experts do not believe that it is justifiable to expose them to low levels of radiation or the cost of mammograms unless they do have *high risk factors. CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. |
G0202 | Scr mammo bi incl cad | HCPCS | In general, screening mammograms are not recommended for women under 40 years of age, in part because breast tissue tends to be more dense in younger women, making mammograms as a screening tool less effective. As there is such a low risk of developing breast cancer in younger women, experts do not believe that it is justifiable to expose them to low levels of radiation or the cost of mammograms unless they do have *high risk factors. CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. |
77052 | Comp screen mammogram add-on | HCPCS | In general, screening mammograms are not recommended for women under 40 years of age, in part because breast tissue tends to be more dense in younger women, making mammograms as a screening tool less effective. As there is such a low risk of developing breast cancer in younger women, experts do not believe that it is justifiable to expose them to low levels of radiation or the cost of mammograms unless they do have *high risk factors. CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. |
77057 | Mammogram screening | HCPCS | As there is such a low risk of developing breast cancer in younger women, experts do not believe that it is justifiable to expose them to low levels of radiation or the cost of mammograms unless they do have *high risk factors. CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. ICD-9-CM Codes for Screening Mammography:
Proper reporting of ICD-9-CM codes informs the insurance company the service was for screening mammography. |
G0202 | Scr mammo bi incl cad | HCPCS | As there is such a low risk of developing breast cancer in younger women, experts do not believe that it is justifiable to expose them to low levels of radiation or the cost of mammograms unless they do have *high risk factors. CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. ICD-9-CM Codes for Screening Mammography:
Proper reporting of ICD-9-CM codes informs the insurance company the service was for screening mammography. |
77052 | Comp screen mammogram add-on | HCPCS | As there is such a low risk of developing breast cancer in younger women, experts do not believe that it is justifiable to expose them to low levels of radiation or the cost of mammograms unless they do have *high risk factors. CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. ICD-9-CM Codes for Screening Mammography:
Proper reporting of ICD-9-CM codes informs the insurance company the service was for screening mammography. |
77057 | Mammogram screening | HCPCS | CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. ICD-9-CM Codes for Screening Mammography:
Proper reporting of ICD-9-CM codes informs the insurance company the service was for screening mammography. If incorrectly billed, the claim may be processed and paid at a lesser value. |
G0202 | Scr mammo bi incl cad | HCPCS | CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. ICD-9-CM Codes for Screening Mammography:
Proper reporting of ICD-9-CM codes informs the insurance company the service was for screening mammography. If incorrectly billed, the claim may be processed and paid at a lesser value. |
77052 | Comp screen mammogram add-on | HCPCS | CPT/HCPCS Coding for Screening Mammograms:
Insurance companies follow the above recommendations as well and set guidelines that allow payment at 100% of allowable fee schedule for a screening mammogram in women 40 years and older, every 1-2 years and in women younger than 40 years of age when their medical history indicates they are *high risk. If coded correctly, payment should be at 100% of the allowable fee schedule for preventive services. CPT Coding for Screening Mammography:
- Analog (conventional) Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram 77057
- Digital Mammography: Bilateral Screening Mammogram G0202
- Digital mammogram with CAD: Computer Aided Detection (CAD) 77052 (used with 77057 and G0202)
Screening mammography is considered bilateral so do not report the code with modifier 50 or RT/LT. ICD-9-CM Codes for Screening Mammography:
Proper reporting of ICD-9-CM codes informs the insurance company the service was for screening mammography. If incorrectly billed, the claim may be processed and paid at a lesser value. |
G0202 | Scr mammo bi incl cad | HCPCS | Digital screening mammogram with CAD was performed. Findings: Negative. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11
Example 2:Patient is a 52-year old female with a personal history of breast cancer, fully resolved status post right breast mastectomy in 1992. She presents for annual digital screening mammogram with CAD. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202-52, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11, V10.3
Example 3:History: A 42-year-old female, annual exam. |
77052 | Comp screen mammogram add-on | HCPCS | Digital screening mammogram with CAD was performed. Findings: Negative. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11
Example 2:Patient is a 52-year old female with a personal history of breast cancer, fully resolved status post right breast mastectomy in 1992. She presents for annual digital screening mammogram with CAD. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202-52, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11, V10.3
Example 3:History: A 42-year-old female, annual exam. |
G0202 | Scr mammo bi incl cad | HCPCS | CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11
Example 2:Patient is a 52-year old female with a personal history of breast cancer, fully resolved status post right breast mastectomy in 1992. She presents for annual digital screening mammogram with CAD. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202-52, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11, V10.3
Example 3:History: A 42-year-old female, annual exam. Comparison: Mammogram one year prior. Findings: Bilateral digital implant screening mammogram, standard and displaced views were obtained. |
77052 | Comp screen mammogram add-on | HCPCS | CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11
Example 2:Patient is a 52-year old female with a personal history of breast cancer, fully resolved status post right breast mastectomy in 1992. She presents for annual digital screening mammogram with CAD. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202-52, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.11, V10.3
Example 3:History: A 42-year-old female, annual exam. Comparison: Mammogram one year prior. Findings: Bilateral digital implant screening mammogram, standard and displaced views were obtained. |
G0202 | Scr mammo bi incl cad | HCPCS | Bilateral subglandular breast implants are noted. Implants appear stable and mammographically intact. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.12
Aimee Wilcox, MA, CST, CCS-P is a Certified Coding Guru (CCG) for Find-A-Code. For more information about ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and medical coding and billing please visit FindACode.com where you will find the ICD-10 code sets and the current ICD-9-CM, CPT, and HCPCS code sets plus a wealth of additional information related to medical billing and coding. Publish this Article on your Website, Blog or Newsletter
This article is available for publishing on websites, blogs, and newsletters. |
77052 | Comp screen mammogram add-on | HCPCS | Bilateral subglandular breast implants are noted. Implants appear stable and mammographically intact. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.12
Aimee Wilcox, MA, CST, CCS-P is a Certified Coding Guru (CCG) for Find-A-Code. For more information about ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and medical coding and billing please visit FindACode.com where you will find the ICD-10 code sets and the current ICD-9-CM, CPT, and HCPCS code sets plus a wealth of additional information related to medical billing and coding. Publish this Article on your Website, Blog or Newsletter
This article is available for publishing on websites, blogs, and newsletters. |
G0202 | Scr mammo bi incl cad | HCPCS | Implants appear stable and mammographically intact. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.12
Aimee Wilcox, MA, CST, CCS-P is a Certified Coding Guru (CCG) for Find-A-Code. For more information about ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and medical coding and billing please visit FindACode.com where you will find the ICD-10 code sets and the current ICD-9-CM, CPT, and HCPCS code sets plus a wealth of additional information related to medical billing and coding. Publish this Article on your Website, Blog or Newsletter
This article is available for publishing on websites, blogs, and newsletters. The article must be published in its entirety - all links must be active. |
77052 | Comp screen mammogram add-on | HCPCS | Implants appear stable and mammographically intact. CPT/HCPCS Codes: G0202, 77052
ICD-9-CM Codes: V76.12
Aimee Wilcox, MA, CST, CCS-P is a Certified Coding Guru (CCG) for Find-A-Code. For more information about ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and medical coding and billing please visit FindACode.com where you will find the ICD-10 code sets and the current ICD-9-CM, CPT, and HCPCS code sets plus a wealth of additional information related to medical billing and coding. Publish this Article on your Website, Blog or Newsletter
This article is available for publishing on websites, blogs, and newsletters. The article must be published in its entirety - all links must be active. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | TABLE 3.2 US TBI Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Scoring Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Annegers et al., 1935 to Olmstead Record linkage with head injury, with concussion, with LOC, PTA, Fatal: (< 28 days); Severe: intracranial 1980 1974 County, MN neurological signs of brain injury or skull fracture concussion, with hematoma, contusion or LOC > 24 LOC, PTA, neurologicsigns of TBI hours, or PTA > 24 hours; Moderate: LOC or PTA 30 minutes to 24 hours, skull fracture, or both; Mild: LOC or PTA < 30 minutes without skull fracture Klauber et al., 1978 San Diego ICDA-8 Codes 800, 801, 804 806, and 850â854 with hospital GCS of 3, 4â5, 6â7, 8â15 1981 County, CA admission diagnosis or cause of death with skull fracture, LOC, PTA neurological Rimel, 1981 1977 to Central Virginia CNS referral patients with significant head injury admitted to GCS (3â5, 6â8, 9â11, 12â15); severe 1979 neurosurgical service unit. Prehospital deaths from medical examiner = < 8; moderate = 9â11; mild = 12â15 Jagger et al., 1978 North Central Patients within defined service area with overnight stay, and Not reported 1984b Virginia documented head injuries Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego Physician-diagnosed physical damage from acute mechanical energy Modified GCS: severe 8; moderate County, CA exchange resulting in concussion, hemorrhage, contusion, or = 9â11; plus hospital stay of 4â8 laceration of brain hours and brain surgery, or abnormal CT, or GCS 9â12; mild = all others, GCS 13â15 Whitman et al., 1979 to Inner city Any hospital discharge diagnosis of ICD-9-CM 800â804, 830, 850â (1) Fatal; (2) Severe = intracranial 1984 1980 Chicago and 854, 873, 920, 959. Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | TABLE 3.2 US TBI Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Scoring Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Annegers et al., 1935 to Olmstead Record linkage with head injury, with concussion, with LOC, PTA, Fatal: (< 28 days); Severe: intracranial 1980 1974 County, MN neurological signs of brain injury or skull fracture concussion, with hematoma, contusion or LOC > 24 LOC, PTA, neurologicsigns of TBI hours, or PTA > 24 hours; Moderate: LOC or PTA 30 minutes to 24 hours, skull fracture, or both; Mild: LOC or PTA < 30 minutes without skull fracture Klauber et al., 1978 San Diego ICDA-8 Codes 800, 801, 804 806, and 850â854 with hospital GCS of 3, 4â5, 6â7, 8â15 1981 County, CA admission diagnosis or cause of death with skull fracture, LOC, PTA neurological Rimel, 1981 1977 to Central Virginia CNS referral patients with significant head injury admitted to GCS (3â5, 6â8, 9â11, 12â15); severe 1979 neurosurgical service unit. Prehospital deaths from medical examiner = < 8; moderate = 9â11; mild = 12â15 Jagger et al., 1978 North Central Patients within defined service area with overnight stay, and Not reported 1984b Virginia documented head injuries Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego Physician-diagnosed physical damage from acute mechanical energy Modified GCS: severe 8; moderate County, CA exchange resulting in concussion, hemorrhage, contusion, or = 9â11; plus hospital stay of 4â8 laceration of brain hours and brain surgery, or abnormal CT, or GCS 9â12; mild = all others, GCS 13â15 Whitman et al., 1979 to Inner city Any hospital discharge diagnosis of ICD-9-CM 800â804, 830, 850â (1) Fatal; (2) Severe = intracranial 1984 1980 Chicago and 854, 873, 920, 959. Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | TABLE 3.2 US TBI Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Scoring Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Annegers et al., 1935 to Olmstead Record linkage with head injury, with concussion, with LOC, PTA, Fatal: (< 28 days); Severe: intracranial 1980 1974 County, MN neurological signs of brain injury or skull fracture concussion, with hematoma, contusion or LOC > 24 LOC, PTA, neurologicsigns of TBI hours, or PTA > 24 hours; Moderate: LOC or PTA 30 minutes to 24 hours, skull fracture, or both; Mild: LOC or PTA < 30 minutes without skull fracture Klauber et al., 1978 San Diego ICDA-8 Codes 800, 801, 804 806, and 850â854 with hospital GCS of 3, 4â5, 6â7, 8â15 1981 County, CA admission diagnosis or cause of death with skull fracture, LOC, PTA neurological Rimel, 1981 1977 to Central Virginia CNS referral patients with significant head injury admitted to GCS (3â5, 6â8, 9â11, 12â15); severe 1979 neurosurgical service unit. Prehospital deaths from medical examiner = < 8; moderate = 9â11; mild = 12â15 Jagger et al., 1978 North Central Patients within defined service area with overnight stay, and Not reported 1984b Virginia documented head injuries Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego Physician-diagnosed physical damage from acute mechanical energy Modified GCS: severe 8; moderate County, CA exchange resulting in concussion, hemorrhage, contusion, or = 9â11; plus hospital stay of 4â8 laceration of brain hours and brain surgery, or abnormal CT, or GCS 9â12; mild = all others, GCS 13â15 Whitman et al., 1979 to Inner city Any hospital discharge diagnosis of ICD-9-CM 800â804, 830, 850â (1) Fatal; (2) Severe = intracranial 1984 1980 Chicago and 854, 873, 920, 959. Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | Prehospital deaths from medical examiner = < 8; moderate = 9â11; mild = 12â15 Jagger et al., 1978 North Central Patients within defined service area with overnight stay, and Not reported 1984b Virginia documented head injuries Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego Physician-diagnosed physical damage from acute mechanical energy Modified GCS: severe 8; moderate County, CA exchange resulting in concussion, hemorrhage, contusion, or = 9â11; plus hospital stay of 4â8 laceration of brain hours and brain surgery, or abnormal CT, or GCS 9â12; mild = all others, GCS 13â15 Whitman et al., 1979 to Inner city Any hospital discharge diagnosis of ICD-9-CM 800â804, 830, 850â (1) Fatal; (2) Severe = intracranial 1984 1980 Chicago and 854, 873, 920, 959. Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | Prehospital deaths from medical examiner = < 8; moderate = 9â11; mild = 12â15 Jagger et al., 1978 North Central Patients within defined service area with overnight stay, and Not reported 1984b Virginia documented head injuries Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego Physician-diagnosed physical damage from acute mechanical energy Modified GCS: severe 8; moderate County, CA exchange resulting in concussion, hemorrhage, contusion, or = 9â11; plus hospital stay of 4â8 laceration of brain hours and brain surgery, or abnormal CT, or GCS 9â12; mild = all others, GCS 13â15 Whitman et al., 1979 to Inner city Any hospital discharge diagnosis of ICD-9-CM 800â804, 830, 850â (1) Fatal; (2) Severe = intracranial 1984 1980 Chicago and 854, 873, 920, 959. Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Prehospital deaths from medical examiner = < 8; moderate = 9â11; mild = 12â15 Jagger et al., 1978 North Central Patients within defined service area with overnight stay, and Not reported 1984b Virginia documented head injuries Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego Physician-diagnosed physical damage from acute mechanical energy Modified GCS: severe 8; moderate County, CA exchange resulting in concussion, hemorrhage, contusion, or = 9â11; plus hospital stay of 4â8 laceration of brain hours and brain surgery, or abnormal CT, or GCS 9â12; mild = all others, GCS 13â15 Whitman et al., 1979 to Inner city Any hospital discharge diagnosis of ICD-9-CM 800â804, 830, 850â (1) Fatal; (2) Severe = intracranial 1984 1980 Chicago and 854, 873, 920, 959. Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Injury within 7 days prior to hospital visit and hematoma, LOC /PTA > 24 hours Evanston, IL blow to head/face with LOC, or laceration of scalp or forehead contusion; (3) Moderate + LOC or PTA 30 minutes to < 24 hours; (4) Mild + LOC or PTA < 30 minutes; (5) Trivial + remainder Fife et al., 1986 1979 to Rhode Island All admissions to Rhode Island hospitals Professional Activities Severity not evaluated 1980 Study (PAS) using ICD-9 codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.9 Fife, 1987 1977 to US US National Health Interview Survey translated rates ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 1981 801.9, 803â803.9, 850â854.9 71
72 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring MacKenzie et al., 1986 Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1989a Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores MacKenzie et al., 1979 to Maryland ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 ICDMAPâconverts ICD codes to 1990 1986 Abbreviated Injury Severity Scores Fuortes et al., 1984 to Iowa State central head injury registry of hospital discharge abstracts Not reported 1990 1986 Oklahoma State 1979 to Oklahoma Hospital discharge codes ICD-9-CM 800â800.9, 801â801.9, 803â AIS 1 = minor AIS 2 = moderate Department of 1986 803.9, 804â804.9, 850â850.9, 851â851.9, 852â852.9, 853â853.9, AIS 3 = 3â5 = severe Health, 1991 854â854.9, 905, 907. Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Excluded ED visits, ME probable cause of death for TBI Cooper et al., 1980 to Bronx, NY Hospital/ED logs and ICD-9-CM codes 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Not reported 1983 1981 Schuster, 1994 1989 to Massachusetts State vital statistics mortality file ICD-9; codes 800â802, 803â804, Not reported 1991 850â854, 873 State uniform hospital discharge data set ICD-9 CM codes 800â 801,803â804, 850â851 Warren et al., 1991 to Alaska State Trauma Registry ICD-9-CM codes 800â804, 850â854, 950â954 Not reported 1995 1993 Thurman et al., 1990 to Utah Discharge date from all Utah acute care hospitals and state vital (1) Initial GCS: Severe = < 8; 1996 1992 records using ICD-9-CM codes 800â801.9, 803â804.9, and 850â Moderate = 9â12; mild = 13â15; (2) 854.1 in any primary or secondary data fields Demonstrated intracranial traumatic lesions; (3) Focal abnormalities on neurological examination Diamond, 1996 1988 to Virginia All ED treated patients from Virginia Brain Injury Central Registry Severity not evaluated 1993 including hospital admitted ICD-9-CM codes 850â854.1, 800â804.9, 348.1, 900â900.9, 950â951.9 Gabella et al., 1990 to Colorado, Hospital discharge data for all state hospitals or healthcare providers No severity data reported 1997a 1993 Missouri, Oklahoma, Utah
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Gabella et al., 1991 to Colorado Colorado surveillance system of hospitalized and fatal TBI using ICDMAP using as many as 5 ICD 1997b 1992 ICD-9-CM codes 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854 discharge diagnoses. Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Severe TBI = died or ISS > 9 Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US Self-reported data from US National Health Interview Survey Injury Severity not evaluated Supplement. Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Mild and moderate brain injury defined as loss of consciousness in previous 2 months Thurman and 1980 to US All hospital discharge records with one or more ICD-9-CM code(s) of ICDMAP used to convert ICD codes Guerrero, 1999 1995 800â801.9, 803â804.9 or 850â854.1 from the National Hospital to approximate Abbreviated Injury Discharge Survey Scale Scores. 1â2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4â6 = severe Jager et al., 2000 1992 to US Same ICD codes as Thurman et al., 1996; identified from US National Severity not evaluated 1994 Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Guerrero et al., 1995 to US All visits to emergency departments with same ICD codes as Severity not evaluated 2000 1996 Thurman et al. 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | 1996; identified from US National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Schootman et al., 1993 Iowa Hospital discharge data ICD-9 codes 800-801, 803-804, 850-854 No severity data reported 2000 [capture - recapture method] plus death certificates Langlois et al., 1997 14 US states State TBI surveillance projects. Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Deaths excluded, cases identified as GCS < 8 = severe; 9â12 = moderate 2003 ICD-9-CM 800â801.9, 803â804.9, 850â854.1, 959.1 plus evidence of > 12 no brain lesions LOC, PTA, skull fracture, etc. > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | > 12 with brain lesion > 12 no cat. done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. |
2007 | EPINEPHRINE .1MG/ML | CDM | done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | done Langlois et al., 1995 to US ED visits from National Ambulatory Care Survey ICD-9-CM codes Not evaluated 2006 2001 800â801, 803â804, 850â854, 959 Hospitalizations: National Hospital Discharge Survey, same as ICD codes as above Deaths multiple cause of death taken from US National Vital Statistics System [some double counting was probable] Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to South Carolina Statewide surveillance of TBI related hospitalizations. Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. |
2007 | EPINEPHRINE .1MG/ML | CDM | Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | Used ICD-9- Mild = AIS 1â2, Moderate = AIS 3, 2001 CM codes as in Langlois et al., 2003 Severe = AIS 4â5 73
74 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Texas Department 1998 Texas Texas Trauma Registry and Bureau of Vital Statistics ICD-9 codes GCS used but not reported of Health, 2004 800â801, 803â804, 850â854 Rutland-Brown et 1995 to US Update from Langlois et al., 2003, see this for case ID See Langlois et al., 2003 al., 2006 2001 NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CA = California, CNS = central nervous system, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDA-8 = International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICDMAP = computer algorithm; ID = identification, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, MN = Minnesota, PAS = Professional Activities Study, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. |
2007 | EPINEPHRINE .1MG/ML | CDM | TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | TABLE 3.3 Non-US Incidence Studies: Case Identification, Data Source, and TBI Severity Score Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Jennett and 1974 England, Wales Death records, hospital admission records with ICD 800, Not reported MacMillan, and Scotland 801, 803, 804, 850â854 1981 Selecki et al., 1977 New South Wales Hospital inpatient statistics of Health Commission ICD-8 Not reported 1981 and South for principal diagnosis Australia Servadei et al., 1981 to San Marino Medical record review with those with skull fracture or Evaluated by GCS but not reported 1985 1982 Republic LOC hospital admitted Wang et al., 1983 Urban areas of Survey of 6 cities with door-to-door interviews and Survey included only a survival population. 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
2007 | EPINEPHRINE .1MG/ML | CDM | 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | 1986 China medical record followup Severity not evaluated Nestvold et al., 1974 Central Norway, Prospective identification by surgeons on duty case Survey ranked by length of PTA: None = 1, < 0.5 1988 Akershus County inclusion with neurological symptoms hr = 2, 0.5â6 hr = 3, 6â24 hr = 4, 1â2 days = 5, 3â7 (Oslo) days = 6, > 7 days = 7 Servadei et al., 1981 to Ravenna, Italy ED identification plus hospital admission and record GCS; 3â5, 6â8, 9-12, 13â15 1988 1982 review Badcock, 1984 South Australia Prospective study of all ED visits, hospital admissions and Length of PTA: none, < 5 min, 5â60 min, 1â24 1988 prehospital deaths hrs, 1â7 days, 1â4 wks, > 4 wks Tiret et al., 1986 Aquitaine, Prehospital deaths and hospital admissions survey by Severity by 3 classes based on PTA of coma > 6 1990 France medical staff using 180 possible head injury codes using hrs = severe, PTA 15 min to 6 hrs = moderate, AIS and ISS PTA, 15 min = mild Levi et al., 1984 to Northern Israel Prospective patient identification from referral to GCS used but not recorded 1990 1988 neurological service records Nell and Brown, 1986 Johannesburg, Inpatient admission with screening ICD-9 codes 800â804, GCS, mild = 13â15, moderate = 7â12 and severe = 1991 South Africa 850â854, 293, 294, 310, 870â873, 950â951, 958, 345, 3â6 347, 348, 253.9 75
76 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Johansson et al., 1984 to Northern Sweden Hospital admissions with ICD 850â854 Severity not evaluated 1991 1985 Annoni et al., 1987 Canton St. Hospitalized patients with intracranial lesions on Severe brain injury only GCS < 7, 7â9, 10â12, > 1992 Gallen, admission CT 12 Switzerland Vazquez- 1988 Cantabria, Spain Hospital admissions with objective neurological findings GCS, minor = 13â15, moderate 9â12, severe 3â8 Barquero et al., such as LOC, skull fracture 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg ED and hospital ICUs in 4 hospitals using hospital Severity by PTA: 24 hrs-7 days = severe, very County, Denmark records, Danish Hospital Register and National Register severe 7 days Chiu et al., 1988 to Taiwan Hospital admission with LOC, skull fracture, neurological GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 1994 deficit or CT intracranial hemorrhage severe 8 Hillier et al., 1987 South Australia All public and private hospitals with admission ICD-9 GCS: mild = 13â5, moderate = 9â12 (or CT pos), 1997 codes of 348, 800, 803, 804, 850-854 severe = 3â 8; PTA < 30 min = mild, 30â60 min = moderate, > 60 min = severe, PTA < 60 min = mild, 60 min = moderate, 24 hrs = severe Ingebrigtsen et 1993 Northern Norway All patient referral medical records includes ED visits GCS: minimal = 15 no LOC, mild = 14 or 15 plus al., excludes scalp, facial injuries PTA or brief LOC or impaired alertness, moderate 1998 = 9â13 or LOC > 5 min or focal neurological deficit, severe = 5â8, critical = 3â4 Tate et al., 1988 New South Admission to region hospital with ICD-9 codes 310, 800, Severe = PTA > 24 hrs, or GCS of < 9, moderate 1998 Wales, Australia 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 905.0, 907 = PTA 1â24 hrs or GCS 9â12, mild = PTA or LOC < 1 hr Alaranta et al., 1991 to Finland Hospital discharge or register using ICD-9 codes: 800, Severity not evaluated 2000 1995 801, 803, 850â854 (first-time patients only) Pickett et al., 1988 Greater Kingston Computerized ED injury records from the CHIRPP system Severity not reported 2001 Area of Canada Engberg and 1979 to Denmark Danish National Hospital Register using 8th ICD codes Severity not evaluated Teasdale, 1996 800, 801, 803, 850â854, mortality data from National 2001 Death Register using ICD 8th and 10th codes
Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons hospital admitted through emergency service with AIS score of 4 or 5 or LOC 6â24 hrs GCS < 9 2001 of any one of 19 hospitals, data from treating hospital Firsching and 1996 Germany Head injury hospital admitted patients including Severity scoring not reported Woischneck, concussion; deaths from Federal Bureau of Statistics 2001 Gururaj, 1999 Bangalore, India Case definitions from the Neurotrauma Registry of GCS used by categories of severity not defined 2002 National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore India including LOC or PTA neurological changes, skull fracture, death due to TBI Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna and Hospital admissions with ICD-9 codes 800â800.3, 801â Severity not evaluated 2002b Trentino, Italy 801.3, 803â803.3, 850; 851â851.1, 852â852.1 853â853.1, 854â854.1 Servadei et al., 1998 Romagna, Italy All patients admitted to hospital care with a discharge Mild TBI as defined by Duckin using ICD codes 2002a diagnosis of ICD-9 800â803.0, 801â801.3, 803â804.3, GCS of 14â15 = mild, 9â13 = moderate, < 9 = 850â854. In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. |
2007 | EPINEPHRINE .1MG/ML | CDM | In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | In hospital and prehospital deaths identified severe from hospital records or death certificates Masson et al., 1996 Aquitaine, France Persons admitted to anyone of 19 public hospitals with Severe TBI by GCS of < 9 for at least 24 hrs 2003 prolonged coma determined by LOC > 24 hrs or GCS of < 9 before sedation Kleiven et al., 1987 to Sweden National hospital discharge register using ICD codes 800â Severity not evaluated 2003 2000 804, 850â854, (ICD-9) and S2.0âS2.9, S6.0âS6.9 (ICD- 10) Andersson et al., 1992 to Western Sweden Persons identified from hospitals ED unit, discharge Mix of symptoms defined by American Congress 2003 1993 register, regional neurological clinic and coronerâs records of Rehabilitation Medicine ICD-9, 850â854, 800â804 Baldo et al., 1966 to Northeast Italy Hospital discharges with ICD-9 codes 800, 801.9, 803, ICDMAP-90 used to convert ICD codes to AIS: 2003 2000 804.9, 850â854.1 located on data base for region 1/2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4/5 = severe Santos et al., 1994, Portugal From National Institute of Statistics using ICD-9 codes Severity not evaluated 2003 1996, 800, 801, 803, 804, 850â854, 907 for hospital discharge 1997 and mortality data 77
78 Year(s) Reference of Data Location Case Definition and Data Source TBI Severity Criteria and Scoring Steudel et al., 1972 to Germany Federal Bureau of Statistics using ICD-9 codes 800-804 Focus of study is on fatal head injury 2005 1998 and 850â854 and ICD-10 S02âS02.9 and S06âS06.9 Tennant, 2005 2001 to England Hospital Episodes Statistics using ICD-10 codes S00â Severity not evaluated 2003 S09.9 for hospital inpatient care plus Primary Care Trusts Chiu et al., 2007 1991, Taipei City and Prospective TBI registry data. Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. |
2007 | EPINEPHRINE .1MG/ML | CDM | Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | Excludes prehospital deaths GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â15 plus hospital 2001 Hualien County, in 2001 stay at least 48 hrs and had brain surgery or Taiwan abnormal CT scan, mild = all others Yates et al., 1997 to Royal Devon and ED database from one hospital. ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. |
1994 | IMP PIST RICHARDS 0.6X4MM | CDM | ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. 83
84 TABLE 3.6 US TBI Deaths and Mortality Rates Number of Reference Year(s) of Data Location Deaths Rate / 105 per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmsted County, Minnesota 446 Male: 32 Average rates per year Female: 9 Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego County, California 381 22 Excludes gunshot deaths Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, New York NS 28 50% from violence, 75% before hospital admission Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, California 562 30 Includes inhospital and prehospital deaths Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 54 19 Evanston blacks Average rates per year Evanston, IL 11 Evanston whites 32 Inner city Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 248 26/year Rate derived from data in text Cowan et al., 1990 1990 Delaware 122 18 59% from motor vehicle crashes Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1986 US 39,416 per yr 17 Death certificate review, average over 8 yrs Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1992 US 52,000 25 in 1979 Average number of deaths per yr 19 in 1992 Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 1,067 20 Average rate per yr Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 1,312 18 in urban regions 34 in rural regions Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1992 Colorado, Missouri, 3,172 23 Average rate per yr Oklahoma, Utah Thurman et al., 1999 1994 US 51,350 20 Data source is state TBI registry Adekoya et al., 2002 1989 to 1998 US 53,288 per yr 21 22 in 1989 19 in 1998 Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 49,900 per yr 18 Average rate over 7 years Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 51,000 18 2006 NOTE: IL = Illinois, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
2007 | EPINEPHRINE .1MG/ML | CDM | ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. 83
84 TABLE 3.6 US TBI Deaths and Mortality Rates Number of Reference Year(s) of Data Location Deaths Rate / 105 per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmsted County, Minnesota 446 Male: 32 Average rates per year Female: 9 Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego County, California 381 22 Excludes gunshot deaths Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, New York NS 28 50% from violence, 75% before hospital admission Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, California 562 30 Includes inhospital and prehospital deaths Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 54 19 Evanston blacks Average rates per year Evanston, IL 11 Evanston whites 32 Inner city Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 248 26/year Rate derived from data in text Cowan et al., 1990 1990 Delaware 122 18 59% from motor vehicle crashes Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1986 US 39,416 per yr 17 Death certificate review, average over 8 yrs Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1992 US 52,000 25 in 1979 Average number of deaths per yr 19 in 1992 Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 1,067 20 Average rate per yr Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 1,312 18 in urban regions 34 in rural regions Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1992 Colorado, Missouri, 3,172 23 Average rate per yr Oklahoma, Utah Thurman et al., 1999 1994 US 51,350 20 Data source is state TBI registry Adekoya et al., 2002 1989 to 1998 US 53,288 per yr 21 22 in 1989 19 in 1998 Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 49,900 per yr 18 Average rate over 7 years Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 51,000 18 2006 NOTE: IL = Illinois, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
1995 | IMP PIST 0.6X4.5MM | CDM | ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. 83
84 TABLE 3.6 US TBI Deaths and Mortality Rates Number of Reference Year(s) of Data Location Deaths Rate / 105 per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmsted County, Minnesota 446 Male: 32 Average rates per year Female: 9 Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego County, California 381 22 Excludes gunshot deaths Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, New York NS 28 50% from violence, 75% before hospital admission Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, California 562 30 Includes inhospital and prehospital deaths Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 54 19 Evanston blacks Average rates per year Evanston, IL 11 Evanston whites 32 Inner city Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 248 26/year Rate derived from data in text Cowan et al., 1990 1990 Delaware 122 18 59% from motor vehicle crashes Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1986 US 39,416 per yr 17 Death certificate review, average over 8 yrs Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1992 US 52,000 25 in 1979 Average number of deaths per yr 19 in 1992 Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 1,067 20 Average rate per yr Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 1,312 18 in urban regions 34 in rural regions Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1992 Colorado, Missouri, 3,172 23 Average rate per yr Oklahoma, Utah Thurman et al., 1999 1994 US 51,350 20 Data source is state TBI registry Adekoya et al., 2002 1989 to 1998 US 53,288 per yr 21 22 in 1989 19 in 1998 Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 49,900 per yr 18 Average rate over 7 years Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 51,000 18 2006 NOTE: IL = Illinois, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
1993 | IMP EAR RICHARDS 0.6X3.5MM | CDM | ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. 83
84 TABLE 3.6 US TBI Deaths and Mortality Rates Number of Reference Year(s) of Data Location Deaths Rate / 105 per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmsted County, Minnesota 446 Male: 32 Average rates per year Female: 9 Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego County, California 381 22 Excludes gunshot deaths Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, New York NS 28 50% from violence, 75% before hospital admission Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, California 562 30 Includes inhospital and prehospital deaths Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 54 19 Evanston blacks Average rates per year Evanston, IL 11 Evanston whites 32 Inner city Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 248 26/year Rate derived from data in text Cowan et al., 1990 1990 Delaware 122 18 59% from motor vehicle crashes Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1986 US 39,416 per yr 17 Death certificate review, average over 8 yrs Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1992 US 52,000 25 in 1979 Average number of deaths per yr 19 in 1992 Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 1,067 20 Average rate per yr Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 1,312 18 in urban regions 34 in rural regions Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1992 Colorado, Missouri, 3,172 23 Average rate per yr Oklahoma, Utah Thurman et al., 1999 1994 US 51,350 20 Data source is state TBI registry Adekoya et al., 2002 1989 to 1998 US 53,288 per yr 21 22 in 1989 19 in 1998 Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 49,900 per yr 18 Average rate over 7 years Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 51,000 18 2006 NOTE: IL = Illinois, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
2003 | FILTER VENA CAVA FEM 7X48 SIMON NITINOL | CDM | ICD codes used but not Based on ICD-10 but not defined 2008 2003 Exeter Hospital, stated UK Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Providences of Hospital admitted patients with data from attending GCS: severe 9, moderate = 9â13, mild = 14, 15 Eastern China physician NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CHIRPP = Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program, CT = computed tomography, ED = emergency department, GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, ICDMAP = computer algorithm, ICU = intensive care unit, ISS = Injury Severity Score, LOC = loss of consciousness, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury, UK = United Kingdom. TABLE 3.4 US TBI Incidence Studies Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmstead County, MN 3,587 NS 193 Age adjusted to 1970 US population, rate averaged from men only and women only rates Fuortes et al., 1990 1984 to 1986 Iowa NS NS 159 in 1984 Hospital admissions only 133 in 1985 117 in 1986 Rimel, 1981 1977 to 1979 Central Virginia 1,330 NS NS Hospital patients and prehospital deaths Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego, CA 5,055 NS 294 Includes some nonresidents, excludes a few external causes Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, NY 1,209 NS 249 Rate based on sample, age adjusted to 1980 US population Jagger et al., 1984b 1978 North Central Virginia 735 354 208 Rate includes residents and nonresidents; no ED cases or prehospital deaths Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, CA 3,358 1862 180 Population based, not age adjusted Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 782 213 331 Composite rate from data in publication, Evanston, IL average across race and gender Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 2,870 947 152 Hospital patients only Fife, 1987 1977 to 1981 US 307,000 226,545 136 Hospital patients only; 1.87 million 1.87 million 805 All injured patients MacKenzie et al., 1989a 1986 Maryland 5,838 NS 132 Hospital patients only MacKenzie et al., 1990 1979 to 1986 Maryland NS NS 114-134 Hospital patients only, range in rates Oklahoma State 1989 Oklahoma 3,672 NS 121 Hospital and fatal cases Department of Health, 1991 Schuster, 1994 1990 Massachusetts 27,819 6,016 10 Mortality rate 86 Hospital admissions 366 ED only Warren et al., 1995 1991 to 1993 Alaska 2,178 457 130 Hospital patients only Diamond, 1996 1988 to 1993 Virginia 46,680 NS NS Only age-specific rates reported Sosin et al., 1996 1991 US 1.54 million NS 618 Total rate 158 Hospitalized 79
80 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments 307 ED only 153 No care Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 5,782 NS 106 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1993 Colorado, Missouri, 13,978 13,687 103 Age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Oklahoma, Utah Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 7056 NS 101 Hospitalized and deaths, age adjusted to US Thurman and Guerrero, 1994 to 1995 US NS NS 98 Hospitalized patients only 1999 Jager et al., 2000 1992 to 1994 US 1.144 million NS 444 ED patients only Schootman et al., 2000 1993 Iowa 2,559 NS 91 Severe TBI rate based capture- recapture; age adjusted rate to 1990 US population Guerrero et al., 2000 1995 to 1996 US 1.027 million NS 392 ED patients only Louisiana Office of 1996 to 1999 Louisiana 16,203 NS 90 Hospitalized patients and prehospital Public Health Injury and deaths Research Prevention Section, 2004 Langlois et al., 2003 1997 14 US states 62,771 NS 70 Live hospital discharges only Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 1.396 million NS 505 Total rate, age adjusted to 2000 US population 235 86 Hospitalized patients only 1.111 million 401 ED visits only Selassie et al., 2004 1996 to 2001 South Carolina 70,671 NS 68 Hospital patients only 220 ED patients only Texas Department of 1998 Texas 20,000 NS NS Hospitalized patients only Health, 2004 Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 1.565 million NS 538 Total 2006 421 ED visits only 100 Hospitalization NOTE: CA = California, ED = emergency department, IL = Illinois, MN = Minnesota, NS = not stated, NY = New York, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. TABLE 3.5 Non-US TBI Incidence Data Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Jennett and MacMillan, 1974 England, Wales and NS NS 270 in Annual rates based on sample weeks, 1981 Scotland England and rates not age adjusted Wales 313 in Scotland Selecki et al., 1981 1977 New South Wales, 18,678 4,960 377 Hospital admissions only excludes Australia prehospitalized deaths Servadei et al., 1985 1981 to 1982 San Marino 327 23.5 468 Hospital admissions Wang et al., 1986 1982 Urban areas of China 35 63 56 Rates based on samples of households in city communities Nestvold et al., 1988 1974 Central Norway 488 350 236 Hospital admissions Badcock, 1988 1984 South Australia 1,698 NS 520 Includes ED visits, admissions and prehospital deaths Servadei et al., 1988 1984 Ravenna, Italy 644 172 372 Hospitalized cases only excludes ED treated and released Levi et al., 1990 1984 to 1988 Northern Israel 1,370 1,200 25 Rate in person-years Tiret et al., 1990 1986 Aquitaine, France 8,940 2,700 281 Hospital admissions and deaths Johansson et al., 1991 1984 to 1985 Northern Sweden 242 70 242 Ages 16-60 only, hospital admissions Nell and Brown, 1991 1986 Johannesburg, South 5,106 NS 316 Rate based on population estimates Africa Annoni et al., 1992 1987 St. Gallon Canton of 80 410 20 Rate based on sample of hospital Switzerland weeks of data collection Vazquez-Barquero et al., 1988 Cantabria, Spain 477 523 91 Hospital admissions only 1992 Engberg, 1995 1988 Frederiksborg County, NS 340 22.6 (7.1) ICD 851-4 only (PTA > 7 days) Denmark Chiu et al., 1997 1988 to 1994 Taiwan 58,563 NS Taipei: 220 Number of patients excludes Hualien Co: prehospital deaths; rates include 30 nonhospital deaths Hillier et al., 1997 1987 South Australia 4,486 1,393 322 Rate for persons 16+, excludes prehospital deaths 81
82 Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Ingebrigtsen et al., 1998 1993 Northern Norway 247 108 229 Hospital referred patients Tate et al., 1998 1988 New South Wales 1,259 NS 100 Hospital admitted patients excludes prehospital deaths Alaranta et al., 2000 1991 to 1995 Finland 24,497 5,100 95â100 Hospital discharge first-time TBI patients only, rate range over 5 years Engberg and Teasdale, 1979 to 1996 Denmark NS NS 265, 224, Hospitalized patients trend from 1979â 2001 157 1981, 1985â1987, 1991â1993, excludes prehospital deaths Firsching and Woischneck, 1996 Germany 279,000 82,000 350 Hospital admitted patients only 2001 Masson et al., 2001 1996 Aquitaine, France 497 2,800 17.3 Total AIS 4 and 5, Severe TBI (AIS4 = 7.2 AIS5 = 10.1) Pickett et al., 2001 1998 Kingston, Canada 760 176 431 Rate calculated from published data (115) (potential head injuries) Gururaj, 2002 1999 Bangalore, India NS NS 160 Hospital admitted patients only Servadei et al., 2002b 1998 Romagna and Trentino, 3,554 1,439 314 Total for residence (Romagna, Italy (2,421, (969, 470) (297, Trentino) hospitalization rates 1,133) 332) Servadei et al., 2002a 1998 Romagna, Italy 2,430 971 250 Hospital admitted patients only Andersson et al., 2003 1992 to 1993 Western Sweden 753 138 546 Include ED, hospital admitted and coroner records Baldo et al., 2003 1996 to 2000 Northeast Italy 55,368 NS 301â212 Hospital admissions 1996â2000 Kleiven et al., 2003 1987 to 2000 Sweden 22,000 8,400â8,900 259 Average over 14 years hospital per yr discharged patients Masson et al., 2003 1996 Aquitaine, France 248 2,800 8.5 Coma patients only Santos et al., 2003 1994, 1996, Portugal 40,633 9,500 151 (1994), All hospital discharges for 1994â1997, 1997 137 (1996, plus TBI deaths 1997) Steudel et al., 2005 1998 Germany 276,584 82,000 337 Hospitalized cases and incidence rate; ICD 9 codes 800â804, 850â854 Tennant, 2005 2001 to 2002 England 112,718 NS 229 Hospitalized incidence rate
Base Year(s) of Number of Population Rate / 105 Reference Data Location Patients (x1000) per year Comments Chiu et al., 2007 2001 Taipei and Hualien 5,754, 2,634 218, 417 Excludes prehospital deaths County, Taiwan 1,474 353 Wu et al., 2008 2004 6 Provinces of Eastern 14,948 NS NS Hospital admitted cases China Yates et al., 2006 1997 to 2003 England NS 345 453 From an ED database including hospital admitted NOTE: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, Co = county, ED = emergency department, ICD = International Classification of Diseases, PTA = posttraumatic amnesia, TBI = traumatic brain injury. 83
84 TABLE 3.6 US TBI Deaths and Mortality Rates Number of Reference Year(s) of Data Location Deaths Rate / 105 per year Comments Annegers et al., 1980 1965 to 1974 Olmsted County, Minnesota 446 Male: 32 Average rates per year Female: 9 Klauber et al., 1981 1978 San Diego County, California 381 22 Excludes gunshot deaths Cooper et al., 1983 1980 to 1981 Bronx, New York NS 28 50% from violence, 75% before hospital admission Kraus et al., 1984 1981 San Diego County, California 562 30 Includes inhospital and prehospital deaths Whitman et al., 1984 1979 to 1980 Inner city Chicago and 54 19 Evanston blacks Average rates per year Evanston, IL 11 Evanston whites 32 Inner city Fife et al., 1986 1979 to 1980 Rhode Island 248 26/year Rate derived from data in text Cowan et al., 1990 1990 Delaware 122 18 59% from motor vehicle crashes Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1986 US 39,416 per yr 17 Death certificate review, average over 8 yrs Sosin et al., 1996 1979 to 1992 US 52,000 25 in 1979 Average number of deaths per yr 19 in 1992 Thurman et al., 1996 1990 to 1992 Utah 1,067 20 Average rate per yr Gabella et al., 1997b 1991 to 1992 Colorado 1,312 18 in urban regions 34 in rural regions Gabella et al., 1997a 1990 to 1992 Colorado, Missouri, 3,172 23 Average rate per yr Oklahoma, Utah Thurman et al., 1999 1994 US 51,350 20 Data source is state TBI registry Adekoya et al., 2002 1989 to 1998 US 53,288 per yr 21 22 in 1989 19 in 1998 Langlois et al., 2006 1995 to 2001 US 49,900 per yr 18 Average rate over 7 years Rutland-Brown et al., 2003 US 51,000 18 2006 NOTE: IL = Illinois, TBI = traumatic brain injury, US = United States. |
1996 | Daily Hospital Management Of Epidural Or Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Administration | HCPCS | With appropriate training from an accredited education program, professional medical billers and certified medical coders navigate these issues every day as part of their workday routine. It is a rewarding career, and it is an essential part of the healthcare industry. Medical billing and medical coding are based on the Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System (HCPCS), the foundation of how medical claims are submitted to commercial health insurers and government healthcare programs. The Healthcare Portability and Protection Act of 1996 (HIPPA) mandated that all healthcare claims be reported using HCPCS. Medical billers ensure that all healthcare claims are compliant with HIPPA through the accurate application of medical codes based on the documentation in the patient’s medical record, and based on the standards established by HCPCS. |
1996 | Daily Hospital Management Of Epidural Or Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Administration | HCPCS | It is a rewarding career, and it is an essential part of the healthcare industry. Medical billing and medical coding are based on the Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System (HCPCS), the foundation of how medical claims are submitted to commercial health insurers and government healthcare programs. The Healthcare Portability and Protection Act of 1996 (HIPPA) mandated that all healthcare claims be reported using HCPCS. Medical billers ensure that all healthcare claims are compliant with HIPPA through the accurate application of medical codes based on the documentation in the patient’s medical record, and based on the standards established by HCPCS. How HCPCS Codes are Used
The federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) oversees the definition and use of HCPCS codes. |
1996 | Daily Hospital Management Of Epidural Or Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Administration | HCPCS | Medical billing and medical coding are based on the Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System (HCPCS), the foundation of how medical claims are submitted to commercial health insurers and government healthcare programs. The Healthcare Portability and Protection Act of 1996 (HIPPA) mandated that all healthcare claims be reported using HCPCS. Medical billers ensure that all healthcare claims are compliant with HIPPA through the accurate application of medical codes based on the documentation in the patient’s medical record, and based on the standards established by HCPCS. How HCPCS Codes are Used
The federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) oversees the definition and use of HCPCS codes. HCPCS are divided in two levels. |
1996 | Daily Hospital Management Of Epidural Or Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Administration | HCPCS | The Healthcare Portability and Protection Act of 1996 (HIPPA) mandated that all healthcare claims be reported using HCPCS. Medical billers ensure that all healthcare claims are compliant with HIPPA through the accurate application of medical codes based on the documentation in the patient’s medical record, and based on the standards established by HCPCS. How HCPCS Codes are Used
The federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) oversees the definition and use of HCPCS codes. HCPCS are divided in two levels. Level I codes are commonly referred to as CPT codes because they belong to the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) administered by the American Medical Association (AMA). |
1996 | Daily Hospital Management Of Epidural Or Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Administration | HCPCS | NCCI was established to prevent fraud and abuse of the Medicare system by preventing improper payments for services. Medical billers with the proper training understand that HCPCS Level I codes are used to bill Medicare, a government health insurance program that covers 48 million Americans, who make up a large percentage of any healthcare facility’s patient population. Understanding the use of HCPCS Level I codes is essential for professional medical billers to obtain maximum, legal reimbursement for their employers. CMS reviews the guidelines the AMA uses to define CPT codes, then it establishes coding methodologies and policies that promote correct coding on a national scale. Because of the number of healthcare claims processed and paid by the Medicare Part B program, NCCI policies have been in place since 1996 to ensure that only appropriate claims are paid. |
1996 | Daily Hospital Management Of Epidural Or Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Administration | HCPCS | Medical billers with the proper training understand that HCPCS Level I codes are used to bill Medicare, a government health insurance program that covers 48 million Americans, who make up a large percentage of any healthcare facility’s patient population. Understanding the use of HCPCS Level I codes is essential for professional medical billers to obtain maximum, legal reimbursement for their employers. CMS reviews the guidelines the AMA uses to define CPT codes, then it establishes coding methodologies and policies that promote correct coding on a national scale. Because of the number of healthcare claims processed and paid by the Medicare Part B program, NCCI policies have been in place since 1996 to ensure that only appropriate claims are paid. The system has been expanded to include claims submitted under the Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) and claims submitted by skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). |
1996 | Daily Hospital Management Of Epidural Or Subarachnoid Continuous Drug Administration | HCPCS | Understanding the use of HCPCS Level I codes is essential for professional medical billers to obtain maximum, legal reimbursement for their employers. CMS reviews the guidelines the AMA uses to define CPT codes, then it establishes coding methodologies and policies that promote correct coding on a national scale. Because of the number of healthcare claims processed and paid by the Medicare Part B program, NCCI policies have been in place since 1996 to ensure that only appropriate claims are paid. The system has been expanded to include claims submitted under the Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) and claims submitted by skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). HCPCS Codes and NCCI
Medical billers and medical coders need to be aware of the current guidance established by the NCCI when they submit claims to Medicare. |
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