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What is the hollow sac like organ that stores urine until it is excreted?	tumor	kidney	ureter	bladder	hollow, sac-like organ that stores urine until it is excreted from the body.
What is the name of the magnetic material found in lava?	magnemite	meteorite	hemoglobin	magnetite	Magnetite is a magnetic mineral found in lava. The magnetite points to the magnetic north pole when it cools.
What is a branded polymer that serves as energy storage in animal?	pathogen	triglyceride	hydrocarbon	glycogen	Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose and serves as energy storage in animals.
Milk is usually subjected to what process, where high temperatures denature the proteins in bacteria so they cannot carry out functions needed to grow and multiply?	crystallization	vaporization	Cleaning	pasteurization	When milk is pasteurized, it is heated to high temperatures. These high temperatures denature the proteins in bacteria, so they cannot carry out needed functions to grow and multiply.
What do you call something that controls the uptake of water or another substance in the environment, in order to maintain constant internal conditions?	osmoconformers	sporozoans	protozoans	osmoregulators
Plastics are common examples of synthetic polymers of what abundant element?	hydrogen	silver	silicon	carbon	Synthetic carbon polymers are produced in labs or factories. Plastics are common examples of synthetic carbon polymers. You are probably familiar with the plastic called polyethylene. All of the plastic items pictured in the Figure below are made of polyethylene. It consists of repeating monomers of ethylene (C 2 H 4 ). Structural formulas for ethylene and polyethylene are also shown in the Figure below . To learn more about synthetic carbon polymers and how they form, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=7nCfbZwGWK8.
Magnetite crystals of different ages and on different continents pointed to different spots. the simplest explanation is that the continents have done what?	evolved	reacted	changed	moved	Magnetite crystals of different ages and on different continents pointed to different spots. The simplest explanation is that the continents have moved.
Protozoa can be classified on the basis of how they?	feel	smell	look	move	Protozoa can be classified on the basis of how they move. As shown in Table below , protozoa move in three different ways. Only sporozoa cannot move. Note that this classification is based only on differences in movement. It does not represent phylogenetic relationships.
Biomass, solar, wind, water, and geothermal power are examples of what kinds of energy resources?	fossil fuel	mechanical	electrical	renewable	Renewable energy resources include solar, water, wind, biomass, and geothermal power. These resources are usually replaced at the same rate that we use them. Scientists know that the Sun will continue to shine for billions of years. So we can use the solar energy without it ever running out. Water flows from high places to lower ones. Wind blows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. We can use the flow of wind and water to generate power. We can count on wind and water to continue to flow! Burning wood ( Figure below ), is an example of biomass energy. Changing grains into biofuels is biomass energy. Biomass is renewable because we can plant new trees or crops to replace the ones we use. Geothermal energy uses water that was heated by hot rocks. There are always more hot rocks available to heat more water.
What type of gases are the least reactive of all elements?	lucky	brave	humble	noble	Noble gases are the least reactive of all elements. That’s because they have eight valence electrons, which fill their outer energy level. This is the most stable arrangement of electrons, so noble gases rarely react with other elements and form compounds.
The cells of most eukaryotic and many prokaryotic organisms can carry out what type of respiration?	energetic	anaerobic	kinetic	aerobic
What kind of rock's makeup is changed by heat and or pressure?	igneous	tectonic	basaltic	metamorphic	Metamorphic rocks start off as some kind of rock. The starting rock can be igneous, sedimentary or even another metamorphic rock. Heat and/or pressure then change the rock’s physical or chemical makeup.
Most scientists think that ordinary matter makes up how much of the total matter in the universe?	more than half	greater than half	about half	less than half	Most scientists who study dark matter think it is a combination. Ordinary matter is part of it. That is mixed with some kind of matter that we haven’t discovered yet. Most scientists think that ordinary matter is less than half of the total matter in the Universe.
In machines that increase force, such as ramps and doorknobs and nutcrackers, what is the relation between output and input force?	input is greater	drop is greater	output is smaller	output is greater	For machines that increase force — including ramps, doorknobs, and nutcrackers — the output force is greater than the input force. Therefore, the mechanical advantage is greater than 1.
What type of galaxies are oval shaped, red or yellow, and contain mostly old stars?	unique elliptical	ovoid anomalies	mutant ellipses	typical elliptical	Typical elliptical galaxies are oval shaped, red or yellow, and contain mostly old stars.
What is the term for something in the environment that causes a reaction in an organism?	climate	pollution	crisis	stimulus	When a living thing responds to its environment, it is responding to a stimulus. A stimulus ( stimuli, plural ) is something in the environment that causes a reaction in an organism. The reaction a stimulus produces is called a response .
What is the mildest type of brain injury?	dementia	blunt trauma	hydrocephalus	concussion	The mildest and most common type of brain injury is a concussion . This is a bruise on the surface of the brain. It may cause temporary problems such as headache, drowsiness, and confusion. Most concussions in young people occur when they are playing sports, especially contact sports like football. Other sports, like soccer, boxing, baseball, lacrosse, skateboarding, and hockey can also result in concussions. A concussion normally heals on its own in a few days.
Isobaric expansion is a process occurring without a change in what?	energy	direction	temperature	pressure	isobaric expansion is a process occurring without a change in pressure.
What is the term for the process of exposing a person to a pathogen on purpose in order to develop immunity?	priming	evacuation	ramping	vaccination	Immunity can also be caused by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to a pathogen on purpose in order to develop immunity. In vaccination, a modified pathogen is usually injected under the skin by a shot. Only part of the pathogen is injected, or a weak or dead pathogen is used. It sounds dangerous, but the shot prepares your body for fighting the pathogen without causing the actual illness. Vaccination triggers an immune response against the injected antigen. The body prepares "memory" cells for use at a later time, in case the antigen is ever encountered again. Essentially, a vaccine imitates an infection, triggering an immune response, without making a person sick.
Why will water balloons launched into the air eventually burst?	friction	heat	momentum	expansion	Each day, hundreds of weather balloons are launched. Made of a synthetic rubber and carrying a box of instruments, the helium-filled balloon rises up into the sky. As it gains altitude, the atmospheric pressure becomes less and the balloon expands. At some point the balloon bursts due to the expansion, the instruments drop (aided by a parachute) to be retrieved and studied for information about the weather.
What type of behaviors do not have to be learned or practiced?	diverse behaviors	protective behaviors	acquired behaviors	innate behaviors	Innate behaviors do not have to be learned or practiced.
Terrestrial biomes are classified by the climate and their what?	geography	habitat	pollution	biodiversity	Terrestrial biomes are classified by the climate and their biodiversity , especially the types of primary producers . The world map in Figure below shows where 13 major terrestrial biomes are found.
A flower's colors come from what part of the plant?	Internode	glycogen	Petiole	vacuole	Inside the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells is the cytoplasm. It contains several structures, including ribosomes, a cytoskeleton, and genetic material. Ribosomes are sites where proteins are made. The cytoskeleton helps the cell keep its shape. The genetic material is usually a single loop of DNA. There may also be small, circular pieces of DNA, called plasmids . (see Figure below ). The cytoplasm may contain microcompartments as well. These are tiny structures enclosed by proteins. They contain enzymes and are involved in metabolic processes.
What stages in the life of a cell does the cell cycle include?	both	adult stages	intermediate stages	all	Cell division is just one stage of the cell cycle. The cell cycle includes all of the stages in the life of a cell. The cell cycle is more complex in eukaryotic than prokaryotic cells.
What do you call the type of molecular signals that include insulin and that help regulate a number of biochemical processes?	enzymes	nerves	acids	hormones	Hormones – Hormones are molecular signals that help regulate a number of biochemical processes. Single amino acids and short protein chains are very common types of hormones. For example, insulin is a protein hormone that regulates the amount of glucose present in the bloodstream.
What type of device uses electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric current?	mechanical transformer	radioactive transformer	hot transformer	electronic transformer	An electric transformer is a device that uses electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric current. Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating current with a magnetic field. It occurs when a magnetic field and electric conductor, such as a coil of wire, move relative to one another. A transformer may either increase or decrease voltage. You can see the basic components of an electric transformer in the Figure below . For an animation showing how a transformer works, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=VucsoEhB0NA .
Mutations cannot be passed on to offspring if they occur in what type of cells?	blood cells	put cells	kept cells	body cells	Mutations that occur in body cells cannot be passed on to offspring. They are confined to just one cell and its daughter cells. These mutations may have little effect on an organism.
What layer high in the atmosphere protects living things from most of the sun’s harmful uv rays?	stratosphere	Mesosphere	troposphere	ozone layer	Earth’s atmosphere is vital to life. The atmosphere provides the oxygen and carbon dioxide living things need for photosynthesis and respiration. Living things also need the ozone layer high in the atmosphere. Upper level ozone protects them from most of the Sun’s harmful UV rays.
What occurs over a large area when a rock is buried or compressed?	landslide	metamorphic diffusion	cavern system	regional metamorphism	Regional metamorphism occurs over a large area when a rock is buried or compressed.
The uterus has an external opening known as what?	fallopian tubes	cervix	ovaries	vulva	Nervous system Most nematodes possess four longitudinal nerve cords that run along the length of the body in dorsal, ventral, and lateral positions. The ventral nerve cord is better developed than the dorsal or lateral cords. All nerve cords fuse at the anterior end, around the pharynx, to form head ganglia or the “brain” of the worm (which take the form of a ring around the pharynx) as well as at the posterior end to form the tail ganglia. In C. elegans, the nervous system accounts for nearly one-third of the total number of cells in the animal. Reproduction Nematodes employ a variety of reproductive strategies that range from monoecious to dioecious to parthenogenic, depending upon the species under consideration. elegans is a monoecious species and shows development of ova contained in a uterus as well as sperm contained in the spermatheca. The uterus has an external opening known as the vulva. The female genital pore is near the middle of the body, whereas the male’s is at the tip. Specialized structures at the tail of the male keep him in place while he deposits sperm with copulatory spicules. Fertilization is internal, and embryonic development starts very soon after fertilization. The embryo is released from the vulva during the gastrulation stage. The embryonic development stage lasts for 14 hours; development then continues through four successive larval stages with ecdysis between each stage—L1, L2, L3, and L4—ultimately leading to the development of a young male or female adult worm. Adverse environmental conditions like overcrowding and lack of food can result in the formation of an intermediate larval stage known as the dauer larva.
Plants face two types of enemies: herbivores and what else?	carnivores	erosion	water	pathogens	Defense Responses against Herbivores and Pathogens Plants face two types of enemies: herbivores and pathogens. Herbivores both large and small use plants as food, and actively chew them. Pathogens are agents of disease. These infectious microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, live off of the plant and damage its tissues. Plants have developed a variety of strategies to discourage or kill attackers. The first line of defense in plants is an intact and impenetrable barrier. Bark and the waxy cuticle can protect against predators. Other adaptations against herbivory include thorns, which are modified branches, and spines, which are modified leaves. They discourage animals by causing physical damage and inducing rashes and allergic reactions. A plant’s exterior protection can be compromised by mechanical damage, which may provide an entry point for pathogens. If the first line of defense is breached, the plant must resort to a different set of defense mechanisms, such as toxins and enzymes. Secondary metabolites are compounds that are not directly derived from photosynthesis and are not necessary for respiration or plant growth and development. Many metabolites are toxic, and can even be lethal to animals that ingest them. Some metabolites are alkaloids, which discourage predators with noxious odors (such as the volatile oils of mint and sage) or repellent tastes (like the bitterness of quinine). Other alkaloids affect herbivores by causing either excessive stimulation.
What organism carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration?	aldehydes	metabolites	aerobicc enzymes	obligate anaerobes
What are the smallest type of blood vessel?	arteries	varicose veins	spider veins	capillaries	Further away from the heart, the aorta branches into smaller arteries, which eventually branch into capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest type of blood vessel; they connect very small arteries and veins. Gases and other substances are exchanged between cells and the blood across the very thin walls of capillaries.
What type of behavior is most flexible?	adaptation	innate behavior	reflex behavior	learned behavior	Just about all human behaviors are learned. Learned behavior is behavior that occurs only after experience or practice. Learned behavior has an advantage over innate behavior : it is more flexible. Learned behavior can be changed if conditions change. For example, you probably know the route from your house to your school. Assume that you moved to a new house in a different place, so you had to take a different route to school. What if following the old route was an innate behavior? You would not be able to adapt. Fortunately, it is a learned behavior. You can learn the new route just as you learned the old one.
In the water molecule, two of the electron pairs are lone pairs rather than what?	ions pairs	bonding ions	acid pairs	bonding pairs	The water molecule, like the ammonia and methane molecules, has a tetrahedral domain geometry. In the water molecule, two of the electron pairs are lone pairs rather than bonding pairs. The molecular geometry of the water molecule is referred to as bent . The H-O-H bond angle is 104.5°, which is smaller than the bond angle in NH 3 .
What are the basic building blocks of the human body?	vitamins	proteins	minerals	cells	The basic building blocks of the human body are cells. Human cells are organized into tissues, tissues are organized into organs, and organs are organized into organ systems.
What is the medial bone of the forearm that runs parallel to the radius?	radius	humerus	fibula	ulna	Ulna The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm. It runs parallel to the radius, which is the lateral bone of the forearm (Figure 8.6). The proximal end of the ulna resembles a crescent wrench with its large, C-shaped trochlear notch. This region articulates with the trochlea of the humerus as part of the elbow joint. The inferior margin of the trochlear notch is formed by a prominent lip of bone called the coronoid process of the ulna. Just below this on the anterior ulna is a roughened area called the ulnar tuberosity. To the lateral side and slightly inferior to the trochlear notch is a small, smooth area called the radial notch of the ulna. This area is the site of articulation between the proximal radius and the ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint. The posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna make up the olecranon process, which forms the bony tip of the elbow.
The animal kingdom can also be divided into two basic groups, what are they?	sponges and vertebrates	mammals and fish	aquatic and land	invertebrates and vertebrates	The Animal Kingdom is one of four kingdoms in the Eukarya Domain. The Animal Kingdom, in turn, is divided into almost 40 modern phyla. The Animal Kingdom can also be divided into two basic groups: invertebrates and vertebrates. Most animal species are invertebrates, which lack a backbone.
These microorganisms are abundant in the human digestive track and serve many roles. what are they?	tumors	antioxidants	pathogens	bacteria	Bacteria provide vital ecosystem services. They are important decomposers. They are also needed for the carbon and nitrogen cycles. There are billions of bacteria inside the human intestines. They help digest food, make vitamins, and play other important roles. Humans also use bacteria in many other ways, including:.
When both objects have a positive charge what will the force be between them?	polar	attractive	expressive	repulsive	The positive sign of the force indicates the force is repulsive. This makes sense, because both objects have a positive charge.
What are ocean waves mainly caused by?	humidity	tides	gravity	wind	Ocean waves are energy traveling through water. They are caused mainly by wind blowing over the water.
What type of archaea live in salty environments?	amphibians	arthropods	sporozoans	halophiles	Archaea that live in salty environments are known as halophiles.
What can be thought of as the fundamental unit of life?	electron	ion	atom	cell	It could easily be said that a cell is the fundamental unit of life, the smallest unit capable of life or the structural and functional unit necessary for life. But whatever it is, a cell is necessary for life. The Cell Biology chapter will discuss some of the fundamental properties of the cell, with lessons that include the cell structure, transport in and out of the cell, energy metabolism, and cell division and reproduction.
What type of organism is a bacteria?	paramecium	multicellular organism	fungi	single-celled prokaryotic	The single-celled prokaryotic organism otherwise known as bacteria. And all it takes is one to quickly grow, under just the right conditions, into millions and billions. Luckily, we know how to control bacteria when necessary. But bacteria do serve many important purposes. In fact, we could not survive without them.
What chemical element is required for a combustion reaction ?	nitrogen	carbon	helium	oxygen	A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat. Combustion reactions must involve O 2 as one reactant. The combustion of hydrogen gas produces water vapor.
What do wind turbines turn wind energy into?	oxygen	hydrogen	carbon	electricy	Wind energy is energy provided by the blowing wind. Wind turbines, like those in Figure above , can turn wind energy into electricity. The wind blows because of differences in heating of Earth’s atmosphere by the sun. There will never be a shortage of wind.
A simple sugar such as fructose or glucose is also called a what?	galactose	carbohydrate	disaccharide	monosaccharide	A monosaccharide is a simple sugar such as fructose or glucose. Fructose is found in fruits, whereas glucose generally results from the digestion of other carbohydrates. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is used for energy by the cells of most organisms, and is a product of photosynthesis.
The fossilized skeleton of archaeopteryx looks like that of a dinosaur, but it had what structures modified for flight, a trait associated only with birds among modern animals?	beaks	fingers	claws	feathers	fossils and birds, specifically in the structure of the hip and wrist bones, as well as the presence of the wishbone, formed by the fusing of the clavicles. One important fossil of an animal intermediate to dinosaurs and birds is Archaeopteryx, which is from the Jurassic period (Figure 29.33). Archaeopteryx is important in establishing the relationship between birds and dinosaurs, because it is an intermediate fossil, meaning it has characteristics of both dinosaurs and birds. Some scientists propose classifying it as a bird, but others prefer to classify it as a dinosaur. The fossilized skeleton of Archaeopteryx looks like that of a dinosaur, and it had teeth whereas birds do not, but it also had feathers modified for flight, a trait associated only with birds among modern animals. Fossils of older feathered dinosaurs exist, but the feathers do not have the characteristics of flight feathers.
Blood volume increases substantially during pregnancy, so that by childbirth, it exceeds its preconception volume by 30 percent, or approximately what?	0-1 liters	2-3 liters	3-5 liters	1-2 liters	Circulatory System Changes Blood volume increases substantially during pregnancy, so that by childbirth, it exceeds its preconception volume by 30 percent, or approximately 1–2 liters. The greater blood volume helps to manage the demands of fetal nourishment and fetal waste removal. In conjunction with increased blood volume, the pulse and blood pressure also rise moderately during pregnancy. As the fetus grows, the uterus compresses underlying pelvic blood vessels, hampering venous return from the legs and pelvic region. As a result, many pregnant women develop varicose veins or hemorrhoids.
All of the land drained by a river system is called its basin, or what "wet" term?	wetlands	river bank	groundwater	watershed	All of the land drained by a river system is called its basin, or watershed. One river system’s basin is separated from another river system’s basin by a divide. The divide is created by the highest points between the two river basins. Precipitation that falls within a river basin always flows toward that river. Precipitation that falls on the other side of the divide flows toward a different river.
What does the gizzard in birds contain that allows them to grind food?	teeth	acid	bile	swallowed stones	The digestive system of birds is unique, with a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food. Birds do not have teeth. What do you think the stones do? They help them digest their food. Defining characteristics of modern birds also include:.
Equal and oppositely directed forces produce what kind of acceleration?	faster acceleration	steady acceleration	greater acceleration	no acceleration	An object will not change its state of motion (i. e. , accelerate) unless a net force acts on it. Equal and oppositely directed forces do not produce acceleration.
Organs are groups of what working together?	tendons	muscles	bones	tissues
Deep water filling a void caused by surface winds blowing water north and south is known as?	divergence	downwelling	surface current	upwelling	Upwelling also takes place along the Equator. Winds blow the surface water north and south. This leaves a void that deep water can upwell into. The nutrients rise to the surface and support a great deal of life in the equatorial oceans.
What devices do astronomers use to see objects at wavelengths all across the electromagnetic spectrum?	levels	microscopes	spectrographs	telescopes	Many extremely interesting objects can’t be seen with the unaided eye. Astronomers use telescopes to see objects at wavelengths all across the electromagnetic spectrum. Some very hot stars emit light primarily at ultraviolet wavelengths. There are extremely hot objects that emit X-rays and even gamma rays. Some very cool stars shine mostly in the infrared light wavelengths. Radio waves come from the faintest, most distant objects.
What type of winds blow only over a limited area?	periodic	trade	Planetary	local	Local winds are winds that blow over a limited area. They are influenced by local geography. Nearness to an ocean, lake or mountain range can affect local winds. Some examples are found below.
What is the term for the spacing of individuals within a population?	population density	suspension	equilibrium	dispersion	Ecologists also study how individuals in a population are spread across an environment. This spacing of individuals within a population is called dispersion . Some species may be clumped or clustered ( Figure below ) in an area. Others may be evenly spaced ( Figure below ). Still others may be spaced randomly within an area. The population density and dispersion have an effect on reproduction and population size. What do you think the relationship is between population density, dispersion and size?.
What is the minimum number of pulleys needed for a compound pulley?	zero	1	4	2	Single pulleys may be fixed or moveable. Compound pulleys consist of two or more pulleys.
Magnetic force is always perpendicular to what?	length	speed	sunlight	velocity	So does the magnetic force cause circular motion? Magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity, so that it does no work on the charged particle. The particle’s kinetic energy and speed thus remain constant. The direction of motion is affected, but not the speed. This is typical of uniform circular motion. The simplest case occurs when a charged particle moves perpendicular to a uniform B -field, such as shown in Figure 22.20. (If this takes place in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the dominant factor determining the motion. ) Here, the magnetic force supplies the centripetal force F c = mv 2 / r . Noting that sin θ = 1 , we see that.
What is the region in the center back of the eye that is responsible for acute vision?	pupil	cornea	lens	fovea	The fovea is the region in the center back of the eye that is responsible for acute vision. The fovea has a high density of cones. When you bring your gaze to an object to examine it intently in bright light, the eyes orient so that the object’s image falls on the fovea. However, when looking at a star in the night sky or other object in dim light, the object can be better viewed by the peripheral vision because it is the rods at the edges of the retina, rather than the cones at the center, that operate better in low light. In humans, cones far outnumber rods in the fovea.
What is it called when a human has an extra autosome?	mosaicism	monosomy	polysomy	trisomy	Trisomy is a state where humans have an extra autosome. That is, they have three of a particular chromosome instead of two. For example, trisomy 18 results from an extra chromosome 18, resulting in 47 total chromosomes. To identify the chromosome number (including an abnormal number), a sample of cells is removed from an individual or developing fetus. Metaphase chromosomes are photographed and a karyotype is produced. A karyotype will display any abnormalities in chromosome number or large chromosomal rearrangements. Trisomy 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, and 21 have been identified in humans. Trisomy 16 is the most common trisomy in humans, occurring in more than 1% of pregnancies. This condition, however, usually results in spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester. The most common trisomy in viable births is Trisomy 21 .
Carboxylic acids can form what with alcohols?	aldehydes	lipids	ketones	esters	Carboxylic acids can form esters with alcohols.
What are the two types of semiconductors?	a-type and b-type	n-type and m-type	o-type and p-type	n-type and p-type	Electronic components consist of semiconductors, which are solid crystals consisting mainly of silicon. There are two types of semiconductors, called n-type and p-type.
What is the term for organisms that live in extremely hot environments?	exothermic	hydrophylic	thermophobes	thermophiles	The thermophiles live in extremely hot environments. For example, they can grow in hot springs, geysers, and near volcanoes. Unlike other organisms, they can thrive in temperatures near 100°C, the boiling point of water!.
What is a capillary bed that filters blood principally based on particle size?	plexus	buds	vein	glomerulus	25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney The functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, consists of the renal corpuscle, PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT. Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle extending into the medulla. About 15 percent of nephrons are juxtamedullary. The glomerulus is a capillary bed that filters blood principally based on particle size. The filtrate is captured by Bowman’s capsule and directed to the PCT. A filtration membrane is formed by the fused basement membranes of the podocytes and the capillary endothelial cells that they embrace. Contractile mesangial cells further perform a role in regulating the rate at which the blood is filtered. Specialized cells in the JGA produce paracrine signals to regulate blood flow and filtration rates of the glomerulus. Other JGA cells produce the enzyme renin, which plays a central role in blood pressure regulation. The filtrate enters the PCT where absorption and secretion of several substances occur. The descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle consist of thick and thin segments. Absorption and secretion continue in the DCT but to a lesser extent than in the PCT. Each collecting duct collects forming urine from several nephrons and responds to the posterior pituitary hormone ADH by inserting aquaporin water channels into the cell membrane to fine tune water recovery.
Minerals form when they precipitate from hot fluids that have done what?	accelerated down	heated up	dried out	cooled down	Minerals form when they precipitate from hot fluids that have cooled down.
Mass spectrometry today is used extensively in chemistry and biology laboratories to identify chemical and biological substances according to their ratios of what?	mass to volume	ph to charge	volume to charge	mass-to-charge	Mass spectrometry today is used extensively in chemistry and biology laboratories to identify chemical and biological substances according to their mass-to-charge ratios. In medicine, mass spectrometers are used to measure the concentration of isotopes used as tracers. Usually, biological molecules such as proteins are very large, so they are broken down into smaller fragments before analyzing. Recently, large virus particles have been analyzed as a whole on mass spectrometers. Sometimes a gas chromatograph or high-performance liquid chromatograph provides an initial separation of the large molecules, which are then input into the mass spectrometer.
What helps treat bacterial infections in people?	rest	respiratory drugs	vaccines	antibiotic drugs	Bacteria in food or water usually can be killed by heating it to a high temperature. Generally, this temperature is at least 71 °C (160 °F). Bacteria on surfaces such as countertops and floors can be killed with disinfectants, such as chlorine bleach. Bacterial infections in people can be treated with antibiotic drugs . These drugs kill bacteria and may quickly cure the disease. If you've ever had strep throat, you were probably prescribed an antibiotic to treat it.
Which has more electrons, neon or fluorine?	neither	the same	fluorine	neon	Although neon has just one more electron than fluorine in its outer energy level, that one electron makes a huge difference. Fluorine needs one more electron to fill its outer energy level in order to have the most stable arrangement of electrons. Therefore, fluorine readily accepts an electron from any element that is equally “eager” to give one up, such as the metal lithium or sodium. As a result, fluorine is highly reactive. In fact, reactions with fluorine are often explosive, as you can see in the URL below. Neon, on the other hand, already has a full outer energy level. It is already very stable and never reacts with other elements. It neither accepts nor gives up electrons. Neon doesn’t even react with fluorine, which reacts with all other elements except helium.
What kind of process occurs naturally under certain conditions, unlike its opposite, which will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source?	activation process	controlled process	noticeable process	spontaneous process	Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill, but uphill flow requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to the earth’s atmosphere will corrode, but rust is not converted to iron without intentional chemical treatment. A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. A process that is spontaneous in one direction under a particular set of conditions is nonspontaneous in the reverse direction. At room temperature and typical atmospheric pressure, for example, ice will spontaneously melt, but water will not spontaneously freeze. The spontaneity of a process is not correlated to the speed of the process. A spontaneous change may be so rapid that it is essentially instantaneous or so slow that it cannot be observed over any practical period of time. To illustrate this concept, consider the decay of radioactive isotopes, a topic more thoroughly treated in the chapter on nuclear chemistry. Radioactive decay is by definition a spontaneous process in which the nuclei of unstable isotopes emit radiation as they are converted to more stable nuclei. All the decay processes occur spontaneously, but the rates at which different isotopes decay vary widely. Technetium-99m is a popular radioisotope for medical imaging studies that undergoes relatively rapid decay and exhibits a half-life of about six hours. Uranium-238 is the most abundant isotope of uranium, and its decay occurs much more slowly, exhibiting a half-life of more than four billion years (Figure 16.2).
Gradual degradation of a material due to its exposure to the environment is known as what?	destruction	metabolism	erosion	corrosion	The driving force to combine with nonmetals to create ionic compounds varies quite a bit between different metals. Some pure metals, like cesium and potassium, are so eager to react that they must be stored under oil to avoid an immediate reaction with the oxygen present in air. Others, like platinum and gold, are stable enough that they can be found in nature as pure metals rather than as the cationic portion of an ionic compound. Gradual degradation of a material due to its exposure to the environment is known as corrosion . Metals like gold and platinum are unusually resistant to corrosion, which makes them especially valuable for both structural and decorative purposes.
What is the name for a matter that has a fixed volume and a fixed shape?	liquid	gas	stable	solid	Ice is an example of solid matter. A solid is matter that has a fixed volume and a fixed shape. Figure below shows examples of matter that are usually solids under Earth conditions. In the figure, salt and cellulose are examples of crystalline solids. The particles of crystalline solids are arranged in a regular repeating pattern. The steaks and candle wax are examples of amorphous ("shapeless") solids. Their particles have no definite pattern.
German doctor rudolf virchow first discovered what process when studying living cells under a microscope?	photosynthesis	radiation	evolution	cell division	Around 1850, a German doctor named Rudolf Virchow was observing living cells under a microscope. As he was watching, one of the cells happened to divide. Figure below shows a cell dividing, like the cell observed by Virchow. This was an “aha” moment for Virchow. He realized that living cells produce new cells by dividing. This was evidence that cells arise from other cells.
What was the first mass extinction that occurred on earth?	proterozoic mass extinction	late Devonian mass extinction	paleozoic mass extinction	precambrian mass extinction	At the end of the Precambrian, a mass extinction occurred. In a mass extinction , the majority of species die out. The Precambrian mass extinction was the first of six mass extinctions that occurred on Earth. It’s not certain what caused this first mass extinction. Changes in Earth’s geology and climate were no doubt involved.
What type of habitat do ferns need to grow?	dry	cold	elevated	moist	Ferns 11,000 They have large leaves in fronds. They have stiff stems, so they are tall growing; some are trees. They reproduce with spores. They need a moist habitat.
G2 and s are phases in what process that is important in cell division?	cytokinesis	tissues	osmosis	mitosis	DNA and the associated proteins, as well as accumulating enough energy reserves to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus. S Phase Throughout interphase, nuclear DNA remains in a semi-condensed chromatin configuration. In the S phase (synthesis phase), DNA replication results in the formation of two identical copies of each chromosome—sister chromatids—that are firmly attached at the centromere region. At this stage, each chromosome is made of two sister chromatids and is a duplicated chromosome. The centrosome is duplicated during the S phase. The two centrosomes will give rise to the mitotic spindle, the apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. The centrosome consists of a pair of rod-like centrioles at right angles to each other. Centrioles help organize cell division. Centrioles are not present in the centrosomes of many eukaryotic species, such as plants and most fungi. G2 Phase In the G2 phase, or second gap, the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes the proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation. Some cell organelles are duplicated, and the cytoskeleton is dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic spindle. There may be additional cell growth during G2. The final preparations for the mitotic phase must be completed before the cell is able to enter the first stage of mitosis.
Solar energy travels in what?	neurons	ions	electrons	photons	Solar energy travels in photons. Photons travel in waves, which make up electromagnetic radiation.
What type of joint is the knee joint?	condyloid joint	ball joint	pivot joint	hinge joint	Hinge Joint. The knee joint is a hinge joint. Like a door hinge, a hinge joint allows backward and forward movement.
What state of matter takes the shape and volume of whatever container it occupies?	mixture	solid	liquid	gas
What is a high concentrated solution typically referred to as?	share solution	percent solution	saline sollution	stock solution	Another common dilution problem involves deciding how much of a highly concentrated solution is requires to make a desired quantity of solution of lesser concentration. The highly concentrated solution is typically referred to as the stock solution.
The joints that are between the bones that make up the skull are what kind of joints?	Gliding ioints	Ball and socket joints	Interphalangeal joints	immovable joints	Immovable joints do not allow the bones to move at all. In these joints, the bones are fused together by very tough collagen. Examples of immovable joints include the joints between bones of the skull. You can see them in Figure below .
What weather phenomenon increases the rate of weathering in rock and soil?	landslide	temperature	earthquake	rainfall	Rainfall in an area is important because it influences the rate of weathering. More rain means that more rainwater passes through the soil. The rainwater reacts chemically with the particles. The top layers of soil are in contact with the freshest water, so reactions are greatest there. High rainfall increases the amount of rock that experiences chemical reactions. High rainfall may also carry material away. This means that new surfaces are exposed. This increases the rate of weathering.
What is pluto now called?	meteor	asteroid	planet	dwarf planet	If the first three are true but not the fourth, then that object is a dwarf planet . We now call Pluto a dwarf planet. There are other dwarf planets in the solar system. They are Eris, Ceres, Makemake and Haumea. There are many other reasons why Pluto does not fit with the other planets in our solar system.
Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and residual volume are all types of what kind of measurement?	breathing volume	respiratory volume	emitted volume	lung volume	39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces The lungs can hold a large volume of air, but they are not usually filled to maximal capacity. Lung volume measurements include tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. The sum of these equals the total lung capacity. Gas movement into or out of the lungs is dependent on the pressure of the gas. Air is a mixture of gases; therefore, the partial pressure of each gas can be calculated to determine how the gas will flow in the lung. The difference between the partial pressure of the gas in the air drives oxygen into the tissues and carbon dioxide out of the body.
What kind of a relationship do plants and soil have?	contentious relationship	one-way relationship	dimorphic relationship	two-way relationship
What is the process of generating electric current with a magnetic field?	molecular induction	pole induction	mechanical induction	electromagnetic induction	An electric generator is a device that produces electricity through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating electric current with a magnetic field.
The adrenal cortex directly influences the function of what organs through the production of the hormone aldosterone to stimulate sodium reabsorption?	tumors	lungs	heart	kidneys	On the superior aspect of each kidney is the adrenal gland. The adrenal cortex directly influences renal function through the production of the hormone aldosterone to stimulate sodium reabsorption.
What type of direction does a phase change depend on?	humidity transfer	weight transfer	power transfer	heat transfer	Remember that a phase change depends on the direction of the heat transfer. If heat transfers in, solids become liquids, and liquids become solids at the melting and boiling points, respectively. If heat transfers out, liquids solidify, and gases condense into liquids.
The strength of what depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions it produces when dissolved in water?	the base	the solution	electricity	acid	The strength of an acid depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions it produces when dissolved in water. A stronger acid produces a greater concentration of ions than a weaker acid. For example, when hydrogen chloride is added to water, all of it breaks down into H + and Cl - ions. Therefore, it is a strong acid. On the other hand, only about 1 percent of acetic acid breaks down into ions, so it is a weak acid.
What are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom?	mammals	crustaceans	cephalopods	arthropods	Arthropods are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom.
What kind of organisms are yeasts?	protozoa	bacteria	viruses	single-celled	The aim of basic science is to discover new knowledge. It leads to a better understanding of the natural world. It doesn’t necessarily have any practical use. An example of basic research in life science is studying how yeast cells grow and divide. Yeasts are single-celled organisms that are easy to study. By studying yeast cells, life scientists discovered the series of events called the cell cycle. The cell cycle works not only in yeasts but in all other organisms with similar cells. Therefore, this basic research made a major contribution to our understanding of living things. Watch the following animation to learn more about the basic yeast research and the cell cycle. You can also see yeast cells dividing.
What kind of bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond?	ionic bond	beta bond	covalent bond	double bond	Recall that a double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond. In order for a double bond to be formed, each participating carbon atom must have at least one unhybridized p orbital. In a carbon-carbon double bond where both carbons are bonded to two additional atoms, each carbon is sp 2 hybridized. The double bond includes a sigma bond between a hybrid orbital from each carbon and a pi bond between the leftover p orbital from each carbon. The angles between any two bonds for an sp 2 hybridized carbon are approximately 120°.
What is the purpose of utilizing careful farming practices such as rotating crops or planting nutrient rich crops?	improve soil texture	improve sediment quality	improve photosynthesis quality	improve soil quality	Careful farming helps to keep up soil quality each season. One way is to plant different crops each year. Another is to alternate the crops planted in each row of the field. These techniques preserve and replenish soil nutrients. Planting nutrient rich cover crops helps the soil. Planting trees as windbreaks, plowing along contours of a field, or building terraces into steeper slopes all help to hold soil in place ( Figure below ). No-till or low-till farming disturbs the ground as little as possible during planting.
What do communication satellites carry and use to provide energy during their missions?	infrared panels	geothermal panels	batteries	solar panels	Communications satellites carry solar panels to provide energy for their missions.
What is the biogeochemical cycle that recycles water called?	Water Table	water theory	Liquid Cycle	water cycle	The biogeochemical cycle that recycles water is the water cycle. The water cycle involves a series of interconnected pathways involving both the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. Water is obviously an extremely important aspect of every ecosystem. Life cannot exist without water. Many organisms contain a large amount of water in their bodies, and many live in water, so the water cycle is essential to life on Earth. Water continuously moves between living organisms, such as plants, and non-living things, such as clouds, rivers, and oceans ( Figure below ).
What type of behavior is frogs croaking or deer clashing antlers an example of?	mating	instincts	learned behavior	courtship	Courtship behaviors occur in many other species. For example, males in some species of whales have special mating songs to attract females as mates. Frogs croak for the same reason. Male deer clash antlers to court females. Male jumping spiders jump from side to side to attract mates.
An atom can be classified as a particular element based solely on its what?	ability	light number	spectrum	atomic number	The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element. An atom can be classified as a particular element based solely on its atomic number. For example, any atom with an atomic number of 8 (its nucleus contains 8 protons) is an oxygen atom, and any atom with a different number of protons would be a different element. The periodic table ( Figure below ) displays all of the known elements and is arranged in order of increasing atomic number. In this table, an element’s atomic number is indicated above the elemental symbol. Hydrogen, at the upper left of the table, has an atomic number of 1. Every hydrogen atom has one proton in its nucleus. Next on the table is helium, whose atoms have two protons in the nucleus. Lithium atoms have three protons, beryllium atoms have four, and so on. Since atoms are neutral, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons. Therefore, hydrogen atoms all have one electron occupying the space outside of the nucleus.
In the body, what essential substance is pumped from the heart into arteries and then eventually into capillaries?	lymphatic Fluid	spinal fluid	water	blood	The solution to the last part of the example shows that speed is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the tube, making for large effects when radius varies. We can blow out a candle at quite a distance, for example, by pursing our lips, whereas blowing on a candle with our mouth wide open is quite ineffective. In many situations, including in the cardiovascular system, branching of the flow occurs. The blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that subdivide into smaller arteries (arterioles) which branch into very fine vessels called capillaries. In this situation, continuity of flow is maintained but it is the sum of the flow rates in each of the branches in any portion along the tube that is maintained. The equation of continuity in a more general form becomes ¯.
What (nh3) is one of the few thermodynamically stable binary compounds of nitrogen with a nonmetal?	nitrous oxide	liquid nitrogen	acetic acid	ammonia	Note the Pattern Few binary molecular compounds of nitrogen are formed by the direct reaction of the elements. At elevated temperatures, nitrogen reacts with highly electropositive metals to formionic nitrides, such as Li3N and Ca3N2. These compounds consist of ionic lattices formed by M n+ and N3− ions. Just as boron forms interstitial borides and carbon forms interstitial carbides, with less electropositive metals nitrogen forms a range ofinterstitial nitrides, in which nitrogen occupies holes in a close-packed metallic structure. Like the interstitial carbides and borides, these substances are typically very hard, high-melting materials that have metallic luster and conductivity. Nitrogen also reacts with semimetals at very high temperatures to produce covalent nitrides, such as Si3N4 and BN, which are solids with extended covalent network structures similar to those of graphite or diamond. Consequently, they are usually high melting and chemically inert materials. Ammonia (NH3) is one of the few thermodynamically stable binary compounds of nitrogen with a nonmetal. It is not flammable in air, but it burns in an O2 atmosphere: Equation 22.30.
What does increased temperature cause the volume to do in a gas?	halve	disappear	decrease	increase	Equal volumes of four different gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of gaseous particles. Because the molar mass of each gas is different, the mass of each gas sample is different even though all contain 1 mol of gas. The relationships among the volume of a gas and its pressure, temperature, and amount are summarized in Figure 10.10 "The Empirically Determined Relationships among Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Amount of a Gas". Volume increases with increasing temperature or amount but decreases with increasing pressure.

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