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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 24, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motions for supplemental authorities are GRANTED in part, to the extent that the authorities referenced in the motions are considered to be support for the defendant's arguments. The application for leave to appeal the January 11, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motions for judgment of acquittal, for bond, for immediate consideration, to expand the record, and to amend the record are DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for immediate consideration is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the December 13, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 30, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 5, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 3, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 18, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 11, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 1, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 24, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 20, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 18, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 11, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 1, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v Price (Docket No. 156180) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 27, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 19, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 30, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to cure defects is DENIED. The request for immediate consideration of the motion for sanctions is GRANTED, but the motions to strike and for sanctions are DENIED. The application for leave to appeal the August 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 17, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 25, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 25, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 18, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 29, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to remand is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 15, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 19, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 31, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 5, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 28, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 31, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of People v. Dixon-Bey (Docket No. 156746) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 18, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to remand is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 24, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 14, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 16, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of plaintiffs-appellees to extend the time for filing their answer to the application for leave to appeal is GRANTED. The answer submitted on August 20, 2019, is accepted as timely filed. | [
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Cameron, P.J.
In this contract dispute, defendants, the Michigan Land Bank Fast Track Authority (MLB) and the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA), appeal the Court of Claims' November 29, 2017 opinion and order denying defendants' motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Two years after the initial complaint was filed in the Court of Claims, plaintiff, ADR Consultants, LLC (ADR), filed an amended complaint adding a breach-of-contract claim for $420,000. The Court of Claims concluded that ADR's amended claim did not violate the one-year notice requirement for claims filed in the Court of Claims as set forth in MCL 600.6431(1). Because the statutory language in MCL 600.6431(1) allows ADR's amended claim to relate back to the original complaint, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 29, 2012, ADR and the MLB entered into a contract wherein ADR would provide inspection demolition services in connection with the city of Detroit's Hardest Hit Blight Program (the Program). The MLB was tasked with "blight elimination" within the city of Detroit and across Michigan, which included demolition work. Additionally, the MLB was to manage and dispose "of public property in a coordinated manner to foster the development of that property." The MLB contracted with ADR to act as an MLB contractor for this blight elimination. ADR's role was to "assist the MLB and the Department of Technology, Management and Budget ... in organizational, procurement, and management tasks...." ADR would "provide technical assistance and project management services to the MLB" and help the MLB manage the demolition of various sites. However, other contractors or subcontractors would conduct the actual demolition work.
After giving 90 days' notice, the MLB could terminate the contract for convenience "if the State determine[d] that a termination [was] in the State's best interest." Upon termination for convenience, however, the MLB was required to "pay [ADR] all charges due for Deliverable(s) provided before the date of termination and, if applicable, as a separate item of payment, for work-in-progress, based on a percentage of completion determined by the State." Deliverables were included in those services performed by ADR. In other words, if the MLB terminated for convenience, it would be required to make all outstanding payments to ADR for the work it had provided up until termination.
After the contract was signed, the MLB requested that ADR perform additional services outside the contract's scope, including new demolition project management and "in-process demolition inspections." The parties disputed whether these additional services were to be paid at a rate of $55 per hour, and this term was never written into the contract. However, the Executive Director at the MLB claimed that the parties verbally agreed to this price. ADR began work on these out-of-scope services on September 11, 2012.
In 2013, MSHDA tasked the Detroit Land Bank Authority (DLBA) with oversight of the Program. In November 2013, the DLBA and the MLB signed an intergovernmental agreement (IGA) in which the MLB agreed to provide project management assistance to the DLBA for carrying out the Program. The DLBA agreed to pay the MLB $100 for each property subject to its demolition project management services. To accomplish its duties under the IGA, the MLB hired ADR as project manager to help administer the Program. The DLBA would notify the MLB and request that ADR perform services, i.e., inspection work and blight certifications. The MLB would then notify ADR of the DLBA's request and engage ADR's services.
By September 2014, the MLB was allegedly $50,000 behind in its payments to ADR for both "management of blight program pursuant to the Contract, and ... the in-process hourly rate demolition inspections." ADR claimed that it had not been paid for these services since January 2014. Additionally, by December 2014, ADR allegedly had not been paid for the Program inspections it had performed. James Wright of the DLBA allegedly informed ADR that the DLBA was experiencing financial issues and that ADR could not be paid until February 2015. However, on January 30, 2015, the DLBA allegedly informed ADR that the DLBA would not pay ADR. Moreover, the MLB reportedly refused to pay for the Program inspections. ADR halted its Program inspections on February 9, 2015, but continued to manage the Program. On April 15, 2015, ADR received a notice of termination for convenience and a stop-work order from the MLB. This terminated the original contract between ADR and the MLB.
The parties dispute whether ADR was to receive additional compensation for managing the Program. In its original complaint, ADR alleged that it had agreed to manage the Program "at no cost in recognition of both its own desire to benefit the City as well as in recognition of, according to MLB, the funding mechanism that the [Program] would generate for MLB." However, in its amended complaint, ADR alleged that it had agreed to manage the Program "in consideration of Defendants' agreement that ADR would continue to manage the blight demolition program, including additional demolitions within the [Program] ... to which ADR was to be paid for its in-process inspections." In both complaints, however, ADR alleged that the MLB advised ADR that the Program would pay the MLB $100 for each home, that there were approximately 4,200 such homes, and that this sum would therefore total $420,000. ADR further alleged that this $100 per property totaling $420,000 was intended to pay for subsequent blight removal efforts managed by ADR, but ADR never received the $420,000. In other words, in exchange for its work in the Program, ADR expected to receive future demolition work within the blight elimination program for which it would be paid by the MLB. ADR valued this future work at $420,000, the same amount that the MLB received from the DLBA for the Program.
According to the MLB, however, it informed ADR at the outset that it would not receive any further compensation from the MLB for the work ADR performed in the Program. MLB denied that the $100 per home amount was ever intended to go to ADR, whether directly or indirectly. ADR's $420,000 claim is at the heart of this appeal.
On July 31, 2015, ADR filed its Notice of Intention to File a Claim with the Court of Claims. The original complaint was filed on August 14, 2015, and the $420,000 claim was neither raised nor addressed. Defendants first moved for summary disposition on January 5, 2016, contending, inter alia , that MCL 600.6431 barred ADR's claims because notice of those claims had not been provided within one year of accrual. On April 26, 2016, the Court of Claims issued an opinion and order granting defendants' motion in part and denying it in part. Rejecting defendants' MCL 600.6431 argument, the Court of Claims stated that
the only example defendants' [sic] offer in support of their position is an allegation in the complaint that February 2014 was the last time ADR received payment for in-process demolition inspections. However, this statement does not exclude the possibility that ADR performed in-process demolition inspections after July 31, 2014 for which it was not paid. Defendants have not substantiated their assertion that plaintiff is seeking to recover for claims that accrued prior to July 31, 2014.
On July 10, 2017, ADR moved to amend its complaint to add the claim for $420,000 in future inspection services. According to defendants, ADR was disingenuously seeking to add the $420,000 claim because ADR had admitted in its original complaint that it had agreed to provide the services at no cost. Defendants also argued that leave to amend should be denied because amendment was futile-the Court of Claims Act barred the claim anyway because the original notice of intent was filed in July 2015 and ADR never mentioned the $420,000 claim. Because ADR failed to state the $420,000 claim in July 2015, defendants argued that the claim was barred by the statute. However, on July 25, 2017, the Court of Claims granted ADR's motion to amend the complaint. On August 7, 2017, ADR filed its amended complaint and added the $420,000 claim.
On August 25, 2017, defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) or for partial summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8), and (10). Defendants again argued that the $420,000 claim was untimely under MCL 600.6431(1) because it was not filed within one year of the claim's accrual. On September 29, 2017, before the Court of Claims had ruled on defendants' August 25, 2017 motion for summary disposition, defendants again moved for summary disposition. In addition to their untimeliness arguments, defendants brought forth new deposition information from Kim Homan, the Executive Director of the MLB. According to defendants, Homan's testimony demonstrated that ADR had known about the $420,000 claim since 2013. Defendants maintained that ADR's knowledge of the claim bolstered their untimeliness argument under MCL 600.6431(1).
On November 29, 2017, the Court of Claims issued an opinion and order on both of defendants' summary-disposition motions. Regarding the timeliness requirement under MCL 600.6431(1) for the $420,000 claim, the Court of Claims held that
defendants raised these same arguments in their July 24, 2017 brief in response to plaintiff's motion for leave to file an amended complaint. By way of its July 24, 2017 order, the Court rejected those arguments. Defendants' second (and third) attempts to raise the same arguments read more like an untimely motion for reconsideration, and the Court rejects the same.
The Court of Claims denied defendants' motions for summary disposition. On appeal, defendants argue that the Court of Claims erred because ADR failed to provide notice of the claim for $420,000 within one year of the claim's accrual in violation of MCL 600.6431(1).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A decision on a motion for summary disposition and the interpretation of a statute are reviewed de novo. Dextrom v. Wexford Co. , 287 Mich. App. 406, 416, 789 N.W.2d 211 (2010). When reviewing a motion brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) for a claim "barred because of immunity granted by law," "this Court must accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true and construe them in favor of the plaintiff, unless other evidence contradicts them." Id . at 428, 789 N.W.2d 211. "If any affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence are submitted, the court must consider them to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact." Id . at 429, 789 N.W.2d 211. "If no facts are in dispute, and if reasonable minds could not differ regarding the legal effect of those facts, the question whether the claim is barred is an issue of law for the court." Id . "However, if a question of fact exists to the extent that factual development could provide a basis for recovery, dismissal is inappropriate." Id .
III. ANALYSIS
Defendants argue that the Court of Claims erred when it concluded that the notice requirement in MCL 600.6431(1) did not bar ADR's amended breach-of-contract claim. We disagree.
"[A] state cannot be sued without its consent, granted by legislative enactment." Greenfield Constr. Co., Inc. v. Dep't of State Hwys. , 402 Mich. 172, 193, 261 N.W.2d 718 (1978) (opinion by RYAN , J.). "However, because the government may voluntarily subject itself to liability, it may also place conditions or limitations on the liability imposed." McCahan v. Brennan , 492 Mich. 730, 736, 822 N.W.2d 747 (2012). The Court of Claims Act, MCL 600.6401 et seq ., imposes one such condition. MCL 600.6431(1) states:
No claim may be maintained against the state unless the claimant, within 1 year after such claim has accrued, files in the office of the clerk of the court of claims either a written claim or a written notice of intention to file a claim against the state or any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms or agencies, stating the time when and the place where such claim arose and in detail the nature of the same and of the items of damage alleged or claimed to have been sustained, which claim or notice shall be signed and verified by the claimant before an officer authorized to administer oaths.
This statute "details the notice requirements that must be met in order to pursue a claim against the state, including a general deadline of one year after accrual of the claim." McCahan , 492 Mich. at 744-745, 822 N.W.2d 747. "[A plaintiff] must adhere to the conditions precedent in MCL 600.6431(1) to successfully expose ... state agencies to liability," Fairley v. Dep't of Corrections , 497 Mich. 290, 298, 871 N.W.2d 129 (2015), and the "failure to strictly comply warrants dismissal of the claim," Mays v. Governor , 323 Mich. App. 1, 27, 916 N.W.2d 227 (2018). "The purpose of MCL 600.6431 is to establish those conditions precedent to pursuing a claim against the state." Fairley , 497 Mich. at 292, 871 N.W.2d 129. "[S]tatutory notice requirements must be interpreted and enforced as plainly written and ... no judicially created saving construction is permitted to avoid a clear statutory mandate." McCahan , 492 Mich. at 733, 822 N.W.2d 747. Moreover, this Court "may not engraft an actual prejudice requirement or otherwise reduce the obligation to comply fully with statutory notice requirements." Id . at 746-747, 822 N.W.2d 747. With that said, the purpose of the one-year requirement is to provide notice of a claim, while the longer three-year statute of limitations under MCL 600.6452(1) is to make the claim specific. Oak Constr. Co. v. Dep't. of State Hwys. , 33 Mich. App. 561, 564, 190 N.W.2d 296 (1971). The parties do not dispute that the original complaint was filed within the one-year notice period under MCL 600.6431(1). They also agree that the motion to amend the complaint was filed after the one-year period. Thus, the issue turns on whether a claim raised in an amended complaint after the one-year limitations period has elapsed may nonetheless be timely under MCL 600.6431(1) if the amended claim relates back to an original complaint properly filed within the one-year limitations period. We conclude that such an amendment is possible.
" MCR 2.118(A)(2) provides that leave to amend a pleading 'shall be freely given when justice so requires.' " Weymers v. Khera , 454 Mich. 639, 658, 563 N.W.2d 647 (1997). For that reason, a motion to amend should ordinarily be granted. Id . Under MCR 2.118(D), "[a]n amendment that adds a claim or a defense relates back to the date of the original pleading if the claim or defense asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth, or attempted to be set forth, in the original pleading." "It does not matter whether the proposed amendment introduces new facts, a different cause of action, or a new theory, so long as the amendment springs from the same transactional setting as that pleaded originally." Kostadinovski v. Harrington , 321 Mich. App. 736, 744, 909 N.W.2d 907 (2017).
To determine the interplay between the relation-back doctrine and MCL 600.6431(1), we find guidance from our recent decision in Progress Mich. v. Attorney General , 324 Mich. App. 659, 922 N.W.2d 654 (2018), which involved a claim under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq ., against the Michigan Attorney General. In that case, the plaintiff filed its original complaint in the Court of Claims on April 11, 2017, but it failed to sign and verify the complaint as required under MCL 600.6431(1).
Progress Mich. , 324 Mich. App. at 663, 922 N.W.2d 654. On May 26, 2017, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint that included the same allegations as in the original complaint but was signed and verified. Id . While the amended complaint was filed within one year of the claim's accrual, it was outside of FOIA's 180-day statute of limitations, MCL 15.240(1)(b). Id . Therefore, the amended complaint "could only be deemed valid if it related back to the filing date of the original complaint." Id . at 664, 922 N.W.2d 654.
This Court in Progress Mich. concluded that because the original complaint was neither signed nor verified, it was invalid because it did not satisfy the requirements under MCL 600.6431(1). Id . at 671, 922 N.W.2d 654. Thus, "because the claim was not verified in plaintiff's initial complaint, the claim could not be asserted and thus lacked legal validity from its inception." Id . at 673, 922 N.W.2d 654. "Because plaintiff's complaint was invalid from its inception, there was nothing pending that could be amended. Therefore, any attempt by plaintiff to amend under MCR 2.118 was ineffectual." Id .
In this case, unlike in Progress Mich. , ADR's initial complaint complied with the Court of Claims Act under MCL 600.6431(1). The complaint was signed and verified, informed defendants of the claims against them, and was timely filed. Thus, there was a valid complaint that could be amended under MCR 2.118. The question, then, is whether the complaint could be amended to add the $420,000 breach-of-contract claim.
As stated previously, in order for an amended complaint to relate back, it must "spring[ ] from the same transactional setting as that pleaded originally." Kostadinovski , 321 Mich. App. at 744, 909 N.W.2d 907. In this case, the amended claim did spring from the contractual arrangement between ADR and defendants, specifically the contract calling for ADR to provide blight removal services on behalf of the MLB.
As a final point, we note that in Progress Mich. , this Court held that the plaintiffs could not amend their complaints to comply with the verification requirement under MCL 600.6431(1) because to do so would "effectively repeal[ ] the statutory requirement. Under plaintiff's view, plaintiffs could routinely file their complaints without having the claims verified and then amend the complaint at a later date after the period of limitations had passed." Progress Mich. , 324 Mich. App. at 672, 922 N.W.2d 654 (quotation marks and citation omitted). In this case, unlike in Progress Mich. , ADR's original complaint satisfied all the requirements in MCL 600.6431(1). Thus, the concern in Progress Mich. -that a party could effectively avoid the statutory notice requirements of MCL 600.6431 by amending a complaint-is not present here. These requirements are meant to simply put the government on notice of a potential lawsuit, and ADR had three years from accrual of the claim to file a more specific claim. See MCL 600.6452(1) ; Oak Constr. Co. , 33 Mich. App. at 564, 190 N.W.2d 296. Thus, the Court of Claims did not err when it allowed ADR to amend the complaint and denied defendants' motions for summary disposition.
Affirmed.
Beckering and Ronayne Krause, JJ., concurred with Cameron, P.J.
ADR also argues that defendants appealed the wrong order. Rather than appeal the November 29, 2017 opinion and order denying defendants' motion for summary disposition, ADR claims that defendants should have appealed the July 25, 2017 order granting ADR's motion to amend its complaint. However, the July 25, 2017 order was simply a grant to amend a complaint. Such an order does not comport with the requirements listed in MCR 7.202(6)(a) and is not considered a final order. See MCR 7.202(6)(a). Thus, the November 29, 2017 opinion and order denying defendants governmental immunity was the appealable final order, and ADR's assertion is without merit. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendants/counterplaintiffs-appellees to extend the time for filing their brief on appeal is GRANTED. The brief will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before September 11, 2019. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendants-appellees to adjourn the case from the October 2019 session of the Court is GRANTED. The clerk is directed to schedule the case for oral argument at the November 2019 session of the Court. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellant to withdraw his motion for reconsideration of this Court's order of June 26, 2019, is GRANTED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 9, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 16, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to hold case in abeyance, the motion to intervene and direct court to hear motion, and the motion for miscellaneous relief are DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 1, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 15, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to remand is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 13, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's May 28, 2019 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that reconsideration of our previous order is warranted. MCR 7.311(G). | [
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By order of May 28, 2019, the prosecuting attorney was directed to answer the application for leave to appeal the January 9, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals. On order of the Court, the answer having been received, the application for leave to appeal is again considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 15, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to issue a writ of superintending control is DENIED. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 18, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 12, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motions to supplement the motion for reconsideration are GRANTED. The motion for reconsideration of this Court's April 30, 2019 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that reconsideration of our previous order is warranted. MCR 7.311(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 24, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 10, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 27, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 13, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 7, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of defendant-appellant to file a pro per supplement to the application for leave to appeal is GRANTED. The supplement submitted on September 17, 2019, is accepted for filing. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 12, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REVERSE Part II.A.4. of the Court of Appeals judgment entitled "OFFENSE-VARIABLE SCORING," we VACATE the sentence of the Wayne Circuit Court, and we REMAND this case to the trial court for resentencing. The prosecution concedes that the trial court erred by assigning five points to Offense Variable (OV) 16. The Court of Appeals erred by affirming the score of 10 points for OV 4 where the record fails to adequately support a finding that the victim suffered a serious psychological injury. MCL 777.34(2). The defendant is thus entitled to resentencing. People v. Kimble , 470 Mich. 305, 684 N.W.2d 669 (2004).
In all other respects, leave to appeal is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the remaining questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 13, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the November 16, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because the defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). | [
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By order of October 2, 2018, the application for leave to appeal the March 28, 2018 order of the Court of Appeals was held in abeyance pending the decision in People v. Carter . On order of the Court, the case having been decided on May 7, 2019, 503 Mich. 221, 931 N.W.2d 566 (2019), the application is again considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration, as on leave granted, of whether the defendant was properly assigned 25 points under Offense Variable 12 (OV 12), MCL 777.42. In all other respects, leave to appeal is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the remaining questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of plaintiff-appellee to extend the time for filing its brief is GRANTED. The brief will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before October 18, 2019. | [
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On order of the Court, oral argument of this case scheduled for the October 2019 session is ADJOURNED. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's July 3, 2019 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that reconsideration of our previous order is warranted. MCR 7.311(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 23, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of the Insurance Alliance of Michigan to file a brief amicus curiae is GRANTED. The amicus brief submitted on September 18, 2018, is accepted for filing. On further order of the Chief Justice, the motion of the Coalition Protecting Auto No-Fault to file a brief amicus curiae is GRANTED. The amicus brief will be accepted for filing if submitted on or before October 5, 2018. | [
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Sawyer, J.
This case presents the question whether a disappointed bidder on the award of a public contract has standing to file an appeal in the circuit court. We hold that it does not and reverse the circuit court, remanding the matter to that court to enter an order dismissing petitioner's claim of appeal.
Respondent issued a request for proposal (RFP) for two state contracts, and possibly a third regional contract, to provide dental services under the Healthy Kids Dental Program. Petitioner and four other entities submitted proposals. Respondent issued a "Recommendation of Award" (recommendation) indicating that it intended to award the statewide contracts to Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan (BCBSM) and Delta Dental. Petitioner filed a protest, arguing that improper deductions were made in scoring its proposal, that BCBSM and Delta Dental were nonresponsible bidders, and that respondent improperly allowed BCBSM to amend its proposal after the deadline for submission had passed. With respect to the scoring issue, respondent agreed that the scoring needed to be adjusted but indicated that the adjustment did not affect the outcome of the award recommendation.
In response to the revised recommendation, petitioner filed a claim of appeal in the Ingham Circuit Court under MCL 600.631, alleging that the process and revised recommendation violated Michigan law, resulted in material injustice, and were arbitrary and capricious. Respondent moved to dismiss, arguing that a disappointed bidder lacked standing to challenge a public bid process and that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction because the Michigan Constitution only grants the circuit court jurisdiction to review final decisions of administrative agencies acting in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity and affecting private rights or licenses.
After expressing its criticism of how the bidding process is handled, rather than ruling on the motions to dismiss, the trial court adjourned the hearing and directed respondent to submit an affidavit explaining why BCBSM was permitted to change its bid and to allow petitioner to depose the affiant because the court "want[s] the media to know how I feel. Because I will do it again." Respondent filed an application for leave to appeal in this Court from the trial court's order. This Court peremptorily reversed and vacated the order and remanded for entry of an order dismissing petitioner's claim of appeal in the circuit court. Petitioner filed an application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, which, in lieu of granting leave, vacated this Court's order and remanded for plenary consideration. On plenary consideration, we again reverse the trial court and direct it to enter an order dismissing petitioner's appeal.
We review a trial court's decision regarding standing de novo. Dep't of Social Services v. Baayoun , 204 Mich. App. 170, 173, 514 N.W.2d 522 (1994). Our analysis starts with this Court's decision in Groves v. Dep't of Corrections . In Groves , the plaintiffs challenged the process by which the state had awarded a contract for the installation of telephone systems at correctional facilities. Similar to the case at bar, the plaintiffs, disappointed bidders, argued that the winning bidder was improperly allowed to change its proposal after the deadline had passed. This Court rejected the plaintiffs' challenge, noting that "Michigan jurisprudence has never recognized that a disappointed bidder ... has the right to challenge the bidding process." The Court went on to observe that "[l]itigation aimed at second-guessing the exercise of discretion by the appropriate public officials in awarding a public contract will not further the public interest; it will only add uncertainty, delay, and expense to fulfilling the contract." The Court further stated that an action to review the bidding process is limited to cases where there is evidence of fraud, illegality, or abuse and then such an action can only be brought by the appropriate public official. Such restriction was necessary because "[o]pening the floodgates of litigation to every disappointed bidder that believes it has been aggrieved by the bidding process would serve the interests of neither the government nor the citizen-taxpayers that the bidding process is designed to advance."
Petitioner endeavors to distinguish Groves , and similar cases cited by respondent, on the basis that Groves involved parties who sought to invoke the power of the circuit court by bringing a separate action to challenge the procurement decision instead of bringing an appeal in the circuit court under MCL 600.631 as petitioner did. MCL 600.631 provides as follows:
An appeal shall lie from any order, decision, or opinion of any state board, commission, or agency, authorized under the laws of this state to promulgate rules from which an appeal or other judicial review has not otherwise been provided for by law, to the circuit court of the county of which the appellant is a resident or to the circuit court of Ingham county, which court shall have and exercise jurisdiction with respect thereto as in nonjury cases. Such appeals shall be made in accordance with the rules of the supreme court.
MCR 7.103(A)(3) provides that there is an appeal by right "by an aggrieved party" from "a final order or decision of an agency from which an appeal of right to the circuit court is provided by law."
In Federated Ins. Co. v. Oakland Co. Rd. Comm. , the Supreme Court discussed the similarity between issues of standing and being an aggrieved party for purposes of appeal:
As we indicated in Nat'l Wildlife Federation v. Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., 471 Mich. 608, 612, 684 N.W.2d 800 (2004), citing Lee v. Macomb Co. Bd. of Comm'rs, 464 Mich. 726, 734, 629 N.W.2d 900 (2001), standing refers to the right of a party plaintiff initially to invoke the power of the court to adjudicate a claimed injury in fact. In such a situation it is usually the case that the defendant, by contrast, has no injury in fact but is compelled to become a party by the plaintiff's filing of a lawsuit. In appeals, however, a similar interest is vindicated by the requirement that the party seeking appellate relief be an "aggrieved party" under MCR 7.203(A) and our case law. This Court has previously stated, "To be aggrieved, one must have some interest of a pecuniary nature in the outcome of the case, and not a mere possibility arising from some unknown and future contingency." In re Estate of Trankla, 321 Mich. 478, 482, 32 N.W.2d 715 (1948), citing In re Estate of Matt Miller, 274 Mich. 190, 194, 264 N.W. 338 (1936). An aggrieved party is not one who is merely disappointed over a certain result. Rather, to have standing on appeal, a litigant must have suffered a concrete and particularized injury, as would a party plaintiff initially invoking the court's power. The only difference is a litigant on appeal must demonstrate an injury arising from either the actions of the trial court or the appellate court judgment rather than an injury arising from the underlying facts of the case. [Footnotes omitted.]
This Court's observation in Groves that a disappointed bidder does not have standing to challenge the bidding process is equally applicable in the appellate context. That is, because petitioner had no expectancy to be awarded the contract, it cannot demonstrate an injury arising from the failure to be awarded the contract. Therefore, petitioner is not an aggrieved party and has no standing to bring an appeal in the circuit court.
For these reasons, we conclude that the circuit court should have granted respondent's motion to dismiss based on a lack of standing. In light of this conclusion, we need not address respondent's alternate argument that the circuit court exceeded the scope of review and abused its discretion by ordering respondent to produce an affidavit.
Reversed and remanded to the circuit court for entry of an order dismissing petitioner's appeal. We do not retain jurisdiction. Respondent may tax costs.
Boonstra, P.J., and Tukel, J., concurred with Sawyer, J.
MCNA Ins. Co. v. Dep't of Technology, Mgt. & Budget , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered March 12, 2018 (Docket No. 342646).
MCNA Ins. Co. v. Dep't of Technology, Mgt. & Budget , 502 Mich. 881, 913 N.W.2d 653 (2018).
295 Mich. App. 1, 811 N.W.2d 563 (2011).
Id. at 4, 811 N.W.2d 563.
Id. at 5, 811 N.W.2d 563.
Id. at 7, 811 N.W.2d 563.
Id.
Id. at 8, 811 N.W.2d 563.
475 Mich. 286, 290-292, 715 N.W.2d 846 (2006).
Groves , 295 Mich. App. at 5, 811 N.W.2d 563. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion for the temporary admission of out-of-state attorneys Seher Khawaja, Lynn Hecht Schafran, and Jennifer M Becker to appear and practice in this case under MCR 8.126(A) is GRANTED. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion of plaintiff-appellee to extend the time for filing its answer is GRANTED. The answer will be accepted as timely filed if submitted on or before August 7, 2019. | [
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On order of the Chief Justice, the motion for the temporary admission of out-of-state attorney Patrick J. Wielinski to appear and practice in this case under MCR 8.126(A) is GRANTED. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's April 2, 2019 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that reconsideration of our previous order is warranted. MCR 7.311(G). | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 9, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion to file a supplement is GRANTED. The application for leave to appeal the November 29, 2018 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 24, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 21, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 13, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 20, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the February 21, 2019 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the January 29, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered and, it appearing to this Court that the case of W.A. Foote Mem. Hosp. v. Mich. Assigned Claims Plan (Docket No. 156622) is pending on appeal before this Court and that the decision in that case may resolve an issue raised in the present application for leave to appeal, we ORDER that the application be held in ABEYANCE pending the decision in that case. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the April 18, 2019 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's November 29, 2017 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the motion for reconsideration of this Court's November 29, 2017 order is considered, and it is DENIED, because it does not appear that the order was entered erroneously. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 10, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 19, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 11, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 29, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered and, pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REMAND this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 29, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the September 19, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 21, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 21, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 15, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 17, 2017 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the July 18, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 22, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
I, Larry S. Royster, Clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court, certify that the foregoing is a true and complete copy of the order entered at the direction of the Court. | [
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On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the May 11, 2017 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. The motion to remand is DENIED. | [
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