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818564963_34866-35479 | The MK : Smart initiative has two aspects which extend our understanding of how Smart Cities should operate . The first , Our MK , is a scheme for promoting citizen - led sustainability issues in the city . The scheme provides funding and support to engage with citizens and help turn their ideas around sustainability into a reality . The second aspect is in providing citizens with the skills to operate effectively in a Smart City . The Urban Data school is an online platform to teach school students about data skills while the project has also produced a MOOC to inform citizens about what a Smart City is . | Smart city |
818564963_35587-36183 | The city of San Leandro , California is in the midst of transforming from an industrial center to a tech hub of the Internet of Things ( IoT ) ( technology that lets devices communicate with each other over the Internet ) . California 's utility company PG&E is working with the city in this endeavor and on a smart energy pilot program that would develop a distributed energy network across the city that would be monitored by IoT sensors . The goal would be to give the city an energy system that has enough capacity to receive and redistribute electricity to and from multiple energy sources . | Smart city |
818564963_36204-36849 | An alternative use of smart city technology can be found in Santa Cruz , California , where local authorities analyse historical crime data in order to predict police requirements and maximise police presence where it is required . The analytical tools generate a list of 10 places each day where property crimes are more likely to occur , and then placing police efforts on these regions when officers are not responding to any emergency . This use of ICT technology is different to the manner in which European cities utilise smart city technology , possibly highlighting the breadth of the smart city concept in different parts of the world . | Smart city |
818564963_36924-37166 | It 's a retrofitting and urban renewal program being spearheaded by the Ministry of Urban Development , Government of India . The Government of India has the ambitious vision of developing 100 cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities . | Smart city |
818564963_37227-37650 | Despite its size and lack of natural resources , Singapore has overcome many of its challenges in 50 short years to become one of the world 's most advanced and liveable countries . It has embarked on its next phase of transformation towards a Smart Nation , and endeavours to harness the power of networks , data and info - comm technologies to improve living , create economic opportunities and build closer communities . | Smart city |
818564963_37706-38926 | Stockholm 's smart city technology is underpinned by the Stokab dark fibre system which was developed in 1994 to provide a universal fibre optic network across Stockholm . Private companies are able to lease fibre as service providers on equal terms . The company is owned by the City of Stockholm itself . Within this framework , Stockholm has created a Green IT strategy . The Green IT program seeks to reduce the environmental impact of Stockholm through IT functions such as energy efficient buildings ( minimising heating costs ) , traffic monitoring ( minimising the time spent on the road ) and development of e-services ( minimising paper usage ) . The e-Stockholm platform is centred on the provision of e-services , including political announcements , parking space booking and snow clearance . This is further being developed through GPS analytics , allowing residents to plan their route through the city . An example of district - specific smart city technology can be found in the Kista Science City region . This region is based on the triple helix concept of smart cities , where university , industry and government work together to develop ICT applications for implementation in a smart city strategy . | Smart city |
818564963_39041-40299 | A bias in strategic interest may lead to ignoring alternative avenues of promising urban development . A smart city , as a scientifically planned city , would defy the fact that real development in cities is often haphazard . In that line of criticism , the smart city is seen as unattractive for citizens as they `` can deaden and stupefy the people who live in its all - efficient embrace '' . Instead , people would prefer cities they can participate to shape . The focus of the concept of smart city may lead to an underestimation of the possible negative effects of the development of the new technological and networked infrastructures needed for a city to be smart . As a globalized business model is based on capital mobility , following a business - oriented model may result in a losing long term strategy : `` The ' spatial fix ' inevitably means that mobile capital can often ' write its own deals ' to come to town , only to move on when it receives a better deal elsewhere . This is no less true for the smart city than it was for the industrial , ( or ) manufacturing city . '' The high level of big data collection and analytics has raised questions regarding surveillance in smart cities , particularly as it relates to predictive policing . | Smart city |
813681588_86-418 | Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell - to - cell contact or by a bridge - like connection between two cells . It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell - to - cell contact . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_419-901 | Bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating since it involves the exchange of genetic material . However , it is not sexual reproduction , since no exchange of gamete occurs . During conjugation the donor cell provides a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element that is most often a plasmid or transposon . Most conjugative plasmids have systems ensuring that the recipient cell does not already contain a similar element . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_902-1290 | The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient . Benefits may include antibiotic resistance , xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites . Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts . Other elements , however , may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_1643-2009 | Donor cell produces pilus . Pilus attaches to recipient cell and brings the two cells together . The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell . Both cells synthesize a complementary strand to produce a double stranded circular plasmid and also reproduce pili ; both cells are now viable donor for the F - factor . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_2010-2559 | The F - plasmid is an episome ( a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome by homologous recombination ) with a length of about 100 kb . It carries its own origin of replication , the oriV , and an origin of transfer , or oriT . There can only be one copy of the F - plasmid in a given bacterium , either free or integrated , and bacteria that possess a copy are called F - positive or F - plus ( denoted F ) . Cells that lack F plasmids are called F - negative or F - minus ( F ) and as such can function as recipient cells . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_2560-3449 | Among other genetic information , the F - plasmid carries a tra and trb locus , which together are about 33 kb long and consist of about 40 genes . The tra locus includes the pilin gene and regulatory genes , which together form pili on the cell surface . The locus also includes the genes for the proteins that attach themselves to the surface of F bacteria and initiate conjugation . Though there is some debate on the exact mechanism of conjugation it seems that the pili are not the structures through which DNA exchange occurs . This has been shown in experiments where the pilus are allowed to make contact , but then are denatured with SDS and yet DNA transformation still proceeds . Several proteins coded for in the tra or trb locus seem to open a channel between the bacteria and it is thought that the traD enzyme , located at the base of the pilus , initiates membrane fusion . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_3450-4471 | When conjugation is initiated by a signal the relaxase enzyme creates a nick in one of the strands of the conjugative plasmid at the oriT . Relaxase may work alone or in a complex of over a dozen proteins known collectively as a relaxosome . In the F - plasmid system the relaxase enzyme is called TraI and the relaxosome consists of TraI , TraY , TraM and the integrated host factor IHF . The nicked strand , or T - strand , is then unwound from the unbroken strand and transferred to the recipient cell in a 5 ' - terminus to 3 ' - terminus direction . The remaining strand is replicated either independent of conjugative action ( vegetative replication beginning at the oriV ) or in concert with conjugation ( conjugative replication similar to the rolling circle replication of lambda phage ) . Conjugative replication may require a second nick before successful transfer can occur . A recent report claims to have inhibited conjugation with chemicals that mimic an intermediate step of this second nicking event . 1. | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_5580-6161 | If the F - plasmid that is transferred has previously been integrated into the donor 's genome ( producing an Hfr strain ( `` High Frequency of Recombination '' ) ) some of the donor 's chromosomal DNA may also be transferred with the plasmid DNA . The amount of chromosomal DNA that is transferred depends on how long the two conjugating bacteria remain in contact . In common laboratory strains of E. coli the transfer of the entire bacterial chromosome takes about 100 minutes . The transferred DNA can then be integrated into the recipient genome via homologous recombination . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_6162-6960 | A cell culture that contains in its population cells with non-integrated F - plasmids usually also contains a few cells that have accidentally integrated their plasmids . It is these cells that are responsible for the low - frequency chromosomal gene transfers that occur in such cultures . Some strains of bacteria with an integrated F - plasmid can be isolated and grown in pure culture . Because such strains transfer chromosomal genes very efficiently they are called Hfr ( high frequency of recombination ) . The E. coli genome was originally mapped by interrupted mating experiments in which various Hfr cells in the process of conjugation were sheared from recipients after less than 100 minutes ( initially using a Waring blender ) . The genes that were transferred were then investigated . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_6961-7384 | Since integration of the F - plasmid into the E. coli chromosome is a rare spontaneous occurrence , and since the numerous genes promoting DNA transfer are in the plasmid genome rather than in the bacterial genome , it has been argued that conjugative bacterial gene transfer , as it occurs in the E. coli Hfr system , is not an evolutionary adaptation of the bacterial host , nor is it likely ancestral to eukaryotic sex . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_7428-8410 | Conjugation in Mycobacteria smegmatis , like conjugation in E. coli , requires stable and extended contact between a donor and a recipient strain , is DNase resistant , and the transferred DNA is incorporated into the recipient chromosome by homologous recombination . However , unlike E. coli Hfr conjugation , mycobacterial conjugation is chromosome rather than plasmid based . Furthermore , in contrast to E. coli Hfr conjugation , in M. smegmatis all regions of the chromosome are transferred with comparable efficiencies . The lengths of the donor segments vary widely , but have an average length of 44.2 kb . Since a mean of 13 tracts are transferred , the average total of transferred DNA per genome is 575kb . This process is referred to as `` Distributive conjugal transfer . '' Gray et al. found substantial blending of the parental genomes as a result of conjugation and regarded this blending as reminiscent of that seen in the meiotic products of sexual reproduction . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_8509-9162 | Bacteria related to the nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation . For example , the tumor - inducing ( Ti ) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root - tumor inducing ( Ri ) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells . The expression of these genes effectively transforms the plant cells into opine - producing factories . Opines are used by the bacteria as sources of nitrogen and energy . Infected cells form crown gall or root tumors . The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria , which are in turn endosymbionts ( or parasites ) of the infected plant . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_9163-9469 | The Ti and Ri plasmids can also be transferred between bacteria using a system ( the tra , or transfer , operon ) that is different and independent of the system used for inter-kingdom transfer ( the vir , or virulence , operon ) . Such transfers create virulent strains from previously avirulent strains . | Bacterial conjugation |
813681588_9512-10360 | Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets . In laboratories , successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast , plants , mammalian cells , diatoms and isolated mammalian mitochondria . Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer including minimal disruption of the target 's cellular envelope and the ability to transfer relatively large amounts of genetic material ( see the above discussion of E. coli chromosome transfer ) . In plant engineering , Agrobacterium - like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus ( TMV ) . While TMV is capable of infecting many plant families these are primarily herbaceous dicots . Agrobacterium - like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots , but monocot recipients are not uncommon . | Bacterial conjugation |
837850285_76-546 | New Delhi Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 19 21 7 17 24 9 11 30 14 30 37 21 29 41 25 54 40 28 217 35 26 248 34 26 134 34 24 15 33 19 6.6 28 13 15 23 8 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : IMD ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 0.7 69 44 0.7 75 48 0.4 86 57 98 69 1.1 105 77 2.1 105 82 8.5 96 80 9.7 93 78 5.3 94 75 0.6 92 66 0.3 83 55 0.6 73 46 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_547-1162 | The climate of Delhi is an overlap between monsoon - influenced humid subtropical ( Köppen climate classification Cwa ) and semi-arid ( Köppen climate classification BSh ) , with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation . Delhi 's version of a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as Sao Paulo , New Orleans and Brisbane in that the city features dust storms ( something more commonly seen in a desert climate ) , has relatively dry short winters and has a prolonged spell of very hot weather , due to its semi-arid climate . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_1163-1879 | Summer is the best time to visit Delhi start in early April and peak in May , with average temperatures near 32 ° C although occasional heat waves can result in highs close to 45 ° C ( 114 ° F ) on some days and therefore higher apparent temperature . The monsoon starts in late June and lasts until mid-September , with about 797.3 mm ( 31.5 inches ) of rain . The average temperatures are around 29 ° C ( 85 ° F ) , although they can vary from around 25 ° C ( 78 ° F ) on rainy days to 32 ° C ( 99 ° F ) during dry spells . The monsoons recede in late September , and the post-monsoon season continues till late October , with average temperatures sliding from 29 ° C ( 85 ° F ) to 21 ° C ( 71 ° F ) . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_1880-2418 | Winter starts in late November or early december and peaks in January , with average temperatures around 12 -- 13 ° C ( 54 -- 55 ° F ). Although winters are generally mild , Delhi 's proximity to the Himalayas results in cold waves leading to lower apparent temperature due to wind chill . Delhi is notorious for its heavy fogs during the winter season . In December , reduced visibility leads to disruption of road , air and rail traffic . They end in early February , and are followed by a short spring until the onset of the summer . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_2731-3253 | Summer : April , May , June ; Hot to very hot ; Very low to moderate humidity ; Low precipitation Monsoon ( Rainy ) : July , August , September ; Hot , Pleasant during rains ; High to very high humidity ; Heavy precipitation Autumn : October , November ; Warm days , Cool nights , Pleasant ; Low humidity ; Low precipitation Winter : December , January ; Cool to Cold ; Moderate humidity ; Low precipitation Spring : February , March ; Warm days , Cool nights , Pleasant ; Low to moderate humidity ; Moderate precipitation | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_3271-3861 | Delhi lies in the landlocked Northern Plains of the Indian Subcontinent . Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the Thar Desert , causing it to experience both weather extremes . Delhi has 5 distinct seasons , viz . Summer , Rainy , Autumn , Winter and Spring . Broadly speaking , Delhi has long and scorching summers - sub-divided into summer and monsoon seasons , short and cold winters , and two bouts of pleasant transition seasons . Two most important wind patterns influencing Delhi 's climate are the Western Disturbance and the South - West Winds . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_3878-5825 | Summer begins in early April and continues till the end of June , with the heat peaking in May . It is characterized by extreme heat , low humidity , very hot winds and thunderstorms . Delhi 's proximity to the Thar Desert results in hot , dry continental winds , called loo , at times blowing all across from the West Asian mainland , making the days feel hotter . These winds , blowing over from vast land stretches , are very hot and dry . Since the Western Disturbance depression moves eastward ( and is the reason for cyclonic occurrences in Eastern Coastal areas ) by this time of the year , there is no moisture - laden wind to increase humidity . The air therefore remains dry or very dry during day . For most of its summer season , Delhi has a semi-arid climate . Coming from Spring , the city witnesses a spurt in day temperature around early April , whereas nights still remain pleasant . By the latter part of April or during early May , maximum temperatures exceed 40 ° C while the ambience remains very dry . Night temperatures cross the 20 ° C mark towards the latter part of April . May is Delhi 's hottest month during which temperatures may reach 45 ° C or higher . This month is characterized by frequent thunderstorms . Dust storms are another feature of Delhi 's summer , and can be severe and destructive when accompanied by strong winds , particularly under cumulonimbus formation . These are caused due to fine dust brought along by the hot winds arriving from the desert . They make the surroundings appear pale yellow , bring temperatures slightly down and are usually followed by thunderstorms . Post mid-June , temperatures start falling slowly , while humidity shows a gradual rise . A visual characteristic of summer in Delhi is the summer bloom , particularly the blooming Bougainvillea , Amaltas , Gulmohar , Shireesh and Jacaranda trees , which look spectacular when fully flowering during peak summer in May . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_5843-6818 | Monsoon winds arrive in Delhi by either the end of June or the first week of July . The arrival of moisture laden South - Western winds , traveling from the Arabian Sea marks the onset of Rainy season in Delhi . This season is marked by high levels of humidity and high heat . Day temperatures drop below 40 ° C as humidity suddenly soars . July is marked by high heat and relatively less precipitation ( as compared to August ) . This transition from scorching to sweltering heat between June and July makes the latter feel very uncomfortable . August is Delhi 's wettest month . The heat is considerably reduced and it is relatively cooler for most part of the month . There is dense cloud formation in the sky and at least a week of distinct , very heavy rainfall . By September , the amount and frequency of precipitation drops , though humidity remains high . Towards the end of September , moisture content in the air begins to fall and monsoon ends by early October . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_6835-7541 | The end of monsoon marks the arrival of a transition season . Autumn arrives by early or mid October , and is marked by very dry ambiance , warm days and pleasant nights . Maximum temperatures drop below 30 ° C by late October and there is a gradual fall in average temperature . Minimum temperature drops below 20 ° C. During Autumn , the wind direction begins changing from South - Westerly to North - Westerly . Around late autumn / early winter , the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable , and can often be more than 20 ° C , with minimum dropping to under 10 ° C and maximum still hovering slightly under 30 ° C . This season ends by early December . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_7558-9839 | Winter arrives in Delhi by late November or early December . Minimum temperatures gradually enter single digits by this time of the year , while days are pleasant . Though usually not cold initially , December suddenly becomes cold in the latter half , as chilly north - western winds from the Himalayas begin sweeping the Northern Plains . These cold waves are caused by a depression created by Western Disturbance , which bring cloud cover and occasional winter rains to the Plains , and add to snowfall in the North - Western Indian Subcontinent . By early January , when winter peaks in Delhi , the minimum temperatures plunge to the vicinity of 0 ° C , though very rarely entering the negative scale . Maximum temperatures , too may drop down into single digits and always stay under 20 ° C. When the minimum temperature ventures very close to the 0 ° C mark , Delhi witnesses frost . Snow is a practical impossibility for Delhi ( and the rest of Northern Plains ) due to very dry nature of its winter - the coldest conditions happen under clear skies when icy winds rush in from the Himalayas , and a cloud cover ( which is necessary for causing snowfall ) rather warms the city by trapping heat , thereby junking any possibility of snow . Delhi 's winter is marked by very dense fog , which dramatically reduces visibility and makes days colder by cutting off sunlight . In the opposite scenario , cold north - westerly winds from the upper reaches of Himalayas blowing across the city makes the days feel colder , despite any sunshine and the nights further cold . Post mid-January , average temperatures begin to rise very gradually , though the rise is almost contained by the cold north - western winds which result due to very heavy snowfall that occurs in the Himalayas during this part of the month . It may rain towards the end of January and the precipitation is usually accompanied by hail , resulting in slight increase in minimum temperatures due to cloud cover . Maximum temperatures again cross 20 ° C and days become pleasant . By mid-February or somewhat beyond , minimum temperature crosses the 10 ° C mark and days start getting warmer gradually , marking the end of winter . Delhi can sometimes have prolonged season of chill , extending into March . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_9856-10793 | Around the middle of February , Delhi 's climate sees another transition , this time from Winter to Summer . The transition weather is known as Spring and is characterized by warm days , cool nights , dry ambiance and lively natural surroundings . The weather is pleasant and there is warm , brilliant sunshine during the day . Spring rains are a characteristic of this season . These rains may be accompanied by hail and can be heavy . Average temperatures show a slow , gradual rise as the wind direction shift from North - West to South - West , thereby getting warmer . Around late spring / early summer , the variation between morning and afternoon temperatures in a day becomes considerable , and can often be more than 20 ° C , with maximum rising to mid 30 's ° C and minimum in the mid 10 's ° C. Spring ends by the latter half of March and the day temperatures exceed 30 ° C by then , marking the onset of the next summer . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_10816-11149 | Temperature records for Delhi exist for a period of a little over 100 years . The lowest ever temperature reading during this period is - 2.2 ° C , recorded on January 11 , 1967 at Met Delhi Palam . And , the highest ever temperature reading during the same period is 48.4 ° C recorded on May 26 , 1998 , again at Met Delhi Palam . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_11150-12866 | ( hide ) Climate data for Delhi ( Safdarjung ) 1971 -- 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 34.1 ( 93.4 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 45.6 ( 114.1 ) 47.2 ( 117 ) 46.7 ( 116.1 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 42.0 ( 107.6 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 29.3 ( 84.7 ) 47.2 ( 117 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 39.2 ( 102.6 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 33.6 ( 92.5 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 22.9 ( 73.2 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.1 ( 50.2 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 21.6 ( 70.9 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 19 ( 0.75 ) 20 ( 0.79 ) 15 ( 0.59 ) 21 ( 0.83 ) 25 ( 0.98 ) 70 ( 2.76 ) 237 ( 9.33 ) 235 ( 9.25 ) 113 ( 4.45 ) 17 ( 0.67 ) 9 ( 0.35 ) 9 ( 0.35 ) 790 ( 31.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 1.7 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.8 5.5 13.0 12.1 5.7 1.7 0.6 1.6 51.7 Average relative humidity ( % ) 63 55 47 34 33 46 70 73 62 52 55 62 54 Mean monthly sunshine hours 214.6 216.1 239.1 261.0 263.1 196.5 165.9 177.0 219.0 269.3 247.2 215.8 2,684.6 Source # 1 : NOAA Source # 2 : Indian Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_12867-14077 | ( hide ) Climate data for Delhi ( Palam ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 41.3 ( 106.3 ) 45.3 ( 113.5 ) 48.4 ( 119.1 ) 47.6 ( 117.7 ) 45.7 ( 114.3 ) 43.2 ( 109.8 ) 40.8 ( 105.4 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 48.4 ( 119.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 40.5 ( 104.9 ) 40.3 ( 104.5 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 1.6 ( 29.1 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) − 1.3 ( 29.7 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 18.9 ( 0.744 ) 16.6 ( 0.654 ) 10.8 ( 0.425 ) 30.4 ( 1.197 ) 29.0 ( 1.142 ) 54.3 ( 2.138 ) 216.8 ( 8.535 ) 247.6 ( 9.748 ) 133.8 ( 5.268 ) 15.4 ( 0.606 ) 6.6 ( 0.26 ) 15.2 ( 0.598 ) 795.4 ( 31.315 ) Source : Indian Meteorological Department | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_14115-14396 | Delhi has two weather monitoring stations , one at Safdarjung inside the main city and other at Palam on its outskirts near the Airport . The readings at Safdarjung station are taken as those for the city , whereas the readings at Palam station are taken as those for the Airport . | Climate of Delhi |
837850285_14429-14870 | Located at 28 ° 36 ′ 36 '' N latitude , Delhi lies in the sub-tropical belt of earth 's North Temperate geographical region , a few latitudes north of the Tropic of Cancer . As such the rotation of earth has its effect on the city 's day - length , which shortens during winters and lengthens during summers . Between the two solstices , Delhi 's day - length changes by about 4 hours , offset by some 2 hours each at sunrise and sunset . | Climate of Delhi |
832994691_156-292 | The timeline of children 's rights in the United Kingdom includes a variety of events that are both political and grassroots in nature . | Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom |
832994691_293-982 | The UK government maintains a position that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) is not legally enforceable and is hence ' aspirational ' only , although a 2003 ECHR ruling states that , `` The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realising these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child . '' Eighteen years after ratification , the four Children 's Commissioners in the UK ( including those for the three devolved administrations ) have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation , making children 's rights recognised and legally binding . | Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom |
832994691_983-1723 | Opponents of children 's rights often raise the objection that rights must entail responsibilities . The children 's rights movement asserts rather that children have rights which adults , states and the government have a responsibility to uphold . Overall , a 2008 report stated that there had been no improvement in children 's rights in the UK since 2002 . Warning that there is a `` widely held fear of children and young people '' in the UK , the report says : `` The incessant portrayal of children as thugs and yobs '' not only reinforces the fears of the public but also influences policy and legislation . '' The report does not address the question of the degree to which the fear of uncontrolled children in the UK is justified . | Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom |
832994691_1724-2324 | The UNCRC defines children , for the purposes of the Convention , as persons under the age 18 , unless domestic legislation provides otherwise . In that spirit , this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority , which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18 . Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man , Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK , the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations , so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies . | Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom |
832994691_2474-8442 | Timeline of pre-19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image Pre-16th century The care of orphans was particularly commended to bishops and monasteries during the Middle Ages . Many orphanages practised a form of `` binding - out '' in which children , as soon as they were old enough , were given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and their learning an occupation . Common law maintaining the King 's peace was administered by the Court of Common Pleas ( England ) dealing with civil cases between parties by ordering the fine of debts and seizure of the goods of outlaws . Following the Peasants ' Revolt , British constables were authorised under a 1383 statute to collar vagabonds and force them to show their means of support ; if they could not , the penalty was gaol . Under a 1494 statute , vagabonds could be sentenced to the stocks for three days and nights ; in 1530 , whipping was added . The assumption was that vagabonds were unlicensed beggars . January 1561 Scotland The national Church of Scotland set out a programme for spiritual reform , setting the principle of a school teacher for every parish church and free education . This was provided for by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland , passed in 1633 , which introduced a tax to pay for this programme . 1367 -- 1607 Ireland Suppression of the Brehon Laws which enumerated the rights and responsibilities of fostered children , their birth - parents and foster - parents . The Brehon Law concept of family was eroded and the Gaelic tradition of fosterage lost . It was ultimately replaced by the State controlled Poor Law system . 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law The Poor Law was the social security system operating in England and Wales from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century . The Impotent poor was a classification of poverty used to refer to those poor considered deserving of poor relief ; a vagrant was a person who could work , but preferred not to . The law did not distinguish between the impotent poor and the criminal , so both received the same punishments . The law provided for `` the putting out of children to be apprentices '' . 17th century Where an unmarried mother concealed the death of her baby , she was presumed guilty of infanticide unless she could prove that the baby was born dead . This requirement that the defendant prove her innocence was a reversal of the normal practice of requiring the prosecution to prove the defendant 's guilt . Women were acquitted of this charge if they could demonstrate that they had prepared for the birth of the baby , for example by acquiring bedding . In 1678 children aged 10 were deemed able to engage in consensual sex . 1732 -- 1744 Bastardy In 1732 , a woman pregnant with a `` bastard '' was required to declare the fact and to name the father . In 1733 , the putative father became responsible for maintaining his illegitimate child ; failing to do so could result in gaol . The parish would then support the mother and child , until the father agreed to do so , whereupon he would reimburse the parish -- although this rarely happened . In 1744 , a bastard took the ' settlement ' of its mother ( under the Poor Law , a person 's place of origin or later established residence , being the parish responsible for the person if destitute ) regardless of where the child was actually born . Previously , a bastard took settlement from its place of birth . The mother was to be publicly whipped . 1739 The Foundling Hospital Established in London by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram as a home for the `` education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children . '' Children were seldom taken after they were twelve months old . On reception they were sent to wet nurses in the countryside , where they stayed until they were about four or five years old . At sixteen girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years ; at fourteen , boys became apprentices in varying occupations for seven years . 1779 The Penitentiary Act Drafted by Prison reformer John Howard , the Act introduced state prisons as an alternative to the death penalty or transportation . The prison population had risen after the US Declaration of Independence , because the American Colonies had been used as the destination for transported criminals . Howard 's 1777 report had identified appalling conditions in most of the prisons he inspected . The Howard League for Penal Reform emerged as a result , publishing in 2006 the findings of an independent inquiry by Lord Carlile of Berriew QC into physical restraint , solitary confinement and forcible strip searching of children in prisons , secure training centres and local authority secure children 's homes . 1795 Speenhamland system An amendment to the Poor Law , named after a meeting at the Pelican Inn in Speenhamland , Berkshire , where the local magistrates or squirearchy devised the system as a means to alleviate hardship caused by a spike in grain prices . Families were paid extra to top up wages to a set level , which varied according to the number of children and the price of bread . For example , if bread was 1s 2d a loaf , the wages of a family with two children was topped up to 8s 6d . If bread rose to 1s 8d the wages were topped up to 11s 0d . The system aggravated the underlying causes of poverty , allowing employers ( often farmers ) to pay below subsistence wages , because the parish made up the difference to keep their workers alive . Low incomes remained unchanged and the poor rate contributors subsidised the farmers , so that landowners sought other means of dealing with the poor e.g. the workhouse . The Poor Law Commissioners ' Report of 1834 called the Speenhamland System a `` universal system of pauperism . '' 1796 Thomas Spence Publication of The Rights of Infants by the revolutionary philosopher. ( 11 ) | Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom |
832994691_8465-16794 | Timeline of 19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 1802 UK Parliament The Factory Acts were a series of Acts of Parliament passed to limit the number of hours worked by women and children , first in the textile industry , then later in all industries . The Factories Act 1802 , sometimes called the `` Health and Morals of Apprentices Act , '' 1806 Philanthropic Society The Society was incorporated by Act of Parliament , sanctioning its work with juvenile delinquents and began by opening homes where children were trained in cottage industries working under the instruction of skilled tradesmen . Remaining central in development of measures dealing with young offenders the Society is now the charity , Catch 22 , formerly Rainer . 1818 Ragged schools A cobbler , John Pounds , began to use his shop in Portsmouth as a base for educational activity for local poor children neglected by other institutions . Part of his concern was also to educate his disabled nephew . The Ragged School movement subsequently found powerful support in active philanthropists when public attention was aroused to the prevalence of juvenile delinquency by Thomas Guthrie in 1840 . An estimated 300,000 children passed through the London Ragged Schools alone between the early 1840s and 1881 1818 Elizabeth Fry After visiting Newgate Prison , Fry became particularly concerned at the conditions in which women prisoners and their children were held . Fry later presented evidence to the House of Commons in 1818 , which led to the interior of Newgate being rebuilt with individual cells . 1834 Workhouse The workhouse system was set up in England and Wales under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , although many individual houses existed before this legislation . Inmates entered and left as they liked and would receive free food and accommodation . However , workhouse life was made as harsh and degrading as possible so that only the truly destitute would apply . Accounts of the terrible conditions in some workhouses include references to women who would not speak and children who refused to play . 1838 Charles Dickens Oliver Twist , Dickens ' second novel , is the first in the English language to centre upon a child protagonist throughout . The book calls attention to various contemporary social evils , including the Poor Law , which required that poor people work in workhouses , child labour and the recruitment of children as criminals . A later character , Jo in Bleak House , is portrayed as a street child , relentlessly pursued by a police inspector . 1839 Custody of Infants Act Custody of children under 7 years old was assigned to mothers 1840 Mettray Penal Colony In Mettray , north of the city of Tours , France a private reformatory , without walls , was opened by penal reformer Frédéric - Auguste Demetz in 1840 for the rehabilitation of young males aged between 6 and 21 . At that time children and teenagers were routinely imprisoned with adults . Boys who were mostly deprived , disadvantaged or adandoned children , many of whom had committed only Summary offences or petty crime , were housed . Their heads were shaved , they wore uniforms , and up to age 12 spent most of the day studying arithmetic , writing and reading . Older boys had one hour of classes , with the rest of the day spent working . Reformatory Schools were modelled on Mettray , and the Borstal system , established in 1905 , separated adolescents from adult prisoners . In the twentieth century Mettray became the focus for Michel Foucault because of its various systems and expressions of power and led Foucault to suggest that Mettray began the descent into modern penal theories and their inherent power structures . 1847 Juvenile Offenders Act The Act allowed children under the age of fourteen to be tried summarily before two magistrates , speeding up the process of trial for children , and removing it from the publicity of the higher courts . The age limit was raised to sixteen in 1850 . 1850 Irish Workhouse Returns , 8 June 1850 . The number of children aged 15 years and younger in Irish Workhouses reaches its historic high , at 115,639 . 1854 Reformatory Schools Mary Carpenter 's research and lobbying contributed to the Youthful Offenders Act 1854 and the Reformatory Schools ( Scotland ) Act 1854 . These enabled voluntary schools to be certified as efficient by the Inspector of Prisons , and allowed courts to send them convicted juvenile offenders under 16 for a period of 2 to 5 years , instead of prison . Parents were required to contribute to the cost . Carpenter 's 1851 publication Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes and for Juvenile Offenders was the first to coin the term ' Dangerous Classes ' with respect to the lower classes , and the perceived propensity to criminality , of poor people . 1857 Industrial Schools The Industrial Schools Act 1857 allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school , resolving the problems of juvenile delinquency by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment into a boarding school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind . In 1986 Professor Sir Leon Radzinowitz noted the practice of Economic conscription , where , ' there was a network of 208 schools : 43 reformatories , 132 industrial schools , 21 day industrial schools and 12 truant schools ' by the eve of the First World War , alongside a negligible education system for the poor . 1870 UK Government Prior to the Elementary Education Act 1870 act , very few schools existed , other than those run by the Church . The National Education League was established to promote elementary education for all children , free from religious control . The Act first introduced and enforced compulsory school attendance between the ages of 5 and 12 , with school boards set up to ensure that children attended school ; although exemptions were made for illness and travelling distance . The London School Board was highly influential and launched a number of political careers . The Church / State ethical divide in schooling , persists into the present day . 1870 Thomas John Barnardo The first of 112 Barnardo 's Homes was founded , with destitution as the criterion for qualification . The project was supported by the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury and the first Earl Cairns . The system of operation was broadly as follows : infants and younger girls and boys are chiefly `` boarded out '' in rural districts ; girls above 14 years of age are sent to ' industrial training homes ' to be taught useful domestic occupations ; boys above 17 years old are first tested in labour homes and then placed in employment at home , sent to sea or emigrated ; boys between 13 -- 17 years old were trained for trades for which they may be mentally or physically fitted . 1880 UK Government Following campaigning by the National Education League the Elementary Education Act 1880 made schooling compulsory until the age of ten and also established attendance officers to enforce attendance , so that parents who objected to compulsory education , arguing they needed children to earn a wage , could be fined for keeping their children out of school . School leaving age was raised with successive Acts from ten to age fourteen in 1918 . 1885 UK Government Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raises age of consent from 13 to 16 , introduced measures intended to protect girls from sexual exploitation and widens the criminalisation of male homosexual behaviour . 1891 UK Government The practice of ' spiriting ' i.e. kidnapping children for work in the Americas , had been sanctioned by the Privy Council since 1620 , but the Custody of Children Act ( the ' Barnardo 's Act ) legalised the work of private emigration societies for removing poor children from workhouses , industrial schools , reformatories and private care facilities , to British colonies . 1899 UK Government The Elementary Education ( Defective and Epileptic Children ) Act allowed school authorities to make arrangements for ascertaining which children , by reason of mental or physical defect , were incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in the ordinary schools . | Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom |
832994691_47865-56273 | Timeline of 21st century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 2001 Wales Children 's Commissioner for Wales was appointed . 2001 Sarah 's Law Following the abduction and murder of eight - year - old Sarah Payne , the News of the World newspaper spearheaded a controversial campaign for the government to allow controlled access to the Sex Offenders Register , so that parents with young children could know if a child sex - offender was living in their area . The campaign derived from the USA 's so - called Megan 's Law , operating in honour of murder victim Megan Kanka and allowing publication of a sex offender 's photograph and address . 2002 UK Government The Care Standards Act reformed the law relating to the inspection and regulation of various care institutions including children 's homes , and created the new post of Director of Children 's Rights with the power to investigate individual cases . October 2002 The UK committee responsible for monitoring the implementation of the UNCRC in the UK issued its second concluding observations on the UK 's progress . 2003 Northern Ireland The Commissioner for Children and Young People for Northern Ireland was appointed . 2003 UK Government The Sexual Offences Act 2003 lowered the age of consent for certain sexual activities from 18 to 16 in England and Wales . Section 45 defines a `` child '' for the purposes of the Protection of Children Act 1978 as a person under 18 years , rather than under 16 years , of age . Despite a previous `` deep lack of understanding '' of incidents of abuse in children 's homes run by Islington , Margaret Hodge is appointed Children 's Minister in June 2003 . 29 January 2003 Victoria Climbie The Laming report on the murder of Victoria Climbie recommended the creation of the post of Children 's Commissioner and generated legislation known as Every Child Matters . A revised Children Act based on Every Child Matters was enacted in 2004 . December 2003 Sir Michael Bichard After the murder of Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells , the Bichard report severely criticised the Chief Constable of Humberside Police for ordering the destruction of criminal records of child abusers as required under the Protection of Children Act 1999 . A revised registration scheme for people working with children and vulnerable adults was recommended . The report also revealed that investigation into the murders was severely compromised by involvement of some of the police officers in child pornography , or were Operation Ore suspects . Zahid Mubarek Inquiry After a long legal battle by the family , the Law Lords ordered Home Secretary David Blunkett to hold an Inquiry into Zahid 's murder . Sentenced to 3 months imprisonment in Feltham Young Offenders ' Institution for stealing razors and interfering with a motor vehicle , the 19 - year - old was murdered by his cell - mate on the eve of returning home in 2000 . The report 's findings are a ' devastating indictment ' of the prison system , to which teenagers are routinely consigned . Scotland The Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People was appointed , with Children 's Hearings and the Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration as significant components of children 's rights in Scotland . 2005 England The Children 's Commissioner for England was appointed . September 2005 United Nations General Assembly A Special Summit on the Millennium Development Goals reviewed progress since 2000 on the Goals , which included halving the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015 . November 2005 Ampleforth College A monk admitted to 20 incidents of child abuse at a leading Catholic boarding school . At least six paedophiles were active for decades following a decision by former Abbot Basil Hume not to call in police during his tenure , which commenced in 1963 . March 2006 British Army An independent review commissioned by the Minister for Armed Forces into circumstances surrounding the deaths of four soldiers recruited under the age of 18 at Princess Royal Barracks , Deepcut between 1995 and 2002 , concludes that the deaths were self - inflicted , despite a catalogue of allegations of misconduct at the relevant times . The call for a public enquiry is rejected . 2006 End Child Poverty Following the Make Poverty History march and Live 8 events , NGOs launch a coalition to secure the Government 's 1999 pledge to halve the numbers of children living below the poverty line by 2010 and eliminate child poverty by 2020 . February 2006 Howard League for Penal Reform Publication of Lord Carlile 's inquiry into the treatment of children in penal custody . The 47 recommendations include : severely restricting physical intervention ; stopping the Strip searching of children ; and an end to prison segregation . 2007 Jersey Social Worker Simon Bellwood was dismissed after making a complaint about a `` Dickensian '' system in a secure unit where children as young as 11 were routinely locked up for 24 hours or more , in solitary confinement . Police subsequently commenced investigations at the site of former children 's home Haut de la Garenne . July 2007 UK Government The third report on progress is issued to the UN Committee responsible for monitoring implementation of the UNCRC . 2007 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 The Act was extended to apply to prisoners and young offenders killed or injured whilst in custody , with effect from April 2008 . From monitoring and analysis of deaths in custody , NGO INQUEST propose an independent , overarching standing commission on custodial deaths , with statutory powers to address the breadth of social and political issues that arise when these deaths occur . November 2007 Scottish Government Following publication of the Shaw report `` Historical Abuse Systemic Review : Residential Schools and Children 's Homes in Scotland 1950 to 1995 '' , the Scottish Government proposed a truth and reconciliation forum for victims of historic abuse . The discussion paper named `` Acknowledgement and Accountability '' will be published 2008 / 9 . 9 June 2008 United Kingdom The Children 's Commissioner for Wales , Children 's Commissioner for England , Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People and the Commissioner for Children and Young People , Northern Ireland jointly report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , in preparation for the 30th Anniversary of the International Year of the Child . The remit of individual UK Commissioners differ in the devolved administrations , however the first report by federal Commissioners is unanimous in calling for incorporation of UNCRC into domestic legislation and a ban on police indefinitely keeping children 's DNA on record . Amongst 100 recommendations are : increasing the age of criminal responsibility ; a reduction in the number of children in custody ; and a public inquiry into the deaths of 30 children in custody over the past 10 years . UK 's main NGO 's including UNICEF and CRAE also attended the Pre Sessional Working Group with the UN Committee . 12 Children and Young People represented England as well . November 2008 Death of Baby P After details of the tragic life and death of the 17 - month - old at the hands of his parent and carers , whilst on the ' At Risk ' register of Haringey Social Services were revealed , Ofsted confirmed that between April 2007 and August 2008 , 282 children died of neglect , abuse or in the care system . Of that total , 72 died in accidents , stabbings or shootings while in foster or residential care , while the remaining 210 died of abuse or neglect at the hands of their families . This means that 12 children are killed by abuse each month . 1 May 2012 Protection of Freedoms Act Part 1 , Chapter 2 gives a child the right to prevent their biometric information ( e.g. fingerprints ) from being collected by an educational establishment and requires the processing of biometric information to be discontinued should the child object at any time . The right of a child to refuse the collection of their biometric information stands regardless of whether parental consent is offered or not . It also requires one parent to provide consent for the processing of biometric data and if any parent is to object to such collection of data the data processing must be discontinued . | Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom |
821976094_90-1265 | This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Hindi . ( January 2018 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the Hindi article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated hi भारत के प्रधानमन्त्री ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_1266-2116 | Prime Minister of the Government of India State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Narendra Modi since 26 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) Prime Minister 's Office Style The Honourable ( formal ) His Excellency ( diplomatic ) Member of Cabinet , Parliament Residence 7 , Lok Kalyan Marg , New Delhi Seat Prime Minister 's Office , South Block , New Delhi Appointer President of India by convention , based on appointee 's ability to command confidence in the Lok Sabha Term length At the pleasure of the President Lok Sabha term is 5 years unless dissolved sooner No term limits specified Inaugural holder Jawaharlal Nehru Formation 15 August 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 08 - 15 ) Deputy Deputy Prime Minister of India ( if any ) Salary ₹ 20 lakh ( US $31,000 ) ( annual , including ₹ 960,000 ( US $15,000 ) MP 's salary ) Website pmindia.gov.in | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_2117-2505 | The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the executive branch of the Government of India . The Prime Minister is also the chief adviser to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers . They can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament ( the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha ) , but has to be a member of the political party , having a majority in the Lok Sabha . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_2506-2801 | The Prime Minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system . The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet ; allocates posts to members within the Government ; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_2802-3204 | The union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha and shall resign if they are unable to prove majority when instructed by the President . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_3478-3826 | India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding , actual head of the government and chief of the executive of the Government . In such systems , the head of state or the head of state 's official representative ( i.e. , the monarch , president , or governor - general ) usually holds a purely ceremonial position . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_3827-4065 | The Prime Minister shall become , if they are not already , a member of parliament within six months of beginning his / her tenure . They are expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_4131-4473 | The Constitution envisions a scheme of affairs in which the President of India is the head of the executive in terms of Article 53 with office of the prime minister as chief of Council of Ministers to assist and advise the president in the discharge of his / her constitutional functions . To quote , Article 53 , 74 and 75 provide as under ; | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_4474-4654 | The executive powers of the Union shall be vested in the president and shall be exercised either directly or through subordinate officers , in accordance with the Constitution . -- | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_4696-4888 | There shall be a Council of Ministers with the prime minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall , in the exercise of his functions , act in accordance with such advice . -- | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_4930-5085 | The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister . -- | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_5127-5770 | Like most parliamentary democracies , a President 's duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet and the Legislature . The Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power . The President 's constitutional duty is to preserve , protect and defend the Constitution and the law per Article 60 . In the constitution of India , the Prime Minister is mentioned in only four of its articles ( Articles 74 , 75 , 78 and 366 ) , however he plays a crucial role in the union government of India by enjoying majority in the Lok Sabha . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_5817-6850 | Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioner District magistrate Sub-divisional magistrate Rural bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_6851-7465 | The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the union government of India . The President of India invites a person ( subject to eligibility ) who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form the Union government , also known as the Central government , at the national level and exercise its powers . In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers to the president . They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers ( known as the Cabinet ) as in - charge of the important functions and ministries of the Government of India . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_7466-7956 | The prime minister is responsible for aiding and advising the president in distribution of work of the Government to various ministries and offices and in terms of the Government of India ( Allocation of Business ) Rules , 1961 . The co-ordinating work is generally allocated to the Cabinet Secretariat . While the work of the Government is generally divided into various Ministries , the prime minister may retain certain portfolios if they are not allocated to any member of the cabinet . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_7957-8235 | The prime minister , in consultation with the Cabinet , schedules and attends the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in - charge of the portfolios in the capacity as Prime Minister of India . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_8236-8411 | Some specific ministries / department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister themself . The Prime Minister is usually always in - charge / head of : | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_8412-8609 | Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Cabinet Secretariat Appointments Committee of the Cabinet NITI Aayog Department of Atomic Energy Department of Space Nuclear Command Authority | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_8610-8874 | The prime minister represents the country in various delegations , high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_8875-9145 | Per Article 78 of the constitution , the official communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister . Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the union cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_9188-9560 | According to Article 84 of the Constitution of India , which sets the principle qualification for member of Parliament , and Article 75 of the Constitution of India , which sets the qualifications for the minister in the Union Council of Minister , and the argument that the position of prime minister has been described as ' first among equals ' , A prime minister must : | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_9561-10142 | be a citizen of India . be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha . If the person chosen as the prime minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor the Rajya Sabha at the time of selection , they must become a member of either of the houses within six months . be above 25 years of age if they are a member of Lok Sabha or above 30 years of age if they are a member of the Rajya Sabha . not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_10143-10325 | If however a candidate is elected as the prime minister they must vacate their post from any private or government company and may take up the post only on completion of their term . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_10340-10545 | The Prime Minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of President of India before entering office , the oath of office and secrecy , as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_10563-11027 | I , < name > , do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India , that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as prime minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law , without fear or favour , affection or ill - will . -- | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_11094-11440 | I , < name > , do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as prime minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister . -- | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_11507-11645 | Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to the Representation of the People Act , 1951 . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_11668-12447 | By Article 75 of the constitution of India , remuneration of the prime minister as well as other ministers are to be decided by the Parliament and is renewed from time to time . The original remuneration for prime minister and other ministers were specified in the Part B of the second schedule of the constitution , which was later removed by an amendment . In 2010 , the prime minister 's office reported that he did not receive a formal salary , but was only entitled to monthly allowances . That same year The Economist reported that , on a purchasing power parity basis , the prime minister received an equivalent of $4106 per year . As a percentage of the country 's per - capita GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) , this is the lowest of all countries The Economist surveyed . | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_12448-12634 | Prime Minister monthly pay and allowances Salary in Oct 2009 Salary in Oct 2010 Salary in Jul 2012 ₹ 100,000 ( US $1,600 ) ₹ 135,000 ( US $2,100 ) ₹ 160,000 ( US $2,500 ) Sources : | Prime Minister of India |
821976094_12635-13076 | The 7 , Lok Kalyan Marg ( earlier name was Race Course Road ) in New Delhi , serves as the official place of residence for the Prime Minister of India . For ground travel , the Prime Minister uses the highly modified armoured BMW 7 Series ( F01 ) , while for air travel , an aircraft designated by the call sign Air India One is used . The Special Protection Group is charged with protecting the sitting Prime Minister and his / her family . | Prime Minister of India |
838404409_80-1346 | Geography of China ( 中国 地理 ) Continent Asia Region East / Southeast Asia Coordinates 35 ° 0 ′ N 105 ° 0 ′ E / 35.000 ° N 105.000 ° E / 35.000 ; 105.000 Area Ranked 3 Total 9,596,960 km ( 3,705,410 sq mi ) Land 97.2 % Water 2.8 % Coastline 14,500 km ( 9,000 mi ) Borders Afghanistan , Bhutan , Burma , India , North Korea , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Mongolia , Nepal , Pakistan , Russia , Tajikistan , Vietnam Highest point Mount Everest , 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Lowest point Turpan Pendi , − 154 m ( − 505 ft ) Longest river Yangtze River Largest lake Qinghai Lake Climate diverse ; ranges from tropical in south to subarctic in north Terrain mostly mountains , high plateaus , deserts in west and plains , deltas and hills in east Natural Resources coal , iron ore , petroleum , natural gas , mercury , tin , tungsten , antimony , manganese , molybdenum , vanadium , magnetite , aluminum , lead , zinc , rare earth elements , uranium , hydropower potential , arable land Natural Hazards typhoons ; damaging floods ; tsunamis ; earthquakes ; droughts ; land subsidence Environmental Issues air pollution ; water shortages ; water pollution ; deforestation ; soil erosion ; desertification ; trade in endangered species Geography | Geography of China |
838404409_1468-2074 | China has great physical diversity . The eastern plains and southern coasts of the country consist of fertile lowlands and foothills and is the location of most of China 's agricultural output and human population . The southern areas of the country ( South of the Yangtze River ) consist of hilly and mountainous terrain . The west and north of the country are dominated by sunken basins ( such as the Gobi and the Taklamakan ) , rolling plateaus , and towering massifs . It contains part of the highest tableland on earth , the Tibetan Plateau , and has much lower agricultural potential and population . | Geography of China |
838404409_2075-2517 | Traditionally , the Chinese population centered on the Chinese central plain and oriented itself toward its own enormous inland market , developing as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River on the northern plains . More recently , the 18,000 km ( 11,000 mi ) coastline has been used extensively for export - oriented trade , causing the coastal provinces to become the leading economic center . | Geography of China |
838404409_2518-3185 | The People 's Republic of China has an area of about 9,600,000 km ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) . The exact land area is sometimes challenged by border disputes , most notably about Taiwan , Aksai Chin , the Trans - Karakoram Tract , and South Tibet . The area of the People 's Republic of China is 9,596,960 km ( 3,705,410 sq mi ) according to the CIA 's The World Factbook . The People 's Republic of China is either the third or fourth largest country in the world , being either slightly larger or slightly smaller than the United States depending on how the area of the United States is measured . Both countries are smaller than Russia and Canada and larger than Brazil . | Geography of China |
838404409_3785-4930 | The topography of China has been divided by the government into five homogeneous physical macro-regions , namely Eastern China ( subdivided into the northeast plain , north plain , and southern hills ) , Xinjiang - Mongolia , and the Tibetan highlands It is diverse with snow - capped mountains , deep river valleys , broad basins , high plateaus , rolling plains , terraced hills , sandy dunes with many other geographic features and other landforms present in myriad variations . In general , the land is high in the west and descends to the east coast . Mountains ( 33 percent ) , plateaus ( 26 percent ) and hills ( 10 percent ) account for nearly 70 percent of the country 's land surface . Most of the country 's arable land and population are based in lowland plains ( 12 percent ) and basins ( 19 percent ) , though some of the greatest basins are filled with deserts . The country 's rugged terrain presents problems for the construction of overland transportation infrastructure and requires extensive terracing to sustain agriculture , but is conducive to the development of forestry , mineral and hydropower resources , and tourism . | Geography of China |
838404409_4970-5402 | Northeast of Shanhaiguan a narrow sliver of flat coastal land opens up into the vast Manchurian Plain . The plains extend north to the crown of the `` Chinese rooster , '' near where the Greater and Lesser Hinggan ranges converge . The Changbai Mountains to the east divide China from the Korean peninsula . Compared with the rest of the area of China , here live the most Chinese people due to its adequate climate and topography . | Geography of China |
838404409_5415-5915 | The Taihang Mountains form the western side of the triangular North China Plain . The other two sides are the Pacific coast to the east and the Yangtze River to the southwest . The vertices of this triangle are Beijing to the north , Shanghai to the southeast , and Yichang to the southwest . This alluvial plain , fed by the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers , is one of the most heavily populated regions of China . The only mountains in the plain are the Taishan in Shandong and Dabie Mountains of Anhui . | Geography of China |
838404409_5916-6497 | Beijing , at the north tip of the North China Plain , is shielded by the intersection of the Taihang and Yan Mountains . Further north are the drier grasslands of the Inner Mongolian Plateau , traditionally home to pastoralists . To the south are agricultural regions , traditionally home to sedentary populations . The Great Wall of China was built in the mountains across the mountains that mark the southern edge of the Inner Mongolian Plateau . The Ming - era walls run over 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) east to west from Shanhaiguan on the Bohai coast to the Hexi Corridor in Gansu . | Geography of China |
838404409_6758-7533 | East of the Tibetan Plateau , deeply folded mountains fan out toward the Sichuan Basin , which is ringed by mountains with 1,000 -- 3,000 m elevation . The floor of the basin has an average elevation of 500 m and is home to one of the most densely farmed and populated regions of China . The Sichuan Basin is capped in the north by the eastward continuation of the Kunlun range , the Qinling , and the Dabashan . The Qinling and Dabashan ranges form a major north - south divide across China Proper , the traditional core area of China . Southeast of the Tibetan Plateau and south of the Sichuan Basin is the Yunnan - Guizhou Plateau , which occupies much of southwest China . This plateau , with an average elevation of 2,000 m , is known for its limestone karst landscape . | Geography of China |
838404409_7534-8133 | South of the Yangtze , the landscape is more rugged . Like Shanxi Province to the north , Hunan and Jiangxi each have a provincial core in a river basin that is surrounded by mountains . The Wuling range separates Guizhou from Hunan . The Luoxiao and Jinggang divide Hunan from Jiangxi , which is separated from Fujian by the Wuyi Mountains . The southeast coastal provinces , Zhejiang , Fujian and Guangdong , have rugged coasts , with pockets of lowland and mountainous interior . The Nanling , an east - west mountain range across northern Guangdong , seals off Hunan and Jiangxi from Guangdong . | Geography of China |
838404409_8163-9114 | Northwest of the Tibetan Plateau , between the northern slope of Kunlun and southern slope of Tian Shan , is the vast Tarim Basin of Xinjiang , which contains the Taklamakan Desert . The Tarim Basin , the largest in China , measures 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) from east to west and 600 km ( 370 mi ) from north to south at its widest parts . Average elevation in the basin is 1,000 m . To the east , the basin descends into the Hami - Turpan Depression of eastern Xinjiang , where the dried lake bed of Lake Ayding , at − 154m below sea level , is the lowest surface point in China and the third - lowest in the world . With temperatures that have reached 49.6 C. , the lake bed ranks as one of the hottest places in China . North of Tian Shan is Xinjiang 's second great basin , the Junggar , which contains the Gurbantünggüt Desert . The Junggar Basin is enclosed to the north by the Altay Mountains , which separate Xinjiang from Russia and Mongolia . | Geography of China |
838404409_9115-9777 | Northeast of the Tibetan Plateau , the Altun Shan - Qilian Mountains range branches off the Kunlun and creates a parallel mountain range running east - west . In between in northern Qinghai is the Qaidam Basin , with elevations of 2,600 -- 3,000 m and numerous brackish and salt lakes . North of the Qilian is Hexi Corridor of Gansu , a natural passage between Xinjiang and China Proper that was part of the ancient Silk Road and traversed by modern highway and rail lines to Xinjiang . Further north , the Inner Mongolian Plateau , between 900 -- 1,500 m in elevation , arcs north up the spine of China and becomes the Greater Hinggan Range of Northeast China . | Geography of China |
838404409_9778-10466 | Between the Qinling and the Inner Mongolian Plateau is Loess Plateau , the largest of its kind in the world , covering 650,000 km ( 250,000 sq mi ) in Shaanxi , parts of Gansu and Shanxi provinces , and some of Ningxia - Hui Autonomous Region . The plateau is 1,000 -- 1,500 m in elevation and is filled with loess , a yellowish , loose soil that travels easily in the wind . Eroded loess silt gives the Yellow River its color and name . The Loess Plateau is bound to the east by the Luliang Mountain of Shanxi , which has a narrow basin running north to south along the Fen River . Further east are the Taihang Mountains of Hebei , the dominant topographical feature of North China . The | Geography of China |
838404409_10874-11348 | The world 's tallest mountains , the Himalayas , Karakorum , Pamirs and Tian Shan divide China from South and Central Asia . Eleven of the 17 tallest mountain peaks are located on China 's western borders . They include world 's tallest peak Mt . Everest ( 8848m ) in the Himalayas on the border with Nepal and the world 's second tallest peak , K2 ( 8611m ) on the border with Pakistan . From these towering heights in the west , the land descends in steps like a terrace . | Geography of China |
838404409_11349-11843 | North of the Himalayas and east of the Karakorum / Pamirs is the vast Tibetan Plateau , the largest and highest plateau in the world , also known as the `` Roof of the World . '' The plateau has an average elevation of 4,000 m above sea level and covers an area of 2.5 million square kilometers , or about one - fifth of China 's land mass . In the north , the plateau is hemmed in by the Kunlun Mountains , which extends eastward from the intersection of the Pamirs , Karakorum and Tian Shan . | Geography of China |
838404409_11867-12806 | Besides Mt . Everest and K2 , the other 9 of the world 's 17 tallest peaks on China 's western borders are : Lhotse ( 8516m , 4th highest ) , Makalu ( 8485m , 5th ) , Cho Oyu ( 8188m , 6th ) , Gyachung Kang ( 7952m , 15th ) of the Himalayas on the border with Nepal and Gasherbrum I ( 8080m , 11th ) , Broad Peak ( 8051m , 12th ) , Gasherbrum II ( 8035m , 13th ) , Gasherbrum III ( 7946m , 16th ) and Gasherbrum IV ( 7932m , 17th ) of the Karakorum on the border with Pakistan . The tallest peak entirely within China is Shishapangma ( 8013m , 14th ) of the Tibetan Himalayas in Nyalam County of Tibet Autonomous Region . In all , 9 of the 14 mountain peaks in the world over 8,000 m are in or on the border of China . Another notable Himalayan peak in China is Namchabarwa ( 7782m , 28th ) , near the great bend of the Yarlungtsanpo ( upper Brahmaputra ) River in eastern Tibet , and considered to be the eastern anchor of the Himalayas . | Geography of China |
838404409_12807-13150 | Outside the Himalayas and Karakorum , China 's tallest peaks are Kongur Tagh ( 7649m , 37th ) and Muztagh Ata ( 7546m , 43rd ) in the Pamirs of western Xinjiang , Gongga Shan ( 7556m , 41st ) in the Great Snowy Mountains of western Sichuan ; and Tömür Shan ( 7,439 m , 60th ) , the highest peak of Tian Shan , on the border with Kyrgyzstan . | Geography of China |
838404409_13236-14703 | China has 50,000 rivers , each with a catchment area greater than 100 square kilometers . The rivers in China have a total length of 420,000 kilometers. 1,500 of Chinese rivers have a catchment area exceeding 1,000 square kilometers . The majority of rivers flow west to east into the Pacific Ocean . The Yangtze ( Chang Jiang ) rises in Tibet , flows through Central China and enters the East China Sea near Shanghai . The Yangtze is 6,300 kilometers long and has a catchment area of 1.8 million square kilometers . It is the third longest river in the world , after the Amazon and the Nile . The second longest river in China is the Huang He ( Yellow River ) . It rises in Tibet and travels circuitously for 5,464 kilometers through North China , it empties into the Bo Hai Gulf on the north coast of the Shandong Province . It has a catchment area of 752,000 square kilometers . The Heilongjiang ( Heilong or Black Dragon River ) flows for 3,101 kilometers in Northeast China and an additional 1,249 kilometers in Russia , where it is known as the Amur . The longest river in South China is the Zhujiang ( Pearl River ) , which is 2,214 kilometers long . Along with its three tributaries , the Xi ( West ) , Dong ( East ) , and Bei ( North ) rivers , it forms the Pearl River Delta near Guangzhou , Zhuhai , Macau , and Hong Kong . Other major rivers are the Liaohe in the northeast , Haihe in the north , Qiantang in the east , and Lancang in the southwest . West | Geography of China |
838404409_14732-14961 | Inland drainage involving upland basins in the north and northeast accounts for 40 percent of the country 's total drainage area . Many rivers and streams flow into lakes or diminish in the desert . Some are used for irrigation . | Geography of China |
838404409_14962-15407 | China 's territorial waters are principally marginal seas of the western Pacific Ocean . These waters lie on the indented coastline of the mainland and approximately 5,000 islands . The Yellow Sea , East China Sea , and South China Sea are marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean . More than half the coastline , predominantly in the south , is rocky ; most of the remainder is sandy . The Bay of Hangzhou roughly divides the two kinds of shoreline . | Geography of China |
838404409_15423-16019 | There is a steep drop in the river level in the North China Plain , where the river continues across the delta , it transports a heavy load of sand and mud which is deposited on the flat plain . The flow is aided by manmade embankments . As a result , the river flows on a raised ridge fifty meters above the plain . Waterlogging , floods , and course changes have recurred over the centuries . Traditionally , rulers were judged by their concern for or indifference to preservation of the embankments . In the modern era , China has undertaken extensive flood control and conservation measures . | Geography of China |
838404409_16020-16519 | Flowing from its source in the Qingzang highlands , the Yellow River courses toward the sea through the North China Plain , the historic center of Chinese expansion and influence . Han Chinese people have farmed the rich alluvial soils since ancient times , constructing the Grand Canal for north - south transport during the Imperial Era . The plain is a continuation of the Dongbei ( Manchurian ) Plain to the northeast but is separated from it by the Bohai Gulf , an extension of the Yellow Sea . | Geography of China |
838404409_16520-16822 | Like other densely populated areas of China , the plain is subject to floods and earthquakes . The mining and industrial center of Tangshan , 165 km ( 103 mi ) east of Beijing , was leveled by an earthquake in July 1976 , it was believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll . | Geography of China |
838404409_16823-17144 | The Hai River , like the Pearl River , flows from west to east . Its upper course consists of five rivers that converge near Tianjin , then flow seventy kilometers before emptying into the Bohai Gulf . The Huai River , rises in Henan Province and flows through several lakes before joining the Pearl River near Yangzhou . | Geography of China |
838404409_17162-17707 | The Qin Mountains , a continuation of the Kunlun Mountains , divides the North China Plain from the Yangtze River Delta and is the major physiographic boundary between the two great parts of China Proper . It is a cultural boundary as it influences the distribution of customs and language . South of the Qinling mountain range divide are the densely populated and highly developed areas of the lower and middle plains of the Yangtze River and , on its upper reaches , the Sichuan Basin , an area encircled by a high barrier of mountain ranges . | Geography of China |
838404409_17708-18412 | The country 's longest and most important waterway , the Yangtze River , is navigable for the majority of its length and has a vast hydroelectric potential . Rising on the Qingzang Plateau , the Yangtze River traverses 6,300 km ( 3,900 mi ) through the heart of the country , draining an area of 1,800,000 km ( 690,000 sq mi ) before emptying into the East China Sea . Roughly 300 million people live along its middle and lower reaches . The area is a large producer of rice and wheat . The Sichuan Basin , due to its mild , humid climate and long growing season , produces a variety of crops . It is a leading silk - producing area and an important industrial region with substantial mineral resources . | Geography of China |
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