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818712336_11669-11788 | bipolar plates , electrodes , catalyst , membrane , and the necessary hardware such as current collectors and gaskets . | Fuel cell |
818712336_11789-12375 | The materials used for different parts of the fuel cells differ by type . The bipolar plates may be made of different types of materials , such as , metal , coated metal , graphite , flexible graphite , C -- C composite , carbon -- polymer composites etc . The membrane electrode assembly ( MEA ) is referred as the heart of the PEMFC and is usually made of a proton exchange membrane sandwiched between two catalyst - coated carbon papers . Platinum and / or similar type of noble metals are usually used as the catalyst for PEMFC . The electrolyte could be a polymer membrane . Proton | Fuel cell |
818712336_12427-15327 | Cost . In 2013 , the Department of Energy estimated that 80 - kW automotive fuel cell system costs of US $67 per kilowatt could be achieved , assuming volume production of 100,000 automotive units per year and US $55 per kilowatt could be achieved , assuming volume production of 500,000 units per year . Many companies are working on techniques to reduce cost in a variety of ways including reducing the amount of platinum needed in each individual cell . Ballard Power Systems has experimented with a catalyst enhanced with carbon silk , which allows a 30 % reduction ( 1 mg / cm2 to 0.7 mg / cm2 ) in platinum usage without reduction in performance . Monash University , Melbourne uses PEDOT as a cathode . A 2011 published study doi : 10.1021 / ja1112904 documented the first metal - free electrocatalyst using relatively inexpensive doped carbon nanotubes , which are less than 1 % the cost of platinum and are of equal or superior performance . A recently published article demonstrated how the environmental burdens change when using carbon nanotubes as carbon substrate for platinum . Water and air management ( in PEMFCs ) . In this type of fuel cell , the membrane must be hydrated , requiring water to be evaporated at precisely the same rate that it is produced . If water is evaporated too quickly , the membrane dries , resistance across it increases , and eventually it will crack , creating a gas `` short circuit '' where hydrogen and oxygen combine directly , generating heat that will damage the fuel cell . If the water is evaporated too slowly , the electrodes will flood , preventing the reactants from reaching the catalyst and stopping the reaction . Methods to manage water in cells are being developed like electroosmotic pumps focusing on flow control . Just as in a combustion engine , a steady ratio between the reactant and oxygen is necessary to keep the fuel cell operating efficiently . Temperature management . The same temperature must be maintained throughout the cell in order to prevent destruction of the cell through thermal loading . This is particularly challenging as the 2H + O - > 2H O reaction is highly exothermic , so a large quantity of heat is generated within the fuel cell . Durability , service life , and special requirements for some type of cells . Stationary fuel cell applications typically require more than 40,000 hours of reliable operation at a temperature of − 35 ° C to 40 ° C ( − 31 ° F to 104 ° F ) , while automotive fuel cells require a 5,000 - hour lifespan ( the equivalent of 240,000 km ( 150,000 mi ) ) under extreme temperatures . Current service life is 2,500 hours ( about 75,000 miles ) . Automotive engines must also be able to start reliably at − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) and have a high power - to - volume ratio ( typically 2.5 kW per liter ) . Limited carbon monoxide tolerance of some ( non-PEDOT ) cathodes . | Fuel cell |
818712336_15413-16531 | Phosphoric acid fuel cells ( PAFC ) were first designed and introduced in 1961 by G.V. Elmore and H.A. Tanner . In these cells phosphoric acid is used as a non-conductive electrolyte to pass positive hydrogen ions from the anode to the cathode . These cells commonly work in temperatures of 150 to 200 degrees Celsius . This high temperature will cause heat and energy loss if the heat is not removed and used properly . This heat can be used to produce steam for air conditioning systems or any other thermal energy consuming system . Using this heat in cogeneration can enhance the efficiency of phosphoric acid fuel cells from 40 -- 50 % to about 80 % . Phosphoric acid , the electrolyte used in PAFCs , is a non-conductive liquid acid which forces electrons to travel from anode to cathode through an external electrical circuit . Since the hydrogen ion production rate on the anode is small , platinum is used as catalyst to increase this ionization rate . A key disadvantage of these cells is the use of an acidic electrolyte . This increases the corrosion or oxidation of components exposed to phosphoric acid . | Fuel cell |
818712336_16607-17269 | Solid acid fuel cells ( SAFCs ) are characterized by the use of a solid acid material as the electrolyte . At low temperatures , solid acids have an ordered molecular structure like most salts . At warmer temperatures ( between 140 and 150 degrees Celsius for CsHSO ) , some solid acids undergo a phase transition to become highly disordered `` superprotonic '' structures , which increases conductivity by several orders of magnitude . The first proof - of - concept SAFCs were developed in 2000 using cesium hydrogen sulfate ( CsHSO ) . Current SAFC systems use cesium dihydrogen phosphate ( CsH PO ) and have demonstrated lifetimes in the thousands of hours . | Fuel cell |
818712336_17389-18371 | The alkaline fuel cell or hydrogen - oxygen fuel cell was designed and first demonstrated publicly by Francis Thomas Bacon in 1959 . It was used as a primary source of electrical energy in the Apollo space program . The cell consists of two porous carbon electrodes impregnated with a suitable catalyst such as Pt , Ag , CoO , etc . The space between the two electrodes is filled with a concentrated solution of KOH or NaOH which serves as an electrolyte . H gas and O gas are bubbled into the electrolyte through the porous carbon electrodes . Thus the overall reaction involves the combination of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to form water . The cell runs continuously until the reactant 's supply is exhausted . This type of cell operates efficiently in the temperature range 343 K to 413 K and provides a potential of about 0.9 V. AAEMFC is a type of AFC which employs a solid polymer electrolyte instead of aqueous potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) and it is superior to aqueous AFC . | Fuel cell |
818712336_18462-18916 | Solid oxide fuel cells ( SOFCs ) use a solid material , most commonly a ceramic material called yttria - stabilized zirconia ( YSZ ) , as the electrolyte . Because SOFCs are made entirely of solid materials , they are not limited to the flat plane configuration of other types of fuel cells and are often designed as rolled tubes . They require high operating temperatures ( 800 -- 1000 ° C ) and can be run on a variety of fuels including natural gas . | Fuel cell |
818712336_18917-19728 | SOFCs are unique since in those , negatively charged oxygen ions travel from the cathode ( positive side of the fuel cell ) to the anode ( negative side of the fuel cell ) instead of positively charged hydrogen ions travelling from the anode to the cathode , as is the case in all other types of fuel cells . Oxygen gas is fed through the cathode , where it absorbs electrons to create oxygen ions . The oxygen ions then travel through the electrolyte to react with hydrogen gas at the anode . The reaction at the anode produces electricity and water as by - products . Carbon dioxide may also be a by - product depending on the fuel , but the carbon emissions from an SOFC system are less than those from a fossil fuel combustion plant . The chemical reactions for the SOFC system can be expressed as follows : | Fuel cell |
818712336_19729-19840 | Anode Reaction : 2H + 2O → 2H O + 4e Cathode Reaction : O + 4e → 2O Overall Cell Reaction : 2H + O → 2H O | Fuel cell |
818712336_19841-20275 | SOFC systems can run on fuels other than pure hydrogen gas . However , since hydrogen is necessary for the reactions listed above , the fuel selected must contain hydrogen atoms . For the fuel cell to operate , the fuel must be converted into pure hydrogen gas . SOFCs are capable of internally reforming light hydrocarbons such as methane ( natural gas ) , propane and butane . These fuel cells are at an early stage of development . | Fuel cell |
818712336_20276-21152 | Challenges exist in SOFC systems due to their high operating temperatures . One such challenge is the potential for carbon dust to build up on the anode , which slows down the internal reforming process . Research to address this `` carbon coking '' issue at the University of Pennsylvania has shown that the use of copper - based cermet ( heat - resistant materials made of ceramic and metal ) can reduce coking and the loss of performance . Another disadvantage of SOFC systems is slow start - up time , making SOFCs less useful for mobile applications . Despite these disadvantages , a high operating temperature provides an advantage by removing the need for a precious metal catalyst like platinum , thereby reducing cost . Additionally , waste heat from SOFC systems may be captured and reused , increasing the theoretical overall efficiency to as high as 80 % -- 85 % . | Fuel cell |
818712336_21153-21884 | The high operating temperature is largely due to the physical properties of the YSZ electrolyte . As temperature decreases , so does the ionic conductivity of YSZ . Therefore , to obtain optimum performance of the fuel cell , a high operating temperature is required . According to their website , Ceres Power , a UK SOFC fuel cell manufacturer , has developed a method of reducing the operating temperature of their SOFC system to 500 -- 600 degrees Celsius . They replaced the commonly used YSZ electrolyte with a CGO ( cerium gadolinium oxide ) electrolyte . The lower operating temperature allows them to use stainless steel instead of ceramic as the cell substrate , which reduces cost and start - up time of the system . MCFC | Fuel cell |
818712336_21936-22263 | Molten carbonate fuel cells ( MCFCs ) require a high operating temperature , 650 ° C ( 1,200 ° F ) , similar to SOFCs . MCFCs use lithium potassium carbonate salt as an electrolyte , and this salt liquefies at high temperatures , allowing for the movement of charge within the cell -- in this case , negative carbonate ions . | Fuel cell |
818712336_22264-23045 | Like SOFCs , MCFCs are capable of converting fossil fuel to a hydrogen - rich gas in the anode , eliminating the need to produce hydrogen externally . The reforming process creates CO emissions . MCFC - compatible fuels include natural gas , biogas and gas produced from coal . The hydrogen in the gas reacts with carbonate ions from the electrolyte to produce water , carbon dioxide , electrons and small amounts of other chemicals . The electrons travel through an external circuit creating electricity and return to the cathode . There , oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide recycled from the anode react with the electrons to form carbonate ions that replenish the electrolyte , completing the circuit . The chemical reactions for an MCFC system can be expressed as follows : | Fuel cell |
818712336_23046-23173 | Anode Reaction : CO + H → H O + CO + 2e Cathode Reaction : CO + 1⁄2O + 2e → CO Overall Cell Reaction : H + 1⁄2O → H O | Fuel cell |
818712336_23174-23887 | As with SOFCs , MCFC disadvantages include slow start - up times because of their high operating temperature . This makes MCFC systems not suitable for mobile applications , and this technology will most likely be used for stationary fuel cell purposes . The main challenge of MCFC technology is the cells ' short life span . The high - temperature and carbonate electrolyte lead to corrosion of the anode and cathode . These factors accelerate the degradation of MCFC components , decreasing the durability and cell life . Researchers are addressing this problem by exploring corrosion - resistant materials for components as well as fuel cell designs that may increase cell life without decreasing performance . | Fuel cell |
818712336_23888-24867 | MCFCs hold several advantages over other fuel cell technologies , including their resistance to impurities . They are not prone to `` carbon coking '' , which refers to carbon build - up on the anode that results in reduced performance by slowing down the internal fuel reforming process . Therefore , carbon - rich fuels like gases made from coal are compatible with the system . The Department of Energy claims that coal , itself , might even be a fuel option in the future , assuming the system can be made resistant to impurities such as sulfur and particulates that result from converting coal into hydrogen . MCFCs also have relatively high efficiencies . They can reach a fuel - to - electricity efficiency of 50 % , considerably higher than the 37 -- 42 % efficiency of a phosphoric acid fuel cell plant . Efficiencies can be as high as 65 % when the fuel cell is paired with a turbine , and 85 % if heat is captured and used in a Combined Heat and Power ( CHP ) system . | Fuel cell |
818712336_24868-25299 | FuelCell Energy , a Connecticut - based fuel cell manufacturer , develops and sells MCFC fuel cells . The company says that their MCFC products range from 300 kW to 2.8 MW systems that achieve 47 % electrical efficiency and can utilize CHP technology to obtain higher overall efficiencies . One product , the DFC - ERG , is combined with a gas turbine and , according to the company , it achieves an electrical efficiency of 65 % . | Fuel cell |
818712336_25336-25602 | The electric storage fuel cell is a conventional battery chargeable by electric power input , using the conventional electro - chemical effect . However , the battery further includes hydrogen ( and oxygen ) inputs for alternatively charging the battery chemically . | Fuel cell |
818712336_25642-28395 | Fuel cell name Electrolyte Qualified power ( W ) Working temperature ( ° C ) Efficiency ( cell ) Efficiency ( system ) Status Cost ( USD / W ) Metal hydride fuel cell Aqueous alkaline solution 0 ! > - 20 ( 50 % P @ 0 ° C ) Commercial / Research Electro - galvanic fuel cell Aqueous alkaline solution 39 ! < 40 Commercial / Research Direct formic acid fuel cell ( DFAFC ) Polymer membrane ( ionomer ) 49 ! < 50 W 39 ! < 40 Commercial / Research Zinc -- air battery Aqueous alkaline solution 39 ! < 40 Mass production Microbial fuel cell Polymer membrane or humic acid 39 ! < 40 Research Upflow microbial fuel cell ( UMFC ) 39 ! < 40 Research Regenerative fuel cell Polymer membrane ( ionomer ) 49 ! < 50 Commercial / Research Direct borohydride fuel cell Aqueous alkaline solution 70 Commercial Alkaline fuel cell Aqueous alkaline solution 10000 ! 10 -- 200 kW 79 ! < 80 65 % ! 60 -- 70 % 62 % Commercial / Research Direct methanol fuel cell Polymer membrane ( ionomer ) 0.1 ! 100 mW -- 1 kW 105 ! 90 -- 120 25 % ! 20 -- 30 % 15 % ! 10 -- 25 % Commercial / Research 125 Reformed methanol fuel cell Polymer membrane ( ionomer ) 5 ! 5 W -- 100 kW 200 ! 250 -- 300 ( Reformer ) 125 -- 200 ( PBI ) 55 % ! 50 -- 60 % 33 % ! 25 -- 40 % Commercial / Research Direct - ethanol fuel cell Polymer membrane ( ionomer ) 0 ! < 140 mW / cm2 26 ! > 25 ? 90 -- 120 Research Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Polymer membrane ( ionomer ) 100 ! 1 W -- 500 kW 125 ! 50 -- 100 ( Nafion ) 120 -- 200 ( PBI ) 60 % ! 50 -- 70 % 40 % ! 30 -- 50 % Commercial / Research 50 -- 100 RFC -- Redox Liquid electrolytes with redox shuttle and polymer membrane ( Ionomer ) 1000 ! 1 kW -- 10 MW Research Phosphoric acid fuel cell Molten phosphoric acid ( H PO ) 999999 ! < 10 MW 175 ! 150 - 200 55 % 40 % ! 40 % Co-Gen : 90 % Commercial / Research 4 -- 4.50 Solid acid fuel cell H - conducting oxyanion salt ( solid acid ) 505 ! 10 W - 1 kW 250 ! 200 - 300 58 ! 55 - 60 % 42 ! 40 - 45 % Commercial / Research Molten carbonate fuel cell Molten alkaline carbonate 100000000 ! 100 MW 625 ! 600 -- 650 55 % 45 - 55 % Commercial / Research Tubular solid oxide fuel cell ( TSOFC ) O - conducting ceramic oxide 99999999 ! < 100 MW 975 ! 850 -- 1100 63 % ! 60 -- 65 % 57 % ! 55 -- 60 % Commercial / Research Protonic ceramic fuel cell H - conducting ceramic oxide 700 Research Direct carbon fuel cell Several different 775 ! 700 -- 850 80 % 70 % Commercial / Research Planar Solid oxide fuel cell O - conducting ceramic oxide 99999999 ! < 100 MW 975 ! 500 -- 1100 63 % ! 60 -- 65 % 57 % ! 55 -- 60 % Commercial / Research Enzymatic Biofuel Cells Any that will not denature the enzyme 39 ! < 40 Research Magnesium - Air Fuel Cell Salt water - 20 ! − 20 to 55 90 % ! 90 % Commercial / Research | Fuel cell |
818712336_28472-31660 | Anode : The electrode at which oxidation ( a loss of electrons ) takes place . For fuel cells and other galvanic cells , the anode is the negative terminal ; for electrolytic cells ( where electrolysis occurs ) , the anode is the positive terminal . Aqueous solution : a : of , relating to , or resembling water b : made from , with , or by water . Catalyst : A chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed ; after the reaction , it can potentially be recovered from the reaction mixture and is chemically unchanged . The catalyst lowers the activation energy required , allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly or at a lower temperature . In a fuel cell , the catalyst facilitates the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen . It is usually made of platinum powder very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth . The catalyst is rough and porous so the maximum surface area of the platinum can be exposed to the hydrogen or oxygen . The platinum - coated side of the catalyst faces the membrane in the fuel cell . Cathode : The electrode at which reduction ( a gain of electrons ) occurs . For fuel cells and other galvanic cells , the cathode is the positive terminal ; for electrolytic cells ( where electrolysis occurs ) , the cathode is the negative terminal . Electrolyte : A substance that conducts charged ions from one electrode to the other in a fuel cell , battery , or electrolyzer . Fuel Cell Stack : Individual fuel cells connected in a series . Fuel cells are stacked to increase voltage . Matrix : something within or from which something else originates , develops , or takes form . Membrane : The separating layer in a fuel cell that acts as electrolyte ( an ion - exchanger ) as well as a barrier film separating the gases in the anode and cathode compartments of the fuel cell . Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell ( MCFC ) : A type of fuel cell that contains a molten carbonate electrolyte . Carbonate ions ( CO ) are transported from the cathode to the anode . Operating temperatures are typically near 650 ° C . Phosphoric acid fuel cell ( PAFC ) : A type of fuel cell in which the electrolyte consists of concentrated phosphoric acid ( H PO ) . Protons ( H+ ) are transported from the anode to the cathode . The operating temperature range is generally 160 -- 220 ° C . Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ( PEM ) : A fuel cell incorporating a solid polymer membrane used as its electrolyte . Protons ( H+ ) are transported from the anode to the cathode . The operating temperature range is generally 60 -- 100 ° C . Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ( SOFC ) : A type of fuel cell in which the electrolyte is a solid , nonporous metal oxide , typically zirconium oxide ( ZrO ) treated with Y O , and O is transported from the cathode to the anode . Any CO in the reformate gas is oxidized to CO at the anode . Temperatures of operation are typically 800 -- 1,000 ° C . Solution : a : an act or the process by which a solid , liquid , or gaseous substance is homogeneously mixed with a liquid or sometimes a gas or solid , b : a homogeneous mixture formed by this process ; especially : a single - phase liquid system , c : the condition of being dissolved | Fuel cell |
818712336_31754-32651 | The energy efficiency of a system or device that converts energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system ( `` output energy '' ) to the total amount of energy that is put in ( `` input energy '' ) or by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy . In the case of fuel cells , useful output energy is measured in electrical energy produced by the system . Input energy is the energy stored in the fuel . According to the U.S. Department of Energy , fuel cells are generally between 40 -- 60 % energy efficient . This is higher than some other systems for energy generation . For example , the typical internal combustion engine of a car is about 25 % energy efficient . In combined heat and power ( CHP ) systems , the heat produced by the fuel cell is captured and put to use , increasing the efficiency of the system to up to 85 -- 90 % . | Fuel cell |
818712336_32652-33330 | The theoretical maximum efficiency of any type of power generation system is never reached in practice , and it does not consider other steps in power generation , such as production , transportation and storage of fuel and conversion of the electricity into mechanical power . However , this calculation allows the comparison of different types of power generation . The maximum theoretical energy efficiency of a fuel cell is 83 % , operating at low power density and using pure hydrogen and oxygen as reactants ( assuming no heat recapture ) According to the World Energy Council , this compares with a maximum theoretical efficiency of 58 % for internal combustion engines . | Fuel cell |
818712336_33352-33788 | In a fuel - cell vehicle the tank - to - wheel efficiency is greater than 45 % at low loads and shows average values of about 36 % when a driving cycle like the NEDC ( New European Driving Cycle ) is used as test procedure . The comparable NEDC value for a Diesel vehicle is 22 % . In 2008 Honda released a demonstration fuel cell electric vehicle ( the Honda FCX Clarity ) with fuel stack claiming a 60 % tank - to - wheel efficiency . | Fuel cell |
818712336_33789-34964 | It is also important to take losses due to fuel production , transportation , and storage into account . Fuel cell vehicles running on compressed hydrogen may have a power - plant - to - wheel efficiency of 22 % if the hydrogen is stored as high - pressure gas , and 17 % if it is stored as liquid hydrogen . Fuel cells can not store energy like a battery , except as hydrogen , but in some applications , such as stand - alone power plants based on discontinuous sources such as solar or wind power , they are combined with electrolyzers and storage systems to form an energy storage system . Most hydrogen , however , is produced by steam methane reforming , and so most hydrogen production emits carbon dioxide . The overall efficiency ( electricity to hydrogen and back to electricity ) of such plants ( known as round - trip efficiency ) , using pure hydrogen and pure oxygen can be `` from 35 up to 50 percent '' , depending on gas density and other conditions . While a much cheaper lead -- acid battery might return about 90 % , the electrolyzer / fuel cell system can store indefinite quantities of hydrogen , and is therefore better suited for long - term storage . | Fuel cell |
818712336_34965-35422 | Solid - oxide fuel cells produce heat from the recombination of the oxygen and hydrogen . The ceramic can run as hot as 800 degrees Celsius . This heat can be captured and used to heat water in a micro combined heat and power ( m - CHP ) application . When the heat is captured , total efficiency can reach 80 -- 90 % at the unit , but does not consider production and distribution losses . CHP units are being developed today for the European home market . | Fuel cell |
818712336_35423-36368 | Professor Jeremy P. Meyers , in the Electrochemical Society journal Interface in 2008 , wrote , `` While fuel cells are efficient relative to combustion engines , they are not as efficient as batteries , due primarily to the inefficiency of the oxygen reduction reaction ( and ... the oxygen evolution reaction , should the hydrogen be formed by electrolysis of water ) ... ( T ) hey make the most sense for operation disconnected from the grid , or when fuel can be provided continuously . For applications that require frequent and relatively rapid start - ups ... where zero emissions are a requirement , as in enclosed spaces such as warehouses , and where hydrogen is considered an acceptable reactant , a ( PEM fuel cell ) is becoming an increasingly attractive choice ( if exchanging batteries is inconvenient ) '' . In 2013 military organisations are evaluating fuel cells to significantly reduce the battery weight carried by soldiers . | Fuel cell |
818712336_36482-37149 | Stationary fuel cells are used for commercial , industrial and residential primary and backup power generation . Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations , such as spacecraft , remote weather stations , large parks , communications centers , rural locations including research stations , and in certain military applications . A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact and lightweight , and have no major moving parts . Because fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion , in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999 % reliability . This equates to less than one minute of downtime in a six - year period . | Fuel cell |
818712336_37150-38286 | Since fuel cell electrolyzer systems do not store fuel in themselves , but rather rely on external storage units , they can be successfully applied in large - scale energy storage , rural areas being one example . There are many different types of stationary fuel cells so efficiencies vary , but most are between 40 % and 60 % energy efficient . However , when the fuel cell 's waste heat is used to heat a building in a cogeneration system this efficiency can increase to 85 % . This is significantly more efficient than traditional coal power plants , which are only about one third energy efficient . Assuming production at scale , fuel cells could save 20 -- 40 % on energy costs when used in cogeneration systems . Fuel cells are also much cleaner than traditional power generation ; a fuel cell power plant using natural gas as a hydrogen source would create less than one ounce of pollution ( other than CO ) for every 1,000 kW h produced , compared to 25 pounds of pollutants generated by conventional combustion systems . Fuel Cells also produce 97 % less nitrogen oxide emissions than conventional coal - fired power plants . | Fuel cell |
818712336_38287-38792 | One such pilot program is operating on Stuart Island in Washington State . There the Stuart Island Energy Initiative has built a complete , closed - loop system : Solar panels power an electrolyzer , which makes hydrogen . The hydrogen is stored in a 500 - U.S. - gallon ( 1,900 L ) tank at 200 pounds per square inch ( 1,400 kPa ) , and runs a ReliOn fuel cell to provide full electric back - up to the off - the - grid residence . Another closed system loop was unveiled in late 2011 in Hempstead , NY . | Fuel cell |
818712336_38793-39014 | Fuel cells can be used with low - quality gas from landfills or waste - water treatment plants to generate power and lower methane emissions . A 2.8 MW fuel cell plant in California is said to be the largest of the type . | Fuel cell |
818712336_39037-39769 | Combined heat and power ( CHP ) fuel cell systems , including Micro combined heat and power ( MicroCHP ) systems are used to generate both electricity and heat for homes ( see home fuel cell ) , office building and factories . The system generates constant electric power ( selling excess power back to the grid when it is not consumed ) , and at the same time produces hot air and water from the waste heat . As the result CHP systems have the potential to save primary energy as they can make use of waste heat which is generally rejected by thermal energy conversion systems . A typical capacity range of home fuel cell is 1 -- 3 kW / 4 -- 8 kW . CHP systems linked to absorption chillers use their waste heat for refrigeration . | Fuel cell |
818712336_39770-40037 | The waste heat from fuel cells can be diverted during the summer directly into the ground providing further cooling while the waste heat during winter can be pumped directly into the building . The University of Minnesota owns the patent rights to this type of system | Fuel cell |
818712336_40038-40775 | Co-generation systems can reach 85 % efficiency ( 40 -- 60 % electric + remainder as thermal ) . Phosphoric - acid fuel cells ( PAFC ) comprise the largest segment of existing CHP products worldwide and can provide combined efficiencies close to 90 % . Molten Carbonate ( MCFC ) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( SOFC ) are also used for combined heat and power generation and have electrical energy efficiences around 60 % . Disadvantages of co-generation systems include slow ramping up and down rates , high cost and short lifetime . Also their need to have a hot water storage tank to smooth out the thermal heat production was a serious disadvantage in the domestic market place where space in domestic properties is at a great premium . | Fuel cell |
818712336_40776-41123 | Delta - ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64 % of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012 . The Japanese ENE FARM project will pass 100,000 FC mCHP systems in 2014 , 34.213 PEMFC and 2.224 SOFC were installed in the period 2012 - 2014 , 30,000 units on LNG and 6,000 on LPG . | Fuel cell |
818712336_41368-43074 | As of 2015 , two fuel cell vehicles have been introduced for commercial lease and sale in limited quantities : the Toyota Mirai and the Hyundai ix35 FCEV . Additional demonstration models include the Honda FCX Clarity , and Mercedes - Benz F - Cell . As of June 2011 demonstration FCEVs had driven more than 4,800,000 km ( 3,000,000 mi ) , with more than 27,000 refuelings . Demonstration fuel cell vehicles have been produced with `` a driving range of more than 400 km ( 250 mi ) between refueling '' . They can be refueled in less than 5 minutes . The U.S. Department of Energy 's Fuel Cell Technology Program claims that , as of 2011 , fuel cells achieved 53 -- 59 % efficiency at one - quarter power and 42 -- 53 % vehicle efficiency at full power , and a durability of over 120,000 km ( 75,000 mi ) with less than 10 % degradation . In a Well - to - Wheels simulation analysis that `` did not address the economics and market constraints '' , General Motors and its partners estimated that per mile traveled , a fuel cell electric vehicle running on compressed gaseous hydrogen produced from natural gas could use about 40 % less energy and emit 45 % less greenhouse gasses than an internal combustion vehicle . A lead engineer from the Department of Energy whose team is testing fuel cell cars said in 2011 that the potential appeal is that `` these are full - function vehicles with no limitations on range or refueling rate so they are a direct replacement for any vehicle . For instance , if you drive a full sized SUV and pull a boat up into the mountains , you can do that with this technology and you ca n't with current battery - only vehicles , which are more geared toward city driving . '' | Fuel cell |
818712336_43075-43691 | In 2014 , Toyota introduced its first fuel cell vehicle in Japan , the Mirai , at a price of less than US $100,000 , although former European Parliament President Pat Cox estimates that Toyota will initially lose about $100,000 on each Mirai sold . Hyundai introduced the limited production Hyundai ix35 FCEV . Other manufacturers that announced intentions to sell fuel cell electric vehicles commercially by 2016 included General Motors , Honda , Mercedes - Benz , and Nissan , but by 2017 , most of the automobile companies developing hydrogen cars had switched their focus to battery electric vehicles . Criticism | Fuel cell |
818712336_43701-44654 | Some experts believe that hydrogen fuel cell cars will never become economically competitive with other technologies or that it will take decades for them to become profitable . Elon Musk stated in 2015 that fuel cells for use in cars will never be commercially viable because of the inefficiency of producing , transporting and storing hydrogen and the flammability of the gas , among other reasons . Professor Jeremy P. Meyers estimated in 2008 that cost reductions over a production ramp - up period will take about 20 years after fuel - cell cars are introduced before they will be able to compete commercially with current market technologies , including gasoline internal combustion engines . In 2011 , the chairman and CEO of General Motors , Daniel Akerson , stated that while the cost of hydrogen fuel cell cars is decreasing : `` The car is still too expensive and probably wo n't be practical until the 2020 - plus period , I do n't know . '' | Fuel cell |
818712336_44655-46169 | In 2012 , Lux Research , Inc. issued a report that stated : `` The dream of a hydrogen economy ... is no nearer '' . It concluded that `` Capital cost ... will limit adoption to a mere 5.9 GW '' by 2030 , providing `` a nearly insurmountable barrier to adoption , except in niche applications '' . The analysis concluded that , by 2030 , PEM stationary market will reach $1 billion , while the vehicle market , including forklifts , will reach a total of $2 billion . Other analyses cite the lack of an extensive hydrogen infrastructure in the U.S. as an ongoing challenge to Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle commercialization . In 2006 , a study for the IEEE showed that for hydrogen produced via electrolysis of water : `` Only about 25 % of the power generated from wind , water , or sun is converted to practical use . '' The study further noted that `` Electricity obtained from hydrogen fuel cells appears to be four times as expensive as electricity drawn from the electrical transmission grid ... Because of the high energy losses ( hydrogen ) can not compete with electricity . '' Furthermore , the study found : `` Natural gas reforming is not a sustainable solution '' . `` The large amount of energy required to isolate hydrogen from natural compounds ( water , natural gas , biomass ) , package the light gas by compression or liquefaction , transfer the energy carrier to the user , plus the energy lost when it is converted to useful electricity with fuel cells , leaves around 25 % for practical use . '' | Fuel cell |
818712336_46170-47325 | Joseph Romm , the author of The Hype About Hydrogen ( 2005 ) , devoted two articles in 2014 to updating his critique of the use of fuel cells in cars . He stated that FCVs still had not overcome the following issues : high cost of the vehicles , high fueling cost , and a lack of fuel - delivery infrastructure . `` It would take several miracles to overcome all of those problems simultaneously in the coming decades . '' Most importantly , he said , `` FCVs are n't green '' because of escaping methane during natural gas extraction and when hydrogen is produced , as 95 % of it is , using the steam reforming process . He concluded that renewable energy can not economically be used to make hydrogen for an FCV fleet `` either now or in the future . '' Greentech Media 's analyst reached similar conclusions in 2014 . In 2015 , Clean Technica listed some of the disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles . So did Car Throttle . Another Clean Technica writer concluded , `` while hydrogen may have a part to play in the world of energy storage ( especially seasonal storage ) , it looks like a dead end when it comes to mainstream vehicles . '' Buses | Fuel cell |
818712336_47372-47942 | As of August 2011 , there were a total of approximately 100 fuel cell buses deployed around the world . Most buses are produced by UTC Power , Toyota , Ballard , Hydrogenics , and Proton Motor . UTC buses had accumulated over 970,000 km ( 600,000 mi ) of driving by 2011 . Fuel cell buses have a 39 -- 141 % higher fuel economy than diesel buses and natural gas buses . Fuel cell buses have been deployed around the world including in Whistler , Canada ; San Francisco , United States ; Hamburg , Germany ; Shanghai , China ; London , England ; and São Paulo , Brazil . | Fuel cell |
818712336_47943-48050 | The Fuel Cell Bus Club is a global cooperative effort in trial fuel cell buses . Notable projects include : | Fuel cell |
818712336_48051-48425 | 12 fuel cell buses are being deployed in the Oakland and San Francisco Bay area of California . Daimler AG , with 36 experimental buses powered by Ballard Power Systems fuel cells , completed a successful three - year trial in eleven cities , in January 2007 . A fleet of Thor buses with UTC Power fuel cells was deployed in California , operated by SunLine Transit Agency . | Fuel cell |
818712336_48426-48795 | The first Brazilian hydrogen fuel cell bus prototype in Brazil was deployed in São Paulo . The bus was manufactured in Caxias do Sul and the hydrogen fuel will be produced in São Bernardo do Campo from water through electrolysis . The program , called `` Ônibus Brasileiro a Hidrogênio '' ( Brazilian Hydrogen Autobus ) , includes three additional buses . Forklifts | Fuel cell |
818712336_48805-49611 | A fuel cell forklift ( also called a fuel cell lift truck ) is a fuel cell - powered industrial forklift truck used to lift and transport materials . In 2013 there were over 4,000 fuel cell forklifts used in material handling in the US , of which only 500 received funding from DOE ( 2012 ) . The global market is 1 million fork lifts per year . Fuel cell fleets are operated by various companies , including Sysco Foods , FedEx Freight , GENCO ( at Wegmans , Coca - Cola , Kimberly Clark , and Whole Foods ) , and H-E-B Grocers . Europe demonstrated 30 fuel cell forklifts with Hylift and extended it with HyLIFT - EUROPE to 200 units , with other projects in France and Austria . Pike Research stated in 2011 that fuel cell - powered forklifts will be the largest driver of hydrogen fuel demand by 2020 . | Fuel cell |
818712336_49612-50188 | Most companies in Europe and the US do not use petroleum - powered forklifts , as these vehicles work indoors where emissions must be controlled and instead use electric forklifts . Fuel cell - powered forklifts can provide benefits over battery - powered forklifts as they can work for a full 8 - hour shift on a single tank of hydrogen and can be refueled in 3 minutes . Fuel cell - powered forklifts can be used in refrigerated warehouses , as their performance is not degraded by lower temperatures . The FC units are often designed as drop - in replacements . Motorcycles | Fuel cell |
818712336_50211-50634 | In 2005 a British manufacturer of hydrogen - powered fuel cells , Intelligent Energy ( IE ) , produced the first working hydrogen run motorcycle called the ENV ( Emission Neutral Vehicle ) . The motorcycle holds enough fuel to run for four hours , and to travel 160 km ( 100 mi ) in an urban area , at a top speed of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) . In 2004 Honda developed a fuel - cell motorcycle that utilized the Honda FC Stack . | Fuel cell |
818712336_50635-51040 | Other examples of motorbikes and bicycles that use hydrogen fuel cells include the Taiwanese company APFCT 's scooter using the fueling system from Italy 's Acta SpA and the Suzuki Burgman scooter with an IE fuel cell that received EU Whole Vehicle Type Approval in 2011 . Suzuki Motor Corp. and IE have announced a joint venture to accelerate the commercialization of zero - emission vehicles . Airplanes | Fuel cell |
818712336_51050-51685 | Boeing researchers and industry partners throughout Europe conducted experimental flight tests in February 2008 of a manned airplane powered only by a fuel cell and lightweight batteries . The fuel cell demonstrator airplane , as it was called , used a proton exchange membrane ( PEM ) fuel cell / lithium - ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor , which was coupled to a conventional propeller . In 2003 , the world 's first propeller - driven airplane to be powered entirely by a fuel cell was flown . The fuel cell was a stack design that allowed the fuel cell to be integrated with the plane 's aerodynamic surfaces . | Fuel cell |
818712336_51686-52292 | Fuel cell - powered unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAV ) include a Horizon fuel cell UAV that set the record distance flown for a small UAV in 2007 . The military is interested in this application because of its low noise , low thermal signature and ability to attain high altitude . In 2009 the Naval Research Laboratory 's ( NRL 's ) Ion Tiger utilized a hydrogen - powered fuel cell and flew for 23 hours and 17 minutes . Fuel cells are also in use to provide auxiliary power in aircraft , replacing fossil fuel generators that were previously used to start the engines and power on board electrical needs . | Fuel cell |
818712336_52293-52879 | In January 2016 a Raptor E1 drone made a successful test flight using a fuel cell that was lighter than the lithium - ion battery it replaced . The flight lasted 10 minutes at an altitude of 80 metres ( 260 ft ) , although the fuel cell reportedly had enough fuel to fly for two hours . The fuel was contained in approximately 100 solid 1 square centimetre ( 0.16 sq in ) pellets composed of a proprietary chemical within an unpressurized cartridge . The pellets are physically robust and operate at temperatures as warm as 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) . The cell was from Arcola Energy . Boats | Fuel cell |
818712336_52966-53346 | The world 's first fuel - cell boat HYDRA used an AFC system with 6.5 kW net output . Iceland has committed to converting its vast fishing fleet to use fuel cells to provide auxiliary power by 2015 and , eventually , to provide primary power in its boats . Amsterdam recently introduced its first fuel cell - powered boat that ferries people around the city 's canals . Submarines | Fuel cell |
818712336_53356-53487 | The Type 212 submarines of the German and Italian navies use fuel cells to remain submerged for weeks without the need to surface . | Fuel cell |
818712336_53488-53969 | The U212A is a non-nuclear submarine developed by German naval shipyard Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft . The system consists of nine PEM fuel cells , providing between 30 kW and 50 kW each . The ship is silent , giving it an advantage in the detection of other submarines . A naval paper has theorized about the possibility of a nuclear - fuel cell hybrid whereby the fuel cell is used when silent operations are required and then replenished from the Nuclear reactor ( and water ) . | Fuel cell |
818712336_54002-54483 | Portable power systems that use fuel cells can be used in the leisure sector ( i.e. RVs , cabins , marine ) , the industrial sector ( i.e. power for remote locations including gas / oil wellsites , communication towers , security , weather stations ) , and in the military sector . SFC Energy is a German manufacturer of direct methanol fuel cells for a variety of portable power systems . Ensol Systems Inc. is an integrator of portable power systems , using the SFC Energy DMFC . | Fuel cell |
818712336_54512-56030 | Providing power for base stations or cell sites Distributed generation Emergency power systems are a type of fuel cell system , which may include lighting , generators and other apparatus , to provide backup resources in a crisis or when regular systems fail . They find uses in a wide variety of settings from residential homes to hospitals , scientific laboratories , data centers , telecommunication equipment and modern naval ships . An uninterrupted power supply ( UPS ) provides emergency power and , depending on the topology , provide line regulation as well to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available . Unlike a standby generator , it can provide instant protection from a momentary power interruption . Base load power plants Solar Hydrogen Fuel Cell Water Heating Hybrid vehicles , pairing the fuel cell with either an ICE or a battery . Notebook computers for applications where AC charging may not be readily available . Portable charging docks for small electronics ( e.g. a belt clip that charges a cell phone or PDA ) . Smartphones , laptops and tablets . Small heating appliances Food preservation , achieved by exhausting the oxygen and automatically maintaining oxygen exhaustion in a shipping container , containing , for example , fresh fish . Breathalyzers , where the amount of voltage generated by a fuel cell is used to determine the concentration of fuel ( alcohol ) in the sample . Carbon monoxide detector , electrochemical sensor . | Fuel cell |
818712336_56138-56491 | In 2013 , The New York Times reported that there were `` 10 hydrogen stations available to the public in the entire United States : one in Columbia , S.C. , eight in Southern California and the one in Emeryville '' . As of December 2016 , there were 31 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations in the US , 28 of which were located in California . | Fuel cell |
818712336_56492-56822 | A public hydrogen refueling station in Iceland operated from 2003 to 2007 . It served three buses in the public transport net of Reykjavík . The station produced its own hydrogen with an electrolyzing unit . The 14 stations in Germany were planned to be expanded to 50 by 2015 through its public -- private partnership Now GMBH . | Fuel cell |
818712336_56823-57001 | By May 2017 , there were 91 hydrogen fueling stations in Japan . As of 2016 , Norway planned to build a network of hydrogen stations between the major cities , starting in 2017 . | Fuel cell |
818712336_57087-58216 | In 2012 , fuel cell industry revenues exceeded $1 billion market value worldwide , with Asian pacific countries shipping more than 3 / 4 of the fuel cell systems worldwide . However , as of January 2014 , no public company in the industry had yet become profitable . There were 140,000 fuel cell stacks shipped globally in 2010 , up from 11,000 shipments in 2007 , and from 2011 to 2012 worldwide fuel cell shipments had an annual growth rate of 85 % . Tanaka Kikinzoku expanded its manufacturing facilities in 2011 . Approximately 50 % of fuel cell shipments in 2010 were stationary fuel cells , up from about a third in 2009 , and the four dominant producers in the Fuel Cell Industry were the United States , Germany , Japan and South Korea . The Department of Energy Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance found that , as of January 2011 , stationary fuel cells generated power at approximately $724 to $775 per kilowatt installed . In 2011 , Bloom Energy , a major fuel cell supplier , said that its fuel cells generated power at 9 -- 11 cents per kilowatt - hour , including the price of fuel , maintenance , and hardware . | Fuel cell |
818712336_58217-58912 | Industry groups predict that there are sufficient platinum resources for future demand , and in 2007 , research at Brookhaven National Laboratory suggested that platinum could be replaced by a gold - palladium coating , which may be less susceptible to poisoning and thereby improve fuel cell lifetime . Another method would use iron and sulphur instead of platinum . This would lower the cost of a fuel cell ( as the platinum in a regular fuel cell costs around US $1,500 , and the same amount of iron costs only around US $1.50 ) . The concept was being developed by a coalition of the John Innes Centre and the University of Milan - Bicocca . PEDOT cathodes are immune to monoxide poisoning . | Fuel cell |
818712336_58913-59035 | In 2016 , Samsung `` decided to drop fuel cell - related business projects , as the outlook of the market is n't good '' . | Fuel cell |
818712336_59070-60219 | 2005 : Georgia Institute of Technology researchers used triazole to raise the operating temperature of PEM fuel cells from below 100 ° C to over 125 ° C , claiming this will require less carbon - monoxide purification of the hydrogen fuel . 2008 : Monash University , Melbourne used PEDOT as a cathode . 2009 : Researchers at the University of Dayton , in Ohio , showed that arrays of vertically grown carbon nanotubes could be used as the catalyst in fuel cells . The same year , a nickel bisdiphosphine - based catalyst for fuel cells was demonstrated . 2013 : British firm ACAL Energy developed a fuel cell that it said can run for 10,000 hours in simulated driving conditions . It asserted that the cost of fuel cell construction can be reduced to $40 / kW ( roughly $9,000 for 300 HP ) . 2014 : Researchers in Imperial College London developed a new method for regeneration of hydrogen sulfide contaminated PEFCs . They recovered 95 -- 100 % of the original performance of a hydrogen sulfide contaminated PEFC . They were successful in rejuvenating a SO contaminated PEFC too . This regeneration method is applicable to multiple cell stacks . | Fuel cell |
838544298_211-886 | hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is missing information about the book 's themes and development . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | It (novel) |
838544298_887-1171 | It First - edition cover Author Stephen King Cover artist Bob Giusti ( illustration ) Amy Hill ( lettering ) Country United States Language English Genre Horror Thriller Coming - of - age story Publisher Viking Publication date September 15 , 1986 Pages 1,138 ISBN 0 - 670 - 81302 - 8 | It (novel) |
838544298_1172-1585 | It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King . It was his 22nd book , and his 18th novel written under his own name . The story follows the experiences of seven children as they are terrorized by an entity that exploits the fears and phobias of its victims to disguise itself while hunting its prey . `` It '' primarily appears in the form of a clown to attract its preferred prey of young children . | It (novel) |
838544298_1586-1978 | The novel is told through narratives alternating between two periods , and is largely told in the third - person omniscient mode . It deals with themes that eventually became King staples : the power of memory , childhood trauma and its recurrent echoes in adulthood , the ugliness lurking behind a façade of small - town quaintness , and overcoming evil through mutual trust and sacrifice . | It (novel) |
838544298_1979-2394 | King has stated that he first conceived the story in 1978 , and began writing it in 1981 . He also stated that he originally wanted the title character to be a troll like the one in the children 's story Three Billy Goats Gruff , but who inhabited the local sewer system rather than just the area beneath one bridge . He also wanted the story to interweave the stories of children and the adults they later become . | It (novel) |
838544298_2395-2768 | The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987 , and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year . Publishers Weekly listed It as the best - selling book in the United States in 1986 . It has been adapted into a 1990 two - part miniseries directed by Tommy Lee Wallace , and into a 2017 film and its 2019 sequel directed by Andy Muschietti . | It (novel) |
838544298_3036-3648 | During a heavy rainstorm in Derry , Maine , six - year - old George `` Georgie '' Denbrough is chasing a paper boat that was gifted to him by his brother , Bill , down a gutter . The boat is washed down a storm drain and Georgie peers in , seeing a pair of glowing yellow eyes . Georgie is confronted by a man dressed in a silver clown suit who introduces himself as `` Mr. Bob Gray '' , a.k.a. `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . Pennywise offers Georgie a balloon which he cautiously refuses . The clown then entices Georgie to reach into the drain to retrieve his boat and severs his arm , causing his death . | It (novel) |
838544298_3649-4251 | The following June , Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom , an overweight eleven - year - old boy , is harassed by a gang of bullies led by the feared Henry Bowers . On the last day of school , Ben hides from his tormentors in the Barrens after an altercation with the `` Bowers Gang '' . Ben befriends Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak , and William `` Bill '' Denbrough . The three boys later befriend fellow misfits Richard `` Richie '' Tozier , Stanley `` Stan '' Uris , and Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh , forming the `` Losers Club '' . In July of the same summer , the Losers are joined by Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon . | It (novel) |
838544298_4252-4904 | As the summer draws on , the Losers realize that they have each had an encounter with a seemingly omniscient , alien shape - shifting entity that takes the form of whatever they fear the most : Ben as a mummy , Eddie as a leper , Bill as Georgie 's ghost , Richie as a werewolf , Stan as two drowned boys , Mike as a flesh eating bird , and Beverly as a fountain of blood spurting from her bathroom sink . Due to the unknown origin of the monster , the Losers refer to the creature as `` It '' and link It with a series of recent child murders , including that of Edward `` Eddie '' Corcoran who is killed by the monster in the form of the Gill - man . | It (novel) |
838544298_4905-5372 | The Losers begin to suspect that It has control over Derry due to the number of unsolved disappearances and violent tragedies that go unnoticed or seem to be forgotten by the adults in the town . They begin to investigate It 's origins , discovering that It arrived in Derry millions of years ago . The Losers also learned that It awakens every 27 years from a slumber in the town 's sewers , usually after a terrible event or tragedy , and feeds for 12 - 16 months . | It (novel) |
838544298_5373-5938 | The Losers decide to put an end to It and Ben makes two silver slugs out of a silver dollar , believing that silver will harm It . The kids go to the house on Neibolt Street where Eddie , Bill , and Richie had previously encountered It . It attacks them in the form of a werewolf and Beverly shoots a slug from Bill 's slingshot , injuring It , and causing It to flee back to the sewers . Henry , accompanied by his two closest friends , Victor `` Vic '' Criss and Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , chase the Losers into the sewers with the intention of killing them . | It (novel) |
838544298_5939-6273 | The narrative changes and `` It '' informs the reader that it existed originally in a void between our universe and others in a dimension known as the Macroverse , boasting of It 's superiority to anything on Earth . It also explains that it chooses to prey on children because their fears are easier to interpret in a physical form . | It (novel) |
838544298_6274-7352 | Back in the sewers , It attacks the three bullies in the form of Frankenstein 's monster , ripping Vic 's head off and mutilating Belch 's face . Henry , driven insane , chases the Losers and gets lost . He eventually washes out of the sewers into a nearby river and is blamed for all of the child murders . Meanwhile , Bill discovers the `` Ritual of Chüd '' , allowing him to enter the Macroverse to confront It and discover It 's true form ; a mass of destructive orange lights referred to as the `` Deadlights '' . During the ritual , Bill also encounters `` The Turtle '' , the creator of the universe , who created It while vomiting after a stomach - ache . The Turtle explains that It can only be defeated during a battle of wills . With the help of The Turtle , Bill is able to defeat It and send it back to its slumber . After the battle , the Losers get lost in the sewers until Beverly has sex with all the boys to connect childhood and adulthood and bring unity back to the group . The Losers swear a blood oath to return to Derry , should It return in the future . | It (novel) |
838544298_7375-7856 | In July 1984 at the annual Derry carnival , three youths brutally attack a young gay man named Adrian Mellon and throw him off a bridge . They are arrested and charged with murder when Mellon 's mutilated corpse is found . One of the murderers claims that he saw a clown dressed in a silver suit kill Mellon underneath the bridge . Adrian 's partner , the other victim in the attack , had also noticed the clown but the prosecutors convince him not to mention it during the trial . | It (novel) |
838544298_7857-8759 | When a string of child murders occurs in Derry once again , an adult Mike Hanlon , now the town 's librarian and the only one of the Losers to remain in Derry , calls up the six former members of the Losers Club , all now in their thirties , and reminds them of their childhood promise to return should the killings start again . Bill Denbrough is now a successful horror writer living in England with his actress wife , Audra . Beverly Marsh is a fashion designer in Chicago , and is married to an abusive man named Tom Rogan . Eddie Kaspbrak has moved to New York City , where he runs a limousine rental company and has married a hysterical , codependent woman similar to his controlling mother . Richie Tozier lives in Los Angeles and works as a disc jockey . Ben Hanscom is now thin and a successful architect , living in Nebraska . Stan Uris is a wealthy accountant residing in Atlanta , Georgia . | It (novel) |
838544298_8760-9349 | Prior to Mike 's phone calls , the Losers had buried the horror of their encounters with It . However , all but Stan reluctantly agree to return to Derry . After Mike 's phone call , Stan is so terrified of facing It again that he slits his wrists in the bathtub , writing `` IT '' on the wall in his own blood . Tom refuses to let Beverly go and tries to beat her , but she lashes out at him before fleeing , causing him serious injury . The five return to Derry with only the dimmest awareness of why they are doing so , remembering only the absolute terror and their promise to return . | It (novel) |
838544298_9350-9987 | The Losers meet for lunch , where Mike reminds them that It awakens once roughly every 27 years for 12 -- 16 months at a time , feeding on children before going into slumber again . The group decides to kill It once and for all . At Mike 's suggestion , each person explores different parts of Derry to help restore their memories . While exploring , Eddie , Richie , Beverly , and Ben are faced with manifestations of It ( Eddie as Belch Huggins in leper form , Richie as a Paul Bunyan statue , Beverly as the witch from Hansel & Gretel and Ben as Dracula ) . Bill finds his childhood Schwinn , `` Silver '' , and brings it to Mike 's . | It (novel) |
838544298_9988-10493 | Three other people are also converging on the town : Audra , who is worried about Bill ; Tom , who plans to kill Beverly ; and Henry Bowers , who has escaped from Juniper Hill Mental Asylum with help from It . Mike and Henry have a violent confrontation at the library . Mike is nearly killed but Henry escapes , severely injured . Henry is driven to the hotel where It instructs him to kill the rest of the Losers . Henry attacks Eddie , breaking his arm once again , but in the fight , Henry is killed . | It (novel) |
838544298_10494-11882 | It appears to Tom and orders him to capture Audra . Tom brings Audra to its lair . Upon seeing It 's true form , Audra becomes catatonic and Tom drops dead from shock . Bill , Ben , Beverly , Richie , and Eddie learn that Mike is near death and realize they are being forced into another confrontation with It . They descend into the sewers and use their strength as a group to `` send energy '' to a hospitalized Mike , who fights off a nurse that is under the control of It . They reach its lair and find It has taken the form of a giant spider . Bill and Richie enter It 's mind through the Ritual of Chüd , and are able to injure It . Eddie helps successfully bring Bill and Richie back from the Ritual , but in the process It rips off Eddie 's arm , killing him . It runs away to tend to its injuries , but Bill , Richie , and Ben chase after It and find that It has laid eggs . Ben stays behind to destroy the eggs , while Bill and Richie head toward their final confrontation with It . Bill fights his way inside its body , locates It 's heart and destroys it . The group meets up to head out of its lair , and although they try to bring Audra and Eddie 's bodies with them , they are forced to leave Eddie behind . They make it to the surface and realize that the scars on their hands from when they were children have disappeared , indicating that their ordeal is finally over . | It (novel) |
838544298_11883-12764 | During the Ritual , the worst storm in Maine 's history sweeps through Derry , destroying most of the buildings as the downtown area collapses . Mike concludes that Derry is finally dying . Richie returns to LA , Ben and Beverly leave town together , and while Mike is in the hospital , Bill stays in Mike 's house to look after Audra in hopes she will snap out of her catatonic state . The Losers gradually begin to forget about It , Derry , and each other . Mike 's memory of his friends and events with It also begins to fade , as well as his Derry memoir and journal , much to his relief , and he considers starting a new life elsewhere . Before Bill leaves Derry , he takes Audra , still catatonic , for a ride on Silver , rushing through downtown Derry like he did as a kid . Audra awakens her from her catatonia with no recollection of what happened upon arriving in Maine . | It (novel) |
838544298_12785-13050 | This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) | It (novel) |
838544298_13076-13521 | The Losers Club is a group of seven eleven - year - old misfit children who are united by their unhappy lives . They share the same misery and torment from being the victims of a gang of local bullies led by the increasingly sociopathic Henry Bowers and band together as they struggle to overcome It . The seven children find themselves caught up in a nefarious situation , which they can not quite comprehend but against which they must fight . | It (novel) |
838544298_13522-20888 | William `` Bill '' Denbrough Bill is the leader and most self - assured member of the Losers Club as well as the main protagonist of the story . Feeling responsible for Georgie 's death , he seeks revenge on the monster . His parents have become cold and withdrawn towards him after the loss of their youngest son , and he secretly hopes the death of the murderer will awaken his parents to his presence again . He has a severe stutter , which has earned him the nickname `` Stuttering Bill '' . His mother attributes the stutter to a car accident that occurred when he was three years old , but his stutter is implied to be psychosomatic rather than physical : it worsens considerably after Georgie 's death , and fades during his teenage years entirely , returning suddenly when Bill returns to Derry in 1985 . He is the most determined and resourceful of the Losers and is their unofficial leader . It is Bill who eventually destroys It , engaging It in the Ritual of Chüd in both 1958 and 1985 , and eventually killing It 's physical form by ripping its heart out . As an adult , he becomes a successful writer and marries film star Audra Phillips , who bears a strong resemblance to Beverly . Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom Known as `` Haystack '' to his friends , Ben is a highly intelligent boy who , before joining the Losers Club , often spent his free time reading books at the public library . Due to childhood obesity he was the favorite victim of Henry Bowers , but later sheds the weight as an adult . His mechanical skills prove useful to the Losers , from making two silver slugs to building an underground clubhouse , and later attributes to his success as an internationally renowned architect . He develops a crush on Beverly Marsh as a child and the two leave Derry together after the 1985 defeat of It . Beverly Marsh An attractive and tomboyish redhead on whom each of the boys has a secret crush at some point during the story . She is the only girl in the group and comes from the poorest part of Derry . During her childhood she is frequently abused by her father , Alvin , while her mother , Elfrida is out working . As an adult , she becomes a successful fashion designer in Chicago , but endures several abusive relationships , culminating in her marriage to Tom Rogan , who sees her as an object of sex and frequently beats her . Following the destruction of It , she leaves Derry with Ben . Richard `` Richie '' Tozier Known as `` Trashmouth '' , Richie is the Losers ' self - appointed comic relief , always cracking jokes and doing impersonations or `` Voices '' , which proves to be a very powerful weapon against It . He is `` too intelligent for his own good '' which frequently leads to trouble . He is the most devoted to keeping the group together , as he sees seven as a magical number and believes the group should have no more , no less . In adulthood , he is a successful disc jockey in Los Angeles . As the DJ , he uses his once - annoying and unrealistic voices as one of his main attractions . He is extremely nearsighted and wears thick glasses as a child , but changes to contact lenses as an adult . He loses his contact lenses in an encounter with It and is forced to return to his glasses , one of several ways the Losers return to their childhood . Although it is unclear if he was the basis of the character 's name and occupation , Maine Public Radio has a music program hosted by a Rich Tozier . Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak Eddie is a frail and asthmatic hypochondriac , who carries his inhaler with him everywhere . His father died when he was very young , and his mother is domineering and constantly worries about his health . Later in the story , it is revealed that Eddie 's asthma is psychosomatic : the pharmacist has been giving him water instead of medicine in his inhaler . The root of Eddie 's problems is his mother , who has Munchausen syndrome by proxy . Her constant worrying about his health has been a way to manipulate him into caring for her . When Henry and his friends break his arm , his mother tries to prevent the Losers from visiting Eddie in the hospital and he finally stands up to her , telling her he is not as helpless as she thinks . As an adult , he runs a successful limousine business in New York City and is married to a Myra , who is very similar to his mother . In his return to Derry as an adult , he also finds the strength to defend himself from Henry Bowers , killing him with a broken bottle . In the altercation , he re-breaks his arm in the same spot as he did as a child . When facing It in the sewers , his arm is bitten off and he bleeds to death , ultimately dying in his friends ' arms . Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon Mike is the last to join the Losers . He is the only African - American in the group and lives with his parents on a large farm . He goes to a different school from the other kids due to his Baptist faith . Mike is racially persecuted by Henry Bowers , whose father holds a long - standing grudge against Mike 's father . Mike meets The Losers when they help him fight back against Bowers in a massive rock fight . His father kept an album filled with photos that were important to Derry 's history , including several of Pennywise the Dancing Clown . He is the only one of the Losers to stay behind in Derry ( and thus the only one to retain his memory of the events of 1958 ) and becomes the town librarian . He researches Derry history and It , and is the one who beckons the others back when the killings begin again in 1985 . Though he survives , Mike is seriously wounded by Henry and is unable to join the remaining Losers ( Bill , Ben , Bev , Eddie , and Richie ) in the final battle against It . He later recovers from his wounds but , like the others , starts to lose his memory of the experience . It was later revealed in Insomnia that Mike continued as a librarian and was the boss of one of that book 's primary characters in 1993 . Stanley Uris Stan is the most skeptical member of the Club . He is Jewish and is persecuted by Henry Bowers for this reason . Logic , order , and cleanliness are deeply ingrained in his psyche . He relies on logic more than anything else and is the least willing to accept that It actually exists . As an adult , he becomes a partner in a large Atlanta - based accounting firm and marries Patty Blum , a teacher . Upon receiving Mike 's phone call in 1985 , he commits suicide by slitting his wrists in the bathtub and writing `` IT '' in his blood on the wall . It is heavily implied that Stan was the only one aware that It was not only female but was also pregnant , hence he chose death over returning to Derry to face the ancient terror despite being the one to slice the Losers palms in a blood oath . It is also implied in the book that Stan remembers more about the children 's encounters with It than the others do , sometimes commenting on the Turtle and other events from his time in Derry , though he claims that he does n't remember what those phrases mean . It can be inferred throughout the story that he was psychic to a mild degree ( accurately predicting which job his wife should apply for , a higher sensitivity to Its activities , frequent references from the other Losers to his `` ordered mind '' ) . Besides blaming It for Georgie 's death , Bill also blames It for Stan 's death . | It (novel) |
838544298_20945-21500 | Described as a mysterious , eldritch demonic entity of evil , It is a monster of unknown origin that preys on Derry 's children and humans every twenty - seven years , stating It finds the fear in children akin to `` salt ( ing ) the meat '' . Among It 's powers is shapeshifting into a form that induces fear while killing the victim , normally assuming the form of a middle - aged man dressed in a clown costume , calling itself `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' and occasionally Bob or Robert Gray , modeled after Bozo , Clarabell and Ronald McDonald . | It (novel) |
838544298_21501-22125 | It can also manipulate people and use them as pawns in doing its bidding , either by assuming a form most familiar to them , promising them their desires or through subliminal influence . Because of this control over what happens in Derry , many of the child murders It commits are never solved ; the adults of Derry act as though either nothing is happening or they have forgotten about It . Its true form as perceived by the human eye is that of a giant spider that houses Its essence : namely writhing orange lights ( termed `` Deadlights '' ) , looking directly into which can either kill a person or drive them insane . | It (novel) |
838544298_22126-22853 | It 's awakening and returns to hibernation mark the greatest instances of violence during its time awake , such as the disappearance of over three hundred settlers from Derry Township in 1740 -- 43 . In 1957 , It awoke during a great storm which flooded part of the city , whereupon It went on a feeding spree , starting by murdering Georgie Denbrough . However , the Losers Club forced It to return to an early hibernation when heavily wounded by the young Bill Denbrough in the first Ritual of Chüd . As the story opens , It has awakened approximately 27 years later and is first seen when three bullies beat up a homosexual couple , Adrian Mellon and Don Hagarty . It kills Adrian after the bullies throw him off a bridge . | It (novel) |
838544298_22854-23724 | When the adult members of the Losers Club gather , It recognizes them as a threat and resolves to drive them away both through illusions and by controlling Henry Bowers , the Losers ' long - time childhood bully . Bill , Richie , Beverly , Eddie , and Ben manage to confront It 's spider form after It arranges to have Audra in its possession . It is finally destroyed in the second Ritual of Chüd , and an enormous storm damages the downtown part of Derry to signify It 's death . In the novel Dreamcatcher , when Mr. Gray tries to put a worm in Derry 's water by use of the Standpipe , It is no longer there due to the 1985 flood . In its place is a memorial featuring a cast - bronze statue of two children and a plaque underneath , dedicated to the victims of the 1985 flood and of It . The plaque has been vandalized with graffiti reading , `` PENNYWISE LIVES '' . | It (novel) |
838544298_23725-23827 | The character has been named by several outlets as one of the scariest clowns in film or pop culture . | It (novel) |
838544298_23853-24695 | The Bowers Gang is a group of seven twelve - year - old neighborhood bullies who attend the same school as and are the worst enemies of the Losers Club after It . The gang is led by the crazed and mischievous Henry Bowers , while also being co-led by Henry 's two best friends and sidekicks , the smarter and more moral Victor `` Vic '' Criss and the unusually larger , stronger , and more slow - witted Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins . Although the fates of three of them ( Peter Gordon , Steve `` Moose '' Sadler , Gard Jagermeyer ) were never made official , it is stated in the novel that the remaining child murders during the summer of 1958 after that of minor character Jimmy Cullum were of all of Henry 's friends , creating the assumption that they were attacked and killed by It ( possibly as means to worsen Henry 's sociopathism ) . | It (novel) |
838544298_24696-32587 | Henry Bowers Henry Bowers is the sadistic and crazed leader of the Bowers Gang who torments the Losers and other kids ceaselessly before and throughout the summer of 1958 . The novel portrays him as a hateful and violent twelve - year - old boy filled with mischief and malice . Henry 's sanity slowly deteriorates throughout the summer due to the influence of It and abuse from his equally crazy and abusive father , Butch Bowers , who has taught Henry to be a racist . Henry shares his father 's intense hatred for the Hanlon family , the only black family in Derry , in addition to being a sexist and anti-semite . He inflicts many acts of cruelty and humiliation upon the Losers during and before the summer of ' 58 , such as attempting to carve his name onto Ben Hanscom 's stomach ( though he only gets as far as the first letter ) , ceaselessly mocking Bill Denbrough 's pronounced stutter , harassing Beverly and threatening her with sexual violence , killing Mike Hanlon 's dog and bathing Mike in mud to make him a `` tar baby '' , breaking Eddie Kaspbrak 's arm , pursuing Richie Tozier through town , and white - washing Stan Uris ' face in snow until it bleeds . His deteriorating sanity becomes apparent during his attacks on Eddie and Beverly : with the former , he pushed Mr. Gedreau to the ground and threatened him into going back inside the Tracker Bros. Store when the man tried to stand up for Eddie after Henry starts attacking Eddie with gravel ; he kicked out an old lady 's taillight when she tried to stand up for Beverly . After a violent rock fight in early July , Henry becomes increasingly sadistic until he eventually murders his father in mid-August with a switchblade provided by It , and also tries to kill the Losers . He chases them into the town sewers with his friends Victor `` Vic '' Criss and Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , only to encounter It in the form of Frankenstein 's monster , who decapitates Vic and mutilates Belch 's face . Henry fails to kill any of the Losers and manages to escape from It . When he eventually finds his way out of the sewers , the shock of witnessing his friends being slaughtered has driven him completely insane . He is convicted of the murder of his father and is framed for most of It 's murders throughout the summer . He is placed in an insane asylum and remains there until May 29 , 1985 , when he escapes with It 's assistance , and heads back to Derry to attempt to murder the Losers once more . After critically wounding Mike in the town library and being injured himself in the process , Henry then goes to the hotel where most of the Losers are staying , and finds Eddie 's room first , only to be killed in the confrontation with Eddie . Victor `` Vic '' Criss Vic Criss is a bully , and one of Henry 's sidekicks . Among Henry 's gang , Vic is most likely the smartest and most intelligent member and is the only one who truly realizes Henry 's insanity , and becomes increasingly reluctant to follow him . The novel describes Vic as having good morals despite helping Henry torment the Losers , often wanting to scare or intimidate the Losers rather than actually cause physical harm . When he makes comments and jokes , he often uses heavy profanity as well as implied or explicit violence . It is also noted that he is a more than fair pitcher during the rock fight , where he causes the most damage ( partly and somewhat paradoxically because he did not want to be there ) . In early August , while in the Tracker Brothers store , Vic warns the Losers of Henry 's deteriorating sanity . He also almost approaches the Losers to join them but decides against it . By doing this , he seals his fate and joins Henry and Belch in following the Losers into the sewers , where the three encounter It in the form of Frankenstein 's monster , who kills Vic by decapitating him . Later It appears before Henry taking the form of Vic and Henry continually remembers Vic 's decapitation . His corpse along with Belch 's is later discovered by the adult Losers when they go to face It for the final time . Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins is the other sidekick of Henry 's , and earned his nickname due to his ability to belch on command . He is very big for his age , being six feet tall at twelve years old . Belch is considered stupid by most people , which he makes up for in physical strength and his fierce loyalty to his friends , especially Henry . He is believed to be a professional grade baseball batter . Belch follows Henry and Vic into the sewers to murder the Losers , only to encounter It in the form of Frankenstein 's monster . After It kills Vic and goes after Henry , Belch defends him and attacks It . Henry leaves Belch behind and It overpowers him and kills him by mutilating his face . It appears as a mutilated Belch to drive Henry to the hotel where the Losers are staying . During this encounter , Belch shows a great deal of resentment towards Henry , which uneases Henry . His corpse along with Vic 's is later discovered by the adult Losers when they go to face It for the final time . Patrick Hockstetter Patrick Hockstetter is a psychopathic and solipsistic bully who is part of Henry 's gang ( despite his generally low reputation , even as a bully ) . Patrick keeps a pencil box full of dead flies , which he kills with his ruler , and shows it to other students . He makes sexual advances to Henry at one point . He also takes small , usually injured animals and locks them in a broken refrigerator in a junkyard , and leaves them there to die . Along with killing animals , Patrick has also murdered his infant brother , Avery , by suffocation when he was five years old . When alone with Henry after lighting farts with him and his gang one July afternoon in 1958 , Patrick gives Henry a handjob and offers to give him oral sex , which snaps Henry out of his daze and prompts him to punch Patrick in the mouth . Henry then reveals that he knows about Patrick 's refrigerator , and threatens to tell everyone about it if Patrick tells about the handjob . Once Henry has left , Patrick opens the refrigerator to dispose of the animal corpses but is attacked by a swarm of flying leeches , his only fear . The swarm sucks Patrick 's blood leaving large holes all over his body , which causes him to slowly lose consciousness as he is dragged away by It . When he awakens , It begins to feed on him . His death is witnessed by Beverly , and his corpse is discovered by the Losers when they go into the sewers to face It for the first time . Peter Gordon A well - off friend of Henry 's that lives on West Broadway , who thinks of chasing Mike Hanlon as a game , though Henry 's crazed and increasingly violent behavior ( such as attempting to outright kill Mike with cherry bombs and M - 80s ) begins to alienate him . He is also the boyfriend of an unattractive girl with heavy acne named Marcia Fadden . When school goes out for the summer , Peter ( menacingly ) invites Ben Hanscom to play baseball with him and while on a date with Marcia , he insults the Losers at the movies . Like Vic Criss , he also realizes Henry 's eroding sanity , albeit only after the rock fight . He is never seen again after the rock fight . Steven `` Moose '' Sadler A slightly developmentally disabled and very slow friend of Henry 's , whose father works on the Hanlon family farm . He joins Henry in tormenting Mike Hanlon and also helps him break Eddie 's arm in the park . However , Moose is shown to be more of a minion or a follower to Henry rather than a friend and is more of a friend to Vic and Belch . Gard Jagermeyer A very slow and dumb friend of Henry 's . He once pushed Richie Tozier to the ground , breaking his glasses . Aside from this instance , Gard is mentioned a few times throughout the novel , arguably making him the most minor of Henry 's gang . | It (novel) |
838544298_32614-40370 | George `` Georgie '' Denbrough The first character introduced in the book . He is the six - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough , and he goes out to sail his boat made from a sheet of newspaper only for it to be swept into a storm drain . Seconds later Pennywise appears and tempts him with balloons and circus food . Georgie says no and as Georgie reaches for the boat , Pennywise grabs him and rips his arm off , whispering to him ' they float ' while he bleeds to death . Edward `` Eddie '' Corcoran Eddie Corcoran is a classmate of the Losers Club and Henry 's gang . Like Beverly Marsh , Eddie and his younger brother Dorsey are victims of child abuse by their stepfather , Richard Macklin . Eddie 's stepfather would often beat both boys brutally and without warning , at one point throwing Eddie into a coat rack with enough force to make him urinate blood for two weeks for accidentally slamming the door while Macklin was sleeping . In May 1957 , Macklin hit Dorsey in the back of the head with a hammer , accidentally killing him , which he covered up to look like an accident . Two days before summer vacation in June 1958 , Eddie runs away from home and decides to rest in the park . However , using Dorsey 's form , It approaches Eddie and chases after him before assuming the form of the Gill - man to kill him . Eddie is the only child who is actually shown getting killed by It besides George Denbrough and Patrick Hockstetter . Adrian Mellon Adrian Mellon is a young homosexual man in Derry . He grows fond of the town , despite its violently homophobic mindset , and only agrees to leave to please his partner , Don Hagarty . Before leaving , however , the two attend a town fair in July 1984 , and on the way home , they are harassed by three gay - hating youths . The three attack them , Adrian especially because of a hat he won at the fair , and throw him from a bridge over a canal . When he hits the bottom , Adrian is attacked by Pennywise as It briefly pressured his ribs until he shrieked , and dragged him away to kill . Though Don and one of the bullies , Chris Unwin , witnessed this , no mention of Pennywise is made at the trial . William `` Will '' Hanlon Will Hanlon is the father of Mike Hanlon . While dying of cancer in 1962 , he tells Mike about his experiences in the Army Air Corps in the 1920s and about establishing the Black Spot , a club started by Will and his black Air Force buddies and originally meant exclusively for black members , but gradually began accepting members of other races as well . He recounts how , in the fall of 1930 , the club was burned down by a group of Maine Legion of White Decency members , causing numerous deaths . He narrowly survived the fire due to the intervention of his friend Dick Halloran , a character who also appears in King 's The Shining . He also tells Mike that he witnessed a giant bird - the same bird that nearly killed Mike in 1958 -- carry off a Legion of White Decency member and fly away with him in its talons . Norbert Keene The owner and operator of the Center Street Drug Store for fifty years , from 1925 to 1975 . The Losers dislike him , thinking of him as cruel and snide . He administers Eddie 's asthma medication and later reveals to him , for unclear motives , that it is only a placebo ordered by his mother . Many years later , when Keene is 85 and retired , Mike interviews him , and Mr. Keene tells him the story of the Bradley Gang , a group of outlaws who were hiding out in Maine after several bank robberies in the Midwest . He tells Mike that , in 1929 , a year before the fire at the Black Spot , the entire gang was murdered by Derry residents when stopping through town to buy ammunition . Mr. Keene says that , rather than covering up the event , the whole town instead pretended that it never occurred , including police chief Jim Sullivan , who even took part in the slayings . Finally , Mr. Keene mentions seeing a clown participating in the shooting , but that it was wearing farmer 's attire rather than a traditional clown suit . He speculates that the clown was in fact a disguised member of the Derry citizenry or possibly a performer from a nearby carnival , but can not explain reports out that the clown was seen at several different places at once and that it cast no shadow . Thomas `` Tom '' Rogan The insane , abusive , violent and sadistic husband of Beverly Marsh . Tom has a very predatory view of women , and he thrives on the control he has over his vulnerable wife . When Beverly tries to leave for Derry , he refuses to let her , whipping her with a belt . Tom is surprised when the normally docile Beverly fights back and almost kills him . He follows Beverly to Derry with the intent of killing her , but is manipulated by It to kidnap Bill 's wife , Audra , instead . He later dies from shock after seeing It 's true form . Alvin `` Al '' Marsh Beverly Marsh 's abusive father . Although he is not an alcoholic or drug user , he abuses Bev and her mother and acts misogynistically , though there are times when Alvin is shown to be a loving and caring father to Bev . As an adult , Beverly falls out of contact with her father , and when she returns to Derry in 1985 , she discovers he has died five years before . Kay McCall Beverly Marsh 's close friend , a divorcee and an affluent writer of feminist literature . Beverly turns to her when fleeing her husband Tom . She is brutally assaulted by Tom , who successfully extracts all she knows about his missing wife 's whereabouts . Audra Philips Denbrough Bill 's wife , a famous film actress who bears a marked resemblance to Beverly . She follows Bill to Derry due to her concern over his mental state and is kidnapped by Tom Rogan , who is acting on It 's orders . She becomes catatonic after seeing It 's true form , but Bill revives her by taking her on a ride on his childhood bike Silver . She is the only person who has survived after seeing It 's true form . Zack and Sharon Denbrough Bill and Georgie 's father and mother . Initially loving and supportive parents , they become distant from their son and from each other in their grief over Georgie 's death , and Bill 's hope of regaining their love is one of his biggest motives in fighting It . Zack , an electrician for a hydroelectric firm , has knowledge of Derry 's sewer system that becomes instrumental in helping Bill determine where It can be found . Both have died by the time the Losers reunite in 1985 . Sonia Kaspbrak Eddie 's mother . A morbidly obese widow , she has convinced herself that Eddie is seriously ill with multiple illnesses including asthma , despite repeatedly assurances from doctors and teachers that he is basically healthy . She uses her son 's health as a way of controlling him , refusing to let him participate in physical activities ( which Eddie enjoys ) and limiting his contact with friends . Eddie is terrified of upsetting her , but manages to stand up to her after she blames his friends for Henry Bowers breaking his arm . She dies in 1980 , by which point she weighs over 400 pounds . The Turtle This ancient turtle is said to have vomited out our Universe when he had a stomach ache . He is kind , wise , loving , gentle , compassionate and benevolent , having a very grandfather - like demeanor when speaking to humans . In 1958 , he communicates with Bill Denbrough for a minute while he is under an illusion created by IT . Bill pleads for help in defeating IT and the Turtle simply gives Bill advice that he must stand by his friends and perform the Ritual of Chüd . During the second Ritual of Chüd in 1985 , It tells Bill that the Turtle has since died by `` choking on a galaxy '' , but it is ambiguous as to whether or not this is true . | It (novel) |
838544298_40413-41095 | On December 13 , 2011 , Cemetery Dance published a special limited edition of It for the 25th anniversary of the novel ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 58767 - 270 - 5 ) in three editions : an unsigned limited gift edition of 2,750 , a signed limited edition of 750 , and a signed and lettered limited edition of 52 . All three editions are oversized hardcovers , housed in a slipcase or traycase , and feature premium binding materials . This anniversary edition features a new dust jacket illustration by Glen Orbik , as well as numerous interior illustrations by Alan M. Clark and Erin Wells . The book also contains a new afterword by Stephen King discussing his reasons for writing the novel . | It (novel) |
838544298_41193-41952 | In 1990 , the novel was adapted into a television miniseries starring Tim Curry as Pennywise the Clown , John Ritter as Ben Hanscom , Harry Anderson as Richie Tozier , Richard Masur as Stan Uris , Tim Reid as Mike Hanlon , Annette O'Toole as Beverly Marsh , Richard Thomas as Bill Denbrough , Olivia Hussey as Audra Phillips , Dennis Christopher as Eddie Kaspbrak , and Michael Cole as Henry Bowers . The younger versions of the characters were played by Brandon Crane ( Ben ) , Seth Green ( Richie ) , Ben Heller ( Stan ) , Marlon Taylor ( Mike ) , Emily Perkins ( Beverly ) , Jonathan Brandis ( Bill ) , Adam Faraizl ( Eddie ) , and Jarred Blancard ( Henry ) . The miniseries was directed by Tommy Lee Wallace and scripted by Wallace and Lawrence D. Cohen . | It (novel) |
838544298_41953-42724 | The first of a two - part feature film adaptation , It , was released on September 8 , 2017 . It is directed by Andy Muschietti , with a screenplay by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . Instead of a dual narrative , the first film is solely an adaptation of the section that features the characters as children , though the setting has been updated to the late 1980s . It stars Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise and Jaeden Lieberher as Bill Denbrough . Supporting roles are played by Finn Wolfhard , Sophia Lillis , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jeremy Ray Taylor , Owen Teague , Nicholas Hamilton , Logan Thompson and Jake Sim . The second film , yet to be produced , will adapt the `` adult '' section and update the setting to the 2010s . | It (novel) |
812743025_354-748 | A cash register , also referred to as a till in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries , is a mechanical or electronic device for registering and calculating transactions at a point of sale . It is usually attached to a drawer for storing cash and other valuables . The cash register is also usually attached to a printer , that can print out receipts for record keeping purposes . | Cash register |
812743025_998-1579 | An early mechanical cash register was invented by James Ritty and John Birch following the American Civil War . James was the owner of a saloon in Dayton , Ohio , USA , and wanted to stop employees from pilfering his profits . The Ritty Model I was invented in 1879 after seeing a tool that counted the revolutions of the propeller on a steamship . With the help of James ' brother John Ritty , they patented it in 1883 . It was called Ritty 's Incorruptible Cashier and it was invented for the purpose to stop cashiers of pilfering and eliminating employee theft or embezzlement . | Cash register |
812743025_1580-1915 | Early mechanical registers were entirely mechanical , without receipts . The employee was required to ring up every transaction on the register , and when the total key was pushed , the drawer opened and a bell would ring , alerting the manager to a sale taking place . Those original machines were nothing but simple adding machines . | Cash register |
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