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835605881_14692-14836 | When discussing thermal comfort , there are two main different models that can be used : the static model ( PMV / PPD ) and the adaptive model . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_14997-16180 | The PMV / PPD model was developed by P.O. Fanger using heat - balance equations and empirical studies about skin temperature to define comfort . Standard thermal comfort surveys ask subjects about their thermal sensation on a seven - point scale from cold ( - 3 ) to hot ( + 3 ) . Fanger 's equations are used to calculate the Predicted Mean Vote ( PMV ) of a large group of subjects for a particular combination of air temperature , mean radiant temperature , relative humidity , air speed , metabolic rate , and clothing insulation . Zero is the ideal value , representing thermal neutrality , and the comfort zone is defined by the combinations of the six parameters for which the PMV is within the recommended limits ( - 0.5 < PMV < + 0.5 ) . Although predicting the thermal sensation of a population is an important step in determining what conditions are comfortable , it is more useful to consider whether or not people will be satisfied . Fanger developed another equation to relate the PMV to the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied ( PPD ) . This relation was based on studies that surveyed subjects in a chamber where the indoor conditions could be precisely controlled . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_16181-16567 | This method treats all occupants the same and disregards location and adaptation to the thermal environment . It basically states that the indoor temperature should not change as the seasons do . Rather , there should be one set temperature year - round . This is taking a more passive stand that humans do not have to adapt to different temperatures since it would always be constant . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_16568-16731 | ASHRAE Standard 55 - 2010 uses the PMV model to set the requirements for indoor thermal conditions . It requires that at least 80 % of the occupants be satisfied . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_16732-17143 | The CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE 55 allows users to input the six comfort parameters to determine whether a certain combination complies with ASHRAE 55 . The results are displayed on a psychrometric or a temperature - relative humidity chart and indicate the ranges of temperature and relative humidity that will be comfortable with the given the values input for the remaining four parameters . Elevated | Thermal comfort |
835605881_17170-17754 | ASHRAE 55 2013 accounts for air speeds above 0.2 metres per second ( 0.66 ft / s ) separately than the baseline model . Because air movement can provide direct cooling to people , particularly if they are not wearing much clothing , higher temperatures can be more comfortable than the PMV model predicts . Air speeds up to 0.8 m / s ( 2.6 ft / s ) are allowed without local control , and 1.2 m / s is possible with local control . This elevated air movement increases the maximum temperature for an office space in the summer to 30 ° C from 27.5 ° C ( 86.0 -- 81.5 ° F ) . Virtual | Thermal comfort |
835605881_17791-19314 | `` Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort '' is the amount of energy that will be required to make a non-air - conditioned building relatively as comfortable as one with air - conditioning . This is based on the assumption that the home will eventually install air - conditioning or heating . Passive design improves thermal comfort in a building , thus reducing demand for heating or cooling . In many developing countries , however , most occupants do not currently heat or cool , due to economic constraints , as well as climate conditions which border lines comfort conditions such as cold winter nights in Johannesburg ( South Africa ) or warm summer days in San Jose , Costa Rica . At the same time , as incomes rise , there is a strong tendency to introduce cooling and heating systems . If we recognize and reward passive design features that improve thermal comfort today , we diminish the risk of having to install HVAC systems in the future , or we at least ensure that such systems will be smaller and less frequently used . Or in case the heating or cooling system is not installed due to high cost , at least people should not suffer from discomfort indoors . To provide an example , in San Jose , Costa Rica , if a house were being designed with high level of glazing and small opening sizes , the internal temperature would easily rise above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) and natural ventilation would not be enough to remove the internal heat gains and solar gains . This is why Virtual Energy for Comfort is important . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_19315-20114 | World Bank 's assessment tool the EDGE software ( Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies ) illustrates the potential issues with discomfort in buildings and has created the concept of Virtual Energy for Comfort which provides for a way to present potential thermal discomfort . This approach is used to award for design solutions which improves thermal comfort even in a fully free running building . Despite the inclusion of requirements for overheating in CIBSE , overcooling has not been assessed . However , overcooling can be an issue , mainly in the developing world , for example in cities such as Lima ( Peru ) , Bogota , and Delhi , where cooler indoor temperatures can occur frequently . This may be a new area for research and design guidance for reduction of discomfort . Standard | Thermal comfort |
835605881_20146-20682 | Standard effective temperature ( SET * ) is a model of human response to the thermal environment . Developed by A.P. Gagge and accepted by ASHRAE in 1986 , it is also referred to as the Pierce Two - Node model . Its calculation is similar to PMV because it is a comprehensive comfort index based on heat - balance equations that incorporates the personal factors of clothing and metabolic rate . Its fundamental difference is it takes a two - node method to represent human physiology in measuring skin temperature and skin wettedness . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_20683-21138 | ASHRAE 55 - 2010 defines SET as `` the temperature of an imaginary environment at 50 % relative humidity , < 0.1 m / s ( 0.33 ft / s ) average air speed , and mean radiant temperature equal to average air temperature , in which total heat loss from the skin of an imaginary occupant with an activity level of 1.0 met and a clothing level of 0.6 clo is the same as that from a person in the actual environment , with actual clothing and activity level . '' | Thermal comfort |
835605881_21139-21385 | Research has tested the model against experimental data and found it tends to overestimate skin temperature and underestimate skin wettedness . Fountain and Huizenga ( 1997 ) developed a thermal sensation prediction tool that computes SET . Local | Thermal comfort |
835605881_21414-22085 | Although thermal comfort is usually discussed for the body as a whole , thermal dissatisfaction may also occur just for a particular part of the body , due to local sources of unwanted heating , cooling or air movement . According to the ASHRAE 55 - 2010 standard , there are four main causes of thermal discomfort to be considered . A section of the standard specifies the requirements for these factors , that apply to a lightly clothed person engaged in near sedentary physical activity . This is because people with higher metabolic rates and / or more clothing insulation are less thermally sensitive , and consequently have less risk of thermal discomfort . Radiant | Thermal comfort |
835605881_22117-22736 | Large differences in the thermal radiation of the surfaces surrounding a person may cause local discomfort or reduce acceptance of the thermal conditions . ASHRAE Standard 55 sets limits on the allowable temperature differences between various surfaces . Because people are more sensitive to some asymmetries than others , for example that of a warm ceiling versus that of hot and cold vertical surfaces , the limits depend on which surfaces are involved . The ceiling is not allowed to be more than + 5 ° C ( 9.0 ° F ) warmer , whereas a wall may be up to + 23 ° C ( 41 ° F ) warmer than the other surfaces . Draft | Thermal comfort |
835605881_22746-23232 | While air movement can be pleasant and provide comfort in some circumstances , it is sometimes unwanted and causes discomfort . This unwanted air movement is called `` draft '' and is most prevalent when the thermal sensation of the whole body is cool . People are most likely to feel a draft on uncovered body parts such as their head , neck , shoulders , ankles , feet , and legs , but the sensation also depends on the air speed , air temperature , activity , and clothing . Vertical | Thermal comfort |
835605881_23269-23578 | Thermal stratification that results in the air temperature at the head level being higher than at the ankle level may cause thermal discomfort . ASHRAE Standard 55 recommends that the difference not be greater than 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) for seated occupants or for standing occupants 4 ° C ( 7.2 ° F ) . Floor | Thermal comfort |
835605881_23608-23851 | Floors that are too warm or too cool may cause discomfort , depending on footwear . ASHRAE 55 recommends that floor temperatures stay in the range of 19 -- 29 ° C ( 66 -- 84 ° F ) in spaces where occupants will be wearing lightweight shoes . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_23938-25041 | The adaptive model is based on the idea that outdoor climate influences indoor comfort because humans can adapt to different temperatures during different times of the year . The adaptive hypothesis predicts that contextual factors , such as having access to environmental controls , and past thermal history can influence building occupants ' thermal expectations and preferences . Numerous researchers have conducted field studies worldwide in which they survey building occupants about their thermal comfort while taking simultaneous environmental measurements . Analyzing a database of results from 160 of these buildings revealed that occupants of naturally ventilated buildings accept and even prefer a wider range of temperatures than their counterparts in sealed , air - conditioned buildings because their preferred temperature depends on outdoor conditions . These results were incorporated in the ASHRAE 55 - 2004 standard as the adaptive comfort model . The adaptive chart relates indoor comfort temperature to prevailing outdoor temperature and defines zones of 80 % and 90 % satisfaction . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_25042-25888 | The ASHRAE - 55 2010 Standard introduced the prevailing mean outdoor temperature as the input variable for the adaptive model . It is based on the arithmetic average of the mean daily outdoor temperatures over no fewer than 7 and no more than 30 sequential days prior to the day in question . It can also be calculated by weighting the temperatures with different coefficients , assigning increasing importance to the most recent temperatures . In case this weighting is used , there is no need to respect the upper limit for the subsequent days . In order to apply the adaptive model , there should be no mechanical cooling system for the space , occupants should be engaged in sedentary activities with metabolic rates of 1 - 1.3 met , and a prevailing mean temperature greater than 10 ° C ( 50.0 ° F ) and less than 33.5 ° C ( 92.3 ° F ) . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_25889-26549 | This model applies especially to occupant - controlled , natural - conditioned spaces , where the outdoor climate can actually affect the indoor conditions and so the comfort zone . In fact , studies by de Dear and Brager showed that occupants in naturally ventilated buildings were tolerant of a wider range of temperatures . This is due to both behavioral and physiological adjustments , since there are different types of adaptive processes . ASHRAE Standard 55 - 2010 states that differences in recent thermal experiences , changes in clothing , availability of control options , and shifts in occupant expectations can change people 's thermal responses . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_26550-27044 | Adaptive models of thermal comfort are implemented in other standards , such as European EN 15251 and ISO 7730 standard . While the exact derivation methods and results are slightly different from the ASHRAE 55 adaptive standard , they are substantially the same . A larger difference is in applicability . The ASHRAE adaptive standard only applies to buildings without mechanical cooling installed , while EN15251 can be applied to mixed - mode buildings , provided the system is not running . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_27045-27177 | There are basically three categories of thermal adaptation , namely : behavioral , physiological , and psychological . Psychological | Thermal comfort |
835605881_27198-27802 | An individual 's comfort level in a given environment may change and adapt over time due to psychological factors . Subjective perception of thermal comfort may be influenced by the memory of previous experiences . Habituation takes place when repeated exposure moderates future expectations , and responses to sensory input . This is an important factor in explaining the difference between field observations and PMV predictions ( based on the static model ) in naturally ventilated buildings . In these buildings , the relationship with the outdoor temperatures has been twice as strong as predicted . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_27803-28140 | Psychological adaptation is subtly different in the static and adaptive models . Laboratory tests of the static model can identify and quantify non-heat transfer ( psychological ) factors that affect reported comfort . The adaptive model is limited to reporting differences ( called psychological ) between modeled and reported comfort . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_28141-28558 | Thermal comfort as a `` condition of mind '' is defined in psychological terms . Among the factors that affect the condition of mind ( in the laboratory ) are a sense of control over the temperature , knowledge of the temperature and the appearance of the ( test ) environment . A thermal test chamber that appeared residential `` felt '' warmer than one which looked like the inside of a refrigerator . Physiological | Thermal comfort |
835605881_28618-29994 | The body has several thermal adjustment mechanisms to survive in drastic temperature environments . In a cold environment the body utilizes vasoconstriction ; which reduces blood flow to the skin , skin temperature and heat dissipation . In a warm environment , vasodilation will increase blood flow to the skin , heat transport , and skin temperature and heat dissipation . If there is an imbalance despite the vasomotor adjustments listed above , in a warm environment sweat production will start and provide evaporative cooling . If this is insufficient , hyperthermia will set in , body temperature may reach 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , and heat stroke may occur . In a cold environment , shivering will start , involuntarily forcing the muscles to work and increasing the heat production by up to a factor of 10 . If equilibrium is not restored , hypothermia can set in , which can be fatal . Long - term adjustments to extreme temperatures , of a few days to six months , may result in cardiovascular and endocrine adjustments . A hot climate may create increased blood volume , improving the effectiveness of vasodilation , enhanced performance of the sweat mechanism , and the readjustment of thermal preferences . In cold or underheated conditions , vasoconstriction can become permanent , resulting in decreased blood volume and increased body metabolic rate . Behavioral | Thermal comfort |
835605881_30015-30487 | In naturally ventilated buildings , occupants take numerous actions to keep themselves comfortable when the indoor conditions drift towards discomfort . Operating windows and fans , adjusting blinds / shades , changing clothing , and consuming food and drinks are some of the common adaptive strategies . Among these , adjusting windows is the most common . Those occupants who take these sorts of actions tend to feel cooler at warmer temperatures than those who do not . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_30488-30819 | These behavioral actions significantly influence energy simulation inputs , and researchers are developing behavior models to improve the accuracy of simulation results . For example , there are many window - opening models that have been developed to date , but there is no consensus over the factors that trigger window opening . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_30928-31774 | The thermal sensitivity of an individual is quantified by the descriptor F , which takes on higher values for individuals with lower tolerance to non-ideal thermal conditions . This group includes pregnant women , the disabled , as well as individuals whose age is below fourteen or above sixty , which is considered the adult range . Existing literature provides consistent evidence that sensitivity to hot and cold surfaces usually declines with age . There is also some evidence of a gradual reduction in the effectiveness of the body in thermo - regulation after the age of sixty . This is mainly due to a more sluggish response of the counteraction mechanisms in lower parts of the body that are used to maintain the core temperature of the body at ideal values . Seniors prefer warmer temperatures than young adults ( 76 vs 72 degrees F ) . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_31775-31889 | Situational factors include the health , psychological , sociological , and vocational activities of the persons . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_31929-32562 | While thermal comfort preferences between sexes seems to be small , there are some differences . Studies have found males report discomfort due to rises in temperature much earlier than females . Males also estimate higher levels of their sensation of discomfort than females . One recent study tested males and females in the same cotton clothing , performing mental jobs while using a dial vote to report their thermal comfort to the changing temperature . Many times , females will prefer higher temperatures . But while females were more sensitive to temperatures , males tend to be more sensitive to relative - humidity levels . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_32563-33122 | An extensive field study was carried out in naturally ventilated residential buildings in Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia . This investigation explored the sexes thermal sensitivity to the indoor environment in non air - conditioned residential buildings . Multiple hierarchical regression for categorical moderator was selected for data analysis ; the result showed that females were slightly more sensitive than males to the indoor air temperatures , whereas , under thermal neutrality , it was found that males and females have similar thermal sensation . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_33153-33639 | In different areas of the world , thermal comfort needs may vary based on climate . In China the climate has hot humid summers and cold winters , causing a need for efficient thermal comfort . Energy conservation in relation to thermal comfort has become a large issue in China in the last several decades due to rapid economic and population growth . Researchers are now looking into ways to heat and cool buildings in China for lower costs and also with less harm to the environment . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_33640-34524 | In tropical areas of Brazil , urbanization is causing a phenomenon called urban heat islands ( UHI ) . These are urban areas that have risen over the thermal comfort limits due to a large influx of people and only drop within the comfortable range during the rainy season . Urban heat islands can occur over any urban city or built - up area with the correct conditions . Urban heat islands are caused by urban areas with few trees and vegetation to block solar radiation or carry out evapotranspiration , many structures with a large proportion of roofs , and sidewalks with low reflectivity that absorb heat , high amounts of ground - level carbon dioxide pollution that retains heat released by surfaces , great amounts of heat generated by air - conditioning systems of densely packed buildings , and a large amount of automobile traffic generating heat from engines and exhaust . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_34525-35408 | In the hot humid region of Saudi Arabia , the issue of thermal comfort has been important in mosques where Muslims go to pray . They are very large open buildings that are used only intermittently ( very busy for the noon prayer on Fridays ) , making it hard to ventilate them properly . The large size requires a large amount of ventilation , but this requires a lot of energy since the buildings are used only for short periods of time . Some mosques have the issue of being too cold from their HVAC systems running for too long , and others remain too hot . The stack effect also comes into play due to their large size and creates a large layer of hot air above the people in the mosque . New designs have placed the ventilation systems lower in the buildings to provide more temperature control at ground level . New monitoring steps are also being taken to improve efficiency . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_35474-36252 | The concept of thermal comfort is closely related to thermal stress . This attempts to predict the impact of solar radiation , air movement , and humidity for military personnel undergoing training exercises or athletes during competitive events . Values are expressed as the wet bulb globe temperature or the discomfort index . Generally , humans do not perform well under thermal stress . People 's performances under thermal stress is about 11 % lower than their performance at normal thermal wet conditions . Also , human performance in relation to thermal stress varies greatly by the type of task which the individual is completing . Some of the physiological effects of thermal heat stress include increased blood flow to the skin , sweating , and increased ventilation . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_36271-37132 | The factors affecting thermal comfort were explored experimentally in the 1970s . Many of these studies led to the development and refinement of ASHRAE Standard 55 and were performed at Kansas State University by Ole Fanger and others . Perceived comfort was found to be a complex interaction of these variables . It was found that the majority of individuals would be satisfied by an ideal set of values . As the range of values deviated progressively from the ideal , fewer and fewer people were satisfied . This observation could be expressed statistically as the percent of individuals who expressed satisfaction by comfort conditions and the predicted mean vote ( PMV ) . This approach was challenged by the adaptive comfort model , developed from the ASHRAE 884 project , which revealed that occupants were comfortable in a broader range of temperatures . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_37133-37842 | This research is applied to create Building Energy Simulation ( BES ) programs for residential buildings . Residential buildings in particular can vary much more in thermal comfort than public and commercial buildings . This is due to their smaller size , the variations in clothing worn , and different uses of each room . The main rooms of concern are bathrooms and bedrooms . Bathrooms need to be at a temperature comfortable for a human with or without clothing . Bedrooms are of importance because they need to accommodate different levels of clothing and also different metabolic rates of people asleep or awake . Discomfort hours is a common metric used to evaluate the thermal performance of a space . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_37843-38113 | Thermal comfort research in clothing is currently being done by the military . New air - ventilated garments are being researched to improve evaporative cooling in military settings . Some models are being created and tested based on the amount of cooling they provide . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_38114-38431 | In the last twenty years , researchers have also developed advanced thermal comfort models that divide the human body into many segments , and predict local thermal discomfort by considering heat balance . This has opened up a new arena of thermal comfort modeling that aims at heating / cooling selected body parts . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_38462-38670 | This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2016 ) | Thermal comfort |
835605881_38671-39467 | Whenever the studies referenced tried to discuss the thermal conditions for different groups of occupants in one room , the studies ended up simply presenting comparisons of thermal comfort satisfaction based on the subjective studies . No study tried to reconcile the different thermal comfort requirements of different types of occupants who compulsorily must stay in one room . Therefore , it looks to be necessary to investigate the different thermal conditions required by different groups of occupants in hospitals to reconcile their different requirements in this concept . To reconcile the differences in the required thermal comfort conditions it is recommended to test the possibility of using different ranges of local radiant temperature in one room via a suitable mechanical system . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_39468-40467 | Although different researches are undertaken on thermal comfort for patients in hospitals , it is also necessary to study the effects of thermal comfort conditions on the quality and the quantity of healing for patients in hospitals . There are also original researches that show the link between thermal comfort for staff and their levels of productivity , but no studies have been produced individually in hospitals in this field . Therefore , research for coverage and methods individually for this subject is recommended . Also research in terms of cooling and heating delivery systems for patients with low levels of immune - system protection ( such as HIV patients , burned patients , etc . ) are recommended . There are important areas , which still need to be focused on including thermal comfort for staff and its relation with their productivity , using different heating systems to prevent hypothermia in the patient and to improve the thermal comfort for hospital staff simultaneously . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_40468-40749 | Finally , the interaction between people , systems and architectural design in hospitals is a field in which require further work needed to improve the knowledge of how to design buildings and systems to reconcile many conflicting factors for the people occupying these buildings . | Thermal comfort |
835605881_40784-42306 | Personal comfort systems ( PCS ) refer to devices or systems which heat or cool a building occupant personally . This concept is best appreciated in contrast to central HVAC systems which have uniform temperature settings for extensive areas . Personal comfort systems include fans and air diffusers of various kinds ( e.g. desk fans , nozzles and slot diffusers , overhead fans , high - volume low - speed fans etc . ) and personalized sources of radiant or conductive heat ( footwarmers , legwarmers , hot water bottles etc . ) . PCS has the potential to satisfy individual comfort requirements much better than current HVAC systems , as interpersonal differences in thermal sensation due to age , sex , body mass , metabolic rate , clothing and thermal adaptation can amount to an equivalent temperature variation of 2 - 5 K , which is impossible for a central , uniform HVAC system to cater to . Besides , research has shown that the perceived ability to control one 's thermal environment tends to widen one 's range of tolerable temperatures . Traditionally , PCS devices have been used in isolation from one another . However , it has been proposed by Andersen et al. ( 2016 ) that a network of PCS devices which generate well - connected microzones of thermal comfort , and report real - time occupant information and respond to programmatic actuation requests ( e.g. a party , a conference , a concert etc . ) can combine with occupant - aware building applications to enable new methods of comfort maximization . | Thermal comfort |
806861816_415-6829 | Big Brother Network Channels ( hide ) CBS ( broadcast ) 2000 -- CBS All Access ( digital ) 2016 Presenters Current presenters ( hide ) Big Brother Julie Chen 2000 -- Former presenters ( show ) Ian O'Malley 2000 Jeff Schroeder 2012 -- 2017 Shows Editions ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : Over The Top 2016 Celebrity Big Brother 2018 Current shows ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : After Dark 2007 -- Former shows ( show ) House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show 2004 -- 2008 Big Brother : Live Chat 2012 -- 2017 Seasons Previous season ( show ) Big Brother 19 HouseGuests Winner : Josh Martinez Runner - up : Paul Abrahamian Others : Christmas Abbott , Kevin Schlehuber , Alex Ow , Raven Walton , Jason Dent , Matthew Cines , Mark Jansen , Elena Davies , Cody Nickson , Jessica Graf , Ramses Soto , Dominique Cooper , Jillian Parker , Megan Lowder ( walked ) , Cameron Heard Big Brother : Over the Top HouseGuests Winner : Morgan Willett Runner - up : Jason Roy 2nd Runner - 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up : GinaMarie Zimmerman Others : Spencer Clawson , McCrae Olson , Judd Daugherty , Elissa Slater , Amanda Zuckerman , Aaryn Gries , Helen Kim , Jessie Kowalski , Candice Stewart , Howard Overby , Kaitlin Barnaby , Jeremy McGuire , Nick Uhas , David Girton Big Brother 14 HouseGuests Winner : Ian Terry Runner - up : Dan Gheesling Others : Danielle Murphree , Shane Meaney , Jenn Arroyo , Joe Arvin , Frank Eudy , Britney Haynes , Ashley Iocco , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Wil Heuser , Janelle Pierzina , JoJo Spatafora , Willie Hantz ( expelled ) , Kara Monaco , Jodi Rollins Big Brother 13 HouseGuests Winner : Rachel Reilly Runner - up : Porsche Briggs Others : Adam Poch , Jordan Lloyd , Kalia Booker , Shelly Moore , Jeff Schroeder , Daniele Donato , Brendon Villegas , Lawon Exum , Dominic Briones , Cassi Colvin , Keith Henderson , Dick Donato ( walked ) Big Brother 12 HouseGuests Winner : Hayden Moss Runner - up : Lane Elenburg Others : Enzo Palumbo , Britney Haynes , Ragan Fox , Brendon Villegas , Matt Hoffman , Kathy Hillis , Rachel Reilly , Kristen Bitting , Andrew Gordon , Monet Stunson , Annie Whittington Big Brother 11 HouseGuests Winner : Jordan Lloyd Runner - up : Natalie Martinez Others : Kevin Campbell , Michele Noonan , Jeff Schroeder , Russell Kairouz , Lydia Tavera , Chima Simone ( expelled ) , Jessie Godderz , Ronnie Talbott , Casey Turner , Laura Crosby , Braden Bacha Big Brother 10 HouseGuests Winner : Dan Gheesling Runner - up : Robert `` Memphis '' Garrett Others : Jerry MacDonald , Keesha Smith , Lorenza `` Renny '' Martyn , Bryan Ollie , Michelle Costa , April Dowling , Libra Thompson , Jessie Godderz , Angie Swindell , Steven Daigle , Brian Hart Big Brother 9 HouseGuests Winner : Adam Jasinski Runner - up : Ryan Quicksall Others : Sheila Kennedy , Sharon Obermueller , Natalie Cunial , James Zinkland , Joshuah Welch , Chelsia Hart , Matt McDonald , Allison Nichols , Alex Coladonato , Amanda Hansen , Jen Diturno , Parker Somerville , Neil Garcia ( walked ) , Jacob Heald Big Brother 8 HouseGuests Winner : Dick Donato Runner - up : Daniele Donato Others : Zach Swerdzewski , Jameka Cameron , Eric Stein , Jessica Hughbanks , Amber Tomcavage , Jen Johnson , Dustin Erikstrup , Kail Harbick , Nick Starcevic , Mike Dutz , Joe Barber , Carol Journey Big Brother 7 : All - Stars HouseGuests Winner : Mike `` Boogie '' Malin Runner - up : Erika Landin Others : Janelle Pierzina , Will Kirby , George Boswell , Danielle Reyes , James Rhine , Howie Gordon , Marcellas Reynolds , Kaysar Ridha , Diane Henry , Jase Wirey , Nakomis Dedmon , Alison Irwin Big Brother 6 HouseGuests Winner : Maggie Ausburn Runner - up : Ivette Corredero Others : Janelle Pierzina , April Lewis , Howie Gordon , Beau Beasley , James Rhine , Rachel Plencner , Jennifer Vasquez , Kaysar Ridha , Sarah Hrejsa , Eric Littmann , Michael Donnellan , Ashlea Evans Big Brother 5 HouseGuests Winner : Drew Daniel Runner - up : Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis Others : Diane Henry , Jennifer `` Nakomis '' Dedmon , Karen O'Neil Ganci , Marvin Latimer , Adria Montgomery - Klein , Natalie Montgomery - Carroll , Will Wikle , Jase Wirey , Scott Long , Holly King , Lori Valenti , Mike Lubinski Big Brother 4 HouseGuests Winner : Jun Song Runner - up : Alison Irwin Others : Robert Roman , Erika Landin , Jee Choe , Jack Owens , Justin Giovinco , Nathan Marlow , Dana Varela , David Lane , Michelle Maradie , Amanda Craig , Scott Weintraub ( expelled ) Big Brother 3 HouseGuests Winner : Lisa Donahue Runner - up : Danielle Reyes Others : Jason Guy , Amy Crews , Marcellas Reynolds , Roddy Mancuso , Gerry Lancaster , Chiara Berti , Josh Feinberg , Eric Ouellette , Tonya Paoni , Lori Olsen Big Brother 2 HouseGuests Winner : Will Kirby Runner - up : Nicole Schaffrich Others : Monica Bailey , Hardy Ames - Hill , Bill `` Bunky '' Miller , Krista Stegall , Kent Blackwelder , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Shannon Dragoo , Autumn Daly , Sheryl Braxton , Justin Sebik ( expelled ) Big Brother 1 HouseGuests Winner : Eddie McGee Runner - up : Josh Souza 2nd Runner - up : Curtis Kin Others : Jamie Kern , George Boswell , Cassandra Waldon , Brittany Petros , Karen Fowler , Jean Jordan , William Collins | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_6830-7884 | Big Brother is a television reality game show based on an originally Dutch TV series of the same name created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The series follows a group of contestants , known as HouseGuests , who are living together in a custom - built home under constant surveillance . The HouseGuests are completely isolated from the outside world and can have no communication with those not in the house . The contestants are competing for a $500,000 grand prize , with weekly competitions and evictions determining who will win the show . The series takes its name from the character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1984 ) . The series launched on July 5 , 2000 to a successful start , though ratings and critical reaction continued to grow increasingly negative . This led to the second season being a revamp of the show , featuring a more competition - based challenge . The series has since continued to be a hit for CBS , and is the second longest - running adaptation of the series to date , after the Spanish adaptation . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_7885-8166 | The series currently has two spin - offs : Big Brother : Over The Top , which was the first reality game show to air exclusively on a streaming platform airing in Fall 2016 on CBS 's streaming service , CBS All Access ; and Celebrity Big Brother , set to air on CBS in early 2018 . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_8167-8334 | CBS also renewed the series for a 19th and 20th season . The 19th season premiered on June 28 , 2017 , while the 20th season is expected to air in the summer of 2018 . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_8805-10217 | The series was bought by CBS in early 2000 for an estimated $20 million . The United States version of the series officially premiered on July 5 , 2000 when the original ten housemates entered the house . Since its inception , the show has been hosted by television personality Julie Chen . It is produced by Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan for Fly on the Wall Entertainment and Endemol Shine North America ( formerly Endemol USA ) . The success of the series has spawned several spin - offs . The series airs once a year , during the summer , with the exception of the ninth season which aired in spring of 2008 and the Over the Top spinoff series broadcasting in fall 2016 . Currently , 19 seasons of the show have aired , along with one digital season . The show has aired a total of 545 episodes since it premiered , with the September 5 , 2013 airing marking the 500th episode . To date , there have been a total of 253 HouseGuests compete in the series . Upon entering the house , the HouseGuests who leave the house without permission are not allowed to return . Should a HouseGuest break the rules set in the house , they can be expelled from the house . To date , there have been a total of four HouseGuests expelled from the house because of acts of violence and / or rule - breaking . There have only been three HouseGuests who have voluntarily left the game for reasons relating to personal matters . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_10243-11133 | Since its premiere , there have been numerous companion programs to the show . In 2004 , the web series House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show ( 2004 -- 08 ) began airing . The series , which lasted for thirty minutes and aired on weeknights , allowed fans to call in and discuss the events of the game . This made House Calls the first live Internet talk show produced exclusively for a television network . The series was initially hosted by Gretchen Massey and Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) HouseGuest Marcellas Reynolds during its first two seasons . Beginning with the show 's third season , a new co-host was featured on the series each day , with some returning more than once . During the show 's fifth and sixth seasons , each co-host was given a designated day of the week to host alongside Gretchen . Following the show 's sixth season , it was confirmed that it would not be renewed . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_11134-11368 | Big Brother : After Dark , a second companion series , was debuted in 2007 and aired on Showtime Too nightly from 12 a.m. to 3 a.m. Eastern Time . The series continued this schedule until 2013 , when it was moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_11369-11768 | Former HouseGuest Jeff Schroeder began hosting the Big Brother : Live Chat online discussion show in 2012 , where he interviewed the HouseGuests both before they enter the house and following their evictions . He also performed post-finale backyard interviews with the cast . On August 10 , 2017 , Schroeder announced that he was moving to Colorado and would no longer be able to do the interviews . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_11790-12091 | There have been two spin - off editions of Big Brother . In October 2016 , CBS premiered a spin - off web series , Big Brother : Over the Top , as an original series for CBS All Access . Unlike the flagship , television version , it was broadcast exclusively online with a shorter , 10 - week season . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_12092-12184 | The second spin - off , Celebrity Big Brother , is set to air in the winter of 2018 on CBS . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_12185-12338 | Though not an actual spin - off , the Canadian edition of the series is the first and currently only series to adopt the American format of Big Brother . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_12355-13508 | Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants , referred to as HouseGuests , live in a custom - built `` house '' ( actually a set built on a CBS stage in Los Angeles , Stage 18 in recent editions ) , constantly under video surveillance . While in the house , the contestants are completely isolated from the outside world , meaning no phone , television , internet , magazines , newspaper , or contact with those not in the house . This rule could be broken , however , in the event of a medical injury , a family emergency or death . The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment , and requires HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals , beliefs , and prejudices . While a competition , the series allows viewers to witness the relationships formed in the house and the behavior of the HouseGuests . Though locked in the house , the HouseGuests are free to quit the game , though will not be allowed entry back into the house . Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game , they could be expelled from the house , and unable to return . The contestants compete for a grand prize of $500,000 . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_13527-14612 | The premiere season used the original format of the series , which originated in the Netherlands . HouseGuests were required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential banishment , and the two with the most votes would be nominated . Should multiple HouseGuests receive the most nominations , then more than two HouseGuests were marked for banishment . This process was mandatory for all HouseGuests , and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the house . The HouseGuests in these seasons were forbidden from discussing nominations , and doing so could result in punishment . The public , through a vote conducted by phone , would vote to banish one of the nominated HouseGuests from the house , and the HouseGuest with the most votes from the viewers would be banished from the house . When only three HouseGuests remained , the viewers would vote for which of them should win the series , and the HouseGuest with the most votes would become the winner . The format , during that season , was plagued with a negative reception from both critics and viewers . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_14709-16525 | Having spent millions on the series , CBS issued a second season of the series and announced that various changes would occur with the format . The current format of the series is focused more on competition and strategy than the original series . At the start of each week in the house , the HouseGuests compete for the title of Head of Household . The Head of Household for each week is given luxuries such as their own personal bedroom and free laundry service , but is responsible for nominating two HouseGuests for eviction . The Head of Household would not be able to compete in the following week 's Head of Household competition , meaning that a HouseGuest could not hold the title for two weeks in a row , except for the final week or other stated circumstances . All HouseGuests excluding the Head of Household and nominees later vote to determine which of the two nominees should be evicted , and the nominated HouseGuest who received the most votes is evicted during a live episode . If there is a tie in the voting , the reigning Head of Household is required to make the tie - breaker decision . Unlike other versions of Big Brother , the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely . The HouseGuests also competed in Have - Not competitions , in which the losers were required to solely eat slop for the rest of the week , as well as sleep in a special bedroom . Upon reaching a point in the game , the evicted HouseGuests go on to become members of the Jury ; the Jury is responsible for choosing who wins the series . The members of the Jury are not shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations . Once only two HouseGuests remain , the members of the Jury cast their votes for who should win the series . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_16526-18180 | To keep the series intriguing , each season typically features a new twist to change the format of the game . This began with Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) and the `` Expect the Unexpected '' twist . Other seasons feature smaller twists than have a smaller impact on the game , usually affecting that sole week . The most notable example of this is Pandora 's Box , a twist that originated in Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) . The twist sees the current Head of Household for that week being tempted by the box , and can choose to either open the box or leave it . Should a HouseGuest choose to open Pandora 's Box , both good and bad consequences could be unleashed into the house ; these can affect not only the Head of Household but the other housemates. Similar formats are applied in later seasons , for example , the Den of Temptation introduced in season 19 . Secret powers have also appeared in the past . Mike Malin was the first HouseGuest to receive a secret power , earning the Coup d'État during Big Brother : All - Stars ( 2006 ) . The Coup d'État allowed the holder to remove one or both nominees from the block on eviction night , as well as choose who is nominated in their place . Malin chose not to use the power , and it subsequently returned during Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) when Jeff Schroeder was given the power by the viewers . Matt Hoffman was given a Diamond Power of Veto during Big Brother 12 ( 2010 ) , which allowed him to remove one HouseGuest from the block and choose the replacement nominee . During Big Brother 14 ( 2012 ) , HouseGuest Ian Terry won a second Power of Veto , which could be used the same as the normal Power of Veto . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_18181-19428 | There have been many seasons in which there has been a twist that allows an evicted HouseGuest to return to the game as if they never left . This happened by either a vote or by a competition . From season 18 onward this was referred to as the Battle Back Competition . After being evicted the HouseGuests remained sequestered either separately from each other or ( if occurring post-jury ) together in the jury house . Those who elected to leave sequester or who leave the game voluntarily were ineligible to return . In Big Brother 3 , the first four evictees competed in a competition where they were asked questions about how much they would give up to re-enter the house . The two who gave up the most faced a vote of the house as to who would return . In Big Brother 6 , three of the first four evictees were voted on by an America 's Vote where the winner returned to the house . In Big Brother 9 and Big Brother 13 , the first few evictees were also voted on by the public . Then a house vote was held on whether to bring back the most recent evictee or the person America chose known only to them as the `` mystery HouseGuest '' . During Big Brother 18 and Big Brother 19 there was a competition to determine who would return to the house | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_19429-19827 | Jessie Godderz has made the most Big Brother appearances in the show 's history , appearing in seasons 10 and 11 as a HouseGuest and in seasons 12 - 14 , 17 and 18 in a special guest appearance . Victor Arroyo became the first HouseGuest to reenter the house for a third time in the same season while Paul Abrahamian became the first HouseGuest to make it to the final two twice but still not win . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_19932-21601 | Since its launch in the United States , Big Brother has aired on CBS . The show is simulcast in Canada on Global . The fourth and ninth seasons have both aired in the United Kingdom , the latter airing in the Spring season . The first season featured a total of six episodes per week , though all future installments would air three nights per week . Of these three episodes , the weekly eviction episode is the only one that is live ; this is the only episode to feature host Julie Chen . This show generally airs on Thursdays . To date , there have been a total of 558 episodes of the series to air . With the exception of the ninth season , the series typically airs once a year during the Summer season . The first fifteen seasons aired in standard definition , with the sixteenth season being the first to be produced in HD . Before the series made the transfer , it was the last remaining regularly scheduled Primetime series to remain in standard definition . CBS released the entire third season as a nine - disc set on Region 1 DVD . This made it the first season to receive an official release , and has since become a rare item to find . The fourth season saw the release of a two - disc highlights DVD , featuring previously unseen footage deemed too racy for the main broadcast . To date , these are the only seasons to see a physical release . Beginning with the seventh season , all future seasons are available for purchase on digital retail sites . With the fifteenth season , TVGN ( now Pop ) began airing re-runs of the series at later dates , making it the first season to be aired following its premiere ; this continued with the sixteenth season . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_21602-21856 | Subscribers to CBS All Access are able to stream the complete run of Big Brother , including the differently - formatted first season , and an episode of Big Brother 2 that did not air in most markets due to ongoing coverage of the September 11 attacks . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_21857-22939 | One of the main aspects of the series is the live feeds , in which viewers can view inside the house at any time . The live feeds have been a part of the series since its inception , initially being offered as a free service during the first season . From the second season onward , a subscription to the live feeds has been required , with the price ranging each year . The first season 's feeds were available on the show 's official site , hosted by AOL . From the second season to the fourteenth season , the feeds were available through RealNetworks either as a subscription or as a free addition for Gold members . With the fifteenth season onward , the live feeds have aired on the official CBS website , again requiring a subscription from users . Though advertised as being available at any time , the feeds are shut off during the weekly nomination ceremony , Power of Veto ceremony , and the competitions and evictions for that week ; this is to provide suspense for the series . Slanderous statements and singing of copyrighted music are also blocked for legal reasons . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_22940-23388 | CBS is set to be premiering Celebrity Big Brother in the winter of 2018 . It will be the first spin - off to air on the broadcast network , and the second season overall to air in the winter television season . The celebrity edition is expected to air in a concentrated run with fewer episodes . However , this edition will air multiple episodes each week and continue to have live feeds and the After Dark companion show as with the main edition . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_23446-26211 | The Head of Household competition is held at the beginning of each week , and is most often performed on the live eviction episode . Most often , the first Head of Household competition will require HouseGuests to participate either in pairs or in teams . While the fourth , fifth , and eighth seasons had the HouseGuests competing in pairs , the sixth , seventh , eleventh , twelfth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth editions all saw HouseGuests competing as part of a group . The live Head of Household competitions are typically question based , and will see HouseGuests eliminated each round . Competitions such as `` Majority Rules '' have been used numerous times , with the game being played in the fourth , fifth , sixth , eighth , tenth , and twelfth seasons ; a variation of the competition was used in the seventh season . Some competitions will attempt to cause drama in the house , such as the `` En Garde '' Head of Household competition in which the winner of each round selected the next two to face off against one another . This competition was later used in the tenth , eleventh , twelfth , thirteenth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth seasons . Various competitions throughout the season will be endurance , requiring HouseGuests to be the last one remaining in the competition . Endurance competitions are often held after game changing announcements , such as when a previously evicted HouseGuest returns . Various endurance competitions may have punished or reward contestants who either fall off first or last . Skill based competitions also appear frequently throughout the season , some of which may last for numerous hours . Skill competitions , such as the thirteenth season 's `` Big Brother Open '' , are finished during the live eviction broadcast . The final Head of Household competition of each season features three rounds ; the first is endurance , the second is skill , and the final is question based . The record for most Head of Household competitions won in a single season is held by Drew Daniel , Janelle Pierzina , Hayden Moss , Rachel Reilly , Ian Terry , Aaryn Gries , Caleb Reynolds , Vanessa Rousso and Steve Moses in terms of reigns . Frankie Grande won HOH 5 times the sixteenth season , however he was dethroned twice due to the dual HoH twist that was in play during his season , and third reign was rewound due to the rewind button twist . This leaves Frankie with just two full reigns as HoH . Ian Terry has the record for most consecutive Head of Household wins , with four ( winning at the Final 9 , 7 , 5 and 3 rounds ) . One of the Head of Household 's duties is to nominate 2 people for eviction . Victoria from the sixteenth season holds the record for most times being nominated with nine . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_26294-28005 | The Power of Veto is a power first introduced in Big Brother 3 . During it 's first season , it did not allow a nominated HouseGuest to use it on themselves . The final Power of Veto that season was the Golden Power of Veto , and allowed a nominated HouseGuest to remove themself from the block . Following this , the Golden Power of Veto was used in all subsequent seasons . The Diamond Power of Veto , used in Big Brother 12 allowed one HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block , as well as choose the replacement nominee only moments before the live eviction. Power of Veto competitions differ drastically from the Head of Household competition , with PoV competitions being more skill based in nature . Competitions such as the `` Pop Goes the Veto ! '' competition , which required HouseGuest to find letter tiles and spell the longest word , have been used in numerous consecutive seasons . Competitions such as the `` Big Brother Boardwalk '' competition see HouseGuests attempting to guess how much of an item there is ; this is one of various competitions that do not require HouseGuests to compete in a physical based competition . The `` How Bad Do You Want It ? '' Power of Veto competition , first introduced in the seventh season , saw HouseGuests taking punishments in exchange for advancing in the competition . Variations of this competition have been used in numerous subsequent seasons . HouseGuests Janelle Pierzina , Daniele Donato & Paul Abrahamian currently hold the record for most Power of Veto wins in a single season , with five wins each . HouseGuests James Zinkand , Frank Eudy , and Shane Meaney all hold the record for most consecutive Power of Veto wins , with three each . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_28031-29949 | Food and luxury competitions have been a part of the series since it first premiered . In early seasons , the losers of the food competition would be placed on a peanut butter and jelly diet , and would not be permitted to eat any other foods . Beginning with Big Brother 7 , the losers of the Have - Not competition were required to eat `` Big Brother Slop '' for food , sleep in the Have - Not bedroom , and take cold showers for the week . Slop has proven to be an issue for some HouseGuests ; Hypoglycemic HouseGuest Amanda Hansen fainted and had a seizure after only a few days of being on the slop diet , while HouseGuest Allison Nichols had an allergic reaction to the slop ( both of these cases occurred in Big Brother 9 ) . Both women were medically evacuated from the house , though they returned the following morning . HouseGuests who choose to break the slop rule are punished by Big Brother . HouseGuest Jen Johnson from Big Brother 8 was the first HouseGuest to break the food restriction rules , and earned a penalty eviction vote for doing so ; she was ultimately evicted that week . Audrey Middleton from Big Brother 17 and Matt Clines from Big Brother 19 also broke the rules and earned a penalty vote and ultimately evicted . HouseGuests Jeff Schroeder and Kevin Campbell of Big Brother 11 also broke the rules , to a lesser degree , and earned an extra day on the slop diet . The HouseGuests also frequently compete in luxury competitions during their time in the house . Most frequently , HouseGuests will compete for the right to watch a film or television show in the house . When competitions for films or television shows occur , an actor or actress from the series may enter the house to host the competition or speak with the HouseGuests . Actors such as Jeremy Piven , David Hasselhoff , and Neil Patrick Harris have all entered the house to participate in luxury competitions or rewards . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_29979-30669 | The Battle of the Block was first introduced during Big Brother 16 , and was reintroduced during the premiere of Big Brother 17 . Instead of the normal singular Head of Household ( HOH ) , two HOHs were named for that week . Each would then nominate a pair of nominees . These two pairs of nominees would compete against each other in a competition . The winning pair was safe from eviction and dethroned the HOH that nominated , allowing for the other HOH to remain in power for the rest of the week . While the winning pair was safe from eviction for the rest of the week , the dethroned HOH was not . There were eight Battle of the Block competitions in season 16 and five in season 17 . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_30691-30912 | The Battle Back Competition allows an evicted house guest to return into the house and play as if they had never left . This competition was first introduced in Season 18 and returned to play a role in Season 19 as well . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_30913-31599 | During Season 18 , the first two evicted house guests battled one on one , and the winner went on to compete against the third . The winner of that matchup would face the next evicted HouseGuest , and the winner of the final match - up re-entered the game . Victor Arroyo was the winner . Also that season , jury members competed alongside the HouseGuests still in the game . The last HouseGuest standing became the new HoH while the last Jury member standing returned to the game . Victor won this Battle Back making him the first HouseGuest in Big Brother history to reenter the game in the same season for a third time . This version of the Battle Back did not return for season 19 . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_31600-32098 | During Season 19 , the four evicted house guests played against each other in one competition . The top two then played head - to - head , and the winner then had to face off against a member inside the house . If the evicted house guest won , they would re-enter the game . However , if the non-evicted house guest won , no one would re-enter the game and all four evicted house guests would be permanently eliminated . Cody Nickson beat Paul Abrahamian in the final round and reentered the game . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_32151-34046 | Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Final Vote Runner - Up Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes July 5 , 2000 September 29 , 2000 88 10 Eddie McGee 59 -- 27 -- 14 % Josh Souza 9.10 70 July 5 , 2001 September 20 , 2001 82 12 Will Kirby 5 -- 2 Nicole Schaffrich 7.90 30 July 10 , 2002 September 25 , 2002 Lisa Donahue 9 -- 1 Danielle Reyes 8.70 33 July 8 , 2003 September 24 , 2003 13 Jun Song 6 -- 1 Alison Irwin 8.80 33 5 July 6 , 2004 September 21 , 2004 14 ! 14 Drew Daniel 4 -- 3 Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis 8.30 31 6 July 7 , 2005 September 20 , 2005 80 14 Maggie Ausburn 4 -- 3 Ivette Corredro 7.24 30 7 July 6 , 2006 September 12 , 2006 72 14 ! 14 ( All Returnees ) Mike `` Boogie '' Malin 6 -- 1 Erika Landin 7.56 28 8 July 5 , 2007 September 18 , 2007 81 14 `` Evel '' Dick Donato 5 -- 2 Daniele Donato 7.52 33 9 February 12 , 2008 April 27 , 2008 16 Adam Jasinski 6 -- 1 Ryan Quicksall 6.56 33 10 July 13 , 2008 September 16 , 2008 71 13 Dan Gheesling 7 -- 0 Memphis Garrett 6.72 29 11 July 9 , 2009 September 15 , 2009 73 13 ! 13 ( 1 Returnee ) Jordan Lloyd 5 -- 2 Natalie Martinez 7.19 30 12 July 8 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 75 13 Hayden Moss 4 -- 3 Lane Elenburg 7.76 30 13 July 7 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 14 ! 14 ( 6 Returnees ) Rachel Reilly 4 -- 3 Porsche Briggs 7.95 29 14 July 12 , 2012 September 19 , 2012 16 ! 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Ian Terry 6 -- 1 Dan Gheesling 6.79 30 15 June 26 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 90 16 Andy Herren 7 -- 2 GinaMarie Zimmerman 6.47 36 16 June 25 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 97 Derrick Levasseur 7 -- 2 Cody Calafiore 6.41 40 17 June 24 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 98 17 ! 17 Steve Moses 6 -- 3 Liz Nolan 6.18 40 18 June 22 , 2016 September 21 , 2016 99 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Nicole Franzel 5 -- 4 Paul Abrahamian 5.78 42 19 June 28 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 92 17 ( 1 Returnee ) Josh Martinez 5 -- 4 6.06 39 20 Summer 2018 Summer 2018 | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_34059-34335 | Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Final Vote Runner - Up Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes Over the Top September 28 , 2016 December 1 , 2016 65 13 ( 1 Returnee ) Morgan Willett America 's Vote Jason Roy N / A 10 Celebrity Big Brother Winter 2018 2018 | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_34336-35547 | ^ 1 For the first season of the main edition and the digital edition , the public voted to determine the winner between the three finalists . However , the voting percentages were not revealed for BBOTT . ^ 2 Thirteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first four evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 3 The 14 returning HouseGuests were chosen among 20 candidates -- eight through public vote , and six by the producers . ^ 4 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among four candidates , determined by a competition . ^ 5 One of the HouseGuests was expelled from the house during the season . Due to this , their vote was instead decided by the American public . ^ 6 Sixteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first five evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 7 The returning HouseGuest entered the house as a result of an opening night twist . ^ 8 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among two candidates , determined by public vote . The candidates were from the main edition . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
806861816_35583-35843 | Since its inception , Big Brother has been criticized following reports of `` HIB '' ( Harassment , Intimidation , and Bullying ) , violence in the house , obscene language , breach of integrity , and the physical and mental strain of appearing on the series . | Big Brother (U.S. TV series) |
804222095_205-651 | `` No Exit '' The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 14 Directed by Michael Allowitz Written by Brian Young Production code 2J7514 Original air date February 27 , 2014 Guest appearance ( s ) Olga Fonda ( Nadia ) Michael Malarkey ( Enzo ) Rick Cosnett ( Wes Maxfield ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Next → `` Gone Girl '' The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_652-934 | `` No Exit '' is the 14th episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 103rd episode overall . `` No Exit '' was originally aired on February 27 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Michael Allowitz . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_1064-1534 | Enzo ( Michael Malarkey ) and Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) turn people on vampires so that Damon can feed on since now , after Wes ' ( Rick Cosnett ) injection , he craves on vampire blood and not human . The two of them try to leave the last victim 's house when Wes appears with travelers who spell the house so vampires will not be able to get out . Wes informs them that he wants to make one last test ; how long can Damon last before he attacks his friend to feed on . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_1535-2474 | Katherine ( Nina Dobrev ) , still pretending to be Elena , tries to get closer to Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) so they can be back together . When Caroline ( Candice Accola ) arrives and tells them about Damon , Stefan wants to find him and Katherine offers to go with him . Caroline warns him that it is weird for him to be so close to `` Elena '' after everything that happened but he reassures her that they are just friends . Before Stefan and Katherine go , Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler ( Michael Trevino ) who tells her that he worries about Matt ( Zach Roerig ) , who is vanished for two days , and that Nadia ( Olga Fonda ) was compelling him . Katherine hears Caroline 's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine . When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena , Katherine asks her to kill him . Caroline leaves to go to Tyler 's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_2475-3097 | Caroline gets to Tyler 's and they try to find out why Nadia would compel Matt and what does she want from him . The two of them feel awkward because of what happened between Caroline and Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) . At the same time , Matt tries to convince Nadia that she does not have to kill him and all he has to do is to convince his friends that he is fine . Matt returns home with Nadia and acts like everything is fine . He tells Tyler and Caroline that Nadia is not compelling him and that they just have fun together but Caroline is not really supportive of that . They both depart , leaving Matt and Nadia alone . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_3098-3753 | Katherine and Stefan are on the road in search of Damon and Katherine tries to seduce Stefan . She breaks the car so they can stay at a hotel she had seen till the car is ready . While being there , Enzo calls Stefan to inform him about the situation he and Damon are but Katherine answers who asks him to text her the address . Stefan goes to get the car and Katherine calls Nadia to tell her that she plans to lead Stefan on killing Damon to save her . Stefan gets back and before they leave the hotel , Katherine gets closer to him and kisses him . He kisses her back but he stops because `` Elena '' has just broken up with Damon and it is not right . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_3754-4357 | Enzo chains Damon on a chair in an attempt to prevent him of attacking him . Wes shoots Enzo to make him bleed , so Damon will not be able to resist . Damon breaks the chains and attacks Enzo who tries to tell him to stop . Damon chokes at Enzo 's blood and Wes appears to tell him that it is because he had travelers to spell on it . He offers Enzo to go with him so he will not be killed by Damon since the spell will not last forever . Enzo does not want to go but Damon convinces him to do it because if he stays he will kill him . Enzo leaves with Wes and Damon stays alone , trapped in the house . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_4358-5052 | Nadia checks that finally vervain is out of Matt 's system so she can compel him again but before she makes him forget , Matt tries to warn Caroline about Katherine taking over Elena 's body . He kisses Nadia who kisses him back and while they are kissing , he tries to text Caroline . He manages to write `` Help K '' and send it to Caroline before Nadia sees him and stops him . She is hurt by his behavior and trying to fool her , so she compels him and starts to exit the house . Caroline , who got the text , meets Nadia at the door and asks her what is she planning and they start fighting . Tyler gets there in time to stop Nadia from killing Caroline and he fights Nadia who runs away . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_5053-5733 | Katherine and Stefan arrive at the house where Damon is but Damon warns them to not get into the house because they will not be able to get out and he will attack them . They tell him that they do not afraid of him and they both enter the house . Katherine , to help Damon fight his urge , cuts her hand with a class and provokes him with her blood telling him that he can fight it . Damon starts feeding on her , Stefan tells him to stop and Katherine kicks a stake towards Stefan telling him that Damon is going to kill her . Stefan , instead of taking the stake , he takes a piece of class and cuts himself to distract Damon . Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his head . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_5734-6028 | Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia . Katherine is happy because , despite that her plan to kill Damon did not work , she had a moment with Stefan . She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_6029-6767 | Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house 's basement . Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings , one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a solution . Damon points to Stefan that `` Elena '' provoked him to feed on her and then she kicked a stake towards him so he will kill him . Stefan does not believe that Elena would want that , he locks Damon up and gets upstairs where Caroline is . The two of them discuss what happened between Stefan and `` Elena '' and Caroline also tells him about Nadia and Matt and the text he sent to her . From Matt 's text , who used `` K '' and not `` E '' , they put the pieces together and they realize that Katherine is in Elena 's body . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_6844-6978 | `` Radioactive '' by Imagine Dragons `` You Belong Here '' by Leagues `` Fleur Blanche '' by Örsten `` Poisonous Spider '' by Company | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_7015-7136 | In its original American broadcast , `` No Exit '' was watched by 2.03 million ; down by 0.13 from the previous episode . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_7154-7298 | `` No Exit '' received mixed to negative reviews with many hoping that now that Katherine 's secret was revealed , the show will `` kick in '' . | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_7299-7899 | Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave a B rate to the episode saying that it was a filler episode : `` this path to realization ( finding out that Katherine is in Elena 's body ) basically creates a filler episode , a way to move the story to the place it needs to be for the inevitable big confrontation in the future ( ... ) Katherine taking over Elena 's life was an incredibly inspired storyline , and watching it unfold has been delightful , but sooner or later , someone had to figure out what was going on . To spend an episode almost solely focused on making that happen is a good thing . '' | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_7900-8400 | Alyse Wax of Fearnet writes : `` I miss the bad - assery this show used to have . Julie Plec took it all with her and stuffed it into The Originals . ( ... ) All of the awesome , violent , supernatural drama has been replaced with standard who 's - sleeping - with - who nonsense , ever since the original vampires got their own show . I guess Klaus really took the bad - assery with him . Well , now everyone knows that `` Elena '' is really Katherine , so hopefully the crazy shit will kick in . '' | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_8401-9112 | Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave a negative review saying that season five of the show has been the worst by far . `` ( The show ) stopped being a fast - paced , well - written vampire show and became a long - running soap that happened to have mythical creatures in it . That 's not what any of us signed up for but , with the Katherine storyline presumably on its way out now that Stefan and Caroline have figured out the deceit and Nadia has a dreaded werewolf bite to contend with , maybe the next half - arsed arc will be better ? Let 's hope so because , since we all know how fantastically entertaining this show can be at its best , there is always a glimmer of hope that it can return to form . '' | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_9113-9620 | Stephanie Hall from K Site TV said that overall the episode left her a feeling that this was an off week of the show . `` '' No Exit '' was an uncharacteristically odd episode of The Vampire Diaries that primarily served to stall the impending solutions of this run of episodes ' two most pressing issues : Katherine and Damon . While it did bring our heroes a step closer to solving both of these problems , the ways in which it did so were not delivered with as much metaphoric bang as could be hoped . '' | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
804222095_9621-10095 | Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with only 1.3 / 5 saying that it was one boring hour of television and that the writers recycles scenes and stories from previous episodes / seasons . `` We knew from the moment Katherine inhabited Elena 's body that she would eventually be found out . What other alternative possibly existed ? So we 've been waiting and waiting and waiting for that moment for weeks and that 's exactly what tonight 's episode felt like . '' | No Exit (The Vampire Diaries) |
806718226_84-478 | James Russell Lowell James Russell Lowell , c. 1855 ( 1819 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1819 Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States August 12 , 1891 ( 1891 - 08 - 12 ) ( aged 72 ) Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States Alma mater Harvard University Literary movement Romanticism Spouse Maria White ( m. 1844 -- 53 ; her death ) Frances Dunlap ( m. 1857 -- 85 ; her death ) Children Signature | James Russell Lowell |
806718226_479-926 | James Russell Lowell ( / ˈloʊəl / ; February 22 , 1819 -- August 12 , 1891 ) was an American Romantic poet , critic , editor , and diplomat . He is associated with the Fireside Poets , a group of New England writers who were among the first American poets that rivaled the popularity of British poets . These writers usually used conventional forms and meters in their poetry , making them suitable for families entertaining at their fireside . | James Russell Lowell |
806718226_927-1911 | Lowell graduated from Harvard College in 1838 , despite his reputation as a troublemaker , and went on to earn a law degree from Harvard Law School . He published his first collection of poetry in 1841 and married Maria White in 1844 . The couple had several children , though only one survived past childhood . They soon became involved in the movement to abolish slavery , with Lowell using poetry to express his anti-slavery views and taking a job in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , as the editor of an abolitionist newspaper . After moving back to Cambridge , Lowell was one of the founders of a journal called The Pioneer , which lasted only three issues . He gained notoriety in 1848 with the publication of A Fable for Critics , a book - length poem satirizing contemporary critics and poets . The same year , he published The Biglow Papers , which increased his fame . He went on to publish several other poetry collections and essay collections throughout his literary career . | James Russell Lowell |
806718226_1912-2542 | Maria died in 1853 , and Lowell accepted a professorship of languages at Harvard in 1854 ; he continued to teach there for twenty years . He traveled to Europe before officially assuming his teaching duties in 1856 , and married Frances Dunlap shortly thereafter in 1857 . That year , Lowell also became editor of The Atlantic Monthly . It was not until 20 years later that he received his first political appointment , the ambassadorship to the Kingdom of Spain . He was later appointed ambassador to the Court of St. James 's . He spent his last years in Cambridge in the same estate where he was born , and died there in 1891 . | James Russell Lowell |
806718226_2543-3062 | Lowell believed that the poet played an important role as a prophet and critic of society . He used poetry for reform , particularly in abolitionism . However , his commitment to the anti-slavery cause wavered over the years , as did his opinion on African - Americans . He attempted to emulate the true Yankee accent in the dialogue of his characters , particularly in The Biglow Papers . This depiction of the dialect , as well as his many satires , was an inspiration to writers such as Mark Twain and H.L. Mencken . | James Russell Lowell |
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