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L_0428
protein synthesis
T_2538
FIGURE 5.16 Comparison of RNA and DNA
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textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21614.png
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protein synthesis
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FIGURE 5.17 Translating the genetic code of RNA. The codons are read in sequence until a stop codon is reached. UAG, UGA, and UAA are all stop codons. They dont code for any amino acids.
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textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21615.png
L_0428
protein synthesis
T_2540
FIGURE 5.18 How the genetic code is read
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textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21616.png
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protein synthesis
T_2543
FIGURE 5.19 Transcription step of protein synthesis
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textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21617.png
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protein synthesis
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FIGURE 5.20 Translation step of protein synthesis
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textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21618.png
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protein synthesis
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FIGURE 5.21 Examples of mutagens
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textbook_images/protein_synthesis_21619.png
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darwins theory of evolution
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FIGURE 7.1 Charles Darwin as a young man in the 1830s
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textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21637.png
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darwins theory of evolution
T_2585
FIGURE 7.2 Route of the Beagle
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textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21638.png
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darwins theory of evolution
T_2585
FIGURE 7.3 Giant tortoises on the Galpagos Islands varied in shell shape, depending on which island they inhabited.
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textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21639.png
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darwins theory of evolution
T_2586
FIGURE 7.4 Variation in beak size and shape in Gal- pagos finches
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textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21640.png
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darwins theory of evolution
T_2589
FIGURE 7.5 Variation in pigeons as a result of artificial selection
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textbook_images/darwins_theory_of_evolution_21641.png
L_0433
evidence for evolution
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FIGURE 7.6 Most of what we know about dinosaurs is based on fossils such as this one.
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textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21642.png
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evidence for evolution
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FIGURE 7.7 Fossil footprint of a three-toed dinosaur
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textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21643.png
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evidence for evolution
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FIGURE 7.8 Wasp encased in amber
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textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21644.png
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evidence for evolution
T_2596
FIGURE 7.9 Fossils found in lower rock layers are generally older than fossils found in rock layers closer to the surface.
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textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21645.png
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evidence for evolution
T_2596
FIGURE 7.10 This whale ancestor, called Ambulocetus, lived about 48 million years ago.
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textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21646.png
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evidence for evolution
T_2598
FIGURE 7.11 Front limb bones of different mammals
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textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21647.png
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evidence for evolution
T_2600
FIGURE 7.12 From left to right, embryos of a chicken, turtle, pig, and human being
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textbook_images/evidence_for_evolution_21648.png
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the scale of evolution
T_2603
FIGURE 7.13 Fossils show how horses evolved over the past 50 million of years. Horses in- creased in size. Their teeth and feet also changed.
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textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21649.png
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the scale of evolution
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FIGURE 7.14 Darwins finches evolved new traits by natural selection.
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textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21650.png
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the scale of evolution
T_2609
FIGURE 7.15 This male anole lizard is puffing out a flap of yellow skin to attract a mate.
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textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21651.png
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the scale of evolution
T_2610
FIGURE 7.16 Coevolution of a hummingbird and flower- ing plant
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textbook_images/the_scale_of_evolution_21652.png
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history of life on earth
T_2613
FIGURE 7.17 Earths history in a day
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21653.png
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history of life on earth
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FIGURE 7.18 Geologic time scale
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21654.png
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history of life on earth
T_2617
FIGURE 7.19 Model of the earliest cell
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21655.png
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history of life on earth
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FIGURE 7.20 How eukaryotic cells may have evolved
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21656.png
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history of life on earth
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FIGURE 7.21 Sponges (left) and trilobite fossil (right) from the Cambrian Period
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21657.png
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history of life on earth
T_2625
FIGURE 7.22 Forest of the Carboniferous Period
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21658.png
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history of life on earth
T_2626
FIGURE 7.23 The supercontinent Pangaea formed dur- ing the Permian Period.
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21659.png
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history of life on earth
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FIGURE 7.24 Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton on display in a museum
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21660.png
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history of life on earth
T_2633
FIGURE 7.25 Woolly mammoths lived during the last ice age.
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textbook_images/history_of_life_on_earth_21661.png
L_0437
bacteria
T_2650
FIGURE 8.9 Salmonella bacteria
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textbook_images/bacteria_21670.png
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bacteria
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FIGURE 8.10 Bacteria classified by shape
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textbook_images/bacteria_21671.png
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bacteria
T_2652
FIGURE 8.11 Gram-positive (left) and gram-negative (right) bacteria
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textbook_images/bacteria_21672.png
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bacteria
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FIGURE 8.12 Bacteria are used to make fermented foods such as these.
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textbook_images/bacteria_21673.png
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bacteria
T_2655
FIGURE 8.13 Deer ticks are vectors for the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The ticks are actu- ally very small and may go unnoticed.
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textbook_images/bacteria_21674.png
L_0442
adulthood and aging
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/adulthood_and_aging_21696.png
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aquatic biomes
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21707.png
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aquatic biomes
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/aquatic_biomes_21708.png
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autoimmune diseases
T_2735
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/autoimmune_diseases_21717.png
L_0457
bacteria in the digestive system
T_2745
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/bacteria_in_the_digestive_system_21724.png
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bacteria nutrition
T_2750
FIGURE 1.1 These mutualistic bacteria-containing nodules on a soybean root help provide the plant with nitrogen.
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textbook_images/bacteria_nutrition_21725.png
L_0460
barriers to pathogens
T_2756
FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows that the skin has many layers. The outer layer is so tough that it keeps out most pathogens.
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textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21727.png
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barriers to pathogens
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/barriers_to_pathogens_21728.png
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blood types
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/blood_types_21741.png
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blood vessels
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/blood_vessels_21742.png
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bony fish
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/bony_fish_21743.png
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bony fish
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/bony_fish_21744.png
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cancer
T_2788
FIGURE 1.1 The mutations that cause cancer may occur when people are exposed to pathogens, such as the human papilloma virus (HPV), which is shown here.
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textbook_images/cancer_21745.png
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cancer
T_2788
FIGURE 1.2 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to chemical carcinogens, such as those in cigarettes. It can be argued that tobacco smoke is the main source of chemical carcinogens.
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textbook_images/cancer_21746.png
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cancer
T_2790
FIGURE 1.3 The mutations that cause cancer may oc- cur when people are exposed to radiation, including the radiation from sunlight.
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textbook_images/cancer_21747.png
L_0471
cardiovascular diseases
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/cardiovascular_diseases_21748.png
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cardiovascular system
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FIGURE 1.1 The cardiovascular system moves nutri- ents and other substances throughout the body.
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textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_21750.png
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cardiovascular system health
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_health_21751.png
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cardiovascular system health
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/cardiovascular_system_health_21752.png
L_0481
cellular respiration
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/cellular_respiration_21763.png
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central nervous system
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FIGURE 1.1 The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
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textbook_images/central_nervous_system_21765.png
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central nervous system
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/central_nervous_system_21766.png
L_0485
chemistry of life
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/chemistry_of_life_21772.png
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chemistry of life
T_2837
FIGURE 1.2 The periodic table groups the elements based on their properties. The table begins with Hydrogen, atomic number 1.
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textbook_images/chemistry_of_life_21773.png
L_0488
chromosomal disorders
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FIGURE 1.1 A child with Down syndrome.
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textbook_images/chromosomal_disorders_21780.png
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chromosomal disorders
T_2849
FIGURE 1.2 Outside of chromosome 21 and the sex chromosomes, most embryos with extra chromosomes do not usually survive. Because chromosomes carry many, many genes, a disruption of a chromosome can cause severe problems with the development of a fetus. Individuals with one (or more) fewer chromosome usually dont survive either. Can you explain why?
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textbook_images/chromosomal_disorders_21781.png
L_0489
circulation and the lymphatic system
T_2851
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/circulation_and_the_lymphatic_system_21782.png
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circulation and the lymphatic system
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/circulation_and_the_lymphatic_system_21783.png
L_0494
connecting cellular respiration and photosynthesis
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/connecting_cellular_respiration_and_photosynthesis_21791.png
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diabetes
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/diabetes_21799.png
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digestive system organs
T_2887
FIGURE 1.1 This drawing shows the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These organs are part of the digestive system. Food does not pass through them, but they secrete sub- stances needed for chemical digestion.
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textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21802.png
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digestive system organs
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21803.png
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digestive system organs
T_2889
FIGURE 1.3 This is what the villi lining the intestine looks like when magnified. Each one is actually only about 1 millimeter long. Villi are just barely visible with the unaided eye.
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textbook_images/digestive_system_organs_21804.png
L_0502
diseases of the nervous system
T_2893
FIGURE 1.1 This scan shows a person with encephali- tis.
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textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21805.png
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diseases of the nervous system
T_2894
FIGURE 1.2 These bacteria, shown at more than 1,000 times their actual size, are the cause of bacterial meningitis. Despite their tiny size, they can cause very serious illness.
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textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21806.png
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diseases of the nervous system
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FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21807.png
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diseases of the nervous system
T_2896
FIGURE 1.4 Disease Huntingtons disease Cause An inherited gene codes for an ab- normal protein that causes the death of neurons. An abnormally low level of a neu- rotransmitter affects the part of the brain that controls movement. Abnormal changes in the brain cause the gradual loss of most nor- mal brain functions. Symptoms Uncontrolled jerky movements, loss of muscle control, problems with memory and learning Uncontrolled shaking, slowed movements, problems with speaking Memory loss, confusion, mood swings, gradual loss of control over mental and physical abilities
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textbook_images/diseases_of_the_nervous_system_21808.png
L_0505
dna the genetic material
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FIGURE 1.1 DNAs three-dimensional structure is a double helix. The hydrogen bonds be- tween the bases at the center of the helix hold the helix together.
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textbook_images/dna_the_genetic_material_21812.png
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dna the genetic material
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/dna_the_genetic_material_21813.png
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echinoderms
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/echinoderms_21816.png
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echinoderms
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/echinoderms_21817.png
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effects of water pollution
T_2914
FIGURE 1.1 Lake Valencia, Venezuela, showing green algal blooms. How did the algal bloom form? What will it do to the lake over time?
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textbook_images/effects_of_water_pollution_21819.png
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effects of water pollution
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/effects_of_water_pollution_21820.png
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energy pyramids
T_2918
FIGURE 1.1 As illustrated by this ecological pyramid, it takes a lot of phytoplankton to support the carnivores of the oceans. This energy pyramid has four trophic levels, which sig- nify the organisms place in the food chain from the original source of energy.
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textbook_images/energy_pyramids_21821.png
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enzymes in the digestive system
T_2919
FIGURE 1.1 Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and then secreted into the intestine. It helps break down fats.
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textbook_images/enzymes_in_the_digestive_system_21822.png
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evolution acts on the phenotype
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/evolution_acts_on_the_phenotype_21823.png
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excretory system problems
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/excretory_system_problems_21824.png
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excretory system problems
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FIGURE 1.2 During dialysis, a patients blood is sent through a filter that removes waste prod- ucts. The clean blood is returned to the body.
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textbook_images/excretory_system_problems_21825.png
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features of populations
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/features_of_populations_21826.png
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features of populations
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/features_of_populations_21827.png
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female reproductive structures
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/female_reproductive_structures_21828.png
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female reproductive system
T_2930
FIGURE 1.1 This represents a human egg, which is the gamete, or reproductive cell, in fe- males. Notice that is does not have a distinct shape, like a sperm cell has. The egg is a round cell with a haploid nucleus in the center. The egg contains most of the cytoplasm and organelles present in the first cell of a new organism.
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textbook_images/female_reproductive_system_21829.png
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fermentation
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/fermentation_21830.png
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fish
T_2936
FIGURE 1.1 The humphead or Napoleon wrasse shows some of the general traits of fish, including scales, fins, and a streamlined body.
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textbook_images/fish_21834.png
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fish
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FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/fish_21835.png
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fish
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FIGURE 1.3 Whale sharks are the largest cartilagi- nous fish.
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textbook_images/fish_21836.png
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flatworms
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/flatworms_21839.png
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food and nutrients
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/food_and_nutrients_21841.png
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fossils
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/fossils_21844.png
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fossils
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FIGURE 1.2 About 25 to 40 million years ago these insects were trapped in a gooey substance, called resin, that comes from trees. The fossils in the movie Jurassic Park were trapped in resin.
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textbook_images/fossils_21845.png
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fossils
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FIGURE 1.3 This device, called a spectrophotometer, can be used to measure the level of radioactive decay of certain elements in rocks and fossils to determine their age.
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textbook_images/fossils_21846.png
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harmful bacteria
T_2987
FIGURE 1.1 The Black Death, which killed at least one third of Europes population in the 1300s, is believed to have been caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
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textbook_images/harmful_bacteria_21872.png
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health hazards of air pollution
T_2992
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/health_hazards_of_air_pollution_21873.png
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health of the digestive system
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FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/health_of_the_digestive_system_21874.png