Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext · Datasets at Hugging Face

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L_0062	galaxies	T_0632	FIGURE 26.12 The Milky Way Galaxy in the night sky above Death Valley.	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20437.png
L_0068	types of rocks	T_0685	FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.	image	textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20468.png
L_0068	types of rocks	T_0685	FIGURE 4.2 Rocks contain many clues about the conditions in which they formed. The minerals contained within the rocks also contain geological information.	image	textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20469.png
L_0068	types of rocks	T_0686	FIGURE 4.3 Lava is molten rock. This lava will harden into an igneous rock.	image	textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20470.png
L_0068	types of rocks	T_0686	FIGURE 4.4 This sandstone is an example of a sedi- mentary rock. It formed when many small pieces of sand were cemented together to form a rock.	image	textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20471.png
L_0068	types of rocks	T_0687	FIGURE 4.5 This mica schist is a metamorphic rock. It was changed from a sedimentary rock like shale.	image	textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20472.png
L_0069	igneous rocks	T_0688	FIGURE 4.7 The Sierra Nevada of California are com- posed mainly of granite. These rocks are beautifully exposed in the Yosemite Valley.	image	textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20474.png
L_0069	igneous rocks	T_0688	FIGURE 4.8 (A) This granite has more plagioclase feldspar than many granites. (B) Dior- ite has more dark-colored minerals than granite. (C) Gabbro. (D) Peridotite is an intrusive igneous rock with olivine and other mafic minerals. rapid cooling time does not allow time for large crystals to form. Some extrusive igneous rocks cool so rapidly that crystals do not develop at all. These form a glass, such as obsidian. Others, such as pumice, contain holes where gas bubbles were trapped in the lava. The holes make pumice so light that it actually floats in water. The most common extrusive igneous rock is basalt. It is the rock that makes up the ocean floor. Figure 4.10 shows four types of extrusive igneous rocks.	image	textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20475.png
L_0069	igneous rocks	T_0688	FIGURE 4.9 (A) Lava cools to form extrusive igneous rock. The rocks here are basalts. (B) The strange rock formations of Chiricahua National Monument in Arizona are formed of the extrusive igneous rock rhyolite.	image	textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20477.png
L_0069	igneous rocks	T_0688	FIGURE 4.10 (A) This rhyolite is light colored. Few minerals are visible to the naked eye. (B) Andesite is darker than rhyolite. (C) Since basalt crystals are too small to see, the rock looks dark all over. (D) Komatiite is a very rare ultramafic rock. This rock is derived from the mantle.	image	textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20476.png
L_0069	igneous rocks	T_0689	FIGURE 4.11 This sarcophagus is housed at the Vat- ican Museum. The rock is the igneous extrusive rock porphyry. Porphyry has large crystals because the magma began to cool slowly, then erupted.	image	textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20478.png
L_0070	sedimentary rocks	T_0690	FIGURE 4.13 Cobbles, pebbles, and sands are the sediments that are seen on this beach.	image	textbook_images/sedimentary_rocks_20480.png
L_0071	metamorphic rocks	T_0694	FIGURE 4.14 (A) Hornfels is a rock that is created by contact metamorphism. (B) Hornfels is so hard that it can create peaks like the Matterhorn.	image	textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20481.png
L_0071	metamorphic rocks	T_0694	FIGURE 4.15 (A) Regional metamorphic rocks often display layering called foliation. (B) Re- gional metamorphism with high pressures and low temperatures can result in blue schist.	image	textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20482.png
L_0071	metamorphic rocks	T_0695	FIGURE 4.16 (A) Marble is a beautiful rock that is com- monly used for buildings. (B) Many of the great statues of the Renaissance were carved from marble. Michelangelo cre- ated this Moses between 1513 and 1515.	image	textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20483.png
L_0072	earths energy	T_0702	FIGURE 5.1 Kicking a soccer ball takes energy from your food and gives it to the soccer ball.	image	textbook_images/earths_energy_20484.png
L_0072	earths energy	T_0704	FIGURE 5.2 Rechargeable batteries are renewable because they can be refilled with energy. Is the energy they are refilled with always renewable?	image	textbook_images/earths_energy_20485.png
L_0073	nonrenewable energy resources	T_0712	FIGURE 5.3 Coal is a solid hydrocarbon formed from decaying plant material over millions of years.	image	textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20486.png
L_0073	nonrenewable energy resources	T_0717	FIGURE 5.4 This oil refinery processes crude oil into usable energy sources, such as gasoline.	image	textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20487.png
L_0073	nonrenewable energy resources	T_0725	FIGURE 5.5 Burning fossil fuels releases pollutants into the air.	image	textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20488.png
L_0073	nonrenewable energy resources	T_0728	FIGURE 5.6 Nuclear power plants like this one provide France with almost 80% of its electricity.	image	textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20489.png
L_0074	renewable energy resources	T_0731	FIGURE 5.7 Solar energy is clean and renewable. So- lar panels are needed to collect the sun- light for use.	image	textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20490.png
L_0074	renewable energy resources	T_0735	FIGURE 5.8 A solar power tower is used to concen- trate the solar energy collected by many solar panels.	image	textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20491.png
L_0074	renewable energy resources	T_0735	FIGURE 5.9 Solar panels on top of a car could power the car. This technology is a long way from being practical.	image	textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20492.png
L_0074	renewable energy resources	T_0736	FIGURE 5.10 Glen Canyon Dam harnesses the power of flowing water to generate electricity.	image	textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20493.png
L_0074	renewable energy resources	T_0741	FIGURE 5.11 Winds are funneled through passes in mountain ranges. Altamont Pass in Cal- ifornia is the site of many wind turbines.	image	textbook_images/renewable_energy_resources_20494.png
L_0076	continental drift	T_0762	FIGURE 6.7 Wegener used fossil evidence to sup- port his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. Wegener suggested that when the organisms were alive, the lands were joined and the or- ganisms were living side-by-side.	image	textbook_images/continental_drift_20501.png
L_0076	continental drift	T_0763	FIGURE 6.8 Earths magnetic field is like a magnet with its north pole near the geographic north pole and the south pole near the geographic south pole. Anywhere lavas have cooled, these magnetite crystals point to the magnetic poles. The little magnets point to where the north pole was when the lava cooled. Scientists can use this to figure out where the continents were at that time. This evidence clearly shows that the continents have moved. During Wegeners life, scientists did not know how the continents could move. Wegeners idea was nearly forgotten. But as more evidence mounted, new ideas came about.	image	textbook_images/continental_drift_20502.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0793	FIGURE 7.1 Stress caused these rocks to fracture.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20523.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0794	FIGURE 7.2 This rock has undergone shearing. The pencil is pointing to a line. Stresses forced rock on either side of that line to go in opposite directions.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20524.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0794	FIGURE 7.3 With increasing stress, the rock deforms and may eventually fracture.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20525.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0795	FIGURE 7.4 Layers of different types of rocks are ex- posed in this photo from Grand Staircase- Escalante National Monument. White lay- ers of limestone are hard and form cliffs. Red layers of shale are flakier and form slopes.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20526.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0795	FIGURE 7.5 Joints in this granite created a zone of weakness. The rock below the joints fell, leaving scars in this hillside.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20527.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0796	FIGURE 7.6 This is a geologic cross section of the Grand Staircase in Utah. A small fold, called an syncline, is revealed at the left of the diagram.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20528.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0796	FIGURE 7.7 The rock layers in the center right are tilted in one direction, forming a mono- cline.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20529.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0796	FIGURE 7.8 An anticline is a convex upward fold, as shown in (A). An anticline is well displayed in (B), which was taken at Calico Ghost Town, California.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20530.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0796	FIGURE 7.9 (A) A syncline is a concave downward fold. (B) This syncline is seen at Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20533.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0796	FIGURE 7.10 Joints in boulders in the Arizona desert. The rock on either side of the joints has not moved.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20531.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0796	FIGURE 7.11 (A) This image shows a small fault. The black rock layer is not a line because a fault has broken it. Rock on each side of the fault has moved. (B) A large fault runs between the lighter colored rock on the left and the darker colored rock on the right. There has been so much movement along the fault that the darker rock doesnt resemble anything around it. the faults dip. If the fault dips at an angle, the fault is a dip-slip fault. Imagine you are standing on a road looking at the fault. The hanging wall is the rock that overlies the fault, while the footwall is beneath the fault. If you are walking along a fault, the hanging wall is above you and the footwall is where your feet would be. Miners often extract mineral resources along faults. They used to hang their lanterns above their heads. That is why these layers were called the hanging wall. In normal faults, the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall. Normal faults are caused by tension that pulls the crust apart, causing the hanging wall to slide down. Normal faults can build huge mountain ranges in regions experiencing tension (Figure 7.12).	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20532.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0796	FIGURE 7.12 The Teton Range in Wyoming rose up along a normal fault.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20534.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0798	FIGURE 7.13 In this thrust fault, the rock on the left is thrust over the rock on the right.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20535.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0798	FIGURE 7.14 Diagram of strike-slip faults.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20536.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0798	FIGURE 7.15 The San Andreas Fault is visible from the air in some locations. This transform fault separates the Pacific plate on the west and the North American plate on the east.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20537.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0800	FIGURE 7.16 As India rams into Eurasia, the Himalaya Mountains rise.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20538.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0802	FIGURE 7.17 The Himalayas.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20539.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0802	FIGURE 7.18 Cotopaxi is in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador. The 19,300 foot tall mountain is the highest active volcano in the world.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20540.png
L_0079	stress in earths crust	T_0802	FIGURE 7.19 This diagram shows how a basin-and- range forms.	image	textbook_images/stress_in_earths_crust_20541.png
L_0086	igneous landforms and geothermal activ	T_0865	FIGURE 8.20 The Mono Craters in California are lava domes.	image	textbook_images/igneous_landforms_and_geothermal_activ_20584.png
L_0086	igneous landforms and geothermal activ	T_0866	FIGURE 8.21 Lava erupts into the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii, creating new land.	image	textbook_images/igneous_landforms_and_geothermal_activ_20585.png
L_0086	igneous landforms and geothermal activ	T_0867	FIGURE 8.22 The granite intrusions that form the Sierra Nevada in California are well exposed.	image	textbook_images/igneous_landforms_and_geothermal_activ_20586.png
L_0087	weathering	T_0872	FIGURE 9.1 A hard winter has damaged this road.	image	textbook_images/weathering_20588.png
L_0087	weathering	T_0873	FIGURE 9.2 Diagram showing ice wedging. Ice wedging happens because water expands as it goes from liquid to solid. When the temperature is warm, water works its way into cracks in rock. When the temperature cools below freezing, the water turns to ice and expands. The ice takes up more space. Over time, this wedges the rock apart. Ice wedging is very effective at weathering. You can find large piles of broken rock at the base of a slope. These rocks were broken up by ice wedging. Once loose, they tumbled down the slope.	image	textbook_images/weathering_20589.png
L_0087	weathering	T_0874	FIGURE 9.3 Rocks on a beach are worn down by abrasion as passing waves cause them to strike each other.	image	textbook_images/weathering_20590.png
L_0087	weathering	T_0881	FIGURE 9.4 Iron ore oxidizes readily.	image	textbook_images/weathering_20591.png
L_0087	weathering	T_0881	FIGURE 9.5 Devils Tower shows differential weather- ing. Hard rock from inside a volcano makes up the tower.	image	textbook_images/weathering_20592.png
L_0089	acid rain	T_0901	FIGURE 1.1 Tall smokestacks allow the emissions to rise high into the atmosphere and travel up to 1,000 km (600 miles) downwind.	image	textbook_images/acid_rain_20602.png
L_0089	acid rain	T_0901	FIGURE 1.2 Pollutants are deposited dry or in precipi- tation.	image	textbook_images/acid_rain_20603.png
L_0089	acid rain	T_0901	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/acid_rain_20604.png
L_0089	acid rain	T_0902	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/acid_rain_20605.png
L_0090	adaptation and evolution of populations	T_0905	FIGURE 1.1 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186577	image	textbook_images/adaptation_and_evolution_of_populations_20606.png
L_0092	agriculture and human population growth	T_0909	FIGURE 1.1 In a hunter-gatherer society, people relied on the resources they could find where they lived.	image	textbook_images/agriculture_and_human_population_growth_20607.png
L_0092	agriculture and human population growth	T_0910	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/agriculture_and_human_population_growth_20608.png
L_0092	agriculture and human population growth	T_0910	FIGURE 1.3 Farming has increasingly depended on machines. Such advanced farming prac- tices allow one farmer to feed many more people than in the past.	image	textbook_images/agriculture_and_human_population_growth_20609.png
L_0092	agriculture and human population growth	T_0911	FIGURE 1.4 Early in the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of people who had been freed from food production were available to work in factories.	image	textbook_images/agriculture_and_human_population_growth_20610.png
L_0092	agriculture and human population growth	T_0912	FIGURE 1.5	image	textbook_images/agriculture_and_human_population_growth_20611.png
L_0094	air quality	T_0921	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/air_quality_20614.png
L_0094	air quality	T_0922	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/air_quality_20615.png
L_0095	asteroids	T_0926	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/asteroids_20616.png
L_0095	asteroids	T_0926	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/asteroids_20617.png
L_0095	asteroids	T_0927	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/asteroids_20618.png
L_0095	asteroids	T_0928	FIGURE 1.4	image	textbook_images/asteroids_20619.png
L_0096	availability of natural resources	T_0932	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/availability_of_natural_resources_20620.png
L_0096	availability of natural resources	T_0934	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/availability_of_natural_resources_20621.png
L_0096	availability of natural resources	T_0934	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/availability_of_natural_resources_20622.png
L_0098	bathymetric evidence for seafloor spreading	T_0939	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/bathymetric_evidence_for_seafloor_spreading_20626.png
L_0098	bathymetric evidence for seafloor spreading	T_0941	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/bathymetric_evidence_for_seafloor_spreading_20627.png
L_0099	big bang	T_0943	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/big_bang_20629.png
L_0099	big bang	T_0945	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/big_bang_20630.png
L_0103	carbon cycle and climate	T_0961	FIGURE 1.1 The carbon cycle shows where a carbon atom might be found. The black num- bers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for gigatons of carbon). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.	image	textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20641.png
L_0103	carbon cycle and climate	T_0964	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20642.png
L_0103	carbon cycle and climate	T_0965	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/carbon_cycle_and_climate_20643.png
L_0104	causes of air pollution	T_0968	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20644.png
L_0104	causes of air pollution	T_0970	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20645.png
L_0104	causes of air pollution	T_0970	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/causes_of_air_pollution_20646.png
L_0106	characteristics and origins of life	T_0979	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/characteristics_and_origins_of_life_20649.png
L_0106	characteristics and origins of life	T_0979	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/characteristics_and_origins_of_life_20650.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20651.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20652.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.3	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20653.png
L_0107	chemical bonding	T_0980	FIGURE 1.4 Water is a polar molecule. Because the oxygen atom has the electrons most of the time, the hydrogen side (blue) of the molecule has a slightly positive charge while the oxygen side (red) has a slightly negative charge.	image	textbook_images/chemical_bonding_20654.png
L_0109	cleaning up groundwater	T_0992	FIGURE 1.1 Test wells are drilled to monitor groundwater pollution.	image	textbook_images/cleaning_up_groundwater_20660.png
L_0110	climate change in earth history	T_0995	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/climate_change_in_earth_history_20661.png
L_0110	climate change in earth history	T_0995	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/climate_change_in_earth_history_20662.png
L_0111	climate zones and biomes	T_0999	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/climate_zones_and_biomes_20663.png
L_0113	coal power	T_1012	FIGURE 1.1 Bituminous coal is a sedimentary rock.	image	textbook_images/coal_power_20667.png
L_0113	coal power	T_1015	FIGURE 1.2	image	textbook_images/coal_power_20668.png
L_0114	coastal pollution	T_1016	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/coastal_pollution_20671.png
L_0116	comets	T_1025	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/comets_20676.png
L_0118	conserving water	T_1033	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/conserving_water_20679.png
L_0119	continental drift	T_1035	FIGURE 1.1	image	textbook_images/continental_drift_20680.png

L_0062

galaxies

T_0632

FIGURE 26.12 The Milky Way Galaxy in the night sky above Death Valley.

image

textbook_images/galaxies_20437.png

L_0068

types of rocks

T_0685

FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.

image

textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20468.png

L_0068

types of rocks

T_0685

FIGURE 4.2 Rocks contain many clues about the conditions in which they formed. The minerals contained within the rocks also contain geological information.

image

textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20469.png

L_0068

types of rocks

T_0686

FIGURE 4.3 Lava is molten rock. This lava will harden into an igneous rock.

image

textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20470.png

L_0068

types of rocks

T_0686

FIGURE 4.4 This sandstone is an example of a sedi- mentary rock. It formed when many small pieces of sand were cemented together to form a rock.

image

textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20471.png

L_0068

types of rocks

T_0687

FIGURE 4.5 This mica schist is a metamorphic rock. It was changed from a sedimentary rock like shale.

image

textbook_images/types_of_rocks_20472.png

L_0069

igneous rocks

T_0688

FIGURE 4.7 The Sierra Nevada of California are com- posed mainly of granite. These rocks are beautifully exposed in the Yosemite Valley.

image

textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20474.png

L_0069

igneous rocks

T_0688

FIGURE 4.8 (A) This granite has more plagioclase feldspar than many granites. (B) Dior- ite has more dark-colored minerals than granite. (C) Gabbro. (D) Peridotite is an intrusive igneous rock with olivine and other mafic minerals. rapid cooling time does not allow time for large crystals to form. Some extrusive igneous rocks cool so rapidly that crystals do not develop at all. These form a glass, such as obsidian. Others, such as pumice, contain holes where gas bubbles were trapped in the lava. The holes make pumice so light that it actually floats in water. The most common extrusive igneous rock is basalt. It is the rock that makes up the ocean floor. Figure 4.10 shows four types of extrusive igneous rocks.

image

textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20475.png

L_0069

igneous rocks

T_0688

FIGURE 4.9 (A) Lava cools to form extrusive igneous rock. The rocks here are basalts. (B) The strange rock formations of Chiricahua National Monument in Arizona are formed of the extrusive igneous rock rhyolite.

image

textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20477.png

L_0069

igneous rocks

T_0688

FIGURE 4.10 (A) This rhyolite is light colored. Few minerals are visible to the naked eye. (B) Andesite is darker than rhyolite. (C) Since basalt crystals are too small to see, the rock looks dark all over. (D) Komatiite is a very rare ultramafic rock. This rock is derived from the mantle.

image

textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20476.png

L_0069

igneous rocks

T_0689

FIGURE 4.11 This sarcophagus is housed at the Vat- ican Museum. The rock is the igneous extrusive rock porphyry. Porphyry has large crystals because the magma began to cool slowly, then erupted.

image

textbook_images/igneous_rocks_20478.png

L_0070

sedimentary rocks

T_0690

FIGURE 4.13 Cobbles, pebbles, and sands are the sediments that are seen on this beach.

image

textbook_images/sedimentary_rocks_20480.png

L_0071

metamorphic rocks

T_0694

FIGURE 4.14 (A) Hornfels is a rock that is created by contact metamorphism. (B) Hornfels is so hard that it can create peaks like the Matterhorn.

image

textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20481.png

L_0071

metamorphic rocks

T_0694

FIGURE 4.15 (A) Regional metamorphic rocks often display layering called foliation. (B) Re- gional metamorphism with high pressures and low temperatures can result in blue schist.

image

textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20482.png

L_0071

metamorphic rocks

T_0695

FIGURE 4.16 (A) Marble is a beautiful rock that is com- monly used for buildings. (B) Many of the great statues of the Renaissance were carved from marble. Michelangelo cre- ated this Moses between 1513 and 1515.

image

textbook_images/metamorphic_rocks_20483.png

L_0072

earths energy

T_0702

FIGURE 5.1 Kicking a soccer ball takes energy from your food and gives it to the soccer ball.

image

textbook_images/earths_energy_20484.png

L_0072

earths energy

T_0704

FIGURE 5.2 Rechargeable batteries are renewable because they can be refilled with energy. Is the energy they are refilled with always renewable?

image

textbook_images/earths_energy_20485.png

L_0073

nonrenewable energy resources

T_0712

FIGURE 5.3 Coal is a solid hydrocarbon formed from decaying plant material over millions of years.

image

textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20486.png

L_0073

nonrenewable energy resources

T_0717

FIGURE 5.4 This oil refinery processes crude oil into usable energy sources, such as gasoline.

image

textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20487.png

L_0073

nonrenewable energy resources

T_0725

FIGURE 5.5 Burning fossil fuels releases pollutants into the air.

image

textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20488.png

L_0073

nonrenewable energy resources

T_0728

FIGURE 5.6 Nuclear power plants like this one provide France with almost 80% of its electricity.

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textbook_images/nonrenewable_energy_resources_20489.png

L_0074

renewable energy resources

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FIGURE 5.7 Solar energy is clean and renewable. So- lar panels are needed to collect the sun- light for use.

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renewable energy resources

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FIGURE 5.8 A solar power tower is used to concen- trate the solar energy collected by many solar panels.

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renewable energy resources

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FIGURE 5.9 Solar panels on top of a car could power the car. This technology is a long way from being practical.

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renewable energy resources

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FIGURE 5.10 Glen Canyon Dam harnesses the power of flowing water to generate electricity.

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FIGURE 5.11 Winds are funneled through passes in mountain ranges. Altamont Pass in Cal- ifornia is the site of many wind turbines.

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continental drift

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FIGURE 6.7 Wegener used fossil evidence to sup- port his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. Wegener suggested that when the organisms were alive, the lands were joined and the or- ganisms were living side-by-side.

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continental drift

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FIGURE 6.8 Earths magnetic field is like a magnet with its north pole near the geographic north pole and the south pole near the geographic south pole. Anywhere lavas have cooled, these magnetite crystals point to the magnetic poles. The little magnets point to where the north pole was when the lava cooled. Scientists can use this to figure out where the continents were at that time. This evidence clearly shows that the continents have moved. During Wegeners life, scientists did not know how the continents could move. Wegeners idea was nearly forgotten. But as more evidence mounted, new ideas came about.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.1 Stress caused these rocks to fracture.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.2 This rock has undergone shearing. The pencil is pointing to a line. Stresses forced rock on either side of that line to go in opposite directions.

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FIGURE 7.3 With increasing stress, the rock deforms and may eventually fracture.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.4 Layers of different types of rocks are ex- posed in this photo from Grand Staircase- Escalante National Monument. White lay- ers of limestone are hard and form cliffs. Red layers of shale are flakier and form slopes.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.5 Joints in this granite created a zone of weakness. The rock below the joints fell, leaving scars in this hillside.

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FIGURE 7.6 This is a geologic cross section of the Grand Staircase in Utah. A small fold, called an syncline, is revealed at the left of the diagram.

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FIGURE 7.7 The rock layers in the center right are tilted in one direction, forming a mono- cline.

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FIGURE 7.8 An anticline is a convex upward fold, as shown in (A). An anticline is well displayed in (B), which was taken at Calico Ghost Town, California.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.9 (A) A syncline is a concave downward fold. (B) This syncline is seen at Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California.

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FIGURE 7.10 Joints in boulders in the Arizona desert. The rock on either side of the joints has not moved.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.11 (A) This image shows a small fault. The black rock layer is not a line because a fault has broken it. Rock on each side of the fault has moved. (B) A large fault runs between the lighter colored rock on the left and the darker colored rock on the right. There has been so much movement along the fault that the darker rock doesnt resemble anything around it. the faults dip. If the fault dips at an angle, the fault is a dip-slip fault. Imagine you are standing on a road looking at the fault. The hanging wall is the rock that overlies the fault, while the footwall is beneath the fault. If you are walking along a fault, the hanging wall is above you and the footwall is where your feet would be. Miners often extract mineral resources along faults. They used to hang their lanterns above their heads. That is why these layers were called the hanging wall. In normal faults, the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall. Normal faults are caused by tension that pulls the crust apart, causing the hanging wall to slide down. Normal faults can build huge mountain ranges in regions experiencing tension (Figure 7.12).

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FIGURE 7.12 The Teton Range in Wyoming rose up along a normal fault.

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FIGURE 7.13 In this thrust fault, the rock on the left is thrust over the rock on the right.

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FIGURE 7.14 Diagram of strike-slip faults.

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FIGURE 7.15 The San Andreas Fault is visible from the air in some locations. This transform fault separates the Pacific plate on the west and the North American plate on the east.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.16 As India rams into Eurasia, the Himalaya Mountains rise.

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FIGURE 7.17 The Himalayas.

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stress in earths crust

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FIGURE 7.18 Cotopaxi is in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador. The 19,300 foot tall mountain is the highest active volcano in the world.

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FIGURE 7.19 This diagram shows how a basin-and- range forms.

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igneous landforms and geothermal activ

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FIGURE 8.20 The Mono Craters in California are lava domes.

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igneous landforms and geothermal activ

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FIGURE 8.21 Lava erupts into the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii, creating new land.

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igneous landforms and geothermal activ

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FIGURE 8.22 The granite intrusions that form the Sierra Nevada in California are well exposed.

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weathering

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FIGURE 9.1 A hard winter has damaged this road.

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weathering

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FIGURE 9.2 Diagram showing ice wedging. Ice wedging happens because water expands as it goes from liquid to solid. When the temperature is warm, water works its way into cracks in rock. When the temperature cools below freezing, the water turns to ice and expands. The ice takes up more space. Over time, this wedges the rock apart. Ice wedging is very effective at weathering. You can find large piles of broken rock at the base of a slope. These rocks were broken up by ice wedging. Once loose, they tumbled down the slope.

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weathering

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FIGURE 9.3 Rocks on a beach are worn down by abrasion as passing waves cause them to strike each other.

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weathering

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FIGURE 9.4 Iron ore oxidizes readily.

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weathering

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FIGURE 9.5 Devils Tower shows differential weather- ing. Hard rock from inside a volcano makes up the tower.

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acid rain

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FIGURE 1.1 Tall smokestacks allow the emissions to rise high into the atmosphere and travel up to 1,000 km (600 miles) downwind.

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acid rain

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FIGURE 1.2 Pollutants are deposited dry or in precipi- tation.

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acid rain

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FIGURE 1.3

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acid rain

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FIGURE 1.4

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adaptation and evolution of populations

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FIGURE 1.1 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186577

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