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-<!doctype html>
-<html>
-	<head>
-		<meta charset="utf-8" />
-		<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
-		<title>My static Space</title>
-		<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
-	</head>
-	<body>
-		<div class="card">
-			<h1>Welcome to your static Space!</h1>
-			<p>You can modify this app directly by editing <i>index.html</i> in the Files and versions tab.</p>
-			<p>
-				Also don't forget to check the
-				<a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/spaces" target="_blank">Spaces documentation</a>.
-			</p>
-		</div>
-	</body>
 </html>

+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+  <title>PyTorch × Transformers Journey</title>
+  <!-- Google Fonts -->
+  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@300;400;600;800&family=Fira+Code:wght@400;600&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
+  <!-- Reveal.js core & dark theme base -->
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+  <!-- Highlight.js -->
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+  <!-- Animations -->
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/animate.css@4/animate.min.css" />
+  <style>
+    :root {
+      --accent-primary: #ee4c2c; /* PyTorch orange‑red */
+      --accent-secondary: #ffb347; /* lighter highlight */
+      --bg-gradient-start: #1b1b1b;
+      --bg-gradient-end: #242424;
+    }
+    html, body { font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif; }
+    .reveal .slides {
+      background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--bg-gradient-start), var(--bg-gradient-end));
+    }
+    .reveal h1, .reveal h2, .reveal h3 { color: var(--accent-primary); font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.5px; }
+    .reveal pre code { font-family: 'Fira Code', monospace; font-size: 0.75em; }
+    .reveal section img, .reveal section svg { border-radius: 1rem; box-shadow: 0 8px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); }
+    .fragment.highlight-current-blue.visible { color: var(--accent-secondary) !important; }
+    /* slide-density patch */
+    .reveal h1 { font-size: 2.6rem; line-height: 1.1; }
+    .reveal h2 { font-size: 1.9rem; line-height: 1.15; }
+    .reveal h3 { font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 1.2; }
+    .reveal p, .reveal li { font-size: 1.7rem; line-height: 1.35; }
+    .reveal pre code { font-size: 0.67em; }
+    @media (max-width: 1024px) { .reveal h1{font-size:2.2rem;} .reveal h2{font-size:1.6rem;} }
+    .reveal table td, .reveal table th { font-size: 0.85rem; padding: 4px 8px; }
+        body::after {
+      content: "";
+      position: fixed;
+      bottom: 3.5em;
+      left: 3.5em;
+      width: 270px;         /* desired size */
+      height: 117px;
+      background-image: url(assets/py2.png);
+      background-size: contain;
+      background-repeat: no-repeat;
+      z-index: 9999;
+      box-shadow: 5px 5px 10px #000;
+      pointer-events: none;
+    }
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div class="reveal">
+    <div class="slides">
+      <section>
+        <img src="assets/screenpage2.png" alt="Full slide image"
+        style="
+        width:120%;
+        height:110%;
+        object-fit:cover;
+        margin-left:-2.5%;
+        margin-top:-2.5%;
+        " />      <!-- 1 · Opening -->
+        </section>
+      <section data-auto-animate>
+        <img src="assets/head_logo.svg"
+        alt="Logo"
+        style="width: 120px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"
+        class="animate__animated animate__fadeInDown" />
+        <h1 class="animate__animated animate__fadeInDown">PyTorch × Transformers Journey</h1>
+        <h3 class="animate__animated animate__fadeInDown animate__delay-1s">Pythonicity, Autodiff & Modularity in Modern AI</h3>
+        <p class="animate__animated animate__fadeInUp animate__delay-2s">Pablo Montalvo‑Leroux &nbsp;·&nbsp; ML Engineer @ Hugging Face</p>
+      </section>
+      <section>
+        <h2>2016‑2018: Backprop &amp; Birth Pangs</h2>
+        <p>The journey began with uncertainty: back in 2016, machine learning was far from standardized. Tools like Theano and CNTK were fading, and many of us—myself included—were jumping framework to framework. It was a time of raw experimentation.</p>
+        <ul>
+          <li>Frameworks were in flux; few stuck around.</li>
+          <li>MLPs evolved to RNNs and LSTMs.</li>
+          <li><strong>2017, Attention, then 2018: BERT</strong> arrives, blowing the roof off what's possible.</li>
+        </ul>
+        <p class="fragment">But reproducing results remained frustratingly difficult.</p>
+      </section>
+      <section>
+        <h2>Transformers × PyTorch: Reproducibility</h2>
+        <p>That all changed with <code>pytorch-pretrained-bert</code>, the predecessor to Transformers. Suddenly, the magic of BERT was available in an interface that made sense.</p>
+        <ul>
+          <li>No static graphs, just Python functions and PyTorch modules.</li>
+          <li>Readable, hackable code meant results could be shared, reproduced, improved.</li>
+          <li>This shifted the research community towards PyTorch.</li>
+        </ul>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 3 · Static vs Dynamic Graphs -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Static vs Dynamic Graphs</h2>
+        <p>Static graphs require you to compile, wait, and cross fingers the bug reproduces.</p>
+        <p>Dynamic graphs mean you can drop <code>pdb.set_trace()</code> anywhere and continue iterating.</p>
+        <p>Nowadays <code>torch.compile</code> gives the best of both worlds: write dynamically, ship something ahead‑of‑time optimised.</p>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 4 · Dynamic Graphs Enabled Contribution -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Dynamic Graphs Enabled Contribution</h2>
+        <ul>
+          <li>Developers debug at line‑rate — no cold‑start recompiles.</li>
+          <li>Pull‑requests remained reproducible overnight, which accelerated trust.</li>
+          <li>Static‑graph alternatives stalled and the community consolidated around PyTorch.</li>
+        </ul>
+      </section>
+      <section>
+        <h2>Clone the Paper Tonight → Tweak Tomorrow</h2>
+        <p>PyTorch lowered the barrier to implementation. Transformers removed the rest.</p>
+        <ul>
+          <li>2018: debugging BERT fine-tunes meant live tensor prints, not codegen restarts.</li>
+          <li>Community credibility grew because patches could be merged fast and verified easily.</li>
+          <li>Experimentation became a matter of hours, not weeks.</li>
+        </ul>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 6 · One Model · One File -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>“One Model · One File” — Why it Matters</h2>
+        <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim data-noescape>
+# modeling_bert.py  — single source of truth
+class BertConfig(PretrainedConfig):
+    ...
+class BertSelfAttention(nn.Module):
+    ...
+class BertLayer(nn.Module):
+    ...
+class BertModel(PreTrainedModel):
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        super().__init__(config)
+        self.embeddings = BertEmbeddings(config)
+        self.encoder = nn.ModuleList(
+            [BertLayer(config) for _ in range(config.num_hidden_layers)]
+        )
+        self.init_weights()
+        </code></pre>
+        <ul>
+          <li>All layers, forward pass, and <code>from_pretrained()</code> logic live together.</li>
+          <li>No cross‑file inheritance maze — copy to Colab, hack, and run.</li>
+          <li>Reviewers diff one file; merge time dropped from days to hours.</li>
+        </ul>
+      </section>
+      <section>
+        <h2>Beyond Transformers: Ecosystem Reuse</h2>
+        <p>Other libraries depend on <code>transformers</code> as a model definition source. For example, <strong>TRL</strong> uses models from the Hub directly:</p>
+        <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim data-noescape>
+      from datasets import load_dataset
+      from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
+      from trl import DPOConfig, DPOTrainer
+      model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct")
+      tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct")
+      dataset = load_dataset("trl-lib/ultrafeedback_binarized", split="train")
+      training_args = DPOConfig(output_dir="Qwen2.5-0.5B-DPO")
+      trainer = DPOTrainer(
+          model=model,
+          args=training_args,
+          train_dataset=dataset,
+          processing_class=tokenizer
+      )
+      trainer.train()
+        </code></pre>
+        <p class="fragment">No hacks, no refactoring — just <code>from_pretrained()</code>. Thanks to PyTorch autodiff and robust model definitions.</p>
+      </section>
+            <!-- 8 · Paradigms come at a cost -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Paradigms come at a cost</h2>
+        <ul>
+          <p>The library took off, scientific and engineering ML community benefitted from it</p>
+          <p>Torch adoption grew at the same time!</p>
+          <p>The Hugging Face Hub became the AI app reference,</p>
+          <p>In transformers, <strong> Maintenance</strong> becomes an issue: we have a lot of repeated code on purpose!</p>
+          <p class="fragment">...but python is never far :) </p>
+        </ul>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 8 · Back to Python: Mary Shelley Mode -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Back to Python: Modular “Mary Shelley” Mode</h2>
+        <p>Compose new blocks via subclass &amp; override.</p>
+      <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim>
+class GlmMLP(Phi3MLP):
+  pass
+class GlmAttention(LlamaAttention):
+  def __init__(self, config, layer_idx=None):
+      super().__init__(config, layer_idx)
+      self.o_proj = nn.Linear(config.num_attention_heads * self.head_dim,
+                              config.hidden_size, bias=False)
+def apply_rotary_pos_emb(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids=None, unsqueeze_dim=1):
+  # Slightly different RoPE
+  …
+class GlmForCausalLM(LlamaForCausalLM):
+  pass
+      </code></pre>
+      <p>AST expands → full modeling file, still hackable.</p>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+      <h2>Back to Python: It's alive!</h2>
+      <p>All the code becomes runnable and a self-contained model definition</p>
+    <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim>
+      class GlmMLP(nn.Module):
+      def __init__(self, config):
+          super().__init__()
+          self.config = config
+          self.gate_up_proj = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, 2 * config.intermediate_size, bias=False)
+          self.down_proj = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size, bias=False)
+          self.activation_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act]
+      def forward(self, hidden_states: torch.FloatTensor) -> torch.FloatTensor:
+          up_states = self.gate_up_proj(hidden_states)
+          gate, up_states = up_states.chunk(2, dim=-1)
+          up_states = up_states * self.activation_fn(gate)
+          return self.down_proj(up_states)
+  def repeat_kv(hidden_states: torch.Tensor, n_rep: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+      """
+      This is the equivalent of torch.repeat_interleave(x, dim=1, repeats=n_rep). The hidden states go from (batch,
+      num_key_value_heads, seqlen, head_dim) to (batch, num_attention_heads, seqlen, head_dim)
+      """
+      batch, num_key_value_heads, slen, head_dim = hidden_states.shape
+      if n_rep == 1:
+          return hidden_states
+      hidden_states = hidden_states[:, :, None, :, :].expand(batch, num_key_value_heads, n_rep, slen, head_dim)
+      return hidden_states.reshape(batch, num_key_value_heads * n_rep, slen, head_dim)
+  def eager_attention_forward(
+      module: nn.Module,
+      query: torch.Tensor,
+      key: torch.Tensor,
+      value: torch.Tensor,
+      attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+      scaling: float,
+      dropout: float = 0.0,
+      **kwargs,
+  ):
+      key_states = repeat_kv(key, module.num_key_value_groups)
+      value_states = repeat_kv(value, module.num_key_value_groups)
+      attn_weights = torch.matmul(query, key_states.transpose(2, 3)) * scaling
+      if attention_mask is not None:
+          causal_mask = attention_mask[:, :, :, : key_states.shape[-2]]
+          attn_weights = attn_weights + causal_mask
+      attn_weights = nn.functional.softmax(attn_weights, dim=-1, dtype=torch.float32).to(query.dtype)
+      attn_weights = nn.functional.dropout(attn_weights, p=dropout, training=module.training)
+      attn_output = torch.matmul(attn_weights, value_states)
+      attn_output = attn_output.transpose(1, 2).contiguous()
+      return attn_output, attn_weights
+  def rotate_half(x):
+      """Rotates half the hidden dims of the input."""
+      x1 = x[..., 0::2]
+      x2 = x[..., 1::2]
+      return torch.stack((-x2, x1), dim=-1).flatten(-2)
+  def apply_rotary_pos_emb(q, k, cos, sin, position_ids=None, unsqueeze_dim=1):
+      """Applies Rotary Position Embedding to the query and key tensors.
+      Args:
+          q (`torch.Tensor`): The query tensor.
+          k (`torch.Tensor`): The key tensor.
+          cos (`torch.Tensor`): The cosine part of the rotary embedding.
+          sin (`torch.Tensor`): The sine part of the rotary embedding.
+          position_ids (`torch.Tensor`, *optional*):
+              Deprecated and unused.
+          unsqueeze_dim (`int`, *optional*, defaults to 1):
+              The 'unsqueeze_dim' argument specifies the dimension along which to unsqueeze cos[position_ids] and
+              sin[position_ids] so that they can be properly broadcasted to the dimensions of q and k. For example, note
+              that cos[position_ids] and sin[position_ids] have the shape [batch_size, seq_len, head_dim]. Then, if q and
+              k have the shape [batch_size, heads, seq_len, head_dim], then setting unsqueeze_dim=1 makes
+              cos[position_ids] and sin[position_ids] broadcastable to the shapes of q and k. Similarly, if q and k have
+              the shape [batch_size, seq_len, heads, head_dim], then set unsqueeze_dim=2.
+      Returns:
+          `tuple(torch.Tensor)` comprising of the query and key tensors rotated using the Rotary Position Embedding.
+      """
+      cos = cos.unsqueeze(unsqueeze_dim)
+      sin = sin.unsqueeze(unsqueeze_dim)
+      # Interleave them instead of usual shape
+      cos = cos[..., : cos.shape[-1] // 2].repeat_interleave(2, dim=-1)
+      sin = sin[..., : sin.shape[-1] // 2].repeat_interleave(2, dim=-1)
+      # Keep half or full tensor for later concatenation
+      rotary_dim = cos.shape[-1]
+      q_rot, q_pass = q[..., :rotary_dim], q[..., rotary_dim:]
+      k_rot, k_pass = k[..., :rotary_dim], k[..., rotary_dim:]
+      # Apply rotary embeddings on the first half or full tensor
+      q_embed = (q_rot * cos) + (rotate_half(q_rot) * sin)
+      k_embed = (k_rot * cos) + (rotate_half(k_rot) * sin)
+      # Concatenate back to full shape
+      q_embed = torch.cat([q_embed, q_pass], dim=-1)
+      k_embed = torch.cat([k_embed, k_pass], dim=-1)
+      return q_embed, k_embed
+  class GlmAttention(nn.Module):
+      """Multi-headed attention from 'Attention Is All You Need' paper"""
+      def __init__(self, config: GlmConfig, layer_idx: Optional[int] = None):
+          super().__init__()
+          self.config = config
+          self.layer_idx = layer_idx
+          self.head_dim = getattr(config, "head_dim", config.hidden_size // config.num_attention_heads)
+          self.num_key_value_groups = config.num_attention_heads // config.num_key_value_heads
+          self.scaling = self.head_dim**-0.5
+          self.attention_dropout = config.attention_dropout
+          self.is_causal = True
+          self.q_proj = nn.Linear(
+              config.hidden_size, config.num_attention_heads * self.head_dim, bias=config.attention_bias
+          )
+          self.k_proj = nn.Linear(
+              config.hidden_size, config.num_key_value_heads * self.head_dim, bias=config.attention_bias
+          )
+          self.v_proj = nn.Linear(
+              config.hidden_size, config.num_key_value_heads * self.head_dim, bias=config.attention_bias
+          )
+          self.o_proj = nn.Linear(config.num_attention_heads * self.head_dim, config.hidden_size, bias=False)
+      def forward(
+          self,
+          hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
+          position_embeddings: Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor],
+          attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+          past_key_value: Optional[Cache] = None,
+          cache_position: Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None,
+          **kwargs: Unpack[FlashAttentionKwargs],
+      ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Optional[torch.Tensor], Optional[Tuple[torch.Tensor]]]:
+          input_shape = hidden_states.shape[:-1]
+          hidden_shape = (*input_shape, -1, self.head_dim)
+          query_states = self.q_proj(hidden_states).view(hidden_shape).transpose(1, 2)
+          key_states = self.k_proj(hidden_states).view(hidden_shape).transpose(1, 2)
+          value_states = self.v_proj(hidden_states).view(hidden_shape).transpose(1, 2)
+          cos, sin = position_embeddings
+          query_states, key_states = apply_rotary_pos_emb(query_states, key_states, cos, sin)
+          if past_key_value is not None:
+              # sin and cos are specific to RoPE models; cache_position needed for the static cache
+              cache_kwargs = {"sin": sin, "cos": cos, "cache_position": cache_position}
+              key_states, value_states = past_key_value.update(key_states, value_states, self.layer_idx, cache_kwargs)
+          attention_interface: Callable = eager_attention_forward
+          if self.config._attn_implementation != "eager":
+              if self.config._attn_implementation == "sdpa" and kwargs.get("output_attentions", False):
+                  logger.warning_once(
+                      "`torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention` does not support `output_attentions=True`. Falling back to "
+                      'eager attention. This warning can be removed using the argument `attn_implementation="eager"` when loading the model.'
+                  )
+              else:
+                  attention_interface = ALL_ATTENTION_FUNCTIONS[self.config._attn_implementation]
+          attn_output, attn_weights = attention_interface(
+              self,
+              query_states,
+              key_states,
+              value_states,
+              attention_mask,
+              dropout=0.0 if not self.training else self.attention_dropout,
+              scaling=self.scaling,
+              **kwargs,
+          )
+          attn_output = attn_output.reshape(*input_shape, -1).contiguous()
+          attn_output = self.o_proj(attn_output)
+          return attn_output, attn_weights
+  @use_kernel_forward_from_hub("RMSNorm")
+  class GlmRMSNorm(nn.Module):
+      def __init__(self, hidden_size, eps=1e-6):
+          """
+          GlmRMSNorm is equivalent to T5LayerNorm
+          """
+          super().__init__()
+          self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(hidden_size))
+          self.variance_epsilon = eps
+      def forward(self, hidden_states):
+          input_dtype = hidden_states.dtype
+          hidden_states = hidden_states.to(torch.float32)
+          variance = hidden_states.pow(2).mean(-1, keepdim=True)
+          hidden_states = hidden_states * torch.rsqrt(variance + self.variance_epsilon)
+          return self.weight * hidden_states.to(input_dtype)
+      def extra_repr(self):
+          return f"{tuple(self.weight.shape)}, eps={self.variance_epsilon}"
+  class GlmRotaryEmbedding(nn.Module):
+      def __init__(self, config: GlmConfig, device=None):
+          super().__init__()
+          # BC: "rope_type" was originally "type"
+          if hasattr(config, "rope_scaling") and config.rope_scaling is not None:
+              self.rope_type = config.rope_scaling.get("rope_type", config.rope_scaling.get("type"))
+          else:
+              self.rope_type = "default"
+          self.max_seq_len_cached = config.max_position_embeddings
+          self.original_max_seq_len = config.max_position_embeddings
+          self.config = config
+          self.rope_init_fn = ROPE_INIT_FUNCTIONS[self.rope_type]
+          inv_freq, self.attention_scaling = self.rope_init_fn(self.config, device)
+          self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=False)
+          self.original_inv_freq = self.inv_freq
+    </code></pre>
+    <p> We keep hackability while reconnecting with Python working paradigms.</p>
+  </section>
+      <!-- 9 · Logit Debugger -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Logit Debugger: Trust but Verify</h2>
+        <ul>
+          <li>Hook every <code>nn.Module</code>; dump logits layer‑by‑layer</li>
+          <li>Spot ε‑level drifts (LayerNorm, FP16 underflow…)</li>
+          <li>JSON traces diffable in CI</li>
+          <img data-src="assets/visual_debugger.png" alt="Visual debugger" />
+        </ul>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 10 · DTensor & TP API -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>DTensor & Tensor‑Parallel API</h2>
+        <p>Before, changing to Tensor Parallel meant changing the code.</p>
+        <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim data-noescape>
+          from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel
+          from megatron.model import ColumnParallelLinear, RowParallelLinear
+          class MyTPModel(PreTrainedModel):
+              def __init__(self, config):
+                  super().__init__(config)
+                  self.q_proj = ColumnParallelLinear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
+                  self.k_proj = ColumnParallelLinear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
+                  self.v_proj = ColumnParallelLinear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
+                  self.o_proj = RowParallelLinear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
+                  </code></pre>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 11 · Zero‑Config Parallelism -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Zero‑Config Tensor Parallelism</h2>
+        <p>The <code>tp_plan</code> JSON keeps model code pristine and declarative.</p>
+        <pre><code class="language-json" data-trim data-noescape>{
+  "layer.*.self_attn.q_proj": "colwise",
+  "layer.*.self_attn.k_proj": "colwise",
+  "layer.*.self_attn.v_proj": "colwise",
+  "layer.*.self_attn.o_proj": "rowwise"
+}</code></pre>
+<p class="fragment">Translated to</p>
+        <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim data-noescape>
+def translate_to_torch_parallel_style(style: str):
+    if style == "colwise":
+        return ColwiseParallel()
+    elif style == "rowwise":
+        return RowwiseParallel()
+    # …
+        </code></pre>
+        <p class="fragment">One JSON → 100 B param model on 8 GPUs. Change the plan, not the code.</p>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 12 · Cache Allocator -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Improvements, Load faster & stronger: Cache Allocator</h2>
+        <p>0‑copy weight sharding, single cuda Malloc</p>
+        <p>Faster model loads, even for a 50-shards 100B model (when we were sprinting Llama4!)</p>
+        <img data-src="assets/fastload.png" alt="SurprisedLewis" />
+      </section>
+      <!-- 15 · Why Python wins -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Why Python Wins</h2>
+        <ul>
+          <li>Low entry barrier (although hard to master)</li>
+          <li>High‑level semantics express low‑level intent</li>
+          <li>Seamless C++/Rust extension points</li>
+        </ul>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 16 · Where Python can bite -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Where Python can bite 🐍</h2>
+        <ul>
+          <li>Interpreter overhead on microkernels (token‑by‑token decode)</li>
+          <li>GIL can throttle async host‑side work</li>
+          <li>Easy to under‑optimise code fresh out of the lab</li>
+        </ul>
+        <p class="fragment">All of these can be mitigated: Triton, compiled custom ops, compile‑time fallback, <strong>custom kernels</strong></p>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 17 · Kernel Hub -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Kernel Hub: Optimised Ops from the Community</h2>
+        <p>Kernel Hub lets any Python program <em>download and hot‑load</em> compiled CUDA/C++ kernels directly from the Hugging Face Hub at runtime.</p>
+        <ul>
+          <li><strong>Portable</strong> – kernels work from arbitrary paths outside <code>PYTHONPATH</code>.</li>
+          <li><strong>Unique</strong> – load multiple versions of the same op side‑by‑side in one process.</li>
+          <li><strong>Compatible</strong> – every kernel targets all recent PyTorch wheels (CUDA, ROCm, CPU) and C‑library ABIs.</li>
+        </ul>
+        <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim data-noescape>
+import torch
+from kernels import get_kernel
+# Download optimised kernels from the Hugging Face Hub
+activation = get_kernel("kernels-community/activation")
+x = torch.randn(10, 10, dtype=torch.float16, device="cuda")
+y = torch.empty_like(x)
+activation.gelu_fast(y, x)
+print(y)
+        </code></pre>
+        <p class="fragment">Same Transformer code — now with a <strong>3× faster</strong> GELU on A100s.</p>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 18 · API design lessons -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>API Design Lessons</h2>
+        <ul>
+          <li>Make easy things obvious, hard things possible</li>
+          <li>Paper‑to‑repo diff should be minimal</li>
+          <li>Research repo-to-stable architecture should be as fast as possible</li>
+          <li>Hide sharding, expose intent</li>
+        </ul>
+        <p>We tune radios without building RF amplifiers — ML should feel the same.</p>
+        <p class="fragment">..while enabling people who build the amplifiers.</p>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 14 · Rise of Multimodality -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Rise of Multimodality</h2>
+        <pre><code class="language-python" data-trim data-noescape>
+processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen3-8B")
+model = AutoModelForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen3-8B")
+        </code></pre>
+        <p>Same API across text · vision · audio</p>
+        <p>More and more models, with specific processing - need to uniformize</p>
+      </section>
+      <section>
+        <h2>Rise of Multimodality: torch-powered processing</h2>
+        <p>Torch and torchvision ops have replaced np + PIL defaults in transformers</p>
+        <img data-src="assets/normalize_time_torch.webp" width="80%" height="600" alt="Fast load" />
+      </section>
+      <!-- 19 · Model Growth by Modality -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Model Growth by Modality</h2>
+        <iframe src="assets/model_growth.html" width="80%" height="600" style="border:none;"></iframe>
+      </section>
+      <!-- 20 · Takeaways -->
+      <section>
+        <h2>Takeaways &amp; The Future</h2>
+        <ul>
+          <li style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 1rem;">
+            <img src="assets/torchlogo.png" alt="PyTorch" style="height: 2rem;" />
+            PyTorch &amp; <code>transformers</code> grow symbiotically
+            <img src="assets/head_logo.svg" alt="Transformers" style="height: 2rem;" />
+          </li>
+          <li>Pythonicity × pragmatism drive adoption</li>
+          <li>Open‑source models are shipping faster &amp; bigger than ever</li>
+          <li class="fragment"> Let's go!</li>
+        </ul>
+        <p>
+          <a href="https://huggingface.co/transformers/contribute" target="_blank">
+            hf.co/transformers/contribute
+          </a>
+        </p>
+      </section>
+    </div>
+  </div>
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