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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Resistencia (lit. 'Resistance') is a Venezuelan decentralized array of organized groups that confront security forces during protests that aim to defend other protesters from the authorities response. Some former Venezuelan security forces have taught Resistencia members riot formations and other government methods.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As the protests evolved, the Resistencia developed a system comprising three groups; escuderos (squires), atacantes (attackers) and defensores (defenders). Squires were tasked with repelling tear gas bombs and other projectiles, attackers would throw back gas canisters and defenders would tend to injured civilians and transport them away from areas of confrontation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to the Venezuelan human rights group PROVEA, the protesters are organized through social media and are not related to specific political groups. PROVEA also says that while guarimberos help regulate the conflict between authorities and protesters, they do occasionally instigate confrontation.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2019, Venezuelan journalist and writer Carleth Morales published the book 26 crímenes y una crónica. Quién mató a la resistencia en Venezuela (lit. '26 crimes and a chronicle. Who killed the resistance in Venezuela'). The book features the testimonies of the relatives of 26 young Venezuelans killed during the 2017 protests.", "title": "In popular culture" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Eric Chen is a cryptography researcher, scientist and co-founder of Injective Labs at Stanford University, focusing on development of cryptography related technologies.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Between June and August 2014, Eric Chen served as a research fellow at Huizhou Desay Sv Automotive Co, Ltd, engaging in risk analysis. During the same year, he spent approximately three months at Sino Partners Fund, focusing on algorithmic trading. From December 2016 to January 2017, Chen contributed to the development of mutual fund products as a researcher at Essence Fund Management in China. Following this, he joined Innovating Capital from September 2017 to October 2018, where his research centered on protocol and strategy development. Eric started his career while studying at New York University (NYU), notably involving himself with the Blockchain Lab.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Then, he had a research position at Innovating Capital, focusing on trading strategies and protocol research. In 2018, he offically dropped out to pursue his entrepreneurial journey.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marek Grzegorz Krząkała (born October 22, 1967, in Rybnik, Poland) is a Polish politician, translator, and local government official, a member of the Polish Parliament (Sejm) in the VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X terms.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He graduated in German studies from the University of Wrocław. He worked as a teacher and a German language translator (in 1996, he obtained the qualifications of a sworn translator).", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2002, he joined the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO), taking on roles as the chairman of the party in Rybnik. He served in the regional council and the national council of the PO. In 2005, he unsuccessfully ran for a parliamentary seat.", "title": "Biography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "From 2006 to 2007, he was a councilor in the Rybnik City Council and held the position of its chairman from November 25, 2006, to April 25, 2007.", "title": "Biography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Balkrishna Govind Gokhale (4 September 1919, in Dwarka – 11 August 2005) was an Indian American anthropologist and historian, specialising in Indian history and society, best remembered for his books Ancient India History and Culture (1952), Indian Thought Through the Ages (1961), and Images of India (1971) on the subject. A graduate of the St. Xavier's College in Mumbai and the University of Bombay, he was a professor of Asian studies at Wake Forest University, and taught at Bowdoin College, Oberlin College, and the University of Washington, Seattle. He has also been widely cited as an expert in the field.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Antiophlebia bracteata, the pearl spangled, is a species of erebid moth described by Rudolf Felder in 1874.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The larval foodplants of Antiophlebia bracteata is Diospyros species.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The distribution of Antiophlebia bracteata is mostly Southern Africa.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Holland Villas Road is a road in the Holland Park area of west London.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The road runs roughly north to south from a junction with Addison Road and Upper Addison Gardens to Addison Crescent (the A3220) in the south.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Most of the houses were built in the 1850s by James Hall.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Narayan Ramnath Mauzo (1939 or 1940 – 6 February 2023), also known as Bhau, was an Indian Konkani activist and businessman who was involved in the establishment of the Konkani Bhasha Mandal (KBM) and served as its treasurer. He played a key role in the founding of the organization and was actively involved in supporting a Konkani medium school. Mauzo was an experienced participant in the Konkani movement.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Mauzo, a founding member of the Vidya Bhuvan Konkani School, played a significant role in its establishment. This primary school, affiliated with the Konkani Bhasha Mandal (KBM), was initiated under the leadership of Uday Bhembre, the then-president. Despite the absence of government subsidies, Mauzo and a few other early supporters wholeheartedly backed the school's inception. During the planning stages, discussions and debates arose among the board members and activists regarding the necessary steps to launch the school. Concurrently, the board learned that the Mathgramstha Hindu Sabha in Comba, Goa, was considering the closure of a montessori school under its administration.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Mauzo and Chandrakant Keni were actively involved in these deliberations. Subsequently, Mauzo and other dedicated individuals invested considerable efforts to bring the montessori school under the KBM's purview. Their endeavors proved successful, leading to the establishment of the Vidya Bhuvan Konkani School in 1979. However, financial challenges persisted, especially concerning transportation for the students. In response to this predicament, Mauzo and a group of committed Konkani activists took the initiative to arrange for a Tempo Traveller, which they personally financed, to address the transportation needs of the students.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Mauzo was a prominent figure within the Konkani Bhasha Mandal, recognized for his pivotal role in overseeing the organization's activities, as well as its affiliated schools-Vidya Bhuvan Konkani School in Aquem and Ravindra Kelekar Dnyanmandir in Margao. He dedicated his efforts to support various organizations and individuals, discreetly assisting them without seeking recognition.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On 1 October 2022, the Konkani Basha Mandal marked a significant milestone, celebrating its 60th Foundation Day. During this commemorative event, the Mandal bestowed honors upon distinguished personalities from Goa who had made notable contributions to the promotion and development of the Konkani language within the state and beyond. Mauzo served as part of the esteemed jury panel, alongside Sandesh Prabhudesai and Zilu Gaonkar, responsible for selecting the recipient of the prestigious \"Konkani Bhasha Mandal Service Award.\"", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Mauzo Studio, located in Margao, Goa, gained recognition for its proprietor, Mauzo, who was known for his discreet and reserved approach to his work. Founded by Mauzo's father, Ramnath, in 1936, the studio has a long-standing history in the field of photography. In 1945, it relocated to its current location in Margao. Originally named Mauzo Fotografo, the studio underwent a name change to Mauzo Studio and became the second photography establishment in Margao after Lords Photo Studio. Following the passing of his father in 1990, Mauzo assumed the role of proprietor, ensuring the continuity of the studio's legacy.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Narayan Ramnath Mauzo was born in either c. 1939 or c. 1940 in Goa, which was part of the Portuguese India and is now a part of the Republic of India. His father, Ramnath Mauzo, gained acclaim as a photo artist and photographer. Mauzo's ancestral lineage in Goa runs deep, as he shares his name with his grandfather, Narayan \"Nani\" Mauzo, who was engaged in the tobacco trade during the period of Portuguese colonial rule and operated a modest shop in Margao's Old Market. Additionally, on his paternal side, Mauzo is also the first cousin of the artist Laxman Pai. Mauzo entered into matrimony with Meena, and their union brought forth a son named Hiresh.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Mauzo held a distinct perspective on receiving awards during his life. Although he turned down the majority of accolades offered to him by different organizations, there was an exception. He made a decision to accept the \"Dnyanpithkar Ravindra Kelekar Konkani Language Award\" from the Directorate of Official Languages, Government of Goa, following persuasion from the Konkani community. However, even prior to the award funds being transferred to his bank account, he generously donated the entirety of the amount to several other Konkani organizations.", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "On 27 April 2016, Mauzo was honored at the 2015 Bhasha Puraskar Awards, where he was nominated for and ultimately won the \"Gyanpeeth Padmabhushan Late Ravindra Kelekar Bhasha Puraskar.\" This award recognized his contributions to the Konkani language. The award included a monetary honorarium of ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹1.4 lakh or US$1,800 in 2023), a shawl, a manpatra (a formal letter of appreciation), and a memento. The ceremony took place at the Kala Academy and was attended by notable figures such as Milind Naik, the then-minister for Official Language, former deputy speaker Vishnu Wagh, and Padma Jaiswal, the Secretary of Official Language.", "title": "Awards" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 6 February 2023, Mauzo died at the age of 83 after a brief illness. The news of his demise brought about a sense of shock and grief among individuals associated with the Konkani movement. The following day, Mauzo's funeral took place at the Mathagramasth Hindu Sabha Crematorium in Margao, where he was cremated according to Hindu traditions.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Anwesha Singbal, the president of Konkani Bhasha Mandal (KBM), expressed profound sorrow over the loss of Mauzo. Singbal acknowledged his unwavering dedication to the Konkani movement and described him as an inspiration to young people. She emphasized that KBM would continue its important work, drawing strength from the legacy Mauzo left behind.", "title": "Death" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "On 19 February 2023, recognizing the significant contributions of Mauzo and another figure, Nagesh Karmali, the Konkani Bhasha Mandal organized a condolence meeting.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "John Polachek (1873 – April 16, 1955) was an industrialist, known for founding the General Bronze Corporation in New York City.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Polachek was born in Mocsar, Hungary, in 1873, the son of Ignatz and Amalia Polachek. After arriving in the United States with only a pocket-full of change in 1892, Polachek began working at the William H. Jackson Company in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. He quickly climbed the ladder from laborer to foreman, eventually earning him favor with upper management. His employment with William H. Jackson Co. served as the foundation for his coming endeavors in bronze fabrication. In 1903, he left William H. Jackson Co., and became a supervisor overseeing bronze manufacturing at the Tiffany Glass Studios in Corona, Queens New York, in which he further applied his trade of stonemasonry and learned the trade of metalworking. Tiffany Glass Studios, which commonly referred to their product as \"favrile glass\" or \"Tiffany glass\", would use bronze in their artisan work, particularly Tiffany lamps. Polachek would later buy the Tiffany Studios, which had been re-branded as the Roman Bronze Works.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Polachek's grand idea was to become the leader in the use of bronze for metal fabrication. He foresaw the need for bronze with the advent of its worldwide expansion. The use of bronze, as a result of its increased demand in the architectural and art world, followed. Polacheck anticipated the requirement for bronze and sought to fill that opportunity for the much-needed metal \"bronze\" that occurred simultaneously with the rise of art-deco, art nouveau, and international movements. The implementation of bronze in one's construction project or artwork became avant-garde or popular, since it was the cutting-edge style at the time. Polacheck's intuition paid dividends finding his bonanza in the bronze fabrication trade.", "title": "Early Life" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1910, after saving enough money, Polachek left Tiffany Glass Studios and opened his own bronze architectural company in a loft, called the John Polacheck Bronze & Iron Works Company at 480-494 Hancock Street & 577-591 Boulevard, Long Island City, Queens. But three months later, the two banks in which he deposited his money went bankrupt, and he borrowed $400 to pay his workers and meet his payroll. \"Three months after I started I lost every cent I had put Into the business. The office boy called me up and told me that the two banks where I deposited my money had failed,\" according to Polachek, and then recounted, \"It was a terrible shock. I didn't know whether to tell my men and let them go or keep them in ignorance of what had happened.\"", "title": "John Polacheck Bronze & Iron Works Company" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He slowly saved his money again, and opened his business in another loft under the same name. In 1912 he purchased a 1.75 acre site in Long Island City, Queens at 34-19 Tenth Street. He hired fifty men, and it grew to one of the most important bronze fabricators in the field. In 1923, the John Polachek Bronze Company grew exponentially, and he finally incorporated the new entity, giving twenty-two workers who had been managers (those men with him from the beginning in 1910), a share in the corporation. \"They received substantial dividends a few months ago when the business was reorganized. He turned over to them stock amounting to a million dollars.\"", "title": "John Polacheck Bronze & Iron Works Company" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "With the booming bronze industry, changing the landscape of the metal working industry for the foreseeable future, Polachek acquired his competitors. \"When I reorganized my business last November I was able to buy them out.\" General Bronze became a larger corporation formed through a merger of the John Polachek Bronze and Iron Company, the Renaissance Bronze and Iron Works, and the Tiffany Studios. In 1927, Polacheck merged his new company with another metals fabricator, the Renaissance Bronze and Iron Works also located in Long Island City, Queens. The new company became known as the General Bronze Corporation. \"Office buildings, banks, theaters and municipal structures are replete with ornamental bronze work, and million dollar contracts for the embellishment of a \"single building have become quite usual,\" according to Polachek in an article of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1928. According to Polachek, \"the world is \"going wild over bronze. The process of making bronze has come down through the ages, taught by experienced craftsmen to their younger apprentices.\"", "title": "General Bronze Corporation" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Polachek remained at General Bronze Corporation until 1934 as CEO. At the time of his retirement, General Bronze Corporation was the largest company in the architectural bronze industry in the United States, employing 600 workers with assets in excess of $5 million. Besides the world's largest bronze fabricator in 1928, perhaps his greatest legacy was his attitude toward his employees.", "title": "General Bronze Corporation" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "When Polachek was asked what he considered the greatest factor in his success, he replied, \"I have always believed in treating my workers right.\"", "title": "General Bronze Corporation" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The Seagram Building on New York City's Park Avenue remains the \"iconic glass box sheathed in bronze, designed by Mies van der Rohe.\" To supply the demand for bronze required for the construction, the General Bronze Corporation fabricated 3,200,000 pounds (1,600 tons) at its plant in Garden City, New York. It was also known for New York City's Atlas and Prometheus bronze sculptures in Rockefeller Center, the bronze doors for the United States Supreme Court, Commerce, and Department of Justice Buildings in Washington, DC, the aluminum windows for the United Nations Secretariat Building and Chase Manhattan Bank Building.", "title": "Notable General Bronze Corporation Projects" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "John Polachek died on April 16, 1955, in New York City.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Clair W. Cline (d. 2010) was an American carpenter and cabinet maker, who was a German prisoner-of-war during World War II. He had the rank of first lieutenant in the 448th Bombardment Group.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Cline grew up on a farm in rural Minnesota. A skilled woodworker, he repaired and made parts for country fiddles. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, he worked as a carpenter and as a short-order cook.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1941, Cline was drafted and assigned to the United States Army Air Force as an aviation cadet. Stationed at McChord Field, he trained to become a bomber pilot.", "title": "Military service" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In February 1944, when he was 26 years old, his B-24 was shot down over Holland. After his capture by Nazi soldiers, he was sent to the prisoner-of-war camp Stalag Luft I. During his time as a prisoner in 1944, Cline built a working violin, using wood scraps from bed slats, aid crates, and table legs. His tools included shards of glass and a table knife ground into a chisel, as well as a penknife. Other men helped scrape glue from chairs, which they boiled down for re-use. He acquired catgut for the violin strings, and obtained a bow by trading cigarettes provided by the Red Cross with one of the guards. The project took four months. Cline played the violin to provide solace to his fellow prisoners.", "title": "Military service" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "A plastic chin rest was added after the war. Cline kept his camp violin at his home for over 50 years. In 1995, he donated it to a World War II museum. Violinist Glenn Dicterow, who was concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic, played the violin at a special concert commemorating the event.", "title": "Life after the war" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He died in 2010 in Tacoma, Washington, at the age of 92. In 2015, a Belgian film crew interviewed his family for a documentary. In 2017, BYUtv released a feature-length film, Instrument of War, based on the story of his life. Cline was played by Britsh actor Jack Ashton.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cole Nelson (born March 12, 1997) is a Canadian professional gridiron football offensive lineman and defensive lineman for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Nelson played U Sports football for the Alberta Golden Bears from 2016 to 2020 as a defensive lineman. He played in 17 games where he had 21 total tackles, one sack, and one fumble recovery.", "title": "University career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Nelson was drafted in the first round, fifth overall, by the Edmonton Elks in the 2021 CFL Draft and signed with the team on June 23, 2021. He began the year on the injured list, but made his professional debut in week 3, on August 19, 2021, against the BC Lions. He played in nine games in 2021 where he had three defensive tackles.", "title": "Professional career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2022, Nelson spent the majority of the season on the practice roster and converted to the offensive line. He dressed in one regular season game as a backup defensive lineman. At the end of the season, he signed a one-year contract extension on November 2, 2022. In 2023, Nelson played in 10 regular season games, including eight starts at defensive tackle, where he had 10 defensive tackles.", "title": "Professional career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mergon (formerly Marpac) is an Irish injection and blow molding manufacturer which creates products for the automotive, healthcare and industrial sectors. As of 2022, the CEO was Patrick Beirne and the company reportedly had approximately \"1,000 employees worldwide\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The company was founded, as Marpac International Limited, on 22 January 1981 in Castlepollard, County Westmeath, the Irish subsidiary of the U.S.-based plastic manufacturing company, Marpac Industries Incorporated. The new factory, which was classed as a IDA advance factory, was announced by the then Minster for Posts and Telegraphs, Albert Reynolds in February 1981. It was also said that the company would create 40 jobs by 1982 with the planned investment of £200,000 in the plant and machinery. In May 1981, the Castlepollard factory commenced operations. By April 1982, the company had 25 employees and was due to be officially opened by Suzanne Sykes, the president of the parent group. Marpac Industries Inc was acquired by PVC Container Corp in 1987.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1988, the Irish subsidiary changed its name to Mergon International and became fully Irish owned. As of 2022 it was led by Patrick Beirne (Beirne had formerly been a manager at Marpac Ireland).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1991, Mergon won a Xerox Corporation award for \"product innovation and quality manufacturing\".", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Polymorph is a 1996 American science fiction thriller film directed by J. R. Bookwalter, starring James L. Edwards, Ariauna Albright, Tom Hoover, Sasha Graham, Joseph A. Daw, Jennifer Huss, Pam Zitelli, Leo Anastasio and Pete Jacelone.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Film critic Joe Bob Briggs wrote that the \"inspired\" dialogue and how \"the innocent suffer\" allow the film to \"rise above the run-of-the-mill shish-kebabbed-campers flick.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Robert Firsching of AllMovie called the film \"entertaining and highly watchable.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "TV Guide wrote that while the film \"may not have too much on its mind\", it \"puts many higher-budgeted projects to shame for pure entertainment value.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Bill Gibron of DVD Talk rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that it is \"So Bad, It's Good\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Shock Cinema wrote that the film is \"Low on budget, but high on predictability\".", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "\"O Priyotoma\" is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language duet song sung by Balam and Somnur Monir Konal and composed by Akassh from the 2023 soundtrack album Priyotoma of the film of the same name, starring Shakib Khan and Idhika Paul. The song is written by Asif Iqbal. The song was released on 27 June 2023. The music video for the song was released on the same day under the music label Tiger Media.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The was song released on 27 June 2023 as a second single of the soundtrack and fastest Bengali-language song to crossed 100 million views on YouTube. Also the first Bengali-language film song to ranked 35 on the Global Top Music Videos chart and 83 on the Global Top Songs chart. Balam made his comeback in playback after almost ten years with the song. For which Somnur Monir Konal won Babisas Award for Best Female Playback Singer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The was song released on 27 June 2023 as a second single of the soundtrack, where Shakib Khan and Idhika Paul are seen for the first time.", "title": "Release" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Credits adapted from Tiger Media.", "title": "Music credits" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Upon the release of the song, it gained massive response from critics and audiences. Shakib Khan and Idhika Pal's chemistry in the song created a craze among the audience and started trending on social media including Facebook, YouTube and TikTok. Apart from the chemistry between Shakib Khan and Idhika Paul, Balam has especially attracted the attention of the audience in this song. He made his comeback almost 10 years with the song, as a result, after listening to the song, many listeners are full of praise for Balam.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Tirthok Ahsan Rasel described the film's song as \"superhit\". No one should be forced to listen. Some songs have the potential to survive as songs for many, many years. The songs are also very comfortable to listen to. However, he criticized the song's video as a \"music video\". Rahman Moti praised the film's soundtrack. He wrote, the title track has done in Simple Way was a good song. Sea location added extra dimension to the film. Rupam Acharya described all the songs in the film as \"simply amazing\".", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Balam and Somnur Monir Konal performed the song as a duet at the 47th National Film Awards.", "title": "Performed" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The song crossed a million views on Tiger Media's YouTube in just seven hours after its release! More than 2.2 million views on YouTube in 24 hours, and more than 3.2 million views from Shakib Khan's official page in less than 24 hours. Also was trending on Facebook, YouTube and TikTok. It crossed 100 million views on YouTube in just three months, becoming the fastest Bengali-language film song to reach the milestone. It has started no.1 trending on YouTube in Bangladesh after 13 days of its release for 10 consecutive days. Also it was the first Bengali film song took ranked 35 on the Global Top Music Videos chart, which was for a consecutive month and a half and 83 on the Global Top Songs chart. The song was selected as the best song of 2023 by many of Bangladeshi media. Also its Singers, Lyricist and Composer was also selected as Best of the Year.", "title": "Impact" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "A prominent Bangladeshi singer named Shuvro Dev has alleged that some verses of his song \"A Mon Amar Pathor To Noy\" are similar to \"O Priyotoma\".", "title": "Controversy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "IBM Osprey is a 433-qubit quantum processor created by IBM, revealed during the IBM Quantum Summit 2022, which occurred on November 9, 2022, in New York, United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is 3 times larger than its predecessor, the IBM Eagle.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It needs to be cooled down to a temperature of ~0.02 K (-273.13 °C).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Agesistratus (in Greek: Αγησίστρατος) was a prominent ancient Spartan mathematician and engineer. He flourished around the 2nd century BC. He was a student of Apollonius of Perga.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Agesistratus particularly focused on military fortifications and the construction of war machines. He wrote the work \"Siege Machines,\" specifically referring to \"greater catapults\". Agesistratus constructed the largest catapult of antiquity, whose effective range of a 1.85 m long javelin reached 4 stades, about 750 m, literally piercing any shield with a breastplate carried behind it. It is believed that no other war machine of antiquity could surpass this range. It is noted that in a modern attempt to reconstruct this catapult, with a 0.88 m long arrow (as opposed to the javelin used by Agesistratus), the range did not exceed 375 m.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The manuscript of Agesistratus has not survived. However, his work is mentioned by his student, also a mathematician and engineer, Athenaeus Mechanicus, as well as by the Roman architect Vitruvius.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Man from Mars is an album by the American musician Smokey Wilson, released in 1997. Wilson supported the album with a North American tour. The Man from Mars was nominated for a W. C. Handy Award for best contemporary blues album.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The album was produced by Ron Levy, who used a rhythm section of Dallas musicians. \"Louise\" was written by Howlin' Wolf, one of Wilson's primary influences; \"44 Blues\" is a cover of Wolf's version of the standard. \"Easy Baby\" was written by Magic Sam. \"Something Inside of Me\" is a cover of the Elmore James song.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Los Angeles Daily News wrote that the album \"recalls the grit of a '50s juke joint... Wilson's slash and burn guitaring is a breath of fresh air at a time when a generation of tepid teen players are being taken seriously as blues musicians.\" The Washington Post stated that \"thick, punchy horn riffs dominate nearly every song and force Wilson to sharpen the edge on his lead-guitar licks and to pump up his hollering vocals to make himself felt.\" The Edmonton Journal praised the \"shuffles and honky tonk ballads and roaring r'n'b horn workouts.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Guitar Player said that Wilson's \"stinging tone, swift vibrato and staccato blasts travel from string-strangling '50s blues to R&B-driven '70s rock.\" The Record determined that Wilson's \"incendiary slide-guitar work carries on the Elmore James tradition, while his gravel-voiced singing recalls Howlin' Wolf and Tyrone Davis.\"", "title": "Critical reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "AllMusic wrote that \"Levy keeps Wilson's guitar tone at sting and bite level 10 and his vocals right up front and toasty, surrounding him with a solid rhythm section and spare horn stabs.\"", "title": "Critical reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "IBM Condor is a 1,121-qubit quantum processor created by IBM, unveiled during the IBM Quantum Summit 2023, which occurred on December 4, 2023. It is the 2nd largest quantum processor (in terms of qubits), just shy of the 1,125-qubit quantum processor by the company Atom, created in October 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It has a similar performance to its predecessor, the IBM Osprey.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "It has a 50% increase in qubit density compared to the IBM Osprey, and over a mile of high-density cryogenic flex IO wiring.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "It is not as fast as the IBM Heron, unveiled during the same event.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Speedway Miskolc, were a Hungarian motorcycle speedway team based in Miskolc who races in the Hungarian Team Speedway Championship and the Polish Speedway Second League from 2006 to 2010. They raced at the Borsod Volán Stadion.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The team were one of the most successful speedway teams in Hungary, winning the Hungarian Championship on eight occasions from 1974 to 1980 and 1983. In 2006, the team decided to participate in the Team Speedway Polish Championship, which at the time was the leading league in the world. They joined the 2. Liga and finished 7th in the league during their inaugural 2006 Polish speedway season. After fifth and second-place finishes over the following two seasons, they reached the 2009 place play off final, where they won their first Polish honours defeating Orzeł Łódź in the final.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The team were promoted to the 1. Liga for the 2010 Polish speedway season but struggled for good results and finished last in the division. In 2011, the team withdrew from the Polish leagues because they were not granted a licence to take part in the competition. They unsuccessfully appealed against the decision.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The team folded in 2013 due to financial issues.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Oskar or Oscar Schmerling (Russian: Оскар Иванович Шмерлинг; Georgian: ოსკარ ივანეს ძე შმერლინგი, Stavropol, 1867 – Tiflis, 1938) was a Russian and Georgian painter of ethnic German background.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Oskar Schmerling was born into a Lutheran German family in the North Caucasian city of Stavropol on 1 July [O.S. 13 July] 1867. His family came to the Russian Empire on the wave of German emigration at the beginning of the 19th century. His father, Ivan, was a lieutenant colonel in the Imperial Russian army. His mother Matilda was the sister of the architect Albert Salzmann, who designed a number of buildings in Tiflis, including the building of the Tbilisi Art Gallery. Growing up with his uncle, he studied in Tiflis Real School.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "According to his own autobiography, his academic results weren't good and he tried to publish a periodical named Mosquito (Georgian: კოღო, romanized: k'ogho) unsuccessfully in 1880–1881. He later started drawing caricatures for Ivan Petroev's magazine Scorpion (Georgian: ფალანგა, romanized: palanga). After quitting his job, he went on to study at Faculty of Graphic Art of Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg in August 1884 and graduated in 1889. He continued to collaborate with others on various publications during his study. According to his autobiography, these were the German magazine Pipifax, Russian publications Son of the Fatherland (Russian: Сын отечества) and The Jester (Russian: Шут). He moved to Khankendi to his father's house where he gathered a group of amateur actors and set up a theater troupe in 1889. By the end of year, he left for Munich in 1891, enrolling in Academy of Fine Arts, specializing on the painting of battle scenes. He collaborated with Bavarian magazine called Cyclists' Humor (German: Radfahr Humor) and Münchener Volks-Zeitung newspaper during his time there.", "title": "Education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "After graduation in 1893, he returned to Tiflis and began teaching at Transcaucasian Girls' Institute. He illustrated Iakob Gogebashvili's children's book Mother Language (დედა ენა). Schmerling was the director of the school of painting and sculpture at the Caucasian Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts in 1902–1916, and was the professor in Tiflis Academy of Arts. He worked as drawing instructor in Mikhailov Trade School in Tiflis starting February 1914. He moved to Ganja, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1919, where he worked for state publishing house. He continued to work in People's Education Committee and publishing house after Soviet takeover in 1920 and drew posters for Azerbaijani branch of the Russian Telegraph Agency until 1921. He moved to Tiflis in August 1921, collaborated with a number of Soviet newspapers.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "His disciples include Lado Gudiashvili, Ketevan Goliashvili, Aleksandre Tsimakuridze, Mikheil Chiaureli, Grigor Vahramian Gasparbeg and others.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He participated in exhibitions of the Caucasian Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts, and illustrated a lot of Georgian children's literature. He is most remembered for the cartoon series from the life of old Tiflis, which were first published in the 1910s in the form of postcards. Starting 1901, he collaborated with contemporary periodicals as the Georgian “Notice Sheet” (Georgian: ცნობის ფურცელი, romanized: tsnobis purtseli), “Devil's Whip” (Georgian: ეშმაკის მატრახი, romanized: eshmak'is mat'rakhi), “Stomach” (Georgian: შურდული, romanized: shurduli), “Wasp” (Georgian: ბზიკი, romanized: bzik'i), the Armenian “Khatabala”, the Azerbaijani “Molla Nasraddin” (published in Tiflis in 1906-1914 and in 1917) and others.", "title": "Works" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "He was married to a woman named Anzhelina Albertovna. Their first child, the future art historian Rene Schmerling, was born in 1901. Their son Edgar was born in 1906. Schmerling died on 2 January 1938 and was buried in Vake Cemetery in Tbilisi.", "title": "Family" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Saheed Adekeye Olalekan Popoola born (17 January, 1971) is a Nigerian Politician and Architect he was a member of Kwara State House of Assembly (7th Legislator) representing Ojomu/Balogun Constituency. He previously served as executive chairman of Offa Local Government Kwara State Nigeria.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He was born to the family of Mr and Mrs Popoola Of Obatiwajoye compound in Offa on 17 January 1971. He earned his bachelor's degree from Obafemi Awolowo University in Political Science and attended Delar College of Education, IdoOsi, Ekiti State For his National Certificate of Education", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Popoola started his political career as executive chairman of Offa Local Government Kwara State Nigeria between 2011-2013. Previously Served as Commissioner for Youth and Sports between 2008-2011 Under Governor Bukola Saraki and Governor Abdulfatah Ahmed, He was elected as a Member, Kwara House of Assembly (7th and 8th Assembly Legislature) between 2011-2019. He changed his political party from All Progressive Congress (APC) to Social Democratic Party (SDP). In 2023, he was Social Democratic Party (SDP) flag bearer for Federal House of Representatives candidate representing Ifelodun/Offa/Oyun Federal Constituency but lost the election to Him Tijani Ismail of All Progressive Congress (APC).", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 28 March 2022 kwara state house of assembly member declared Saheed Popoola’s seat vacant Over his defection to Social Democratic Party (SDP) from All Progressive Congress (APC) the Party Platform that won him the seat.Earlier Before that is was reported that Popoola is charged with Antiparty activities due to his relationship with one of the stakeholders of the opposition party which is the former Senate President Dr Bukola Saraki before his official defection to Social Democratic Party.", "title": "Political career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cats Creep at Night is a 1930 Australia radio play by Max Afford.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It was Afford's first radio play, written while he was still a journalist, and it earned him one guinea. He later said, it was \"an hour of everything in the blood and thunder line — a haunted house, a thunderstorm, car smashes, a madman.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Afford directed it himself for Adelaide radio station 5CL. The play was very popular and was repeated by popular demand. Afford later said \"although I blush now to think of it, it was repeated three times after the original performance.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Afford followed it with another simliar play Blackmail.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mater Dei Parish (French: Paroisse Mater Dei), also known simply as Mater Dei, is a Roman Catholic parish church located in the Kimbondo neighborhood of the Mont Ngafula commune, within the Lukunga District in Kinshasa, situated in the western region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is part of the Italian Institute of Consolata Missionaries with primary hubs in Ngudia-Baka, Nsabuka, and Mitendi, along with sub-parochial outposts in Télécoms, Kimbanseke, and Masina Sans Fil. The parish commemorates its patronal feast on May 8, a tradition dating back to 1980 when Pope John Paul II made his inaugural visit to Zaire.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Consolata Missionaries began their mission in then-Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the Orientale Province (now Haut-Uélé Province) in 1972. The founding members of this mission included Fathers Tiziano Basso, Piero Manca, and Enrico Casali. They started their journey in Kinshasa, where they met with other members arriving from Brussels. Guided by Father Noé Cereda, they explored the city before splitting into groups. Giovanni Venturini, Richard Larose, and Brother Alberto Donizetti headed North to Diocese of Doruma–Dungu, while Casali Enrico, Tiziano Basso, and Pietro Manca, accompanied by an African bishop, made their way to the Diocese of Wamba. The terrain oscillated from the luxuriant equatorial wooded expanse of Wamba to the arboreal and savannah near Doruma.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The mission aimed to perpetuate the work in the Diocese of Wamba, known as the \"Martyr\" diocese of Zaire, where missionaries and their bishop had sacrificed their lives. Due to a shortage of personnel, the fathers took over the stewardship of the Wamba parish, aided by Father Enrico's proficiency in Swahili. In Doruma, linguistic challenges and the presence of fellow clergy augmented the intricacy of the mission. A month into their venture, they received a visit from the Vice Superior General, Fr. Guido Motter, hailing from South Africa, who validated their roles and engaged in discourse concerning their dedication to the Zairian mission. As the Consolata Missionaries solidified their foothold in the region, they actively assorted parishes and social initiatives. Notably, within Kinshasa, the establishment of Mater Dei Parish in Mont-Ngafula in the early 1980s precipitated the proliferation of sub-parochial entities.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Punta dei Camosci, or Bättelmatthorn, is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps, with an elevation of 3,046 metres (9,993 ft). It is located on the Swiss-Italian border, between the Piedmontese Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in Italy and Canton Valais in Switzerland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Its Italian side is rocky and bare, whereas the Swiss side is party covered by the Gries glacier. The Siedel Rothorn lies to the north, linked to the Bättelmatthorn by a ridge; the Blinnenhorn is farther north.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The peak can be reached from Rifugio 3A or Rifugio Città di Busto in Italy, and from Nufenen Pass in Switzerland.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Sinden Light Gun is a light gun released by Sinden Technology in 2020 for the PC. It is compatible with LCD monitors and TVs without additional hardware (e.g. a Sensor Bar). There are optional upgrades to the gun like a recoil system, an arcade pedal (for use with Time Crisis games), and a holster. The gun was funded on Indiegogo and Kickstarter in 2019.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "VG247 called it \"an incredible piece of technology\". Ars Technica noted: \"[...] the gun works, and it rocks. Just don't go into this PC-exclusive hardware experiment expecting plug-and-play simplicity.\" Time Extension said: \"The Sinden light gun works like a charm, is surprisingly accurate and [...] is capable of getting astonishingly close to the original arcade experience.\" GamesRadar+ gave a positive review and praised the build quality and the design but didn't like the lack of screen space due to a white border around the screen, and criticized the overwhelming setup software.", "title": "Reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Template:2024 Atlantic Coast Conference baseball standings", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The 2024 Clemson Tigers baseball team will be the varsity intercollegiate baseball team that represents Clemson University during the 2024 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Tigers will compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and will be led by second-year head coach Erik Bakich. Clemson plays its home games at Doug Kingsmore Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Tigers started the season sluggishly going 4–4 in February and losing their first three ACC Series. They were 17–14 overall and 2–8 in the ACC as of April 6, after the first game of their series against Florida State. The Tigers won their next two games in the series and their season turned around. The Tigers only lost three more games during the regular season, and finished 39–17 overall and 20–10 in ACC play to finish in second place in the Atlantic Division. They went into the ACC tournament on a twelve game winning streak and were the third seed. The Tigers were placed in a pool with sixth seed Boston College and tenth seed Virginia Tech. After going 2–0 in pool play, the Tigers defeated North Carolina in the Semifinals and Miami (FL) in the Final to win their eleventh ACC tournament title. The Tigers earned the ACC's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament and were selected as the fourth overall seed. They won the opening game of the regional against Lipscomb to extend their winning streak to seventeen games. Their streak ended there as they lost to Tennessee in fourteen innings. The Tigers could not overcome Charlotte in the elimination game of the regional and their season ended.", "title": "Previous season" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Note: All rankings shown are from D1Baseball Poll.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "^ Collegiate Baseball ranks 40 teams in their preseason poll, but only ranks 30 teams weekly during the season. † NCBWA ranks 35 teams in their preseason poll, but only ranks 30 teams weekly during the season. * New poll was not released for this week so for comparison purposes the previous week's ranking is inserted in this week's slot.", "title": "Rankings" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Osvaldo Cunha (born 22 April 1943), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a right back.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Right back, Osvaldo Cunha began his career playing for the amateur Santa Sofia in his hometown. Played for Guarani, São Paulo and Corinthians in the 60s, as well as América Mineiro in the early 1970s. His style of play stood out for his strong physical imposition. After retiring, he was a football teacher in youth categories of several clubs.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Felgar halt (Portuguese: Apeadeiro de Felgar) once stood as a crucial stop of the Sabor Line, since it connected and served the town of Felgar and surrounding areas with the rest of the country via train.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Felgar halt is officially documented in the Direção-Geral do Património Cultural, within the SIPA department (Architectural Heritage Information System).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Felgar halt was situated on the section of the Sabor Line running between Pocinho and Carviçais, inaugurated on 17 September, 1911. The line, along with the halt, ceased operations in the first day of August of 1988.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Moanalani Jones Wong (born May 16, 1999) is an American surfer who has been called the \"Queen of Pipeline\".", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Jones Wong was born and raised on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii, alongside her younger sister. She was homeschooled.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She entered the University of Hawaii West Oahu in 2016, initially majoring in biology. In her junior year, she switched her degree to Hawaiian and Indigenous Health and Healing (HIHH), after taking a class in the subject. She graduated in 2021, and was part of the first class of students to graduate with the HIHH degree. Her thesis was on surfing and its importance in Native Hawaiian culture.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Jones Wong began surfing as a child, and competed in her first surf contest at age 5. As she grew older, she was driven to improve her surfing skills in order to keep up with her close friends, who were also surfers. She first paddled out to the Banzai Pipeline at age 12.", "title": "Surfing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "At age 11, she began a sponsorship with Billabong, which she continued until age 17. Jones Wong competed in local contests until age 16.", "title": "Surfing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Jones Wong has never trained under a coach, and has said she doesn't follow any specific training or diet regimes. In 2022, Wong began wearing a helmet while surfing the Banzai Pipeline.", "title": "Surfing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Jones Wong competed in the 2014 Surf n Sea Pipeline Women's Pro, and came in 2015 came fourth in the event's final. She also competed Jones Wong in the 32-mile Molokai 2 Oahu paddle race with her father, Dawson Jones.", "title": "Surfing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In late 2021, Jones Wong won the HIC Pipe Pro.", "title": "Surfing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "She won first place in the women's division of the 2021 Vans Pipe Masters, and won the 2023 event the following year.", "title": "Surfing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "In June 2023, Jones Wong was included among the surfers profiled in the docuseries Surf Girls.", "title": "Surfing career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Jones Wong is of Native Hawaiian descent. She met her husband, Tehotu Wong, at V-Land, a surfing spot on the North Shore. In her spare time, she does jiu jitsu and hula.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alvania gofasi is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The length of the shell varies between 1.7 mm and 2.4 mm.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Angola.", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Cedrick Juan is a Filipino theater and movie actor.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "He won the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival Best Actor award for his portrayal of Fr. Jose Burgos in GomBurZa.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Juan began his acting career in theater in 2008.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "His early acting stints include being part of the Dulaang UP at the University of the Philippines in Diliman from 2013 to 2016, and at the FEU-Art Theatre Clinique of the Far Eastern University.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "He was also cast in the musical \"Mula sa Buwan\" (\"From the Moon\"), a musical adaptation of Edmond Rostand's Cyrano De Bergerac.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2023, he was cast as Fr. Jose Burgos in the historical drama Gomburza, a dramatization of the events that led to the execution of the titular martyr priests who were implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. Originally, he was auditioning for a different role until the movie's director Pepe Diokno asked him if he wanted to take the role of Fr. Burgos instead. On December 27, 2023, he won the Best Actor award at the 2023 Metro Manila Film Festival.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Juan is the second eldest among eight siblings.", "title": "Personal life" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "An dreoilin is an Irish language song.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kattil (transl. Bed) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by E. V. Ganesh Babu. Written and edited by B. Lenin, the film stars E.V. Ganesh Babu, Srushti Dange and Semmalar Annam in the lead roles. The film was released theatrically on 8 December 2023.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In September 2019, film editor B. Lenin and director E. V. Ganesh Babu chose to collaborate on a project titled Kattil, based on a story written by Lenin. Srushti Dange was signed on to play a pivotal role, with the shoot taking place across Karaikudi, Pollachi and Palakkad in late 2019. The film notably marked the debut of theatre-person and producer Geetha Kailasam. The shoot of the film was completed in January 2021.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Following delays, the team prepared the film for release in 2023, and dubbed the film in Telugu and Kannada as Mancha.", "title": "Production" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The film had a theatrical release on 8 December 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from The Hindu gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, praising the story. A reviewer from Vikatan noted that it was an \"emotional tale let down by poor making\".", "title": "Release and reception" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jake Abraham (1967 - 1 October, 2023) was a British actor. He was known for his roles in Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, Mean Machine, and The 51st State.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Abraham died on 1 October 2023 of prostate cancer.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Chiquititas Sin Fin, also known as Chiquititas 2006 is an Argentine 2006 television series created and produced by Cris Morena, to celebrate the 11th anniversary of the original series Chiquititas. Written by Walter Ferreira Ramos and Delia Maunas, and produced by Cris Morena and RGB Entertainment, the series has been aired on Disney Channel in some South American countries, Mexico, Greece and Spain. SBT also aired the show to Brazil in 2008. Sin Fin was adapted in Portugal and Romania, and is the basis for the Wii game Chiquititas: The Magical Journey. Stage presentations at the Gran Rex were also featured.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The series focuses on the search of a young woman for her lost son. After discovering that her child may be living at an orphanage, she goes there under the alter ego of a humorous and magical nanny figure, touching and changing their lives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Magali Garcia (Jorgelina Aruzzi) is a strict businesswoman who got pregnant in the past, and after revealing it to her father Vítor (Ernesto Claudio), was sent to an abandoned place. The Garcias' servant, under Vítor's orders, took the baby to an orphanage and lied to Magali that her baby was stillborn. The repentant servant later told Magali the truth, which made her hate her father. Magali started looking for the baby, and when she is sure it lives in the Modelo Dumont orphanage, she goes there under a new identity: the sweet, adorable, funny, offbeat Lili, helped by her best friend Lúcia (Mariana Richaudeau). In this guise as Magali's distant cousin, she assumes a maternal figure to the orphans. Lili also meets Terezinha (Mariana Briski), an arrogant housekeeper the kids see as an \"evil witch\"; the orphanage's owners Julieta (María Carámbula) and Pierre (Alejo García Pintos) Dumont; and their spoiled children Marcel (Luciano Ruiz) and Talita (Delfina Varni). The Dumonts are an ambitious, greedy, perverse avaricious family. Kili (Gastón Ricaud) is the orphanage's handsome, adorable chef, and he and Lili soon fall in love. The chiquititas of this series are Miki, Guta, and Mosquito, teenagers forming a loving triangle; the younger orphans are Luana, Anita, Nando, Paula, Pulga, Josep, Eduardo, and Francisco.", "title": "Plot" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The soundtrack 24 Horas is among the ten 2006 top-selling albums, the Sin Fin Gran Rex presentation was released on DVD. The series finale was watched by the cast alongside fans at the Shopping Abasto, in Buenos Aires.", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Chiquititas: The Magical Journey is a fantasy-action 2009 game based on Chiquititas Sin Fin, produced by Biodroid Productions and distributed by Emergent. Available for PS2 and Wii, the game provides two playable characters from the 2006 show, Lily and Kili, exploring levels and fighting against enemies.", "title": "Chiquititas: The Magical Journey" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Susette or Suzette Martha Taylor (1860 – 1920) was an English polyglot and academic.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She was born on 20 September 1860 in Norwood, Surrey, to shipping director John Taylor and his wife Carolina, née Folkes. Her nine siblings included the missionary Annie Royle Taylor. She was educated at King's College, London and read modern languages at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, in 1884–1886. She studied languages in Spain, Russia and Greece, gaining a baccalaureate in Spanish language and literature from the University of Barcelona in 1890. She worked as a language teacher at Kensington High School and Frances Holland School.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "An extensive traveller, Susette visited Canada, Australia, Fiji, Japan, North Africa and Burma, as well as visiting her sister in Tibet. She published travel articles and translations, mostly from Russian and French. In 1909 she published The Humour of Spain, a collection of extracts from Spanish literature between the twelfth and nineteenth centuries.", "title": "Career and travel" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "When the Royal Geographical Society began admitting women fellows in 1913, Susette was elected to a fellowship that year, being seconded by David Hogarth.", "title": "Career and travel" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "During World War I, she used her linguistic skills in the office of the Censor of Foreign Correspondence and in the Geographical Section of the Foreign Intelligence branch of the Navy.", "title": "Career and travel" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "She died on 28 January 1920 in Kensington, London, leaving 800 of her books in French, Spanish and Catalan to the Lady Margaret Hall Library. The college also offered a Suzette Taylor travelling scholarship in her name: past recipients include Dorothy Wrinch, Helen Waddell, and Myra Shackley.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Boxing Day Test is a traditional cricket match which is held in South Africa annually.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The history of South Africa's Boxing Day Test traces back to 1913, with a match against England in Johannesburg. The tradition became more established after South Africa's return to international cricket in the early 1990s, with the 1992 match against India being a notable milestone.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 2012, an attempt was made to replace the Test with a T20I format, but it was unsuccessful.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2020, the Boxing Test match against Sri Lanka was notably played behind closed doors due to COVID-19 precautions.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "On several occasions South Africa has played in Australia's annual Boxing Day Test as the touring side; on such occasions no Boxing Day Test match was held in South Africa.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The first modern Boxing Day Test was held at St George's Park Cricket Ground in Port Elizabeth in 1992. Two years later, in 1994, the venue shifted to Kingsmead Cricket Ground in Durban. Durban's Kingsmead remained the predominant venue for the event until 2011, when the Test was hosted at Newlands Cricket Ground in Cape Town.", "title": "Venue" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2018, the venue was shifted to SuperSport Park in Centurion, reflecting changes in preferences and attendance patterns.", "title": "Venue" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Fernando Antônio Paschoalin (12 August 1948 – 25 April 2017), simply known as Paschoalin, was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Paschoalin began his career at Comercial de Ribeirão Preto, where he played from 1968 to 1972. He was hired by São Paulo and was a starter for the club during Telê Santana's first spell, but after the coach's departure he lost space and was loaned to Botafogo. He returned to the club and was state champion, as a substitute for Waldir Peres.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1972, Paschoalin conceded the last professional goal scored by Garrincha, in the 2–2 match Comercial vs. Olaria.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Paschoalin died in Ribeirão Preto, 25 April 2017, after 50 days in hospital due to problems with an unsuccessful bariatric surgery.", "title": "Death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Daylighting is the practice of placing windows, skylights, other openings, and reflective surfaces so that direct or indirect sunlight can provide effective internal lighting. Particular attention is given to daylighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use. Energy savings can be achieved from the reduced use of artificial (electric) lighting or from passive solar heating. Artificial lighting energy use can be reduced by simply installing fewer electric lights where daylight is present or by automatically dimming or switching off electric lights in response to the presence of daylight – a process known as daylight harvesting.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The amount of daylight received in an internal space can be analyzed by measuring illuminance on a grid or undertaking a daylight factor calculation. Computer programs such as Radiance allow an architect or engineer to quickly calculate benefits of a particular design. The human eye's response to light is non-linear, so a more even distribution of the same amount of light makes a room appear brighter.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The source of all daylight is the Sun. The proportion of direct to diffuse light impacts the amount and quality of daylight. \"Direct sunlight\" reaches a site without being scattered within Earth's atmosphere. Sunlight that is scattered in the atmosphere is \"diffused daylight\". Sunlight reflected off walls and the ground also contributes to daylighting. Each climate has different composition of these daylights and different cloud coverage, so daylighting strategies vary with site locations and climates. At latitudes north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn, there is no direct sunlight on the polar-side wall of a building between the autumnal equinox and the vernal equinox (that is, from the September equinox to the March equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the March equinox to the September equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.) In the Northern Hemisphere, the north-facing wall is the \"polar-side\" and in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the south-facing wall.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Traditionally, houses were designed with minimal windows on the polar side, but more and larger windows on the equatorial side (south-facing wall in the Northern Hemisphere and north-facing wall in the Southern Hemisphere). Equatorial-side windows receive at least some direct sunlight on any sunny day of the year (except in the tropics in summer), so they are effective at daylighting areas of the house adjacent to the windows. At higher latitudes during midwinter, light incidence is highly directional and casts long shadows. This may be partially ameliorated through light diffusion, light pipes or tubes, and through somewhat reflective internal surfaces. At fairly low latitudes in summertime, windows that face east and west and sometimes those that face toward the nearer pole receive more sunlight than windows facing toward the equator.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Passive daylighting is a system of both collecting sunlight using static, non-moving, and non-tracking systems (such as windows, sliding glass doors, most skylights, light tubes) and reflecting the collected daylight deeper inside with elements such as light shelves. Passive daylighting systems are different from active daylighting systems in that active systems track and/or follow the sun, and rely on mechanical mechanisms to do so.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Windows are the most common way to admit daylight into a space. Their vertical orientation means that they selectively admit sunlight and diffuse daylight at different times of the day and year. Therefore, windows on multiple orientations must usually be combined to produce the right mix of light for the building, depending on the climate and latitude. There are three ways to improve the amount of light available from a window: (a) placing the window close to a light colored wall, (b) slanting the sides of window openings so the inner opening is larger than the outer opening, or (c) using a large light colored window-sill to project light into the room. Besides permitting daylighting into the building, windows serve another function in daylighting practice, providing views out. To enhance the quality of the view seen from a window, three primary variables need to be ensure: view content (what can be seen in the view), view access (how of the window view can be seen), and view clarity (how clearly the view can be seen). View clarity is often influenced by the amount of shading provided by blinds or devices used to protect occupants from harsh daylight (e.g. glare) or for reasons of visual privacy. Environmental criteria serve as important criteria to gauge the quality of window view content. These criteria can be distilled into five important factors, namely: Location, time, weather, people, and nature. Notably, views that are able to provide building inhabitants with content of nature far outweigh the other four Environmental Information Criteria.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Different types and grades of glass and different window treatments can also affect the amount of light transmission through the windows. The type of glazing is an important issue, expressed by its VT coefficient (Visual Transmittance), also known as visual light transmittance (VLT). As the name suggests, this coefficient measures how much visible light is admitted by the window. A low VT (below 0.4) can reduce by half or more the light coming into a room. But be also aware of high VT glass: high VT numbers (say, above 0.60) can be a cause of glare. On the other hand, you should also take into account the undesirable effects of large windows.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Windows grade into translucent walls (below).", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Another important element in creating daylighting is the use of clerestory windows. These are high, vertically placed windows. They can be used to increase direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator. When facing toward the sun, clerestories and other windows may admit unacceptable glare. In the case of a passive solar house, clerestories may provide a direct light path to polar-side (north in the northern hemisphere; south in the southern hemisphere) rooms that otherwise would not be illuminated. Alternatively, clerestories can be used to admit diffuse daylight (from the north in the northern hemisphere) that evenly illuminates a space such as a classroom or office.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Often, clerestory windows also shine onto interior wall surfaces painted white or another light color. These walls are placed so as to reflect indirect light to interior areas where it is needed. This method has the advantage of reducing the directionality of light to make it softer and more diffuse, reducing shadows.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Another roof-angled glass alternative is a sawtooth roof (found on older factories). Sawtooth roofs have vertical roof glass facing away from the equator side of the building to capture diffused light (not harsh direct equator-side solar gain). The angled portion of the glass-support structure is opaque and well insulated with a cool roof and radiant barrier. The sawtooth roof's lighting concept partially reduces the summer \"solar furnace\" skylight problem, but still allows warm interior air to rise and touch the exterior roof glass in the cold winter, with significant undesirable heat transfer.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Skylights are light transmitting fenestration (products filling openings in a building envelope which also includes windows, doors, etc.) forming all, or a portion of, the roof of a building space. Skylights are widely used in daylighting design in residential and commercial buildings, mainly because they are the most effective source of daylight on a unit area basis.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "An alternative to a skylight is a roof lantern. A roof lantern is a daylighting cupola that sits above a roof, as opposed to a skylight which is fitted into a roof's construction. Roof lanterns serve as both an architectural feature and a method of introducing natural light into a space, and are typically wooden or metal structures with a number of glazed glass panels.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "As an element of architecture, a laylight is a glazed panel usually set flush with the ceiling for the purpose of admitting natural or artificial light. Laylights typically utilize stained glass or lenses in their glazing, but can also use alternative materials. For example, the Lyme Art Association Gallery utilizes translucent white muslin laylights below its skylights. A laylight differs from a glazed (or closed) skylight in that a skylight functions as a roof window or aperture, while a laylight is flush with the ceiling of an interior space. When paired with a roof lantern or skylight on a sloped roof, a laylight functions as an interior light diffuser. Before the advent of electric lighting, laylights allowed transmission of light between floors in larger buildings, and were not always paired with skylights.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "An atrium is a large open space located within a building. It is often used to light a central circulation or public area by daylight admitted through a glass roof or wall. Atria provide some daylight to adjacent working areas, but the amount is often small and does not penetrate very far. The main function of an atrium is to provide a visual experience and a degree of contact with the outside for people in the working areas. The daylighting of successive storeys of rooms adjoining an atrium is interdependent and requires a balanced approach. Light from the sky can easily penetrate the upper storeys but not the lower, which rely primarily on light reflected from internal surfaces of the atrium such as floor-reflected light. The upper stories need less window area than the lower ones, and if the atrium walls are light in color the upper walls will reflect light toward the lower stories.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Walls made of glass brick are translucent-to-transparent. Traditionally they are hollow and grouted with a fine concrete grout, but some modern glass brick walls are solid cast glass grouted with a transparent glue. If the glue matches the refractive index of the glass, the wall can be fairly transparent.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "Increasing the amount of concrete, bottle walls embed bottles that run right through the wall, transmitting light. Concrete walls with glass prisms running through them have also been made. With the advent of cheaper optical fibers and fiber-optic concrete walls, daylight (and shadow images) can then pass directly through a solid concrete wall, making it translucent; fiber optics will lead light around bends and over tens of meters. Typically only a few percent of the light is transmitted (the percent transmittance is about half the percent of the surface that is fibers, and usually only ~5% fibers are used).", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "Both glass and concrete conduct heat fairly well, when solid, so none of these walls insulate well. They are therefore often used outdoors, as a divider between two heated spaces (see images), or in very temperate climates.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Greenhouse walls (and roofs) are made to transmit as much light and as little heat as possible. They use a variety of materials, and may be transparent or translucent.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "It is possible to provide some daylight into spaces that have low possibility of windows or skylights through remote distribution devices such as mirrors, prisms, or light tubes. This is called anidolic lighting, from anidolic (non-image-forming) optics. The non-linear response of the human eye to light means that spreading light to a broader area of a room makes the room appear brighter, and makes more of it usefully lit.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "Remote daylight distribution systems have losses, and the further they have to transmit the daylight and the more convoluted the path, the greater the inefficiency. The efficiency of many remote distribution systems can also vary dramatically from clear to overcast skies. Nonetheless, where there is no other possibility of providing daylight to a space, remote distribution systems can be appreciated.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Once used extensively in office buildings, the manually adjustable light reflector is seldom in use today having been supplanted by a combination of other methods in concert with artificial illumination. The reflector had found favor where the choices of artificial light provided poor illumination compared to modern electric lighting.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 22, "text": "Light shelves are an effective way to enhance the lighting from windows on the equator-facing side of a structure, this effect being obtained by placing a white or reflective metal light shelf outside the window. Usually the window will be protected from direct summer season sun by a projecting eave. The light shelf projects beyond the shadow created by the eave and reflects sunlight upward to illuminate the ceiling. This reflected light can contain little heat content and the reflective illumination from the ceiling will typically reduce deep shadows, reducing the need for general illumination.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 23, "text": "In the cold winter, a natural light shelf is created when there is snow on the ground which makes it reflective. Low winter sun (see Sun path) reflects off the snow and increases solar gain through equator-facing glass by one- to two-thirds which brightly lights the ceiling of these rooms. Glare control (drapes) may be required.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 24, "text": "The oldest use of prisms for daylighting may well be deck prisms, let into the decks of ships to transmit light below. Later, pavement lights or vault lights were used to light basement areas under sidewalks.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 25, "text": "Prisms that used total internal reflection to throw light sideways, lighting the deeper portions of a room, later became popular. Early thick, slow-cooling cast glass prism tiles were often known as \"luxfer tiles\" after a major manufacturer. They were and are used in the upper portions of windows, and some believe that they contributed to the trend from dark, subdivided Victorian interiors to open-plan, light-coloured ones.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 26, "text": "Daylight redirecting window film (DRF) is a thin plastic version of the old glass prism tiles. It can be used as a substitute for opaque blinds.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 27, "text": "Another type of device used is the light tube, also called a tubular daylighting device (TDD), which is placed into a roof and admits light to a focused area of the interior. These somewhat resemble recessed ceiling light fixtures. They do not allow as much heat transfer as skylights because they have less surface area.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 28, "text": "TDDs use modern technology to transmit visible light through opaque walls and roofs. The tube itself is a passive component consisting of either a simple reflective interior coating or a light conducting fiber optic bundle. It is frequently capped with a transparent, roof-mounted dome \"light collector\" and terminated with a diffuser assembly that admits the daylight into interior spaces and distributes the available light energy evenly (or else efficiently if the use of the lit space is reasonably fixed, and the user desired one or more \"bright-spots\").", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 29, "text": "The tubular daylighting device was invented by Solatube International in 1986 and brought to market first in Australia in 1991.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 30, "text": "Active daylighting is a system of collecting sunlight using a mechanical device to increase the efficiency of light collection for a given lighting purpose. Active daylighting systems are different from passive daylighting systems in that passive systems are stationary and do not actively follow or track the sun. There are two types of active daylighting control systems: closed loop solar tracking, and open loop solar tracking systems.", "title": "Types" }, { "paragraph_id": 31, "text": "Smart glass is the name given to a class of materials and devices that can be switched between a transparent state and a state which is opaque, translucent, reflective, or retro-reflective. The switching is done by applying a voltage to the material, or by performing some simple mechanical operation. Windows, skylights, etc., that are made of smart glass can be used to adjust indoor lighting, compensating for changes of the brightness of the light outdoors and of the required brightness indoors.", "title": "Smart glass" }, { "paragraph_id": 32, "text": "The use of heliostats, mirrors which are moved automatically to reflect sunlight in a constant direction as the sun moves across the sky, is gaining popularity as an energy-efficient method of lighting. A heliostat can be used to shine sunlight directly through a window or skylight, or into any arrangement of optical elements, such as light tubes, that distribute the light where it is needed. The image shows a mirror that rotates on a computer-controlled, motor-driven altazimuth mount.", "title": "Solar lighting" }, { "paragraph_id": 33, "text": "Solar street lights raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels generally mounted on the lighting structure. The solar array of such off-grid PV system charges a rechargeable battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night. Solar street lights are stand-alone power systems, and have the advantage of savings on trenching, landscaping, and maintenance costs, as well as on the electric bills, despite their higher initial cost compared to conventional street lighting. They are designed with sufficiently large batteries to ensure operation for at least a week and even in the worst situation, they are expected to dim only slightly.", "title": "Solar lighting" }, { "paragraph_id": 34, "text": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a new alternative to skylights called hybrid solar lighting. This design uses a roof-mounted light collector, large-diameter optical fiber, and modified efficient fluorescent lighting fixtures that have transparent rods connected to the optical fiber cables. Essentially no electricity is needed for daytime natural interior lighting.", "title": "Solar lighting" }, { "paragraph_id": 35, "text": "Field tests conducted in 2006 and 2007 of the new HSL technology were promising, but the low-volume equipment production is still expensive. HSL should become more cost effective in the near future. A version that can withstand windstorms could begin to replace conventional commercial fluorescent lighting systems with improved implementations in 2008 and beyond. The U.S. 2007 Energy Bill provides funding for HSL R&D, and multiple large commercial buildings are ready to fund further HSL application development and deployment.", "title": "Solar lighting" }, { "paragraph_id": 36, "text": "At night, ORNL HSL uses variable-intensity fluorescent lighting electronic control ballasts. As the sunlight gradually decreases at sunset, the fluorescent fixture is gradually turned up to give a near-constant level of interior lighting from daylight until after it becomes dark outside.", "title": "Solar lighting" }, { "paragraph_id": 37, "text": "HSL may soon become an option for commercial interior lighting. It can transmit about half of the direct sunlight it receives.", "title": "Solar lighting" }, { "paragraph_id": 38, "text": "In a well-designed isolated solar gain building with a solarium, sunroom, greenhouse, etc., there is usually significant glass on the equator side. A large area of glass can also be added between the sun room and the interior living quarters. Low-cost, high-volume-produced patio door safety glass is an inexpensive way to accomplish this goal.", "title": "Solarium" }, { "paragraph_id": 39, "text": "The doors used to enter a room should be opposite the sun room interior glass, so that a user can see outside immediately when entering most rooms. Halls should be minimized with open spaces used instead. If a hall is necessary for privacy or room isolation, inexpensive patio door safety glass can be placed on both sides of the hall. Drapes over the interior glass can be used to control lighting. Drapes can optionally be automated with sensor-based electric motor controls that are aware of room occupancy, daylight, interior temperature, and time of day. Passive solar buildings with no central air conditioning system need control mechanisms for hourly, daily, and seasonal, temperature-and-daylight variations. If the temperature is correct, and a room is unoccupied, the drapes can automatically close to reduce heat transfer in either direction.", "title": "Solarium" }, { "paragraph_id": 40, "text": "To help distribute sun room daylight to the sides of rooms that are farthest from the equator, inexpensive ceiling-to-floor mirrors can be used.", "title": "Solarium" }, { "paragraph_id": 41, "text": "Building codes require a second means of egress, in case of fire. Most designers use a door on one side of bedrooms, and an outside window, but west-side windows provide very-poor summer thermal performance. Instead of a west-facing window, designers use an R-13 foam-filled solid energy-efficient exterior door. It may have a glass storm door on the outside so that light can pass through when the inner door is opened. East/west glass doors and windows should be fully shaded top-to-bottom or a spectrally selective coating can be used to reduce solar gain.", "title": "Solarium" }, { "paragraph_id": 42, "text": "Architects and interior designers often use daylighting as a design element. Good daylighting requires attention to both qualitative and quantitative aspects of design.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 43, "text": "Utilizing natural light is one of the design aspects in architecture; In 1929, the French architect, Le Corbusier said that \"The history of architectural material... has been the endless struggle for light... in other words, the history of windows.\" As he emphasized in his architecture (such as Notre Dame du Haut), daylighting has been a major architectural design element (See MIT Chapel and Church of the Light for examples). Not only the aesthetic aspects, the impact of daylighting on human health and work performance is also considered as qualitative daylighting. The current studies show that lighting conditions in workplaces contribute to a variety of factors related to work satisfaction, productivity and well-being and significantly higher visual acceptance scores under daylighting than electrical lighting. Studies have also shown that light has a direct effect on human health because of the way it influences the circadian rhythms.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 44, "text": "A well daylit space needs both adequate lighting levels and light that is well distributed. In the current building industry, daylighting is considered a building performance measure in green building certification programs such as LEED. Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) and the society of Light and Lighting (SLL) provide illuminance recommendation for each space type. How much daylighting contributes to the recommended lighting level determines daylighting performance of a building. There are two metrics that IES has approved to evaluate daylighting performance: Spatial Daylight Autonomy(sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE). sDA is a metric describing annual sufficiency of ambient daylight levels in interior environments. See Daylight autonomy and LEED documentation sections for more details.", "title": "Design" }, { "paragraph_id": 45, "text": "In existing buildings, field measurements can be undertaken to evaluate daylighting performance. Illuminance measurements on a grid is a basic level to derive an average illuminance of a space. The spacing of the measurement points vary with project purposes. The height of these points depends on where the primary task is performed. In most office spaces, desk level (0.762m above the floor) will be measured. Based on measurements, average illuminance, maximum-to-minimum uniformity ratio, and average-to-minimum uniformity ratio will be calculated and compared to the recommended lighting level. A diagnostic survey specific to lighting can be conducted to analyse the satisfaction of building occupants.", "title": "Evaluation method" }, { "paragraph_id": 46, "text": "Computational simulations can predict daylighting condition of a space much faster and more detailed than hand calculations or scale model testing. The simulations allow for the effects of climate with hourly weather data from typical meteorological year. Computer models are available which can predict variations in internally reflected light. Radiosity and ray-tracing are methods can deal with complex geometry, allow complex sky distributions and potentially produce photorealistic images. Radiosity methods assume all surfaces are perfectly diffusing to reduce computational times. Ray-tracing techniques have accuracy and image rendering capacity.", "title": "Evaluation method" }, { "paragraph_id": 47, "text": "Daylight autonomy is the percentage of time that daylight levels are above a specified target illuminance within a physical space or building. The calculation is based on annual data and the predetermined lighting levels. The goal of the calculation is to determine how long an individual can work in a space without requiring electrical lighting, while also providing optimal visual and physical comfort.", "title": "Daylighting metrics and analyses" }, { "paragraph_id": 48, "text": "Daylight autonomy is beneficial when determining how daylight enters and illuminates a space. The drawback, however, is that there is no upper limit on luminance levels. Therefore, a space with a high internal heat gain deemed uncomfortable by occupants, would still perform well in the analysis. Achieving daylight autonomy requires an integrated design approach that guides the building form, siting, climate considerations, building components, lighting controls, and lighting design criteria.", "title": "Daylighting metrics and analyses" }, { "paragraph_id": 49, "text": "Continuous daylight autonomy, is similar to daylight autonomy but partial credit is attributed to time steps when the daylight illuminance lies below the minimum illuminance level. For example, if the target illuminance is 400 lux and the calculated value is 200 lux, daylight autonomy would give zero credit, while continuous daylight autonomy would give 0.5 credit (200/400 = 0.5). The benefit of continuous daylight autonomy is that it does not give a hard threshold of acceptable illuminance. Instead, it addresses the transition area—allowing for realistic preferences within any given space. For example, office occupants usually prefer to work at daylight below the illuminance threshold since this level avoids potential glare and excessive contrast.", "title": "Daylighting metrics and analyses" }, { "paragraph_id": 50, "text": "Useful daylight illuminance focuses on the direct sunlight that falls into a space. The useful daylight illuminance calculation is based on three factors—the percentage of time a point is below, between, or above an illuminance value. The range for these factors is typically 100-2,000 lux. Useful daylight illuminance is similar to daylight autonomy but has the added benefit of addressing glare and thermal discomfort. The upper threshold is used to determine when glare or thermal discomfort is occurring and may need resolution.", "title": "Daylighting metrics and analyses" }, { "paragraph_id": 51, "text": "Besides determining how much illuminance is received on a horizontal surface, a method that analyses annual illuminance distributions for daylight has been developed. Every annual illuminance distribution is compared against each other using principal components analysis. This compares the relationship between each pattern. Daylight patterns that are more similar to each other due to architectural features and the time of the year the illuminance are produced are grouped together. Groups are used to form the most representative patterns for that given building. This method can be used to easily interpret how daylight is spread across the space throughout the entire year in any building.", "title": "Daylighting metrics and analyses" }, { "paragraph_id": 52, "text": "The LEED 2009 daylighting standards were intended to connect building occupants with the outdoors through use of optimal daylighting techniques and technologies. According to these standards, the maximum value of 1 point can be achieved through four different approaches. The first approach is a computer simulation to demonstrate, in clear sky conditions, the daylight illuminance levels 108-5,400 lux on, September 21 between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Another prescriptive approach is a method that uses two types of side-lighting, and three types of top-lighting to determine if a minimum of 75% daylighting is achieved in the occupied spaces. A third approach uses indoor light measurements showing that between 108-5,400 lux have been achieved in the space. The last approach is a combination of the other three calculation methods to prove that the daylight illumination requirements are achieved.", "title": "LEED documentation" }, { "paragraph_id": 53, "text": "The LEED 2009 documentation is based upon the daylight factor calculation. The daylight factor calculation is based on uniform overcast skies. It is most applicable in Northern Europe and parts of North America. Daylight factor is \"the ratio of the illuminance at a point on a plane, generally the horizontal work plane, produced by the luminous flux received directly or indirectly at that point from a sky whose luminance distribution is known, to the illuminance on a horizontal plane produced by an unobstructed hemisphere of this same sky.\"", "title": "LEED documentation" }, { "paragraph_id": 54, "text": "LEED v4 daylighting standards are the most current as of 2014. The new standards are similar to the old standards, but also intend to \"reinforce circadian rhythms, and reduce the use of electrical lighting by introducing daylight in the space. Two options exist for achieving the maximum value of these two most recent points. One option is to use a computer simulation to demonstrate that a spatial daylight autonomy of 300 lux for at least 50% of the time, and an annual sunlight exposure of 1,000 lux for 250 occupied hours per year, exists in the space. Another option is to show that illuminance levels are between 300 lux and 3,000 lux between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. on a clear day at the equinox for 75% or 90% of the floor area in the space. The overall goal of the LEED v4 daylighting metrics is to analyze both the quantity and quality of the light, as well as to balance the use of glazing to ensure more light and less cooling load.", "title": "LEED documentation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tommy Langaker is a Norwegian submission grappler and IBJJF no-gi world champion in the 79.5 kg division.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Tamara Daykarhanova (1889–1980) was an actress and acting coach born in Russian Russia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She was born on January 14, 1889, in Moscow in the Russian Empire, and passed away on August 2, 1980, in Englewood, New Jersey in the United States.", "title": "Early life" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Daykarhanova commenced her career with the Moscow Art Theatre before relocating to New York City in 1929. Alongside Akim Tamiroff and Maria Ouspenskaya, she co-founded a drama school, where she served as the head until her retirement in 1971.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Tamara Daykarhanova passed away at the age of 91 at the Inglemoor Nursing Home in Englewood, New Jersey on August 6, 1980.", "title": "Later years and death" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kenya is scheduled to compete at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea, from January 19 to February 1, 2024. This will be Kenya's appearance at the Winter Youth Olympic Games, having debuted at the Games at the second edition in 2016.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Kenyan team consisted of two athletes (one man and one woman) competing in two sports.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The following is the list of number of competitors (per gender) participating at the games per sport/discipline.", "title": "Competitors" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mob kara Hajimaru Tansaku Eiyūtan (モブから始まる探索英雄譚, Mobu kara Hajimaru Tansaku Eiyūtan, \"The Story of an Exploration Hero Who Has Worked His Way Up from Common People\") is a Japanese light novel series written by Kaitō and illustrated by Almic. It began serialization online in April 2019 on the user-generated novel publishing website Shōsetsuka ni Narō. It was later acquired by Hobby Japan, who have published seven volumes since July 2021 under their HJ Bunko imprint. A manga adaptation with art by Terio Teri has been serialized in Akita Shoten's seinen manga magazine Dokodemo Young Champion since August 2021 and has been collected in three tankōbon volumes. An anime television series adaptation has been announced.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Written by Kaitō, Mob kara Hajimaru Tansaku Eiyūtan began serialization on the user-generated novel publishing website Shōsetsuka ni Narō on April 9, 2019. It was later acquired by Hobby Japan who began releasing it under their HJ Bunko imprint with illustrations by Yoshitake in July 2021. Seven volumes have been released as of September 29, 2023.", "title": "Media" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "A manga adaptation illustrated by Terio Teri began serialization in Akita Shoten's seinen manga magazine Dokodemo Young Champion on August 24, 2021. Its chapters have been collected into three tankōbon volumes as of December 2023.", "title": "Media" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "An anime television series adaptation was announced on December 27, 2023.", "title": "Media" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Unquiet Night (Hungarian: Zavaros éjszaka) is a 1940 Hungarian drama film directed by Frigyes Bán and starring Klári Tolnay, Gábor Rajnay and Tivadar Bilicsi. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director István Básthy.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Viola palmata, the trilobed violet, early blue violet, or wood violet, is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae. It is native to southern Ontario and the central and eastern United States, and it has been introduced to Austria, Germany, and Japan. It is generally found growing in rich upland hardwood forests.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "An interference graph is an algorithm used in compiler construction that helps assign local variables to processor registers for a given instruction set architecture (ISA). It is based on the general concept known as \"liveness analysis\", in which the code is examined to determine which variables are \"live\" at any given time.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In most compiled languages, like C or Java, code is organized into blocks that perform a given function. Temporary calculations and values are stored in local variables, normally with no limit imposed on the number or their type. Blocks also optionally pass information back out of the code, the results of their internal calculations, as well as take in information from other blocks, their parameters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Internally, central processing units (CPUs) attempt to hold these temporary values in processor registers wherever possible. These are the fastest types of computer memory to access and the overall performance of the program is strongly affected by register use. General purpose registers are generally limited to a small number, often 16 or 32 in modern processors, and even fewer in older designs like x86. As a number of these registers serve other purposes, like passing parameters or holding internal state like the stack pointer or program counter, these are a limited resource, and it may not be possible to hold all local variables in registers. Those that cannot are said to spill.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The goal of the interference graph is to examine local variable usage in the code and map their usage over time such that more than one variable can be stored in a single register as they are used at different points in the code. For instance, consider this pseudo-code that performs an increment:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In this example, there are three local variables, a, b and C. However, only two of these are \"active\" at the same time, as b is produced by a, and then a is produced by b. At no point in this code are the values of a and b needed in a single calculation. This means that a and b can both be assigned to the same processor register.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "These usage patterns can become quite difficult to understand. Consider a more complex code example:", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In this example, the value of x on line 3 is constructed from v and z, and z is constructed from v. Therefore, in line 3, only two different values are active, z and v. x is used to calculate the value y on line 4, and then to calculate w on line 5, and is not used after that point. Thus, x is live only for three lines, during which time the values of y and z are also being used. The value v is no longer used at this point and does not appear elsewhere in the program.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The interference graph provides a way to store the question of which values are active at any given time and thus should be stored in registers if possible. This is accomplished by constructing a graph with the variables as the nodes and the edges connecting nodes that are active at the same time. So for the x node, it has edges to y and z. It does not have a line to v, as x is not yet assigned on line 2, and is not live.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The interference graph does not solve the register allocation by itself, it simply provides a framework to store the information. Assigning the values to registers is typically performed using Chaitin's algorithm, which uses graph coloring to assign a \"color\" to each of the nodes such that no directly connected nodes have the same color.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Knifesmithgate is a short street located in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England. It connects the Attercliffe and Darnall areas of the city. It connects Church Way at the Church of St Mary and All Saints in the east, and Rose Hill in the west.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Similar to other parts of Derbyshire, the name reflects the history of smithing along the brooks and streams in the area. Today the street contains mock tudor buildings, largely dating back to the 1920s.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "52°14′11″N 1°26′48″W / 52.2364126°N 1.446712°W / 52.2364126; -1.446712", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Oyet Francis Opwonya, known commonly as Francis L'Oyet (born November 6, 1997), is a Ugandan news anchor, investigative journalist and software engineer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Oyet is the founder and CEO of Oyet Broadcasting Services (OBS Network), an innovation hub and headquarters of The Northern Press,(news publisher) and Acholi Guide located at L'Oyet Media Technology Center in Gulu, Northern Region of Uganda.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He is also an author and a member of Booksie publishing house, known for his two books: The Divine Counselor with a total of 2,454 readers and Basics of Filmmaking with 1,055 reads.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "He has been one of the nominees in the 2023 Founder of the Year Awards as Under 30 techpreneur of the year.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Oyet Francis Opwonya studied at Hillside Annex Primary School before being transferred and completing his primary education from King James Boarding Primary School Lira. He then joined King James Comprehensive School for his Ordinary Level Education and Ssaku Senior Secondary School in Wobulenzi, Luwero District.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "He attained a WAN-IFRA Certificate of media management, and a Diploma of Remedial Technology at the Northern Sydney Institute in Australia.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2018, Oyet also received a certificate in Leadership and Ministry from Miracle Bible College Rubaga, a Kampala Suburb.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2008, Oyet joined the teens program at Rapa FM 88.3, a radio station based in Pader, Uganda. He then worked with many media outlets across the country including Uganda Radio Network before joining Voice of the Gospel 91.7 FM Lira City in 2022 as their news anchor, production manager and news sub-editor.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Oyet founded The Northern Press on March 10, 2021, operating under Oyet Broadcasting Service, a subsidiary of L'Oyet Media Technology Center in Gulu, Northern Uganda.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2012 Malaysia Cup knockout stage will be played from 25 September to 20 October 2012, with the top two teams from every four groups from the group stage advancing to the knockout stage beginning with the quarter-finals followed by the semi-finals and the final. This stage will be played in two legs except for the finals which is played once.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The draw for the group stage was held at Dewan Merak Kayangan, Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur on 2 August 2012 at 17:00 MYT (UTC+8). A draw was made to determine where the teams play while the format of the knockout round remained unchanged.", "title": "Schedule" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The knockout phase involves the eight teams which qualified as the winners or runners-up of each of the four groups in the group stage.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Each tie in the knockout phase was played over two legs, apart from the final, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scored more goals on aggregate over the two legs advanced to the next round. If the aggregate score was level, the away goals rule was applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advanced. If away goals were also equal, then thirty minutes of extra time was played. The away goals rule was again applied after extra time, i.e. if there were goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score was still level, the visiting team advanced by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals were scored during extra time, the tie was decided by penalty shoot-out. In the final, which was played as a single match, if scores were level at the end of normal time, extra time was played, followed by a penalty shoot-out if scores remained tied.", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The mechanism of the draws for each round was as follows:", "title": "Format" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "", "title": "Bracket" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The first legs were played on 25, 28 and 29 September, and the second legs were played on 2 October 2012.", "title": "Quarter-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Selangor won 5–2 on aggregate.", "title": "Quarter-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "LionsXII won 3–2 on aggregate.", "title": "Quarter-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "ATM won 6–3 on aggregate.", "title": "Quarter-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Kelantan won 4–3 on aggregate.", "title": "Quarter-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The first legs were played on 5 & 6 October, and the second legs were played on 11 & 12 October 2012.", "title": "Semi-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "2–2 on aggregate. ATM won 5–4 on penalties.", "title": "Semi-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Kelantan won 3–0 on aggregate.", "title": "Semi-finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "The final will be played at the Shah Alam Stadium in Shah Alam, Malaysia on 20 October 2012.", "title": "Final" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Alvania halia is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "This and other Western American species were attributed to Alvinia Monterosato, 1884, following Keen (1971); nevertheless it is not proved to be more related to the Mediterranean type species Alvania weinkauffi Weinkauff, 1868 than to other Alvania s.l. and is therefore retained in Alvania.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This species occurs off the Galapagos Islands", "title": "Distribution" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Local elections were held in Kharkiv on 25 October 2020 to elect the Mayor of Kharkiv and the 84-seat Kharkiv City Council as a part of wider 2020 Ukrainian local elections, which took place on the same day.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "These were the first elections held under the newly adopted Electoral Code, which provided a fully proportional electoral system at the both local and national levels.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Kharkiv was divided into 7 districts with an unfixed amount of seats. Each party had to form two lists: the first is united for the entire city, and the second is for individual territorial districts. The party would receive a mandate if it overcomes the 5% threshold. In this case, the No.1 candidate on the list is guaranteed to receive a seat. Candidates who receive 25% or more of the electoral quota of their district get to the top of the list in descending order of the number of votes for them. In the case of an equal number of votes, the order of candidates will remain as determined by the party at the time of voting. After the candidates who passed to the council according to the quota, the rest are placed in the order determined by the party.", "title": "Electoral system" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Electoral quota is the number of votes needed to obtain one seat. The electoral quota is determined by the territorial election commission. For this, the commission needed to divide the total number of votes for those parties that won at least 5 percent of the voters' votes and are now participating in the distribution of mandates by the number of mandates. The number of seats into which the electoral votes had to be divided is the difference between the number of seats in the council and the number of guaranteed seats for each party that entered the council (one seat per party).", "title": "Electoral system" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Paulo Martins Fernandes (born 1 December 1960), better known as Paulo Martins, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Formed in the youth categories of Atlético Mineiro, Paulo Martins was state champion in 1981. He played for the club until 1984, being loaned to Juventus and América de Rio Preto during the period. He played for Ferroviária and Bahia, until arriving at São Paulo FC in 1987, where he was once again part of the state champion squad. He also played for Flamengo and ended his career at Catanduvense in 1992.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bohdana Neborak (born 1995) is a Ukrainian cultural commentator and journalist. She is Editor-in-Chief of the magazine The Ukrainians! and host of the podcast “Наразі без назви”.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Neborak grew up in Lviv. Her father, Viktor Neborak, is a writer. She earned a bachelor's degree in law at the University of Lviv.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "She served as Head of Translation at the Ukrainian Book Institute. Here she worked to promote Ukrainian literature internationally. She worked on a programme called Translate Ukraine, which connected publishers and translators to spread Ukrainian art around the world. By the end of 2020, over 50 new translations of Ukrainian books had been created internationally. In 2020 the Kyiv Post named Neborak as one of Ukraine's Top 30 Under 30.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Neborak joined the magazine The Ukrainians!, where she was responsible for the reading section and worked to promote literature. Her first podcast, “Vzyala i Prochytala” (Up and Read), covered violence, hate speech and Ukrainian literature.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Neborak rose to prominence during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. At the start of the invasion she returned to Lviv. She has commented on the significance of historical artists on understanding the Russian invasion of Ukraine. She called for the world to elevate Ukrainian voices over Russian ones, and promoted Ukrainian authors in pop-up bookshops that opened during the Ukrainian blackouts.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Her podcast, “Наразі без назви” (Currently Untitled), was recognised as the best cultural podcast in 2022. The Guardian newspaper described her as one of Ukraine's most hopeful young women of 2023.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "David Schweizer is an American theatre director.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Orlando City SC season is the club's 14th season of existence in Orlando and 10th season as a Major League Soccer franchise, the top-flight league in the United States soccer league system. Orlando will also play in three other competitions: the U.S. Open Cup, Leagues Cup and the CONCACAF Champions League.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In December 2023, head coach Óscar Pareja signed a two-year contract extension through 2025.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Results summary", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Last updated: December 2023. Source: Match reports", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Results", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Eastern Conference table", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Overall table", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "MLS announced the league's intention to remove its teams from the U.S. Open Cup in 2024. The USSF rejected a request for them to be replaced by their MLS Next Pro reserve teams.", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Orlando qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League as one of the two best clubs in the 2023 Supporters' Shield standings not already qualified for the competition, entering in round one.", "title": "Competitions" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Starting appearances are listed first, followed by substitute appearances after the + symbol where applicable.", "title": "Squad statistics" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Per Major League Soccer and club policies, terms of the deals do not get disclosed.", "title": "Player movement" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Draft picks are not automatically signed to the team roster. The 2024 MLS SuperDraft was held on December 19, 2023. Orlando made four selections.", "title": "Player movement" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Whitney Allen House is located at 32 Oliver Street in Rochester, New York. The house was constructed in 1914–1915 as a wedding gift from the parents of Charlotte Whitney Allen to her and her husband. The house is noteworthy for at least 3 reasons: (1) The garden eventually established there is one of Fletcher Steele's masterpieces. (2) The garden once contained a sculpture by Gaston Lachaise — on a 1926 commission, he sculpted a nude, in the heroic style, installed in a roofed niche on the garden's terrace. (3) In 1935 Alexander Calder constructed a mobile for the garden — the mobile was the first sculpture created by Calder for out-of-doors display.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Atkinson Allen (1886–1957) married Charlotte Whitney (1891–1978) in September 1914. Their childless marriage ended in a Mexican divorce in 1934. Both were born into wealthy families with high society status. Atkinson Allen was vice-president of the Allen Woolen Mills. Charlotte Whitney Allen was the daughter of Warham Whitney and his wife, the former Fanny Palmer Arnot, who belonged to one of Elmira's wealthiest and most socially prestigious families. Their daughter Charlotte was independent, rebellious, and interested in music, art, promoting social progress, and stimulating conversation. She was expelled, for rejecting chaperonage, from the Spence School for Girls and expelled, for smoking a cigarette, from Rochester's Century Club, of which her own mother was the president. Charlotte and her best friend Clara \"Clayla\" Ward née Werner started their own club — the Corner Club — in Rochester. It was located at 18 Grove Place, where Grove Place intersected Windsor Street, in a house owned by the family into which Clara Louise Werner Ward had recently married. Many of Rochester's social elite would gather to drink, dine, and talk at the Corner Club.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Warham Whitney and his wife funded the Whitney Allen House, completed in 1915, on a lot which was 90 feet (27.43 meters) by 200 feet (60.96 meters). In 1916 Fletcher Steele submitted his design for a compact, walled garden — construction on the garden with its figurative statues continued for half a century. Charlotte Whitney Allen made all of the important funding decisions for the garden and had an idiosyncratic loathing of flowers in terms of garden aesthetics. In a letter to Steele, she wrote, \"I believe that the secret of the most beautiful gardens in the world—such creations as Villa d'Este, Caprarola, and the Villa Lante in Italy, or the Generalife in Spain—is that they show as few flowers as possible ...\". Charlotte did not inherit her full share of the Arnot family trust until her mother died in 1936, and Steele charged high prices for his time and talent. The garden had a raised terrace with a hidden allée which was interrupted at intervals by marble vases. At the end of the garden lawn, there was a swimming pool, into which a clamshell fountain spilled water. According to Robin Karson, important additions to the garden were made in 1926, 1934, and 1938, respectively representing Steele's interest in \"modernism, eclecticism, and exoticism.\" In 1937 Steele completed his design for a chain-mail, tent-like structure near the swimming pool. The structure somewhat resembled a tent from an Ottoman military campaign. Steele called the structure the \"swimming pool shelter\" but Charlotte Whitney Allen called it \"the drinking pit.\"", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The garage of the Whitney Allen House once sheltered a Ford-Cunningham Town Car, which Charlotte Whitney Allen purchased in 1936. In that year, only 37 such automobiles were manufactured. She was regularly chauffeured in the town car until 1964.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1964 Charlotte Whitney Allen donated the property at 32 Oliver Street to the University of Rochester's Memorial Art Gallery (MAG) and expressed the wish that the house should become the permanent residence of MAG's Director. However, the pictures and sculptures were removed to University Avenue, Rochester, and the house with its garden was sold.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As of the end of the year 2023, the Whitney Allen House in Rochester, Monroe County, New York is not listed in the National Register of Historic Places.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "43°9′2″N 77°34′22″W / 43.15056°N 77.57278°W / 43.15056; -77.57278", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 2024 Orlando Pride season is Orlando Pride's ninth season in the National Women's Soccer League, the top division of women's soccer in the United States.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Two new expansion franchises, Bay FC and Utah Royals, joined the NWSL in 2024. Orlando traded for full protection from both teams in the 2024 NWSL Expansion Draft and therefore had no players selected.", "title": "Notable events" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Starting appearances are listed first, followed by substitute appearances after the + symbol where applicable.", "title": "Squad statistics" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "During the 2023 Israel-Hamas War more than 300 health workers were killed during attacks on medical facilities and medical transport. Although the injuries happened both on the Israeli side and on the Palestinian side, most of these attacks were carried out by Israeli forces against Palestinians.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The World Health Organization (WHO) documented 178 health attacks in the Gaza Strip that resulted in the death and injury of healthcare workers on duty.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Israel's national emergency service reported that three employees were murdered, four volunteers were injured, a patient was shot inside an ambulance and nine ambulances were damaged due to gun and fire damage on the October 7 attacks. During Be'eri massacre the local dental clinic became the site of a standoff between attacking militants and the kibbutz's security teams. It was eventually stormed and reportedly led to the killing of all the staff and patients.", "title": "Attacks on health workers" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "By 16 November it was reported that more then 200 health care workers had been killed in Gaza since the start of the war, per the Palestinian Ministry of Health. Some have been killed while helping patients at hospitals, in ambulances or at the sight of bombings, while others were killed while at home.", "title": "Attacks on health workers" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The Al-Ahli Arab Hospital is an 80-bed hospital in Gaza City. The Israel Defense Force (IDF) stated that in the 11 days preceding the explosion at the Al-Ahli Hospital, 450 rockets fired by Palestinian militant organizations landed inside Gaza. On Saturday 14 October, according to a statement by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, an Israeli rocket had damaged the upper two floors of the hospital's cancer treatment center, which contained the ultrasound and mammography wards, and injured four staff members. Another explosion occurred in a parking lot in the courtyard at 6:59 p.m. local time which lead to an estimated death toll of about 471.", "title": "Attacks on health workers" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The WHO strongly condemned Israel's repeated orders to evacuate al-Awda Hospital in northern Gaza, calling it a death sentence for the sick and wounded. As more than 2,000 patients were forced to move to southern Gaza potentially causing the humanitarian crisis in Gaza to worsen. On 13 December, Jacobin reported 240 people were trapped at al-Awda, surrounded by Israeli snipers, without clean water and surviving on one meal per day of bread or rice. A staffer at the hospital reported Israeli snipers had shot at a one pregnant civilian at the hospital, and a hospital monitoring manager stated a nurse had been killed by an Israeli sniper on the hospital's fourth floor through the window.", "title": "Attacks on health workers" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "On 18 November 2023, it was reported that two people were killed while traveling in a clearly identified Doctors Without Borders evacuation convoy in Gaza City. The Palestinian Red Crescent Society reported that Israeli forces targeted an ambulance in the northern Gaza Strip, killing three medical personnel. WHO also documented 37 attacks on health facilities and ambulances, in which six doctors were killed. A total of 28 health workers have been killed since the bombing began. 30 incidents of violence against health facilities, ambulances and health workers in Gaza worsened lives and access to health care.", "title": "Attacks on health workers" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The war was the deadliest ever for UN workers, with at least 88 people who worked for UNRWA, the UN agency for Palestinian refugees, killed since 7 October. The UNRWA stated that there had been about 13,000 staff working in Gaza prior to the war and those killed included teachers, school principles, health workers, a gynecologist, engineers, support staff and a psychologist. Some of the deceased workers were also reportedly killed with their families due to IDF bombing campaigns. The head of the United Nations Antonio Guterres said that no other conflict has caused so much damage to the employees of the United Nations. The total number of UNRWA staff killed was later raised to 136.", "title": "UN Workers" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Aid groups called for urgent action to stop attacks on health care in Gaza. Processions were held across the UK to pay tribute to healthcare workers killed in Gaza during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. UN chief Antonio Guterres paid tribute to the 136 UN staff killed in the fighting.", "title": "International reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Healthcare workers from across the UK took part in a silent march across Westminster Bridge to demand protection for Palestinian medical workers targeted by Israeli forces in Gaza, for those killed in Israeli aggression. The loss was mourned, and a cease-fire was called for.", "title": "International reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "On 10 November 2023, British healthcare workers protested outside Downing Street in memory of the nearly 200 doctors who died during the war. The vigil was organized to urge Rishi Sank for an immediate ceasefire. Numerous hospital staff members carried one of 189 distinct placards, each displaying the name of a healthcare professional who lost their life in Gaza. They observed a moment of silence, after which they recited the names of their fallen colleagues from Gaza, followed by a collective call for an immediate ceasefire.", "title": "International reactions" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In early December the group Healthcare Workers for Palestine gathered to read off the names of the deceased health care workers in Gaza, outside the Art Institute of Chicago, and to also call for a permanent cease-fire. On December 10, 2023, hundreds of doctors and medical staff marched in Karachi, Pakistan to pay tribute to their Palestinian counterparts. The event has been named the \"White Coat March\". Demonstrators chanted slogans of \"Free Palestine\" and \"Labbaik ya Gaza (Gaza we are here)\".", "title": "International reactions" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Coombe railway station was located on the Adelaide-Wolseley line in Coombe, South Australia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Coombe station was located between Tintinara and Banealla on the Adelaide-Wolseley line, and it was on the Nairne to Bordertown section of the line which opened in 1886. The line opened in stages: on 14 March 1883 from Adelaide to Aldgate, on 28 November 1883 to Nairne, on 1 May 1886 to Bordertown and on 19 January 1887 to Serviceton. However, a station at the locality of Coombe was not established until 23 January 1913.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The facilities included at the station when first built included a passenger platform, goods platform, and a goods shed. A crossing loop was also provided, allowing trains to crossing each other at this location. When the CTC safeworking system was installed on this section of the line, the station was rebuilt with a small brick building similar to those that still exist at Coomandook and Wirrega. Ownership of the station was transferred to Australian National in 1978.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The last service to use the station was the Bluebird railcar service to Mount Gambier, known as the Blue Lake. Coombe was often used as a crossing location for down and up Blue Lake services to cross each other. When AN ceased all intrastate passenger services in South Australia including the Blue Lake, the station closed on December 31, 1990. The passenger building and platform are now disused, but the 1550m crossing loops remains in use.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Candelaria Rodríguez Hernández (born 23 October 1928 - after 1998) was a Cuban lawyer and anti-war activist. After graduating from the University of Havana in 1949, she became active in leftist activism, aimed at revising the Cuban Civil Code and improving women's rights. She was a founder of the Federación Democrática de Mujeres Cubanas (Democratic Federation of Cuban Women), an affiliation of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). In 1951, she participated in WIDF's fact-finding mission to North Korea. Upon her return to Cuba, she was jailed, but later released. Her continued efforts to prevent Cubans participating in the Korean War resulted in several more arrests and loss of her post as a legal advisor at the National Bank of Cuba. The \"Hands Off Korea\" campaign she led with Edith García Buchaca was effective in turning public opinion against Cuban involvement in the conflict. She attended several WIDF congresses and conferences and served on the Executive Council of the international organization from 1953.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "After the Cuban Revolution, Rodríguez became a civil servant and worked in the Ministry of Labor. By 1962, she was director of the department dealing with labor policy. She was selected as one of thirty-five members of the Consejo Nacional de Juristas de Cuba (National Counsel of Cuban Jurists), established in 1977, as the Cuban branch of the Asociación Americana de Juristas (American Association of Jurists). Throughout her career, she advocated for the reunification of Korea and in 1994 published Korea Revisited after 40 Years, following a further visit to North Korea. Rodríguez received recognition in 1998 when she was appointed an honorary member of the Sociedad Cubana de Derecho Constitucional y Administrativo (Cuban Society of Constitutional and Administrative Law).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Candelaria Rodríguez Hernández was born on 23 October 1928 in Havana, Cuba into the affluent family of a middle-class merchant. She attended elementary and secondary Catholic schools, before enrolling in law courses at University of Havana. She graduated in 1949 with a Doctorate of Law winning the Premio Nacional de Derecho Ricardo Dolz Arango (Ricardo Dolz Arango National Law Prize). At the time, there were few women lawyers in Cuba.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Rodríguez joined the Havana branch of the International Federation of Women Lawyers and became active in leftist politics. In particular, she supported initiatives to revise the Cuban Civil Code, which vested authority for a family in the husband and father. Adoption of a new Cuban Constitution in 1940, barred discrimination based on class, color, race, or sex, but required enabling legislation, such as revision of the civil codes, to resolve conflicts with existing legislation. Along with Mirta Aguirre, María Argüelles, Edith García Buchaca, Ana M. Hidalgo, Celia Machado, Caridad Sánchez, Cipriana Vidaurreta, and María Josefa Vidaurreta, she founded the Federación Democrática de Mujeres Cubanas (Democratic Federation of Cuban Women) in 1948. The organization immediately became affiliated with the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). On 20 December 1950, Law 9, Ley de Equiparación de los Derechos Civiles de la Mujer (Women's Civil Rights Equalization Law), was passed with the necessary requirements to remove gender discrimination.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1950, Rodríguez and Edith García Buchaca organized the \"Hands Off Korea\" campaign, to protest the Cuban government's plans to send troops to fight in the Korean War. The following year, Rodríguez volunteered to join WIDF's fact-finding commission to North Korea. While the war was still continuing, WIDF sent twenty-one activists from Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe to the Korean peninsula to evaluate the effects of the conflict. They spent twelve days there in May 1951, evaluating the bombing raids carried out by the United States Air Force and war crimes committed by the United Nations Forces against civilians. The activists later wrote a report, We Accuse, which was translated into Chinese, Korean, English, German, and Spanish. While traveling back from Korea, the delegation visited Moscow and other Eastern European capitals. Rodríguez spoke on the radio in Moscow on 27 June, denouncing Cuban plans to enter the war in support of the United States. When she returned to Cuba on 10 July, she was arrested and accused of trying to destabilize the Cuban government. A trial was set for 6 August, but she did not turn up. Noticias de Hoy (Today's News), a Cuban newspaper, reported on 6 October, that she had been relieved of the charges. Rodríguez went on to speak at over 50 meetings, made radio broadcasts, and participated in conferences throughout Cuba, distributing a pamphlet presenting her Korean observations in connection with the \"Hands Off Korea\" campaign. It proved successful in changing public opinion and preventing Cuban involvement in the war. Her defiant activism led to numerous detentions, another two-week jailing, and loss of her position at the National Bank of Cuba.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Rodríguez and García, along with María Argüelles, Raquel Catalá, Esther Noriega, Ofelia Radillo, Caridad Sánchez, Maria Josefa Vidaurreta, and Leonar Vizo led, the second national congress of the Democratic Federation of Cuban Women in September 1952, bringing together over 600 women. Both Rodríguez and García were elected to the Executive Committee of the WIDF in 1953. Rodríguez attended the WIDF Congress held that year in Copenhagen, as the vice president of the Democratic Federation of Cuban Women. She and Celia Machado gave an update on Cuban progress. Rodríguez was a signatory to a proclamation issued by the Popular Socialist Party, as the Cuban Communist Party was then called, condemning actions to prevent Guatemalan students from organizing a communist party in 1954. That year, she also attended the Conferência Latino-americana de mulheres (Latin American Conference of Women) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The conference was organized by the WIDF affiliate, the Federação de Mulheres do Brasil (Brazilian Women's Federation), to unite Latina women in their struggles for rights. WIDF organized the first Congreso Latinoamericano de Mujeres (Congress of Latin American Women) in November 1959. Rodríguez was one of the founders, and inaugural secretary, of the Unidad Femenina Revolucionaria (Feminine Revolutionary Unit) created in April 1959 by women in support of the Cuban Revolution. She served on the committee, led by Vilma Espín, that planned the Cuban delegation's activities for the congress, which was held in Santiago, Chile, although she did not personally attend the congress.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 1960, Rodríguez was appointed to a civil service position in the Ministry of Labor. In May 1962, the Ministry first promoted her to a post with responsibility for international affairs, and the following December appointed her director of labor policy. She was one of the dignitaries who called for the 11th World Festival of Youth and Students to be held in Cuba. Their push for Cuba's selection began in 1965 with events supporting the 9th Festival hosted at the University and in theaters in Havana. Rodríguez was selected as one of 35 members of the Consejo Nacional de Juristas de Cuba (National Counsel of Cuban Jurists) in 1977, when the organization was inaugurated as a branch of the Asociación Americana de Juristas (American Association of Jurists). By the 1980s, she was serving as a legal advisor to the center for Cuban working people. Continuing to speak in support of the reunification of Korea, Rodríguez returned to North Korea in 1993, and at the invitation of President Kim Il Sung remained there from November through January 1994. In her book titled Korea Revisited after 40 Years, she presented what she had experienced. In 1998, her work was recognized with the distinction of honorary member of the Sociedad Cubana de Derecho Constitucional y Administrativo (Cuban Society of Constitutional and Administrative Law).", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "In 2023, the Korean Central News Agency, published an article remembering the friendship she had fostered between their country and Cuba during her lifetime.", "title": "Death and legacy" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Wakan, Wukan or Wekan (Arabic: وكان) is a village in the wilayah of Nakhal in Oman. It lies on the slopes of the Wadi Mistal mountains at an altitude of approximately 1500 m a.s.l. in the Western Hajar Mountains, 140 km from Muscat and 56 km from Nakhal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The village is known for its terraced gardens and orchards, where pomegranates, apricots, peaches and dates are grown. Farming and tourism are the main sources of income for its inhabitants. The climate is characterized by mild temperatures in summer and cold winters.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "As of 2020, the village counted 162 inhabitants. Of these, 135 were Omani and 27 foreign residents (16.7%).", "title": "Population" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Tourism contributes to the livelihoods of the village inhabitants. Tourists visit the village for its vantage point, offering views over the Wadi Mistal and the surrounding mountains, as well as for its terraced gardens. A walking trail of 700 steps starts at the entrance of the village and guides the visitors to the top of the village, through orchards and fields. A tourist attraction is the apricot blossom and harvest season, respectively in mid-March and mid-April.", "title": "Tourism" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The village is the starting point of two trekking routes:", "title": "Sport" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Wakan hosted the first edition of the Red Bull Titan of the Hill race, a downhill mountain biking and enduro competition, in 2017.", "title": "Sport" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Tubs are a Welsh-English indie rock band.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Owen Williams and George Nichols were long time friends who formed the indie noise band Joanna Gruesome in 2010 and acheived some cult success. The band split up in 2017 and Williams went on to form the band Ex Vöid with singer Lan McArdle. They continued to work together in the GN Band and Sniffany & The Nits.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "They initially claimed that they formed The Tubs in 2019 after Williams and Nichols were trapped in a Welsh caravan park in a storm and started writing songs to pass the time, but later admitted this wasn’t true. The band was fleshed out with additional guitarist Steve Stonholt, drummer Mark Warren and bassist Max Warren. They released their debut single I Don't Know How It Works in February 2020 and followed it up with an EP Names in July 2021.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The band slimmed to a four piece and their debut album Dead Meat was released in January 2023 on Trouble In Mind records, receiving positive reviews According to the review aggregator Metacritic, Dead Meat received \"generally favorable reviews\" based on a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 from five critic scores. and featuring on several year end lists including Mojo, Stereogum and The Observer’s Kitty Empire top 10.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Comedian and actor Mark Proksch appeared in a video for their 2023 single ‘’Round the Bend.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Their music has been described as influenced by 1980s college rock bands such as R.E.M., Pylon and The Chills and British folk rock, in particular William's voice has been likened to Richard Thompson.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "The Tubs are part of a loose collective of groups, collectively known as Gob Nation. As well as playing in The Tubs, members play in other bands such as Ex Vöid, The Snivellers, The GN Band, Garden Centre, PC World and Sniffany & the Nits. The collective’s work extends to running a music studio, video production and even a publishing imprint for poetry and lyrics.", "title": "Gob Nation" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The 1978 Hibernia Interfest Tennis Classic was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana in the United States that was part of the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from July 31 through August 6, 1978. First-seeded Roscoe Tanner won the singles title.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Roscoe Tanner defeated Victor Amaya 6–3, 7–5", "title": "Finals" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Erik van Dillen / Dick Stockton defeated Ismail El Shafei / Brian Fairlie 7–6, 6–3", "title": "Finals" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Two ships of the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Navy have been named SMS Triglav:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Mary Douglas (1860 – 1941) was an English headmistress considered the ‘second founder’ of Godolphin School.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "She was born 29 November 1860 at Salwarpe, Worcestershire, the eighth of sixteen children of rector William Douglas and his wife Frances, née How. Educated at home, she taught at Worcester Girls’ High School at the age of 22 before attending Westfield College, London, in 1884–5.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Douglas was appointed headmistress of Godolphin School, Salisbury, in 1890. Her 28-year headship saw the student body expand from 22 to 230 and the opening of several new purpose-built buildings to accommodate the larger numbers of girls. Douglas’ stated aim was 'to teach the girls to think for themselves, to desire what is good and true and to overcome difficulties by perseverence'.", "title": "Headmistress of Godolphin" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 1911, she and Sarah Burstall edited and published Public Schools for Girls: a Series of Papers on their History, Aims and Schemes of Study, arguing for greater specialisation in the curriculum of girls who intended to go on to college. Godolphin School sent several pupils to the women’s colleges at Oxford and Cambridge under her headship.", "title": "Headmistress of Godolphin" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "She chaired the Association of Headmistresses from 1911–1913, and helmed the school through World War I, when the pupils contributed to local farming.", "title": "Headmistress of Godolphin" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "She retired in 1919 and died on 7 November 1941 at the home she shared with a brother and sister in Wantage, Berkshire.", "title": "Headmistress of Godolphin" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "N-Methyliminodiacetic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3N(CH2CO2H)2. It is a white solid, which as its conjugate base CH3N(CH2CO−2)2 is used as a chelating agent for iron. It is a component of organoboron reagents as well.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "It is prepared from imidodiacetic acid by N-methylation using the Eschweiler–Clarke reaction:", "title": "Synthesis and reaction" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "MIDA boronates are derivatives with the formula CH3N(CH2CO2)2BR, where R is a cross-coupling partner.", "title": "Synthesis and reaction" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aarati is a crime streaming television series created by Roshan Das and written by Hikmat Sharma. The main cast features Nutan, Raj Poudel, Khemraj Koirala and Manisha Giri.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The series was shot in Rautahat, Birgunj, and Kavrepalanchok District. Niteesh Ghatan worked as the cinematographer.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Ram Krishna Dhakal, Ashmita Adhikari, Mohammad Aftab Sheikh, and Aashriya Humagain have given their vocals in this crime series.", "title": "Music" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Surendra Chhetri is the casting director of this series.", "title": "Casting director" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Luciano Giménez Alanda (born 18 February 2000) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Chacarita Juniors.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Born in Salta, Giménez joined Boca Juniors' youth setup in April 2016, from hometown side Central Norte. On 13 November 2020, after finishing his formation, he returned to his previous club on loan.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "After making his senior debut with Central in the 2020 Torneo Federal A, Giménez moved to Primera Nacional side Chaco For Ever on 8 February 2022, also on loan. He was regularly used by his new side, but only scored twice in 30 appearances.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "On 5 January 2023, Giménez agreed to a deal with Chacarita Juniors also in the second division, still owned by Boca. On 27 November, after being the club's top goalscorer during the season with 13 goals, Chacarita bought 50% of his economic rights for a rumoured fee of US$ 500,000.", "title": "Career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Coleraine Cluster (a name coined later) was an informal collection of writers associated with the New University of Ulster in the early seventies.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The New University of Ulster had been established near the town of Coleraine about 60 miles from Belfast in 1968. It attracted the English scholars Walter Allen (several novels and critical works) and Alan Warner (several critical works) who were appointed Professors of English Literature. They were joined by the poets James Simmons (editor of The Honest Ulsterman), Andrew Waterman, Bill McCormack and other writers such as Bridget O'Toole.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This grouping drew several mature students who had delayed their entry to university for various reasons. These included Gerald Dawe, Brian Keenan, Brendan Hamill, and Anne Devlin. To this was added Michael Stephens (the nephew of James Simmons) and Robert Johnstone. All of these staff and students would go on to careers in writing.", "title": "Origins" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "This cluster initiated a lively literary scene including regular poetry nights in local bars and more formal readings by such poets as Seamus Heaney and Derek Mahon. During this period, they also began to produce a range of publications including volumes of poetry. The cluster dissolved as the students graduated although its members continued to publish.", "title": "Activities" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Various magazines were associated with members of the cluster. Acorn, the magazine of the English Society at Magee University College in Derry, was transferred to Coleraine in 1972 and then evolved into other magazines such as Quarto. During its lifetime Acorn published material by Walter Allen, Alan Warner, and Bill McCormack. Quarto published work by Stephens.", "title": "Magazines" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Caret was edited by Johnstone and others and published work by Simmons. The more established The Honest Ulsterman also published poetry by Simmons, Waterman, Dawe, Stephens, and Keenan about this time.", "title": "Magazines" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "During this period, staff associated with the cluster published several volumes of poetry. Simmons published three volumes, (Energy to Burn 1971; The Long Summer Still to Come, 1973 and West Strand Visions, 1974). Livingstone published Living Room. McCormack (writing as Hugh Maxton) published The Noise of the Field.", "title": "Books" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Among the students, Stephens had guest edited an issue of The Honest Ulsterman in 1969 and had a poetry pamphlet published by it. Hamill published a poetry pamphlet. Dawe published the collection Sheltering Places in 1978. In the following decade all of these writers went on to greater success. Although not as formalised as the Belfast Group the people associated with the cluster supported each other during a difficult period in Northern Ireland.", "title": "Books" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Paulo Sérgio de Rezende (born 21 June 1974), better known as Paulo Sérgio, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Paulo Sérgio was a reserve at São Paulo FC for most of the 90s, playing in a few matches mainly during the period in which Roger had relationship problems with coach Paulo César Carpegiani. Played for several other clubs in Brazil, but without managing to establish himself.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Paulo Sérgio was mayor of the city Hidrolândia, Goiás, from 2013 to 2020.", "title": "Political career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Aeroflot Flight A-53 was a commercial flight from Baku to Krasnovodsk. It crashed on approach due to poor weather. It is the second deadliest plane crash in Turkmenistan, behind Aeroflot Flight 112.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At 21:37 Moscow time the crew made contact with approach control which authorized a descent from 4,500 metres (14,800 ft). By 21:54 the aircraft had descended to 500 metres (1,600 ft) and the crew was informed of rough weather. At an altitude of 300 metres (980 ft) the plane was in a headwind with flaps extended at 35° and engines below maximum thrust causing the speed to fall from 260 km/h (140 kn) to 210-200 km/h (110 kn) and the descent rate to increase. Thrust was increased but the descent continued due to a downdraft. The plane entered a left bank of 40° and hit a rocky cliff, tearing off the right wing and engine. It then bounced before crashing and catching fire.", "title": "Accident" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The plane entered a downdraft which caused a loss of speed and altitude. This was made possible by a lack of knowledge on part of the meteorologist and the absence of a system that could have detected this phenomenon. The crew's inexperience also contributed to the accident.", "title": "Causes" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Professores is a neighborhood in the Brazilian municipality of Coronel Fabriciano, in the interior of the state of Minas Gerais. It is located in the Senador Melo Viana district, in Sector 1. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), its population in 2010 was 887 inhabitants (0.9% of the municipality's total), distributed over an area of 0.1 km².", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The neighborhood was created by the Padres do Trabalho Association in 1973 in order to mitigate the impact of the establishment of Unileste. It was originally a housing complex for the university's professors and staff. It is located next to the center of Fabriciano and includes the Louis Ensch Stadium and the headquarters of the city's boy scouts.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The population growth in the current Vale do Aço Metropolitan Region caused by the installation of large industries between the 1930s and 1950s, led to the creation of the Catholic University Center of Eastern Minas Gerais (Unileste), the first large educational complex in the region, at the end of the 1960s. A few years later, the Padres do Trabalho Association, responsible for founding Unileste, was also in charge of building the Universitário neighborhood, for the students, and the Professores neighborhood, for the institution's teachers and staff.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The housing complexes were built in order to mitigate the impact of the establishment of Unileste. The Professores neighborhood was officially created in 1973 and the houses began to be completed in July of the same year, with the pavement already finished; the first inhabitant was Professor Ademir Castro. The original project had five blocks with 16 houses each. Most of the residences built were semi-detached, with two bedrooms, three bathrooms (one being a toilet), two living rooms, a kitchen, a garage and a backyard. The social part was restricted to the first floor, while the bedrooms were on the second floor.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Over time, new streets emerged on the surrounding land and were incorporated into the neighborhood, such as Sanitária Avenue (now Julita Pires Bretas Avenue), on the banks of the Caladão Stream, which street was created by channeling a stretch of the creek in gabions to minimize flooding between the 1970s and 80s. Later, most of the houses in the complex underwent renovations, and by the end of the 1980s almost all of the facades had been modified. Due to its proximity to the center of Fabriciano and its access to urban services and leisure activities, Professores has become an upscale residential neighborhood. In 2016, Julita Pires Bretas Avenue was revitalized and its sidewalk refurbished.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "The Professores neighborhood has a total area of 0.1 km² and is bordered by Giovannini (to the north), Centro (to the west), Santa Helena (to the south) and Bom Jesus (to the east) neighborhoods. Julita Pires Bretas Avenue borders the Caladão Stream, which cuts through the city and receives dirt and pollution from homes and small industries, workshops or slaughterhouses on its banks.", "title": "Geography and demography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In 2010, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) estimated that 887 inhabitants lived in the neighborhood, which is comparable to the two least populous cities in Brazil: Borá, in São Paulo, and Serra da Saudade, in Minas Gerais. Among the 63 neighborhoods in Fabriciano, Professores ranked ranked 35th in terms of population, comprising 0.9% of the municipal population and 1.9% of the population of the Senador Melo Viana district, with a population density of 7,094.47 inhabitants per square kilometer. Of the total number of inhabitants, 419 were men (47.2% of the total) and 468 women (52.8%), with a sex ratio of 89.53, distributed in 340 households. Among the men, the predominant age group was people aged between 20 and 24, who accounted for 4.85% of the total. Among women, people aged between 50 and 54 predominated, also accounting for 4.85% of the total female population.", "title": "Geography and demography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The neighborhood is appreciated by the real estate sector, as there are a predominance of homes and it is located next to the center of Fabriciano, one of the main commercial hubs in the region. It is covered by the Catholic pastoral work of the Community and Parish of Saint Sebastian, which represents the headquarters of the Diocese of Itabira-Fabriciano, and hosts some of the division's activities and events.", "title": "Geography and demography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The neighborhood includes the building of the former Doutor Querubino State School, located on Ephrem Macedo Street. Initially established in the Nossa Senhora do Carmo neighborhood on February 15, 1968, the institution moved to its current building in 1983 after successive temporary relocations. However, the school was closed and its building became the headquarters of the Boa Vista Municipal School in 2020, which teaches elementary school classes. The water supply service is provided by Companhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerais (Copasa), while the electricity supply is the responsibility of Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais (Cemig), with 100% of the population having access to the electricity network.", "title": "Infrastructure and leisure" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The Pastor Pimentel Interchange, which is the link between Magalhães Pinto and Tancredo Neves avenues, also divides the residential area and the center of Fabriciano from the Giovannini neighborhood and the Senador Melo Viana district. There are no public transport buses inside the neighborhood, except on Julita Pires Bretas Avenue.", "title": "Infrastructure and leisure" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Inaugurated in 1950, the Louis Ensch Stadium, home of the Social Futebol Clube, is also located in the Professores neighborhood. It hosts important matches in local amateur leagues and official games in some categories of the Campeonato Mineiro. The Professores neighborhood also includes the headquarters of the Tapajós 27th Scouting Group, located on Amazonas Street, which operates since 1963 and offers children and young people various activities related to scouting. On Julita Pires Bretas Avenue, on the banks of the Caladão Stream, there is a sidewalk that is often used for leisure.", "title": "Infrastructure and leisure" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "The neighbourhood is also popular for its leisure activities organized by the Parish of Saint Sebastian or the schools. Until the 1990s, the Corpus Christi Procession began at the Parish Church of Saint Sebastian, headed to Pedro Nolasco Street and returned to the temple. After the Cathedral of Saint Sebastian was completed, it was transferred to the streets of the Santa Helena and Professores neighborhoods. The scout group also holds some activities open to the population at its headquarters.", "title": "Infrastructure and leisure" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Günther Jahn (9 January 1930 – 29 October 2015) was a German politician and functionary of the Free German Youth (FDJ) and the Socialist Unity Party (SED).", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "His father was the locksmith and KPD functionary Hermann Jahn. His older brother was the economist and Marx-Engels researcher Wolfgang Jahn. Günther Jahn attended elementary and secondary school in Erfurt from 1936 to 1946. In 1946, he joined the Free German Youth (FDJ) and the KPD (later SED) and obtained his high school diploma in 1948 from the Humboldt School in Erfurt. From 1948 to 1950, he studied economics at the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena and completed his studies in 1952 at the University of Economics in Berlin, earning a diploma in economics.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "He was married to the physician Esther Jahn since 1952, who passed away in October 2011. They had two children, including a son. Jahn lived as a retiree in Potsdam-Babelsberg.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Günther Jahn passed away on 29 October 2015, at the age of 85 in Fichtenwalde.", "title": "Life and career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "From 1954 to 1956 and 1962 to 1964, he initially served as a political employee in the Planning Sector of the Planning and Finance Department of the Central Committee of the SED. From 1956 to 1961, he pursued postgraduate studies at the SED Institute for Social Sciences. In 1961, he earned his doctorate (Dr. rer. oec.) with a dissertation on Economic Councils and Socialist Reconstruction in the GDR's Industry. Until 1962, he was a visiting lecturer at this institute.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "From 1964, Jahn was the Deputy Head of Ideological Work at the Office for Industry and Construction within the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED. In 1965 to 1966, he led the Working Group for Socialist Economic Management.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In these roles, Jahn was involved in the development of Walter Ulbricht's New Economic System.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "He became the Second Secretary in 1966 and in 1967, succeeding Horst Schumann, he became the First Secretary of the Central Council of the FDJ. In the same year, he became a full member of the Central Committee of the SED and a member of the Volkskammer, a position he held until 1990. As a member of the Volkskammer, he served in the Youth Committee until 1976 and later became the First Deputy Chairman of the Rules Committee.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "During his time as the top FDJ official, he was informally mocked as 'Jubel-Jahn' ('Jubilant Jahn') due to his impulsive exclamations like 'Long live international solidarity' at political events.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 17 August 1970, Red Army Faction terrorist Ulrike Meinhof asked for a meeting with Jahn. Though not granted, the attempt marked the beginning of the GDR's covert support of the RAF and their members.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Egon Krenz succeeded him as the First Secretary of the FDJ Central Council in 1973.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In 1974, Jahn joined the Bezirk Potsdam SED as the Second Secretary. In January 1976, he rose to the position of the First Secretary after longtime incumbent Werner Wittig surprisingly died.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Unlike other First Secretaries such as Hans Modrow, Jahn was not one of the prominent figures, strictly executing party decisions.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Jahn took interest in Potsdam's movie industry, personally taking charge of the planning and securing financial aid of the GDR's film museum, opened in 1981. At the same time, artists also feared backlash from him regarding political content. For example, Jahn made sure a political satire was stopped to be played in 1989.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "Günther Jahn was awarded the Karl Marx Order in 1973, the Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold in 1980, and the Banner of Labor Order in 1984.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "Though initially opposed to dialogue with demonstrators and reform, Jahn eventually criticized Erich Honecker shortly before his downfall, accusing him of weak leadership and insisting on change.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "In November 1989, he resigned from this position, and in December of the same year, he resigned with the entire SED Central Committee. The Bezirk Potsdam SED choose reformer Heinz Vietze as his successor as First Secretary.", "title": "Political career" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "In autumn 1991, he left the SED's successor party, the PDS.", "title": "Political career" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Marion Isabelle Whitney (April 23, 1911 – September 16, 1998) was an American geologist, college professor, and writer. She was the first woman to complete doctoral studies in geology at the University of Texas at Austin, in 1937.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Whitney was born and raised in Austin, Texas, the daughter of Francis Luther Whitney and Grace Pellet Whitney. Her father was a paleontology professor. She earned a bachelor's degree in geology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1930, then stayed to complete a master's degree in 1931, with a thesis titled \"Fauna of the Glen Rose Formation\". In 1937, she became the first woman to earn a Ph.D. from the geology department at Texas.", "title": "Early life and education" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Whitney was a schoolteacher in Texas in the 1930s. She taught at Kansas State Teachers' College from 1937 to 1942, at Kilgore Junior College from 1942 to 1946, at Texas Christian University from 1946 to 1951, at Arkansas Polytechnic College from 1952, at Louisiana Tech University from 1955, and at Central Michigan University from 1961 to her retirement in 1981. She was head of the geology department at Arkansas Polytechnic College in the 1950s. She gained full professor status in 1971.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In addition to her academic publications, Whitney wrote a novel for young readers, Juan of Parícutin (1953), based on her travels to see the volcano Parícutin in Michoacán, Mexico. She wrote a second children's book about an opossum she raised.", "title": "Publications" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Whitney died in 1998, at the age of 87, in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. There is a collection of her papers in the library at Central Michigan University.", "title": "Personal life" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Kuettlingeria soralifera is a saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen species in the family Teloschistaceae, first described in 2006. It is similar to Kuettlingeria xerica but distinguished by the presence of soredia on its thallus.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Caloplaca soralifera was described by the lichenologists Jan Vondrák and Pavel Hrouzek in 2006. Its species name, soralifera, refers to its distinct feature of producing soredia, which are grey or grey-violet in colour. The type specimen was collected near a small pond in Křivoklát, (Rakovník District, Czech Republic), at an altitude of 348 m (1,142 ft); there, it was found growing on the horizontal side of a concrete wall. Sergey Kondratyuk proposed that the taxon should be transferred to the genus Pyrenodesmia in 2020. Frolov, Vondrák and Arup transferred it to the genus Kuettlingeria in 2020.", "title": "Taxonomy" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This lichen has a crustose, areolate to somewhat squamulose thallus, typically dark to pale grey, and often appears whitish due to pruina. The areoles are flat to convex, measuring 0.2 to 0.8 mm in diameter. It produces dark grey to violet-grey soralia at the margins of the areoles and squamules, which can sometimes cover the entire thallus surface. The cortex of the thallus is greyish to violet-grey, and the algal layer comprises a mixture of algal and fungal cells. The soredia and cortex react positively to various chemical spot tests, indicating the presence of the pigment Sedifolia-grey.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Apothecia, when present, are small, with orange to brown discs and a yellow to orange true exciple. The hymenium is hyaline and contains oil drops. Asci are typically 50 to 80 µm in size, containing polarilocular, hyaline spores.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Unlike most members of the Teloschistaceae, Caloplaca soralifera lacks anthraquinone substances in the thallus. Instead, this species contains the unique pigment Sedifolia-grey, which does not dissolve in acetone and is found in both the cortex and the soredia. This pigment gives the soredia their characteristic grey or grey-violet colouration.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In the apothecia of Caloplaca soralifera, the primary chemical compound is parietin, accounting for a significant percentage of its composition. Parietin is a well-known lichen secondary metabolite, typically associated with bright orange or yellow colours in many lichen species. Additionally, trace amounts of other anthraquinones, such as fragilin, emodin, and emodial, are present in varying concentrations. The presence and proportions of these compounds helps distinguish C. soralifera from closely related species.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "This species falls into what is known as chemosyndrome A, as defined in a previous study by Ulrik Søchting. This classification is based on its chemical profile, particularly the dominance of parietin, which is a clear differentiator from species in chemosyndrome B that typically have other anthraquinones as dominant compounds.", "title": "Chemistry" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Caloplaca soralifera shares similarities with several species the Caloplaca, particularly in terms of apothecium structure. The variability in their chemical compositions, particularly the presence or absence of specific compounds like parietin and anthraquinones, plays a significant role in differentiating them.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Kuettlingeria furax: This species typically produces large lobules on the thallus surface and is delimited by conspicuous marginal lobes. Unlike C. soralifera, K. furax does not produce soredia and is considered a strictly parasitic species on Aspicilia species.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Caloplaca spalatensis: It lacks structures for vegetative dispersal and presents flat areoles. C. spalatensis is found on calcareous bird perching boulders in Mediterranean regions, contrasting with the habitat preference of C. soralifera.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Kuettlingeria xerica: Perhaps the most similar to C. soralifera, K. xerica does not produce soredia. Though morphologically similar, the two species belong to different chemosyndromes, with K. xerica lacking the parietin found in C. soralifera.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Caloplaca chlorina: When sterile, C. soralifera can be confused with C. chlorina. However, C. chlorina usually has a non-pruinose thallus and, when fertile, differs significantly in its lecanorine apothecial margin.", "title": "Similar species" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Caloplaca soralifera is predominantly found on artificial substrates like asphalt, concrete, and mortar, and occasionally on natural substrates such as calcareous and siliceous rocks. It has been recorded in several European countries, including Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia, and Romania, growing in exposed horizontal sides of structures. Its recorded elevation range is between 220 and 1,450 m (720 and 4,760 ft).", "title": "Habitat, distribution, and ecology" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "This species is often associated with other lichens like Caloplaca crenulatella and Lecanora muralis. Its presence has been increasing in certain areas, possibly due to expanding substrate preferences and climatic changes favouring nitrophilous and basiphilous lichens.", "title": "Habitat, distribution, and ecology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Embassy of the Republic of Maldives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Dhivehi: ސަޢޫދީ ޢަރަބިއްޔާގައި ހުންނަ ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ އެމްބަސީ, Arabic: سفارة جزر المالديف في المملكة العربية السعودية, Japanese: 在サウジアラビア王国モルディブ大使館, also known as the Embassy of Maldives in Riyadh) is an embassy established by the Maldives in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "In 1981, diplomatic relations were established between Saudi Arabia and the Maldives. In November 2007, it was decided to establish the Maldives Embassy, the first in the Middle East, and on 12 May 2008, Saudi Arabia's State Minister for Foreign Affairs, Nizar Bin Obaid Madani attended. It was officially opened by Abdulla Shahid, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Maldives.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "8, Abul Ezzu El Kharasani Lane, Sulaimaniya, Riyadh, 114511, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia", "title": "Address" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Since 23 October 2019, Mohamed Khaleel has been serving as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.", "title": "Ambassador" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Ernesto Munro Palacio (Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico, October 16, 1948) is a former minor league baseball player and politician, member of the National Action Party (PAN).", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "A noodle stopper is a type of figurine based on manga, anime, or even video game characters which is ostensibly meant to secure by gravity the lid for ramen containers such that they do not boil over. Often extremely ornate, they can collectibles they can be placed on any shelf, however. (Stopper is a misnomer inasmuch as they are not inserted into the container.)", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Willy Østreng (born 4 May 1941) is a Norwegian political scientist.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Holding the cand.polit. degree, Østreng was employed as a researcher at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in 1971. He went on to become managing director of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute from 1978 to 2003, and scientific director of the Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 2003 to 2009.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Østreng was also an adjunct professor at the University of Trondheim from 1994, and senior researcher in Ocean Futures from 2010. In 2008 he was a co-founder of the Norwegian Scientific Academy for Polar Research. His main field as a researcher has been the Barents Region.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Østreng was decorated as a Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland in 1994.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Pendred is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The heart of Frédéric Chopin was separated from his body after he died on 17 October 1849. The Polish composer had a fear of being buried alive and requested that his physician Jean Cruveilhier perform an autopsy. While Chopin's body was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, his heart was immersed in alcohol (probably cognac) and placed in an oak container.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Before his death, one of Chopin's last requests was that his eldest sister, Ludwika Jędrzejewicz, take his heart to Poland to be buried at a local church. She complied with his wishes, smuggling his heart through customs at the Austro-Hungarian border, past Russian border agents and into Poland. It was given to the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw and kept in the catacombs. After a local journalist discovered the heart in a box, it was transferred to the upper part of the church in 1879 and immured in a pillar.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "During the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, Chopin's heart was taken from the church by Nazi officials to the headquarters of SS commander Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. It was later returned to the Polish people and sent to Milanówek for safekeeping. On 17 October 1945, a delegation transported the heart back to Warsaw, where it was returned to its place in the Holy Cross Church.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Speculation as to the reason for Chopin's premature death led to requests by scholars and scientists to conduct an analysis of the heart tissue. While he was said to have died from tuberculosis, it was speculated that he may have had cystic fibrosis. A request to sample the heart tissue was refused by the Polish government, but the heart's container was secretly removed from the pillar for a visual inspection in 2014.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Composer Frédéric Chopin had poor health throughout his life. He suffered from respiratory problems, chronic diarrhea, and weight loss. As an adult, he weighed under 45 kilograms (99 lb). In 1849, knowing that he would soon die, Chopin made arrangements for his funeral. He had a fear of being buried alive (taphophobia) and requested to his sister that his heart be removed from his body and taken to Warsaw to be buried at a local church.", "title": "Death and removal of heart" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Chopin died in Paris on 17 October 1849. On the day before his death, Chopin requested that his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, conduct an autopsy. During the autopsy, Cruveilhier removed Chopin's heart and submerged it in alcohol, probably cognac. His body was buried in Paris at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, while his heart was placed in a crystal jar that was hermetically sealed. Months later, in early 1850, his sister transported the heart to Poland. The heart would eventually come be treated as an exceptional artefact within the culture of Poland, afforded the respect usually reserved for saintly relics.", "title": "Death and removal of heart" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "In early January 1850, Chopin's eldest sister, Ludwika Jędrzejewicz, returned from France by rail to Poland with her daughter and her brother's heart. She carried the heart with her, concealing its container underneath her cloak or skirt as she smuggled it through a customs inspection at the Austro-Hungarian border and past Russian border agents into Poland. Soviet music historian Igor Boelza wrote about her journey, explaining that Jędrzejewicz had hidden \"a small oak trunk under her dress. In it was a casket made of ebony wood, containing a precious vessel holding Chopin's heart\".", "title": "Smuggling the heart into Poland" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Chopin's heart arrived in Warsaw and was kept by his sister and mother, resting on top of a dresser at the home of Jędrzejewicz and the Kalasanty family. Prior to Jędrzejewicz's death in 1855, she may have arranged for the transfer of the heart to Warsaw's Holy Cross Church. There was opposition within the church's clergy to having the heart in the upper part of the church, as Chopin was not a saint. Instead, the heart was tucked away in the church's catacombs and lay there undisturbed and unlabeled for over two decades. In 1878, journalist Adam Pług found the heart in a box and wrote about his discovery in a Warsaw journal.", "title": "Smuggling the heart into Poland" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "The clergy of the church were persuaded to move the heart in part due to the fact that the heart of novelist Klementyna Hoffmanowa was being kept in the Wawel Cathedral. With the support of apostolic administrator Antoni Ksawery Sotkiewicz, the heart was moved to the upper part of the church on 1 March 1879 and immured in the first pillar on the left, facing towards the church's great nave. The transfer of the heart took place in secret due to fears that Tsarist authorities would seize it. Composer Władysław Żeleński was one of the organizers of the transfer ceremony, which was attended by around a dozen people.", "title": "Smuggling the heart into Poland" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "On 29 February 1880, Chopin's heart was consecrated. A tablet carved from Carrara marble by sculptor Leonard Marconi and dedicated to the memory of Chopin was installed on the pillar a week later. A Biblical verse from Matthew 6:21 was inscribed onto one of the plaques: \"For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.\"", "title": "Smuggling the heart into Poland" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "For decades, the heart was the sole public monument in Warsaw honoring Chopin that the Tsarist authorities allowed. It drew \"covert displays of nationalist fervor\". Once Poland achieved independence in 1918, it became an open shrine. In 1926, Archbishop Antoni Szlagowski said of Chopin, \"All our past sings in him, all our slavery cries in him, the beating heart of the nation, the great king of sorrows.\"", "title": "Smuggling the heart into Poland" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "After the German Army captured Warsaw in 1939, performances of Chopin's music were banned, the Fryderyk Chopin Institute was shuttered, and the Frédéric Chopin Monument in Łazienki Park was destroyed. During the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the Holy Cross Church was damaged and captured by the Nazis. A German priest by the name of Schulze requested that the occupying forces be allowed to take possession of Chopin's heart for safekeeping. It was taken by SS officer Heinz Reinefarth and then given to SS commander Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, who kept it at his headquarters as part of his collection of curios.", "title": "Nazi possession and return" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "As the occupation was drawing to a close, Bach-Zelewski, known for his brutal suppression of the uprising, returned the heart. Polish journalist Andrzej Pettyn [pl], who wrote a definitive account of Chopin's heart, wrote that Bach-Zelewski's gesture \"aimed at reducing his own fault and presenting himself to the world in a more favorable light.\" Bach-Zelewski ordered that Chopin's heart be transferred to Archbishop of Warsaw Antonio Wladislao Szlagowski. German officials arranged for a film crew to document the transfer of the heart to Szlagowski as a part of Nazi propaganda. At the moment the urn containing the heart was to be handed over, the spotlights they were using malfunctioned, an event for which Szlagowski said to his colleagues \"Thank the Lord. This time these barbarians will not succeed in their propaganda ploy.\" Szlagowski had the heart transferred to St. Hedwig Church in Milanówek, escorted by a contingent of German soldiers.", "title": "Nazi possession and return" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Upon the arrival of Chopin's heart in Milanówek, it was hidden out of fear that the Germans would try to repossess it. The heart was briefly kept at the house of a professor named Antoniewicz and the apartment of the pianist Maria Findeisen. Thereafter, the heart was kept by Archbishop Szlagowski in his private chapel, atop a piano, until October 1945. A small wooden casket was created to hold the urn. Bronisław Edward Sydow [pl], a member of the board of the Fryderyk Chopin Institute, approached officials from the Provisional Government of National Unity to arrange a ceremonial return of the heart to the Holy Cross Church, which by that time had been mostly restored. The Executive Committee of the National Celebration of the Return of Chopin's Heart to Warsaw was established on 18 September 1945. Sydow asked to check the condition of the relic and examined the heart in Milanówek. The container was opened and Sydow observed:", "title": "Milanówek and return to Warsaw" }, { "paragraph_id": 14, "text": "\"The urn consisted of an outer box made of oak, smooth, on a dark bylaid, in which there is a second mahogany box polished with marquetry (porte lines) embellished. Recessed in the lid is a silver plate in the form of a heart, with an engraved inscription containing Frederic Chopin's birth and death dates. This box is surrounded by lead plates for protection from moisture. Inside this box is a large crystal jar hermetically sealed, in which, in transparent alcohol, is Chopin's perfectly preserved heart. What is striking is the size of the heart, for a figure of average height it is immeasurably large. Presumably under the influence of heart disease, which primarily contributed to Chopin's early death, in addition to tuberculosis.\"", "title": "Milanówek and return to Warsaw" }, { "paragraph_id": 15, "text": "On 17 October 1945, the 96th anniversary of Chopin's death, the urn containing his heart was handed over to Leopold Petrzyk in Milanówek in St. Hedwig Church's courtyard. A delegation including pianist Bolesław Woytowicz then transported it by car to Żelazowa Wola, the village where Chopin was born, via a meandering 90-kilometre route taking it through Grodzisk Mazowiecki and Błonie. Crowds lined up along the route, which was adorned with white and red Polish flags. Petrzyk passed the urn along to then-President Bolesław Bierut, who handed it over to Warsaw mayor Stanisław Tołwiński [pl]. Following a short concert by pianist Henryk Sztompka [pl], the delegation proceeded to Warsaw. There, Wiktor Grodzicki [pl] gave a welcoming speech, saying in part:", "title": "Milanówek and return to Warsaw" }, { "paragraph_id": 16, "text": "\"This heart first beat 135 years ago, in nearby Żelazowa Wola, and soon began to beat more vividly to the sound of a folk song resounding from peasant huts, and when not many years had passed, the same peasant, Masurian song, amplified a thousandfold by Chopin's heart and genius, was already resounding throughout Europe, and today, 96 years after that heart stopped beating - it resounds throughout the world, bearing witness to the immortal values of our song, our culture and our nation.\"", "title": "Milanówek and return to Warsaw" }, { "paragraph_id": 17, "text": "After the heart arrived in Warsaw, an afternoon commemorative service at Holy Cross Church was broadcast to the nation, with both the president and the prime minister of Poland in attendance. A eulogy given by musicology professor Hieronim Feicht [pl] was described by the newspaper Życie Warszawy as \"a profound analysis of the artistic values of Chopin's music\". The heart was then returned to the pillar beneath a bust of Chopin created by sculptor Andrzej Pruszyński [pl].", "title": "Milanówek and return to Warsaw" }, { "paragraph_id": 18, "text": "Over the years, speculation about the cause of Chopin's death led to calls to examine the heart. In 2008, scholars requested that a DNA analysis of the heart's tissue be conducted to determine if Chopin had died from cystic fibrosis rather than tuberculosis. Cystic fibrosis was unknown during his lifetime and was thought to be a better explanation for his symptoms. The request was refused by the Polish government.", "title": "Secret exhumation and examination" }, { "paragraph_id": 19, "text": "On 14 April 2014, a group of church officials, scientists and representatives from the Fryderyk Chopin Institute disinterred the jar containing Chopin's heart. Researchers examined the heart in secret, though they limited themselves to a visual inspection and did not open the jar. They took photographs, applied sealing wax to the jar, and only revealed that they had made an inspection five months later.", "title": "Secret exhumation and examination" }, { "paragraph_id": 20, "text": "The scientists published their findings in a 2017 article in the The American Journal of Medicine. They wrote that the floppy and massively engorged heart appeared to have been removed using the \"French method\"—pulling it out and severing the aorta and pulmonary artery. The surface of the heart had a frosted appearance, being covered with a \"fine, whitish, massive fibrillary coating\". Hemorrhagic effusions were observed, as were three small white-glass nodules. The authors of the article concluded that Chopin had pericarditis which was brought on by tuberculosis. A letter to the editor published in the American Journal of Medicine called the diagnosis of tuberculosis into question.", "title": "Secret exhumation and examination" }, { "paragraph_id": 21, "text": "Another inspection of the heart is not expected to take place until 2064.", "title": "Secret exhumation and examination" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Milwaukie branch is a railway line in Clackamas County, Oregon, in the United States. It connects the Union Pacific Railroad's Brooklyn Subdivision and Newberg branch. It was originally built in 1910 by the Beaverton and Willsburg Railroad, a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company. The Portland and Western Railroad operates the line.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The Milwaukie branch begins at Willsboro Junction on the Brooklyn Subdivision in Milwaukie, Oregon. The MAX Orange Line crosses on a viaduct almost immediately, and the two lines proceed side-by-side into Milwaukie proper. South of the Milwaukie/Main Street station and after crossing Kellogg Creek the two separate, with the Milwaukie branch continuing southwest and the MAX Orange Line turning southeast toward its terminus at Southeast Park Avenue station.", "title": "Route" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The Milwaukie branch passes Elk Rock Island and follows the Willamette River before crossing it, using the Lake Oswego Railroad Bridge. On the west bank of the Willamette the line travels a short distance before connecting with the Newberg branch in Lake Oswego, Oregon.", "title": "Route" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The Beaverton and Willsburg Railroad, a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company, constructed the Milwaukie branch as part of a new cutoff connecting the Southern Pacific's lines in the Portland area. The new line opened on July 17, 1910. The line handled trains to and from Tillamook, Oregon, and was sometimes, along with the Tigard branch and West Side branch, considered part of the Tillamook branch.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "In 1995, the new Portland and Western Railroad leased several branches from the Southern Pacific, including the Milwaukie branch. These leases continued when the Southern Pacific merged with the Union Pacific Railroad. The Portland and Western Railroad groups the line with part of the Newberg branch as the Willsburg District.", "title": "History" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Coast Guard Air Station Washington (CGAS Washington) is a United States Coast Guard Air Station in Arlington County, Virginia. Located on the premises of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, the air station supports NORAD air defense missions in and around the National Capital Region and its Special Flight Rules Area, provides executive transportation for the Commandant of the Coast Guard and Secretary of Homeland Security, and carries out regional Continuity of Government tasking as directed. Operated by rotating staff drawn from a pool of 60 aviators and 175 enlisted members permanently assigned to Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City, New Jersey, aviators of CGAS Washington operate Eurocopter MH-65D Dolphin helicopters and Gulfstream C-37B business jets.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The air station is located across the Potomac River from Coast Guard Station Washington.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "From establishment in 1952, then-Coast Guard Air Detachment Arlington operated Martin 4-0-4s, a VC-4A (Grumman Gulfstream I), and a VC-11A, (Gulfstream II) aircraft. In 1964 the unit was redesignated Coast Guard Air Station Arlington and 10 years later, in 1974, Air Station Arlington changed its name to Air Station Washington in recognition of its location at Washington National Airport. In 1994, Air Station Washington began single aircraft operation and accepted a C-20B Gulfstream III from the Air Force to replace the aging VC-4A and VC11A. The C-20B's range advantage brought the capability to operate as a Long Range Command and Control Aircraft (LRCCA). On 11 May 2002, Air Station Washington accepted a C-37A Gulfstream V aircraft as its sole aircraft.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2005 operations with two aircraft resumed as the Coast Guard leased a Bombardier Challenger 604, designated as C-143, to operate as a Medium Range Command and Control Aircraft (MRCCA). As the lease for the Challenger 604 came to close in October 2011, a second Gulfstream V (C-37A) was leased and designated as CG02.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Since taking over the role from U.S. Customs and Border Protection September 25, 2006, Coast Guard personnel from CGAS Atlantic City, New Jersey, have been rotating into the National Capital Region Air Defense Facility (NCRADF) at CGAS Washington to perform the Rotary Wing Air Intercept mission to visually identify low flying, slow-moving targets that have entered into restricted airspace. Under the operational control of NORAD as part of Operation Noble Eagle, aircrews defend the 30-nautical-mile (56 km) air defense identification zone around the capital known as the Washington, D.C. special flight rules area. The MH-65E Dolphin helicopters used have a digital signboard to transmit instructions to errant pilots, and are armed with M240 machine guns and anti-material rifles inboard.", "title": "Operations" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "As of 2020, the air station has two Gulfstream C-37 aircraft assigned. The C-37, built off the Gulfstream G550, provides the Commandant, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and other required-use passengers with nonstop intercontinental transportation capabilities while maintaining long range command and control functionality. An array of communications equipment permits the Commandant to command from the aircraft as efficiently as from headquarters.", "title": "Operations" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Coast Guard.", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Bradford Jerome Blackmon is an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician from Mississippi. A son of state representative Edward Blackmon Jr. and state senator Barbara Blackmon, he was elected in 2023 to succeed his mother in the Mississippi State Senate.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Lawrence Stephen Blackmon is an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician from Mississippi. A son of state representative Edward Blackmon Jr. and state senator Barbara Blackmon, he was elected in 2023 to succeed his father in the Mississippi House of Representatives.", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Trogen railway station (German: Bahnhof Trogen) is a railway station in Trogen, in the Swiss canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. It is the terminus of the St. Gallen–Trogen railway line of Appenzell Railways.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "As of the December 2023 timetable change, the following services stop at Trogen:", "title": "Services" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "", "title": "External links" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Dhab Khushal (Urdu: ڈھاب خوشحآل) is a village in Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan and has about 800 residents. Dhab Khushal is situated nearby to the village Pinwal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "", "title": "References" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Jeff Sackman is an Executive Producer/Producer credited for 122 films and is the co-founder of Quiver Distribution with partner Berry Meyerowitz and currently serves as Chairman of Hollywood Suite. Sackman founded and served as president and CEO of ThinkFilm and served as the first president of Lionsgate Films. He is known for American Psycho, The Grand Seduction, and Academy Award® nominated Murderball.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Sackman completed his Bachelor of Commerce at McGill University and his MBA from Syracuse University in the early 1980s.", "title": "Education and Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Sackman was Executive Vice President of distribution company Cinepix Film Properties. In 1998, Cinepix Film Properties merged with distribution firm Lion's Gate Films. With Jeff Sackman as president, Lion's Gate Films moved into the United States, and revenues grew from $6M to $125M. After leaving Lions Gate Films, Sackman founded US independent studio ThinkFilm in September 2001 to provide support for the independent film industry, serving as both President and CEO. In a Globe and Mail interview, Jeff Sackman spoke about a lack of independent film support, saying “We intend to remedy that situation,“ and explained that ThinkFilm would concentrate on distribution opportunities, including direct-to-video, television and executive producing. ThinkFIlm became known for award-winning films like “Born into Brothels” and “Half Nelson,” with a library of 235 critically acclaimed films in its tenure. After ThinkFilm's Sale in 2006, Sackman subsequently ran Tajj Media Services for a decade, focusing on consulting, producing, and executive producing in the television and film industry.", "title": "Education and Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "In 2011, Sackman co-founded of Toronto-based company, Hollywood Suite. In 2019, Jeff Sackman and Berry Meyerowitz launched Quiver Distribution with plans to acquire, market and exploit films across all platforms in the U.S. and Canada.", "title": "Education and Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "\" The Accountant of Auschwitz.\" Winner of four Canadian Screen Awards at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020. Best History Documentary Program or Series, Best Editorial Research, Best Visual Research, and Best Music in a Non-Fiction Program or Series.", "title": "Accolades" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "For a complete list of Jeff Sackman credited films, scroll to External Links section.", "title": "Notable Films" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Maciej Grabowski may refer to:", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Henk Smitskamp (born 1 August 1942) is a Dutch bass guitarist who played in many Nederbeat bands during the 1960s and 1970s.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Smitskamp formed The Motions in 1964 with Rudy Bennett, Robbie van Leeuwen, and Sieb Warner. They were the first Nederbeat band to achieve chart success, and had their first major selling single in 1965. Henk was then involved with three groups: After Tea (1968-1969) and Livin' Blues (1969-1970), and Sandy Coast (1970-1971). Sandy Coast's 1971 single \"True Love That's A Wonder\" went to number two in the Netherlands.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "In 1972, Smitskamp joined Shocking Blue, who had a hit song in 1969 with Venus, and featured Motions member Robbie van Leeuwen. Henk was in Shocking Blue for two years, up until the band ended in 1974. During that time, he played bass on five of their studio albums: Inkpot (1972), Attila (1972), Ham (1973), Dream on Dreamer (1973), and Good Times (1974). A 1972 Shocking Blue single he played on, \"Inkpot\", peaked at number three in Belgium. When Shocking Blue disbanded, Smitskamp returned to Livin' Blues.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Albums", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Extended plays", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Singles", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Albums", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "Singles", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Albums", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "Singles", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Albums", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "Singles", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Albums", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "Singles", "title": "Discography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Čapkovy kapsy (Capek's Pockets) is a Czech crime comedy television series. It is a cycle of 12 short stories by Czech Television based on the stories of Karel Čapek. Each episode was directed by a different director.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Básník", "title": "Cast" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Zmizení herce Bendy", "title": "Cast" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Jasnovidec", "title": "Cast" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Zločin na poště", "title": "Cast" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "The Sendim railway station once operated as a stop along the Sabor line, serving the town of Sendim in the Bragança District of Portugal.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "At the meeting of the Council of Ministers on 10 January, 1934, the draft contract for contract no. 3 of the Sabor Line was ratified, which included the construction of the section between Urrós and Duas Igrejas - Miranda. This work included the installation of the Sendim station, with telephone communications and an access road. This interface was located between Mogadouro and Duas Igrejas - Miranda.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "This interface was opened for operation on 22 May, 1938.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "The closure of the Sabor Line on 1st August 1988 led to the subsequent closure of Sendim railway station.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "The station is celebrated for its distinctive azulejos, some of which unfortunately fell victim to acts of vandalism, resulting in breakage. Recently recognized for their historical significance, the azulejos have been officially designated as historical artifacts by the Infraestruturas de Portugal. Moreover, these precious tiles are safeguarded under the SOS Azulejo program, with protection provided by the Polícia Judiciária.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "In 2011 the Sendim railway station was officially documented in the Direção-Geral do Património Cultural, within the SIPA department (Architectural Heritage Information System).", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "After continuous protests made by the youth of Sendim, in 2014 the station and its prized azulejos finally underwent a meticulous restoration process after 26 years of abandonment, a project that costed a total of 81,189 euros. This restoration initiative aimed not only to preserve the historical integrity of the station but also to ensure the longevity of the remaining azulejos.", "title": "History" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "The Sendim railway station consists of the passenger building, a covered pier, a toilet building and a staff housing and water tank building. The passenger building has a rectangular floor plan and single-storey façades, ending in a cornice and simple eaves, plastered and painted white, with eleven blue and white figurative tile panels depicting monuments from the region, landscapes and country scenes from the period, panels under the openings, a polychrome panel with the coat of arms of Portugal and two toponymic panels. The main façade faces east. The interior is divided into two unequal areas: the smaller one to the north, corresponding to the stationmaster's room, and the one to the south, corresponding to the public area, with a porch and waiting room, and the service area, with a telegraph office, ticket office and dispatch area. The walls are covered in polychrome azulejos made by Gilberto Renda.", "title": "Description" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "#REDIRECT [[MV Kurdistan]]", "title": "" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Sieb Warner (born 17 September 1946) is a Dutch drummer, who was a member of The Motions, and an early member of Golden Earring.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Warner formed The Motions with Rudy Bennett, Robbie van Leeuwen, and Henk Smitskamp. They were the first Nederbeat band to achieve chart success, and had their first major selling single in 1965. In 1969, he left the Motions to join Golden Earring. During his time in the group, he played on only one studio album: Eight Miles High (1969). Two singles he played on, \"Another 45 Miles\" and \"Back Home\", went to number three and one on the Netherlands charts. Warner left Golden Earring in 1970 and was replaced by Cesar Zuiderwijk, who with the other three members of the group: Rinus Gerritsen, George Kooymans, and Barry Hay, formed the permanent and \"classic\" lineup of the band.", "title": "Career" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "Albums", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Extended plays", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Singles", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "Albums", "title": "Discography" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "Singles", "title": "Discography" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Asiolasma is a genus of harvestmen in the family Nemastomatidae with six described species (as of 2023). Both species are found in the western coast of North America. Some species are treated under other genera in Schönhofer (2013)", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "The genus Asiolasma was described by Jochen Martens, with the type species Dendrolasma angka Schwendinger & Gruber (1992). In the past, some species were placed in Cladolasma or Dendrolasma but since transferred.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "These six species belong to the genus Dendrolasma:", "title": "Species" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Gender neuter. From toponym Asia + truncation of pre-existing genus name Ortholasma.", "title": "Etymology" } ]

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[ { "paragraph_id": 0, "text": "Seapower & the State, subtitled \"A Strategic Study of World War Three at Sea, 1984–1994\", is a Cold War-era board wargame published by Simulations Canada in 1982 that simulates potential naval warfare during a hypothetical World War III.", "title": "" }, { "paragraph_id": 1, "text": "Seapower & the State is a two-person wargame in which one player acts as the overall commander of the naval forces of NATO and Japan (\"the West\"), and the other is the overall commander of the Soviet Union's naval forces (\"the East\"). The concept is strategic. As designer Steven Newberg wrote, \"The strategic dimensions of the application of seapower are seldom addressed in modern entertainment war gaming, though they are a staple we deal with constantly on the professional side of the business. With Seapower & the State we tried to bring a bit of the modern strategic gaming concept to board wargamers. The scale is global. You now have to consider recon satellites and anti-satellite satellites. Tanker traffic flows moving oil and freighter routes for hard goods become major concerns. Fleets and warships do not exist in isolation, but as part of the grander scheme.\"", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 2, "text": "The game box contains a 22\" x 28\" hex grid global map that includes two smaller detail maps of the Arctic Ocean and Europe, 400 double-sided counters and a 13-page rulebook. The global map uses an Eckert-Zenithal projection that presents all oceans in proper scale but distorts the scale of land masses.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 3, "text": "Depending on the scenario chosen, some or all of the 400 counters are placed on the board at predetermined positions to start the game — there are no reinforcements or new units added to the map once play has begun. Critic Don Gilman warned that setup takes at least an hour.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 4, "text": "Each turn represents two weeks of game time. Each turn has four main phases:", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 5, "text": "There are three scenarios: 1984, 1989, and 1994, all based on the game designer's estimates of satellite and combat capabilities in the years following the game's publication in 1982.", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 6, "text": "There are two paths to victory:", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 7, "text": "OR", "title": "Description" }, { "paragraph_id": 8, "text": "Steven Newberg designed Sea Power and the State. Two thousand copies were published by Simulations Canada in 1982.", "title": "Publication history" }, { "paragraph_id": 9, "text": "The Grenadier warned that this game was not to everyone's taste with the comment, \"The naval buff will find this game intriguing, but others will spend their money elsewhere.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 10, "text": "Lt. John J. Vanore, USN commented, \"All in all, I'm quite enthusiastic about Seapower & the State. [Designer Steven] Newberg has taken some potentially troublesome aspects of the situation and has realistically reduced them to playable game terms.\" Vanore concluded, \"Seapower & the State is a real gem and belongs in every naval gamer's inventory.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 11, "text": "In Issue 13 of The Journal of 20th Century Wargaming, Don Gilman thought the simple combat rules gave the game \"a gemlike shine\", calling them \"quick, clean, and very, very final.\" Gilman had some minor issues with the game:", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 12, "text": "Despite these issues, Gilman concluded on a positive note, saying, \"Overall, I recommend Seapower to anyone looking for a quick mini-monster that sheds a great deal of light on a very important aspect of modern military art. The price is a little stiff for the components, but you are paying for the research and this system. Certainly it belongs in every naval wargamer's collection.\"", "title": "Reception" }, { "paragraph_id": 13, "text": "In a retrospective review Bruce Costello called this \"one of my favorite games. It is the only game I'm aware of that depicts WWIII at sea at the strategic-operational level ... Seapower shows the strategic interaction of all theaters, and clearly shows the decisive influence of naval strategy in a third world war.\" Costello concluded, \"The map is not up to modern graphical standards and the counter density is occasionally a problem. Tracking the aircraft points is a hassle, but still I highly recommend the game.\"", "title": "Reception" } ]

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